Palm Haven Garden Plant List - 2010

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PALM HAVEN GARDEN PLANT LIST - 2010

BOTANICAL NAME

Achillea millefolium 'Paprika' Arctostaphylos glauca

COMMON NAME

Paprika yarrow big berry manzanita Pajaro manzanita bearberry San Bruno Mountain bearberry California pipevine coastal sagewort Twin Peaks dwarf coyote brush Golden Abundance Oregon-grape San Diego sedge Joyce Coulte wild lilac feltleaf ceanothus Emily Brown glory brush Channel Island tree poppy California fuchsia seaside daisy
Arctostaphylos pajaroensis Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 'San Bruno Mountain' Aristolochia californica Artemisia pycnocephala Baccharis pilularis 'Twin Peaks' Berberis aquifolium 'Golden Abundance' Carex spissa Ceanothus 'Joyce Coulter' Ceanothus arboreus Ceanothus gloriosus var exaltatus 'Emily Brown' Dendromecon harfordii Epilobium canum Erigeron glaucus Eriogonum fasciculatum Eriogonum latifolium
California buckwheat coast buckwheat
Eriogonum umbellatum Eriophyllum confertiflorum Heteromeles arbutifolia Heterotheca sessilifolora Iris douglasiana sulfur flower golden yarrow toyon false goldenaster Douglas iris
Leymus condensatus 'Canyon Prince' Mimulus aurantiacus Monardella villosa
Canyon Prince giant wild rye sticky monkeyflower coyote mint

Mulhenbergia rigens
deer grass

Penstemon heterophyllus Physocarpus capitatus Rhamnus californica 'Ed Holm' Rhamnus californica 'Mound San Bruno' Salvia clevelandii foothill penstemon ninebark Ed Holm coffeeberry Mound San Bruno coffeeberry Cleveland sage
Salvia mellifera 'Shirley's Creeper' Salvia sonomensis 'Bee's Bliss'

Satureja douglasii

Shirley's Creepe sage Bee's Bliss sage yerba buena

Trichostema lanatum

wolly blue curls

Typha angustifolia

narrow-leaved cattail lilac verbena

Verbena lilacina Vitis californica 'Roger's Red'

Roger's Red California wild grape

Recommended publications

Native Plants for Lazy Gardeners - Plant List (10/23/10)

Native Plants for Lazy Gardeners - Plant List (10/23/10) Slide Common Name Botanical Name Form 11 globe gilia Gilia capitata annual 11 toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia shrub 11 Pacific Coast Hybrid iris Iris (PCH) perennial 11 goldenbush Isocoma menziesii shrub 11 scrub oak Quercus berberidifolia shrub 11 blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium bellum perennial 11 lilac verbena Verbena lilacina shrub 13-16 coast live oak Quercus agrifolia tree 17-18 Howard McMinn man anita Arctostaphylos 'Howard McMinn' shrub 19 Philip Mun keckiella (RSABG Intro) Keckiella 'Philip Munz' ine 19 woolly bluecurls Trichostema lanatum shrub 19-20 Ray Hartman California lilac Ceanothus 'Ray Hartman' shrub 21 toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia shrub 22 western redbud Cercis occidentalis shrub 22-23 Golden Abundance barberry (RSABG Intro) Berberis 'Golden Abundance' (MAHONIA) shrub 2, coffeeberry Rhamnus californica shrub 25 Pacific Coast Hybrid iris Iris (PCH) perennial 25 Eve Case coffeeberry Rhamnus californica '. e Case' shrub 25 giant chain fern Woodwardia fimbriata fern 26 western columbine Aquilegia formosa perennial 26 toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia shrub 26 fuchsia-flowering gooseberry Ribes speciosum shrub 26 California rose Rosa californica shrub 26-27 California fescue Festuca californica perennial 28 white alder Alnus rhombifolia tree 29 Pacific Coast Hybrid iris Iris (PCH) perennial 30 032-33 western columbine Aquilegia formosa perennial 30 032-33 San Diego sedge Carex spissa perennial 30 032-33 California fescue Festuca californica perennial 30 032-33 Elk Blue rush Juncus patens '.l1 2lue' perennial 30 032-33 California rose Rosa californica shrub http://www weedingwildsuburbia com/ Page 1 30 032-3, toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia shrub 30 032-3, fuchsia-flowering gooseberry Ribes speciosum shrub 30 032-3, Claremont pink-flowering currant (RSA Intro) Ribes sanguineum ar.
Cavitation Resistance Among 26 Chaparral Species of Southern California

Ecological Monographs, 77(1), 2007, pp. 99–115 Ó 2007 by the Ecological Society of America CAVITATION RESISTANCE AMONG 26 CHAPARRAL SPECIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 1,4 2 1 3 ANNA L. JACOBSEN, R. BRANDON PRATT, FRANK W. EWERS, AND STEPHEN D. DAVIS 1Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312 USA 2Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 14 SCI, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, California 93311 USA 3Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, California 90263 USA Abstract. Resistance to xylem cavitation depends on the size of xylem pit membrane pores and the strength of vessels to resist collapse or, in the case of freezing-induced cavitation, conduit diameter. Altering these traits may impact plant biomechanics or water transport efficiency. The evergreen sclerophyllous shrub species, collectively referred to as chaparral, which dominate much of the mediterranean-type climate region of southern California, have been shown to display high cavitation resistance (pressure potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity; P50). We examined xylem functional and structural traits associated with more negative P50 in stems of 26 chaparral species. We correlated raw-trait values, without phylogenetic consideration, to examine current relationships between P50 and these xylem traits. Additionally, correlations were examined using phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs) to determine whether evolutionary changes in these xylem traits correlate with changes in P50. Co-occurring chaparral species widely differ in their P50 (À0.9 to À11.0 MPa). Species experiencing the most negative seasonal pressure potential (Pmin) had the highest resistance to xylem cavitation (lowest P50). Decreased P50 was associated with increased xylem density, stem mechanical strength (modulus of rupture), and transverse fiber wall area when both raw values and PICs were analyzed.
Drought-Tolerant and Native Plants for Goleta and Santa Barbara County’S Mediterranean Climate

Drought-Tolerant and Native Plants for Goleta and Santa Barbara County’s Mediterranean Climate Drought tolerant plants for the Santa Barbara and Goleta area. In the 1500's California went through an 80 year drought. During the winter there were blizzards in Central California, the Salinas River froze solid where it flowed into the Monterey Bay. During the summer there was no humidity, no rain, and temperatures in the hundreds for many months. During one year in the 1840's there was no measurable rain in Santa Barbara. (The highest measured rainfall in an hour also was in Southern California, 11 inches in an hour) The same native plants that lived through that are still on the hillsides of California. California native plants that do not normally live in the creeks and ponds are very drought tolerant. The best way to find your plant is to check www.mynativeplants.com and do not water at all. But if you want a simple list of drought tolerant plants that can work for your garden here are some. Adenostoma fasciculatum, Chamise. Adenostoma sparsifolium, Red Shanks Agave deserti, Desert Agave Agave shawii, Coastal Agave Agave utahensis, Century Plant Antirrhinum multiflorum, Multiflowered Snapdragon Arctostaphylos La Panza, Grey Manzanita Arctostaphylos densiflora Sentinel Manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa adamsii, Laguna Manzanita. Arctostaphylos crustacea eastwoodiana, Harris Grade manzanita. Arctostaphylos glandulosa zacaensis, San Marcos Manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca, Big Berry Manzanita. Arctostaphylos glauca, Ramona Manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca-glandulosa, Weird Manzanita. 1 | Page Arctostaphylos pungens, Mexican Manzanita Arctostaphylos refugioensis Refugio Manzanita Aristida purpurea, Purple 3-awn Artemisia californica, California Sagebrush Artemisia douglasiana, Mugwort Artemisia ludoviciana, White Sagebrush Asclepias fascicularis, Narrowleaf Milkweed Astragalus trichopodus, Southern California Locoweed Atriplex lentiformis Breweri, Brewers Salt Bush.
Grow Native Nursery Inventory

Grow Native Nursery Inventory As of Dec 21, 2020 Quantity Scientific Name Common Name Size Available Price Acalypha californica California Copperleaf 4 In 3 $ 6.00 Achillea millefolium 'Sonoma Coast' Sonoma Coast Yarrow 1 Gal 10 $ 10.00 Adenostoma fasciculatum Chamise 1 Gal 10 $ 12.00 Agave sebastiana 'Dwarf Form' Small Form Sebastian's Agave 3 Gal 1 $ 45.00 Agave sebastiana 'Dwarf Form' Small Form Sebastian's Agave 4 In 1 $ 28.00 Alnus rhombifolia White Alder 1 Gal 4 $ 12.00 Aloysia wrightii Oreganillo 1 Gal 3 $ 12.00 Aquilegia formosa Western Columbine 4 In 9 $ 6.00 Arctostaphylos 'Austin Griffiths' Austin Griffiths' Manzanita 1 Gal 11 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos 'Byrd Hill' Byrd Hill's Manzanita 5 Gal 4 $ 45.00 Arctostaphylos 'Dr. Hurd' Dr. Hurd Manzanita 1 Gal 6 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos edmundsii 'Bert Johnson' Bert Johnson's Manzanita 1 Gal 15 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos edmundsii 'Carmel Sur' Carmel Sur Manzanita 4 In 23 $ 6.00 Arctostaphylos glauca Bigberry Manzanita 1 Gal 6 $ 15.00 Arctostaphylos 'Howard Mcminn' Howard McMinn's Manzanita 1 Gal 7 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos 'Howard Mcminn' Howard McMinn's Manzanita 1 Gal 2 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos 'Lester Rowntree' Lester Rowntree's Manzanita 1 Gal 11 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos morroensis Morro Bay Manzanita 1 Gal 3 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos 'Pacific Mist' Pacific Mist Manzanita 1 Gal 29 $ 12.00 Default Arctostaphylos 'Pt. Reyes' Point Reyes Manzanita Title 10 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos refugioensis Refugio Manzanita 3 Gal 1 $ 26.00 Arctostaphylos refugioensis Refugio Manzanita 1 Gal 15 $ 12.00 Arctostaphylos
Arctostaphylos Photos Susan Mcdougall Arctostaphylos Andersonii

Arctostaphylos photos Susan McDougall Arctostaphylos andersonii Santa Cruz Manzanita Arctostaphylos auriculata Mount Diablo Manzanita Arctostaphylos bakeri ssp. bakeri Baker's Manzanita Arctostaphylos bakeri ssp. sublaevis The Cedars Manzanita Arctostaphylos canescens ssp. canescens Hoary Manzanita Arctostaphylos canescens ssp. sonomensis Sonoma Canescent Manzanita Arctostaphylos catalinae Catalina Island Manzanita Arctostaphylos columbiana Columbia Manzanita Arctostaphylos confertiflora Santa Rosa Island Manzanita Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crinita Crinite Manzanita Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crustacea Brittleleaf Manzanita Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. rosei Rose's Manzanita Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. subcordata Santa Cruz Island Manzanita Arctostaphylos cruzensis Arroyo De La Cruz Manzanita Arctostaphylos densiflora Vine Hill Manzanita Arctostaphylos edmundsii Little Sur Manzanita Arctostaphylos franciscana Franciscan Manzanita Arctostaphylos gabilanensis Gabilan Manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. adamsii Adam's Manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia Del Mar Manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. cushingiana Cushing's Manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. glandulosa Eastwood Manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca Big berry Manzanita Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. hearstiorum Hearst's Manzanita Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. hookeri Hooker's Manzanita Arctostaphylos hooveri Hoover’s Manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. howellii Howell's Manzanita Arctostaphylos insularis Island Manzanita Arctostaphylos luciana
Arctostaphylos: the Winter Wonder by Lili Singer, Special Projects Coordinator

WINTER 2010 the Poppy Print Quarterly Newsletter of the Theodore Payne Foundation Arctostaphylos: The Winter Wonder by Lili Singer, Special Projects Coordinator f all the native plants in California, few are as glass or shaggy and ever-peeling. (Gardeners, take note: smooth- beloved or as essential as Arctostaphylos, also known bark species slough off old “skins” every year in late spring or as manzanita. This wild Californian is admired by summer, at the end of the growing season.) gardeners for its twisted boughs, elegant bark, dainty Arctostaphylos species fall into two major groups: plants that flowers and handsome foliage. Deep Arctostaphylos roots form a basal burl and stump-sprout after a fire, and those that do prevent erosion and stabilize slopes. Nectar-rich insect-laden not form a burl and die in the wake of fire. manzanita blossoms—borne late fall into spring—are a primary food source for resident hummingbirds and their fast-growing Small, urn-shaped honey-scented blossoms are borne in branch- young. Various wildlife feast on the tasty fruit. end clusters. Bees and hummers thrive on their contents. The Wintershiny, round red fruit or manzanita—Spanish for “little apple”— The genus Arctostaphylos belongs to the Ericaceae (heath O are savored by coyotes, foxes, bears, other mammals and quail. family) and is diverse, with species from chaparral, coastal and (The botanical name Arctostaphylos is derived from Greek words mountain environments. for bear and grape.) Humans use manzanita fruit for beverages, Though all “arctos” are evergreen with thick leathery foliage, jellies and ground meal, and both fruit and foliage have plant habits range from large and upright to low and spreading.
1 CA Native Plants for Western L.A. County – Sandy Soils List

CA Native Plants for Western L.A. County – Sandy Soils List Flower/ Water Scientific Name Common Name Size Light** Soil Availability Notes I season Zone+ Trees and Tree-like Large Shrubs * Acer negundo var. To 40 ft tall Any incl. Boxelder White/Sp FS/PS 2 to 3 1, 8, 13, 14, 24 Fast-growing californicum & wide clay 7-10 ft tall & Well- 1, 3, 8, 12-14 Blue-green * Arctostaphylos glauca Big-berry Manzanita White/ Sp FS/PS 1-2 foliage; ‘Canyon wide drained 20, 24 Blush’ is 4 ft. tall ** Arctostaphylos To 15 ft t Well- Evergreen; good ‘Dr. Hurd’ Manzanita Pink/W-Sp FS 1 to 1-2 13 manzanita ‘Dr Hurd’ 10 ft wide drained in gardens Pink-white/ X Baccharis salicifolia Mule Fat To 10 ft FS/PS Any 1-2 to 2-3 1, 2 all year <20 ft. t Any well- X Ceanothus arboreus Catalina Ceanothus Blue/Sp FS/PS 1 1, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19 8-10 ft w drained Spreading; ** Ceanothus ‘Ray ‘Ray Hartman’ To 20 ft t Lt. blue/Sp FS Any 1-2 to 2-3 1, 6, 9, 13 evergreen; good 10-15 w Hartman’ Ceanothus for garden Cercocarpus montanus var. Birchleaf Mountain 6-12 ft tall Yellow- Well- Hedge; evergreen; X blancheae/ C. alnifolius/ C. FS 1-2 1, 7, 13 Mahogany 4 ft. wide white/Sp drained upright form betuloides var. blancheae Comarostaphylis Any well- X Summer Holly < 18 ft tall White/Sp FS/PS 1 to 1-2 10, 14, 16 diversifolia ssp. planifolia drained Hedge (to 12 ft); 20-30 ft tall Any well- * Cupressus forbesii Tecate Cypress Insig FS 1 to 1-2 6, 8, 14, 24 fast growth; neat- 6-8 ft wide drained looking * Fremontodendron Well- Hairs cause 5-15+ ft tall 1 in Su; 1, 5, 7, 10, 13, californicum ssp.
Phytochemical Investigation of Arctostaphylos Columbiana Piper and Arctostaphylos Patula Greene

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF George Harmon Constantine, Jr. for the Ph.D. in Pharmacognosy (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented May 5, 1966 Title PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF ARCTOSTAPHYLOS COLUMBIANA PIPER AND ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PATULA GREENE Abstract approved Redacted for privacy (Major professor) There are numerous references in the literature concerning the use of various Arctostaphylos species as medicinal plants. One of the species, A. uva-ursi, was listed in the United States official compendia from 18 20 until 1946 as a urinary antiseptic. Many species indigenous to the Pacific Northwest were employed by the Indians for a variety of uses, ranging from consuming the ripe fruits as a food to utilizing the leaves in urinary tract and other infections. Early settlers in the West consequently used the plants for the same purposes. Phytochemical investigations of the genus Arctostaphylos have not been extensive although several members of the family, Ericaceae, yield compounds restricted only to the family. A thorough review of the literature revealed that there has been little phytochemical investigation of species other than Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to thoroughly investigate two other Arctostaphylos species, viz. , A. Columbiana and A. patula, for organic components. The devel opment of newer methods of extraction, isolation and identifica tion, as well as, a screening of both plants for possible biological activity was also pursued. A new extraction solvent mixture was utilized in order to extract all of the components of interest in one extraction proce dure. The residue from the extraction was then separated into two fractions; one containing sterol and trite rpenoid compounds; and the other, phenolic components.
2018 BIODIVERSITY REPORT City of Los Angeles

2018 BIODIVERSITY REPORT City of Los Angeles Appendix A Prepared by: Isaac Brown Ecology Studio and LA Sanitation & Environment Appendix A Ecological Subsections Description Appendix A1 p1 Appendix A1 p2 Appendix A1 p3 Appendix A1 p4 Appendix A1 p5 Appendix A1 p6 Appendix A1 p7 Appendix A1 p8 Appendix A1 p9 Appendix A2 Sensitive Biological Resources C. Biological Resources Planning Exhibit C-1 Consultants Habitat-Oriented Biological Research Assessment Planning Zones City of Los Angeles L.A. CEQA Thresholds Guide 2006 Page C-10 Appendix A2 p1 C. Biological Resources Exhibit C-7 SENSITIVE SPECIES COMPENDIUM - CITY OF LOS ANGELES1 KEY State Status - California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) SE State Listed Endangered ST State Listed Threatened CSC Species of Special Concern2 SCE State Candidate Endangered SCT State Candidate Threatened SFP State Fully Protected SP State Protected SR State Listed Rare Federal Status - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) FE Federally Listed Endangered FT Federally Listed Threatened FCH Federally Listed Critical Habitat FPE Federally Proposed Endangered FPT Federally Proposed Threatened FPCH Federally Proposed Critical Habitat FPD Federally Proposed Delisting FC Federal Candidate Species EXT Extinct _______________ 1 This list is current as of January 2001. Check the most recent state and federal lists for updates and changes, or consult the CDFG's California Natural Diversity Database. 2 CSC - California Special Concern species. The Department has designated certain vertebrate species as "Species of Special Concern" because declining population levels, limited ranges, and/or continuing threats have made them vulnerable to extinction. The goal of designating species as "Species of Special Concern" is to halt or reverse their decline by calling attention to their plight and addressing the issues of concern early enough to secure their long term viability.
Manzanitas (Arctostaphylos Species) Known to Be Susceptible to Phytophthora Ramorum

April 3, 2020 Manzanitas (Arctostaphylos species) known to be susceptible to Phytophthora ramorum (Many of the species listed below are not yet on the USDA APHIS P. ramorum proven host or associated host list.) Arctostaphylos columbiana (bristly manzanita, hairy manzanita) – On the USDA APHIS P. ramorum associated host list. First reported in February 2006 by Rizzo, UC Davis (DiLeo et al. 2008). Arctostaphylos columbiana is native to the Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia. Hairy manzanita is often available at native plant and horticultural nurseries. Arctostaphylos glandulosa (Eastwood's manzanita) – First reported with P. ramorum symptoms on Mt. Tamalpais in June 2015 (Rooney-Latham et al. 2017). Arctostaphylos glandulosa is native to the Pacific coast from Baja California to southern Oregon, and includes eleven subspecies (adamsii, atumescens, crassifolia, cushingiana, erecta, gabrielensis, glandulosa, howellii, juarezensis, leucophylla, mollis). Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. crassifolia (Del Mar manzanita) is listed as rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere (CA RPR 1B.1). Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. gabrielensis (San Gabriel manzanita) is listed as rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere (CA RPR 1B.2) and as Sensitive Species for both Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service. Eastwood's manzanita is often available at native plant nurseries. Arctostaphylos glauca (bigberry manzanita) – First reported as a P. ramorum host by Rooney- Latham and Blomquist, CDFA (publication in prep, 2020). Arctostaphylos glauca is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in chaparral and woodland ecosystems. Bigberry manzanita is often available at nurseries. Cultivars include 'Blue Corgi', 'Dwaine's Dwarf', ' Frazier Park Manzanita', ' Los Angeles', 'Margarita Pearl', ' Ramona'.
Vegetation Alliances of the San Dieguito River Park Region, San Diego County, California

Vegetation alliances of the San Dieguito River Park region, San Diego County, California By Julie Evens and Sau San California Native Plant Society 2707 K Street, Suite 1 Sacramento CA, 95816 In cooperation with the California Natural Heritage Program of the California Department of Fish and Game And San Diego Chapter of the California Native Plant Society Final Report August 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Study area ................................................................................................................................... 2 Existing Literature Review........................................................................................................... 2 Sampling ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 1. Study area including the San Dieguito River Park boundary within the ecological subsections color map and within the County inset map............................................................ 3 Figure 2. Locations of the field surveys....................................................................................... 5 Cluster analyses for vegetation classification ............................................................................
Seed Dispersal and Dispersal Syndromes in Manzanitas, and Other

University of Nevada, Reno Seed Dispersal and Dispersal Syndromes in Manzanitas, and Other Higher Plants A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology By Christopher M. Moore Dr. Stephen B. Vander Wall/Dissertation Advisor May, 2014 © Christopher M. Moore 2014 Some Rights Reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by CHRISTOPHER M. MOORE Entitled Seed Dispersal And Seed Dispersal Syndromes In Manzanitas, And Other Higher Plants be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Stephen B. Vander Wall, Advisor Jeanne C. Chambers, Committee Member Matthew L. Forister, Committee Member Guy A. Hoelzer, Committee Member Scott A. Mensing, Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph. D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2014 i INTRODUCTION Dispersal is an emergent property of biological systems existing in a spatial world. Specifically, if rules governing autonomous biological agents are to (i) acquire and utilize resources to respectively (ii) metabolize and reproduce, then space is a limiting factor in areas with finite resources. Further, if parents have a greater ability to acquire resources than filial generations, only offspring of the ultimate reproduction event would have a survival probability greater than zero. Therefore, we observe movement away from parents (dispersal) as a ubiquitous phenomenon observed in all biological systems that increases the ability of biological agents to acquire resources and reproduce.