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SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020

PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM TO FEAR WHEN DEFENDING A THESIS IN PORT TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Saulius LILEIKIS

Abstract There are situations when employees of port companies studying at the maritime academy write good-quality theses but, as undergraduates, they are too afraid and worried when preparing and defending their theses. Therefore, the persons involved in the preparation of the thesis usually advise the undergraduates using clichés “don’t worry”, “don’t stress”, etc. The advice mentioned is a disservice because they do not explain how not to be worried and not to be stressed. At that time, the persons involved give additional fear to the undergraduates who may be afraid of their natural fear – the fear of defending the thesis. Therefore, their fear multiplies. The support system should be the main academic key to the success of undergraduates. It is important to give them the freedom to be, live and naturally fear, if necessary, because it allows the person to meaningfully experience his/her individual authenticity, wholeness and integrity from the anthropological point of view. This experience can reduce his/her fear.

Key words Undergraduates, theses, fear, freedom, seaport JEL Classification: H00, H53, E26. Introduction direction of psychology in accordance with scientific epistemology; Seaport companies are characterized by intensive technological activities of cargo  Do not follow social clichés and do not handling, warehousing, ship agency, forwarding, give any advice; etc. A person feels the call to work in a port  Know the anthropological laws of company and goes there to be hired. Vocational personality, and the principles of training for work in the port is held at the integrity, expression and development of maritime academy, where students study and personality, which are based on finally defend their theses. Natural stress, fear, theoretical and empirical research. anxiety and excitement characterizes work in the There are situations when employees of port port and the defense of a thesis – this is a test- companies studying at the maritime academy phobia. write good-quality theses but, as undergraduates, Mental phenomena in society are interpreted they are too afraid and worried when preparing differently, especially because of the difference and defending their theses. Therefore, the between popular and scientific psychology. persons involved in the preparation of the thesis Popular psychology is based on things such usually advise the undergraduates using clichés, as: for example, “don’t worry”, “don’t stress”, etc. Inadvertently, the advice mentioned is a  Primitive pragmatism and social cliché of disservice because they do not explain how not the approach to the person’s behavior and to be worried and not to be stressed. At that time, traditional folk sayings and advice; the persons involved give additional fear to the  Ignorance of the specific direction of undergraduates who may be afraid of their psychology when making decisions; natural fear – the fear of defending the thesis.  Ignorance of anthropological laws of Therefore, their fear multiplies. personality, and of the principles of the Generally, this is a very sensitive area in person’s integrity, expression and people’s relationships with themselves. The development. mentioned advice can reduce the The representatives of scientific psychology undergraduate’s self-esteem and self-confidence do as follows: because he/she starts to think, for example: “If I  Carefully assess mental phenomena and am afraid of defending the thesis, is there consistently take into account the specific something wrong with me?” Additional and 53 SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020 unnecessary psycho-emotional experiences begin We should consider both – management of to occur. The undergraduate’s natural fear excessive fear, and lack of fear as investigative increases instead of being reduced, allowing issues: him/her to experience his/her natural fear and  The management of excessive fear is a encouraging him/her to learn, i.e. recognize this mass phenomenon in science worldwide. fear, perceive its causes and look for ways to In addition, empirical research by the cope with it if its level is too high. author of this article shows that fear is a Sometimes it is necessary to learn to live very obvious problem in the marine with fear, for example, there is a saying in industry, especially when employees are medicine: “Make friends with your disease”. young adults (Lileikis, 2018); Literature overview  The lack of fear as an issue and part of professional activity and of psychological If the undergraduate is advised to deny self-management is studied, but not as his/her fear, he/she is encouraged to deny his/her much and not systematically (Marks, psycho-emotional state as an integral part of 1987; Becker, 1999; Kahn, Doctor, 2000; his/her personality. However, it is appropriate to Лебедев, 2001; Saul, 2001; Clarkson, confirm the undergraduate’s personality by 2005; Ghaemi, 2014; Jeffers, 2018; strengthening him/her as a human factor, Petronienė, 2018). The lack of fear is a because the quality of the activity mainly task of scientific psychology because it is depends on this factor. Self-positioning of the not popular or directly clear and it undergraduate in the process of preparing the requires professionalism, methodical thesis must be socially supported at a holistic consistency, insight, a discursive level, including all the powers of his/her approach and scientific communication. personality, i.e. physical, psychological and spiritual ones from the anthropological point of It is appropriate to note that, thanks to fear, a view. This is relevant, even if some pathologies human being is more careful, vigilant, attentive, appear. They are not necessarily harmful, safe and active (Clarkson, 2005). Fear is closely according to studies (Alloy, Abramson, 1979; related to cognitive dissonance, which is the Ghaemi, 2014), and have to be recognized. basis for creativity (Sacks, 2000). Nevertheless, some pathologies in extreme Fear, especially excitement, includes short- conditions can be very helpful, so that a person term psycho-emotional stress, which is a very could act purposefully, insightfully and important gift of nature because it helps the decisively. The defense of a thesis is person in an extreme situation to pay attention, characterized by natural fear due to extreme decide quickly and act creatively (Лебедев, conditions, which include control, unexpected 2001). questions and criticism. Human fear and It was found that employees of the marine sensitivity should not be considered as industry, who are characterized by lower self- unacceptable because its meanings depend on a esteem, usually compensate for this with particular situation and personal approach excessive self-confidence. This means a lack of (Petronienė, 2018). natural fear, which is a necessary basis for care The behavior of advisors mentioned shows a and security, in accordance with the maritime psychological defense mechanism called principle – safety first. projection, i.e. they project their fear experience Before becoming employees of the marine onto the undergraduates, by advising them to industry or upgrading their skills, they study at give up their fear. The people in the marine the maritime academy and finally defend their industry, i.e. on board and in port companies, are theses. When defending the theses, the characterized by frequent psychological defense undergraduates inter alia must demonstrate their mechanisms, when taking into account the ability of psychological self-management as a investigations undertaken (Лебедев, 2001; mental self-regulation. Therefore, it is necessary Jonutytė, 2007; Malinauskienė, Jonutytė, 2008; to help them professionally to keep their self- Lileikis, 2018). esteem and personal integrity associated with

54 SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020 mental health and ensure the conditions for their  Gestalt-psychology is based on the freedom of expression. wholeness and integrity of personality, It is appropriate to analyze this specific issue allowing the person to experience natural of the psychology of management and self- feelings and emotions, understand management, taking into account the himself/herself and see the meaning of psychological projection, nature of criticism and not only positive emotional experiences leadership in regard to a thesis in port and characteristics but also negative ones technology management. At the levels for the individual development of a mentioned, this issue is almost unexplored. unique personality.

Goal and Methodology 1. Management of a thesis and psychological The goal of the research is to conduct a projection theoretical heuristic investigation of giving Undergraduates defend their theses in port undergraduates the freedom to fear as a technology management in front of a panel psychological opportunity for them to speak composed of representatives of port companies. fearlessly when defending their theses in port Together with supervisors and reviewers and technology management. other persons of the maritime academy, they feel The object is the psychological and professional responsibility, which anthropological discourse of fear in the context psychologically affects the undergraduates. A of defending a thesis in port technology tense psychological climate leads to a natural management. psycho-emotional stress and natural fear of the undergraduates and other participants in terms of The subject is the freedom of expression of defending the thesis. The undergraduates usually the undergraduate’s personality in terms of experience psychological defense mechanisms, his/her authenticity, wholeness and integrity. especially regression, repression and avoidance. The objectives are as follows: Some persons involved are characterized by 1. Revelation of the manipulative nature of the projection mechanism when they advise the the thesis management in accordance with undergraduates not to be afraid because the the psychological projection. persons involved are themselves afraid and they 2. Characterization of the nature of the are semi-consciously projecting their fear onto thesis criticism. others. 3. Presentation of the importance of Human anthropology, scientific psychology leadership managing fear. and leadership is characterized by flexibility, The type is theoretically descriptive. The reduced control, adequate benevolence and main method is heuristic, anthropological and confidence in order to achieve goals. The issue psychological analysis. that we focus on arises in a relationship between popular and scientific psychology of The basic methodological principles are as management, as well as of self-management, follows: when advisers, who advise not to be afraid, are  Existentialism and humanism, which quasi-benevolent, but their activity is based on emphasizes the freedom of personality traditional clichés of popular psychology. and his/her noble activities, including psychological self-management; despite The psychological defense mechanisms work many stressful situations that arise when semi-consciously. These mechanisms are natural studying at the maritime academy and/or and important because they help survive. working in the seaport, a skilled However, at the same time they disrupt smooth employee is able to base his/her life on collaboration and the person’s self-esteem. the values of personal freedom, Therefore, it is necessary, as much as possible, to authenticity, wholeness and integrity and use psychological self-management resisting the perceive the meaning and apply the skills defense mechanisms in stressful situations that of psychological self-management; are natural when working in the seaport or defending a thesis at the maritime academy.

55 SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020

The projection mechanism can manifest itself on their own, nobody else can help them and in the marine industry and in some academic nobody else can do their work for them. situations. Usually, a weak and inadequately The undergraduates can rely only on the responsible person, for example, a boss may be competency they have acquired, i.e. professional, inclined to apply excessive control to his/her intellectual and especially psychological skills. subordinates, especially under extreme This competency is characterized by the tools conditions. Therefore, he/she semi-consciously they have acquired in educational processes, projects his/her weakness onto others. thanks to their authorities who contributed to The boss of an organization, who enriches their free expression. his/her personality, does not allow himself/herself to accuse others (even if others 2. Nature of thesis criticism are really guilty) or deny the existential and If undergraduates get freedom, i.e. freedom individual self-concept of others. He/she applies of personal expression, freedom of self- leadership, creates a scientifically-based motivation, freedom of creativity, freedom to adequate relationship with his/her subordinates experience natural emotions (including fear), an and solves problems together with them in terms opportunity opens for them up to be freely of a positive psychological climate, which is interested in criticism and know it and its nature. characterized by natural creative tension in the Advisers usually say: “Don’t worry, everything free expression of personality but not by his/her will be fine”. Okay, but what about criticism? It excessive fear. is a mandatory part of the defense of a thesis, In general, we can consider projection as and it is important that undergraduates are ready defensive and semi-conscious manipulation. for it. Usually, the strategy of manipulation consists of Therefore, it is inappropriate to avoid the aspiration to increase a sense of guilt of the natural fear and free knowledge of criticism. It is subordinates by convincing the people that they are guilty because of all their problems and necessary to enable the undergraduates to be misfortunes due to a lack of their intellect, talent free, fear naturally and freely, if necessary, be prepared to defend their theses and defend them and efforts. Thus, the individuals experience in an original and creative way. A person is not remorse and guilt, instead of being methodically and should not be perfect or insensitive. resisting. Finally, they feel depressed and limited However, it is appropriate to be well prepared. A (Chomsky, 2002). In case of defending a thesis, an undergraduate can feel guilty, because he/she hero is different from a coward. The coward is afraid and has not been taught how not to be does not dare to do something because of fear. The hero is afraid but does it anyway. Being afraid and how to recognize the extent of fear in allowed to express himself/herself freely, an order to act effectively. undergraduate is more self-confident and can Therefore, the activity of preparing and freely generate his/her ideas from the defending the thesis should not be manipulative. subconscious. What has been learned will be Benevolence of the people involved in managing remembered in one way or another, especially if the thesis should be justified. Giving the undergraduates like and are interested in what undergraduates freedom is more important than they have studied. restricting their expression by semi-consciously In order to adequately accept criticism, it is applying projection as a psychological defense mechanism. The undergraduates should be given necessary to teach the students to know its nature real freedom and feel free, i.e. their feeling that and develop their valuable attitude towards criticism, for example, a positive, as well as the people involved believe in them, helps them comprehensive approach to criticism and that very much at the initial ontological level to studies, employment and life in general need freely express themselves and creatively resist criticism. Students should be aware of the nature criticism regarding their theses. The feeling of freedom is the ontological basis for creative fear of criticism, because it is considered in scientific management. psychology as a factor associated with the fear of the “I” of the person. Thus, this is an area of Nevertheless, when undergraduates defend his/her particular sensitivity. their theses, this means the following – they are 56 SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020

Undergraduates should perceive the not asked at the time when defending the thesis. ontological nature of criticism, where does it Undergraduates must demonstrate their come from, why it is so necessary, what types of understanding of their theses. All this requires criticism are there, and how to respond to it in an questions and critical comments. The appropriate way. All this helps to understand that undergraduates can hope for a higher grade only not only criticism itself but also its fear is useful, by answering the questions and adequately since it promotes self-criticism and purposeful responding to the critical comments. academic and professional activity (Paulauskas, Furthermore, the reviewer of a thesis is 1999). The nature of enisophobia, which is a fear committed to criticize the text of the thesis. of criticism, has been revealed in psychological His/her mandatory activity is to find some theories (Hubbard, 1999; Weisinger, 2000; inconsistencies, as well as dubious places in the Clarkson, 2005, etc.). text or places to be corrected, and ask questions. The ontological nature of criticism is Criticism in an organization is defined as characterized by the fact that there is no other help, when the boss helps his/her subordinate, so way how to check the competency acquired. A that he/she can regulate himself/herself colloquium, exam and defense of a thesis has so independently in his/her professional activity far been invented as the forms of educational from the point of view of humanistic criticism. psychology. Personal, nihilistic and destructive On the one hand, human life in a society criticism is unacceptable. Constructive and partially limits subjectivity through objectivity. business criticism is acceptable because it does A person must be objectively and professionally not offend the employee and helps him/her to useful to the society, and the examination of understand work issues. The types of criticism his/her professional identity is a very natural mentioned must be differentiated and identified. process. Furthermore, there is a law – the more a The employee should be well oriented how to person has reached in his/her life, the more react in situations due to criticism. His/her he/she has been criticized. Criticism is a sign that appropriate response is based on flexibility, a person and his/her activities or ideas are the humor and understanding of the perspective of object of someone’s attention (Clarkson, 2005). his/her reputation and long-term cooperation This is also some kind of recognition of a with his/her boss and colleagues. person, although it can be a jealous one, because Frequent and destructive and personal losers are very dissatisfied with the success of criticism usually characterizes an expression of other people. people who are unhappy in their lives. We can On the other hand, a person can avoid understand them and their psychological criticism at all, if he/she says nothing and does situation. Their psychological defense nothing in the public sphere, because he/she mechanism works by expressing socially chooses to be nobody in the society (Hubbard, unacceptable criticism. They do not directly 1999). This extreme is unacceptable for a person want to offend others, but firstly they as a healthy member of the society due to his/her psychologically compensate for their negative self-esteem. Nevertheless, the lack of criticism in psycho-emotional state, applying excessive an organization can mean that the boss ignores control over others and rudeness. his/her subordinate and does not believe in Moreover, elementary emotionality of a his/her ability to act professionally and progress. person should not be regarded as criticism. A It is necessary to realize that the panel for the raised voice, while defending a thesis, can be a defense of a thesis in port technology natural reaction of the panel member. A management consists of representatives of port representative of a port company reacts very companies who are naturally interested in the naturally, when he/she hears a strange idea of an thesis and have some questions. They have no undergraduate. It is important for students to purpose to harm, but their right and duty is to learn to tolerate this form of reaction. A understand the thesis and evaluate it according to representative of a port company responds their own understanding. It is necessary to loudly not in bad faith but because he/she is discuss in order to evaluate adequately. It would interested in the topic being discussed, is limited also be impossible to answer a question that was by his/her personality and relies on his/her 57 SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020 cognitive, academic and professional life less control over them. Self-leadership must be experience. Therefore, he/she reacts individually. based on freedom and professional identity in Representatives of port companies do not want order to achieve a higher level of organizational to insult students, but they naturally ask culture, which does not require much control in questions, say something louder or laugh terms of the 4th industrial revolution and the spontaneously. This is a natural anthropology importance of high technology in the activities of that an undergraduate, who has entered the 3rd the port and the entire marine industry. decade of his/her life, should understand. Thus, on the one hand, the marine business Thus, it is very useful to participate in the professionals, who are free and creative people, defense of a thesis at the department level. unlimited by various advisers, should be trained Nevertheless, it is helpful to rehearse the defense in terms of wholeness, expression and of a thesis in front of a rigorous critic, for development of their personality. These example, the supervisor or another person, who professionals should not have a narrow would spontaneously ask the questions in competency, but a broad profile, i.e. personal, accordance with the contents of the thesis. social and specific skills. All this requires the freedom of personal On the other hand, for nearly 80 years, expression and activity of an undergraduate, gestalt-psychology has emphasized, inter alia, when he/she defends his/her thesis. When a the integrity of personality, as well as the person is free, he/she can be himself/herself and wholeness of the person’s powers, processes, naturally excited, if he/she is more sensitive. states and characteristics, and their special Natural excitement can help successfully defend significance for his/her physiological, a thesis, for example, like the excitement of a job psychological and social expression and interview helps a person to become hired. If a development. person is excited, he/she seeks, is careful and not The defense of a thesis in the context of the sluggish or without enthusiasm and energy marine business requires an appropriate (Clarkson, 2005). Being sensitive, the students of approach to the personality, whose academic port technology management are more career in terms of the port professional is responsible and have the intended result in mind. considered. That is the freedom, which bases Such undergraduates work well during their responsibility and does not mean to do professional practice. The mentors and everything. However, this freedom is the employers notice that and sometimes offer them ontological basis for inspiring a person for to take a position in the port company where his/her creative expression, even if it is they have their professional practice. associated with creative stress or fears. A person is alive and dynamic, and as long as his/her fears 3. Leadership of the maritime academy and do not harm him/her, it should not be seen as a marine industry problem. If fears harm the person, he/she should At the level of aspiration, since 2010, the not deny them but learn to recognize them, marine industry has been characterized by understand their genetic, psycho-social and leadership as a politically recognized cultural causes, as it was mentioned. commitment worldwide, issued of the We need a positive social correction that International Maritime Organization. Modern would affirm the person and not divide him/her, science and business forums reveal leadership, in the case of preparing and defending a thesis in which is characterized by the support of the boss the field of port technology management. The in business processes, the promotion of work persons involved should develop their leadership motivation and perseverance, taking into account and carefully communicate with undergraduates, the individual experience of employees. At because they are not things. A person is brought present, almost all business areas are politically up by his/her parents, teachers in kindergarten, at introducing leadership and creating an school and then at the academy, and later by organizational culture on its basis. managers in the workplace. The basic social The main purpose of leadership is the correction should be expressed as support. principle that the self-leadership of employees should prevail in the professional activity with 58 SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020

Therefore, the supportive leadership in the defense speech. It is also appropriate to take into marine industry is considered because it is account the young age of students, their defined as a phenomenon, when the boss inexperience and possible dependence on mobile interacts with his/her subordinates, taking into phones, from the psychoeducational point of account their experience. This is also relevant to view. the academic community. Thus, the application of supportive leadership All persons involved should strengthen the is one of the most important factors reducing a individuality of an undergraduate, instead of person’s fear and gaining his/her self-confidence denying it while preparing a thesis. It is noticed, in terms of organizational culture, for example, that the human factor is often criticized, and when socializing in the port company and the people would like to eliminate it. However, this maritime academy. Supportive leadership is factor must be strengthened, because it is the useful because this activity is based on mutual personality, as well as the individuality of the subsidiarity and recognizes personal freedom employee or student, i.e. his/her sensory and and experience of an employee or student, and motion characteristics and abilities, which need provides freedom not only benevolently but also to be developed, so that they are able to ensure professionally and develops a creative approach, the academic and professional expression of the personal activity and professional self-esteem person and the quality of his/her activity. thanks to the purposeful freedom. Popular psychology should be replaced by a The increased self-esteem of students or scientific one, which is more sensitive and employees and the development of their positive insightful and not misled by clichés, and the attitudes towards themselves and the process of preparing and defending a thesis environment can naturally reduce their fear and could be more sensitively, insightfully and increase their productivity (Clarkson, 2005). responsibly managed, taking into account its frequent defensive nature. All persons involved, Conclusion including students, especially those who Giving undergraduates the freedom to fear is investigate the human resource management of a a psychological opportunity for them to speak port company, should learn that. fearlessly when defending their theses in port The support system should be the main technology management. The manipulative academic key to the success of undergraduates. It nature of the thesis management is based on the is important to give them the freedom to be, live psychological projection. Giving the and naturally fear, if necessary, because it allows undergraduates freedom is more important than the person to meaningfully experience his/her restricting their expression. Their feeling that the individual authenticity, wholeness and integrity people involved believe in them, helps them very from the anthropological point of view. This much at the initial ontological level to freely experience automatically reduces his/her fear. A express themselves and creatively resist criticism free undergraduate chooses meaningful activities regarding their theses. The feeling of freedom is that are interesting to him/her, and he/she is the ontological basis for creative fear calmer and less worrisome. A person is happy management. When undergraduates defend their about his/her inner integrity and external social theses, they are on their own, nobody else can support in the form of supportive leadership. help them and do their work for them. The If an undergraduate is confused and afraid undergraduates can rely only on the competency more than it is required to successfully defend a they have acquired, i.e. professional, intellectual thesis, he/she cannot express as he/she could. If and especially psychological skills. This the support system of the maritime academy competency is characterized by the tools they works well, an undergraduate focuses more on have acquired in educational processes, thanks to activities than on his/her fear, can adequately their authorities who contributed to their free know his/her fear in the totality of his/her expression. In order to adequately accept personal powers, is not too afraid of criticism, criticism, it is necessary to teach the students to does not feel like a victim of circumstances and know its nature and develop their valuable can enjoy his/her free academic development and attitude towards criticism. Studies, employment especially the originality of his/her purposeful and life in general needs criticism, if students are 59 SOCIÁLNO-EKONOMICKÁ REVUE / 01 - 2020 committed to the personal development and their sąsajos. Kaunas: Kauno medicinos universitetas. professional life of full value in a society. 70 p. Supportive leadership is very significant for the Kahn, A. P., Doctor, R. M. (2000). Facing Fears: The management of fear. The support system should Sourcebook for Phobias, Fears, and Anxieties. be the main academic key to the success of New York: Checkmark. 310 p. undergraduates. It is important to give them the Lileikis, S. (2018). 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