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FIG. 1.3 PHYSICAL ASPECTS of TEHRAN 3Oo

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FIG. 1.3 PHYSICAL ASPECTS of TEHRAN 3Oo Durham E-Theses Tehran: an urban analysis Bahrambeygui, H How to cite: Bahrambeygui, H (1972) Tehran: an urban analysis, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10398/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A 1 S 1 R A c i; Considering the CjompIexji.tii.es of Urban Geography, thjis study attempts to synthesize tine many disparate elements within the whole field of Geography, in the analysis of one urban area, Tehran. The study stresses the contrast between Tehran and the rest of Iran, a result of the concentration of development within, the capital city, and also the contrasting patterns within the city itself, the result of rapid expansion. The first threie chapters are an attempt to consider the various processes that have contributed to the dev/elopmenit of T.ehran, which was arbitrarily chosen as capital less than two hundred years ago. Even within thiis framework contrasts due to historical or demographic differences become apparent. The first chapter looks at the physical setting and how this has influenced the growth and development of the urban area. The second chapter considers the development of the city up to the Second World War, and the importance of historical processes for spatial contrasts within) the city. Demograp^dLc characteristics axe analysed in the third chapter. The focus of the study is chapter four, in that it analyses the most important functions and activities of the capital and considers hosw these have developed, interacted, and been located by the physical environment. Transport is analysed in chapter five,; bo.th internal and external. Finally chapter six is a syyntiiesis of all. the •various processes and location pat •terms in; the context of the major land use categories. Throughout the analysis attempts are made to focus attention on the distinctisreness o£ the capital, city, hut at the same time to show haw Tehran has "been integrated initio a regional,, national, and international framework. TEHRAN: AN URBAN ANALYSIS Thesis submitted to'the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Durham, for the degree of M.A. H. Bahrambeygui University of Durham, Durham City, England, June 1972. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. • M-/)./54- PREFACE The present thesis is the result of a period of study in the Department of Geography, at the University of Durham, England where the author had training as a research student. The main aim of the study is to investigate the principle characteristics of the growth and development of Tehran, one of the largest cities in the Middle East. The main emphasis has been on describing and analysing the contemporary problems which have arisen as a result of the rapid expansion of Tehran, a city which until very recently had no comprehensive urban planning programme. The familiarity of the author with the field, in that he is a resident of Tehran, has to some extent facilated the study. Nevertheless the sprawling vastness of the city and its huge population is enough to indicate that a detailed and comprehensive study of Tehran would require the cooperation of many research workers with different fields of specialization and rapid expansion means that no study can be totally up to date. The author's particular appreciation for guiding him through the complexities of such a study must go to Mr. B.D. Clark his supervisor together with thanks for his constant patience and encouragement without which this study would not have been completed. I am also indebted to Professor W.B. Fisher, Head of the Department of Geography at Durham for kindly accepting me as a research student in his department and allowing me to have access to the Departmental library and cartographic facilities. I must also thank Professor J.I. Clarke for his kind advice and guidance. In Tehran thanks are due to Professor M. H. Ganji, Head of the Geography Department and Professor K. Vadiei, Geography Department both of Tehran University for their initial recommendation and continuous encouragement of my work and also Dr. S. Rasekh, Head of the ' ' Statistical of iran, Centre- for providing me with the Enumeration District maps of the 1956 and 1966 censuses and other information. During the course of my research programme, I received cooperation and valuable suggestions and comments from my research colleagues but I would particularly like to thank; Mr. D.J. Marsden (Anthropology Department) and Mr. K.J. Thorpe. I would like to thank all the staff of the Geography Department, the Science Library and the School of Oriental Studies especially the Middle East Documentation Centre and its Director Professor H, Bowen-Jones of the University of Durham. Finally I offer my warmest thanks to my wife for her great patience, cooperation and endurance which has never failed. Durham, June 1972 CONTENTS Abstract Page Preface List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations List of Local Terms INTRODUCTION 1-5 CHAPTER 1: Physical setting of the city- 6-16 Climate 8-15 CHAPTER 2: The Historical Development of Tehran 17-34 a) Pre 1796 17-21 b) 1796 to 1925 (Qajar Period) 22-27 c) 1925 onwards (Pahlavi Period) 27-33 CHAPTER 3: The population of Tehran. 35-75 The historical evolution of the population 36-41 of Tehran. A. Growth and Movement of Population 41-51 (I) Natural increase of the population 42-53 a. Birth Rate 42-43 b. Death Rate 44-45 (II) Migration 45-51 Distribution and Density of Population. 51-52 Variation and Movement of Population between 52-55 1956 and 1966. B; Population Structure of Tehran 55-68 1. Age structure. 55-58 a) Children b) Adults c) Aged 57-58 2. Total Dependency Ratio 59-60 3. Sex Structure 60-63 Marital Status of the Population of 63-65 - • Tehran. Page 5. Literacy of the Population of Tehran. 65-68 p. Employment and Occupational Character- 69-72 istics. CHAPTER i+: Functional patterns and activities in 76-166 Tehran A. Commercial, Wholesale, Retail and Service 77-116 Activities. I. Wholesaling 79-83 II. Retailing 83-108 a. The hierarchy of retail centres 93-98 b. Highway oriented ribbons 99-100 c. Specialized retail areas 100-106 d. Personal Services 106-108 III. Selected Services in Tehran; their growth and spatial pattern. 108-116 a. Banking and Financial Offices 109-112 b. Insurance Offices 112 c. Estate Agents 112-113 d. The Air-Line Agencies 113~L14 e. Hotels 114-116 B. Industrial Areas 116-129 C. Residential Areas <130-145 a. Form and type of housing 131-145 D. Social Services and Public Utilities 12+6-163 I. Social Services 146-155 1.. Educational Establishments 146-151 2. Medical Services 152 3. Religious Institutions 152-154 4. Cemeteries 154-155 II. Public Utilities. 155-163 1. Water Supply 156-160 2. Flood Control 160-161 Page 3. Sewage disposal 161 U. Electricity 161-163 CHAPTER 5'' Transportation and communication I67-I86 A. External Links 168-173 a. Air routes 168-170 b. Railways 170-171 c. External Roads 171-173 B. Internal network 174-177 Type and Volume of Traffic in Tehran 177-181 a. Private Cars 178-179 b. City Bus Network 179-I80 c. Taxis 180 d. Lorries 180-181 Traffic Volume I8I-I85 CHAPTER 6: Land Use and Land Values 187-232 A. Land Use 187-226 1. Commercial Land Use 192-198 2. Residential Land Use 198-211 3. Industrial Land Use 211-215 i+. Administrative Land Use 215-218 5. Transportation Land Use 218-219 S. Recreational Land Use 219-223 7. Land use pattern of selected services 224-225 and public utilities 8. Agricultural Land Use 225-226 9. Vacant Land 226 B. Land Values 227-231 CONCLUSION 233-237 APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF TABLES; Chapter 1: Pgge Table 1.1 Climate data for Tehran, Shemirari Rey 12 and Karaj. " .1.2 Mean annual precipitation at Mehrabad. 13 Chapter 3 i Table 3.1 Growth of population of the 10 largest kO cities of Iran, 19UO-66. " 3.2 Birth rates in Tehran, urban Iran k3 and Iran 1956-1966- " 3.3 Death rates and life expectancy by age kk and sex, 1960- " 3.Z+ Migrants in Tehran and Iran, and increase 2+6 of migrants from 1956 to 66. " 3.5 Migration to Tehran between 1956 and 1966.1+7 " 3.6 Population of Tehran by place of birth, 2+8 1956 & 1366- " 3.7 Population by place of birth for districts of Tehran, Shemiran and Rey. 1966- 2+9 " 3.8 Migration to Tehran, by cause of migration 1956-1966. 2+9 " 3.9 Population change in areas of Tehran 52+ 1956 to 1966. w 3.10 Sex ratios of Tehran, urban Iran and 61 Iran. 1956-66.
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