Daring and Caution in Turkish Strategic Culture Also by Malik Mufti SOVEREIGN CREATIONS: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in and Daring and Caution in Turkish Strategic Culture Republic at Sea

Malik Mufti Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Tufts University, USA © Malik Mufti 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-23638-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

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Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

Part I Taking Root 1 Imperial Legacies 9 Russian expansion 9 Western ambivalence 10 Domestic dysfunction 11 Into the inferno 14

2 Republican Foundations 17 Atatürk innovates: Peace at Home, Peace in the World 17 The CHP legislates: the Six Arrows 22

3 Cracks in the Edifice 29 The counter-paradigm surfaces 30 Domestic strains 36 External strains 41

Part II Taking Sail 4 Turgut Özal and the Gates of Desire 49 The TAF in crisis 50 Özal 58 Iraq (1990–1991) 65 Aftermath 80

Part III Floundering 5 The Years of Living Dangerously 87 Toward the open seas? 87 The second time as farce 93 Iraq 97 102 Syria and 105

vii viii Contents

Turkey and Russia in the Caucasus: back to imperial competition? 109 The Balkans 118

6 Dead Ends 123 Dogmatic Islamism: the rise and fall of Necmettin Erbakan 123 Unbridled commercialism: Mesut Yılmaz 129 Indian summer: Bülent Ecevit’s last term as prime minister 137

7 Paradigm Crisis 149 Identity politics returns 149 Iraq again 151 Strategic options 156 Democratic Islamism 164 Republican choices 167

Conclusion: A Second Sailing? 173

Appendix: National Election Results 179 Notes 180 Bibliography 208 List of Interviewees 221 Index 222 Acknowledgments

I am grateful for the help of many people in the preparation of this book. In addition to those mentioned in the List of Interviewees, all of whom generously took time to share their insights and several of whom also helped me in contacting additional sources, I wish to thank the following for commenting on my drafts or providing other forms of assistance: Feroz Ahmad, Cüneyt Cezayirli, Consuelo Cruz, Ertu˘grulO˘guzÇıra˘gan, Rob Devigne, Emre Kayhan, Kemal Kiri¸sci,Zeynep Mufti, David Pervin, Michael Reynolds, Harold Rhode, Aytek Sava¸s,Sabri Sayarı, Tony Smith, Elin Suleymanov, Hasan Ertu˘gTombu¸s,and M. Hakan Yavuz. It is also my pleasure to express gratitude to the Smith Robertson Foundation, which provided me a one-year grant to conduct research; and to Tufts University’s Faculty Research Awards Committee, which provided me with a summer grant. The epigraph on page 1 is from Sun Tzu: Art of War, copyright 1994 by Ralph D. Sawyer, reprinted by kind permission of Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group. The epigraphs on the title pages of the three parts of this book are from Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War after the translation by Richard Crawley (1840–1893) published in 1910.

MALIK MUFTI

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