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Conceptual Politics in Practice Stockholm Studies in International Relations 2020:3 Stephanie Christine Winkler Conceptual Politics in Practice How Soft Power Changed the World Stephanie Christine Winkler Conceptual Politics in Practice Conceptual Politics Stephanie Christine Winkler is a researcher at Stockholm University's Department of Economic History, and also affiliated with the Swedish Institute of International Affairs and the Swedish Defence University ISBN 978-91-7911-342-1 ISSN 2003-1343 Department of Economic History and International Relations Doctoral Thesis in International Relations at Stockholm University, Sweden 2020 Conceptual Politics in Practice How Soft Power Changed the World Stephanie Christine Winkler Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations at Stockholm University to be publicly defended on Friday 11 December 2020 at 14.00 in Nordenskiöldsalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 12. Abstract Concepts are a key feature of academic research and international politics. Despite the fact that interpreting, classifying and communicating the world through concepts has far-reaching social and political consequences, their various roles and complex dynamics remain poorly understood in International Relations (IR). Instead of disregarding concepts, conflating them with other cognitive terms such as norms, or obsessing about their ability to scientifically capture reality, this dissertation builds on the emerging field of critical concept studies (CSS), which understands concepts as open and contestable interpretive devices that observers use to make sense of the world, often to steer political thought and action. In line with CSS, this dissertation refers to these political struggles as “conceptual politics”—the ways in which actors coin, use, promote, revisit and fight over concepts in anticipation of performative effects—and argues that it constitutes a key facet of politics. The field of CSS is mainly theoretically oriented, and few empirical studies address conceptual politics in practice. The purpose of this study is to further the field of CSS by expanding the notion of conceptual politics. It does so first by developing three issues that previous research presumes are important but does not investigate empirically: the dynamics of feedback loops, or interaction effects between interpretations of the world and the world; reification, the treatment of concepts as if they were real rather than human-made interpretive devices; and travel, the movement of concepts across time, levels and space. Next, the dissertation develops an analytical framework capable of tracing conceptual politics empirically. The dissertation seeks to answer the following key questions: How can we study conceptual politics? How do feedback loops, reification and travel shape conceptual politics? What are the consequences of conceptual politics for world politics? Taking an abductive approach, an analytical framework is developed as a “thinking tool” to trace conceptual politics in practice. Based on a case study design and interpretivist process-tracing, the soft power concept—the ability to affect others through attraction—is subjected to a critical concept analysis of its travel from the US to Japan and China and back to the US again. Although soft power has emerged as a key concern in IR and international politics, the concept and its consequences remain poorly understood. This dissertation finds that the soft power concept has become part and parcel of various political struggles over the “correct” interpretation of reality and the way to act on it. The findings reveal the importance of: continuous efforts to ensure soft power’s position in IR; the concept’s common treatment as if it was real; the interaction effects between its various roles (e.g. social fact and interpretive, foreign policy and socialising tool), which have shaped how “power” and “power shifts” are understood and acted on in international politics; and the emergence of new translations and discrete sites of conceptual politics that rely on, exploit, challenge or even ignore the original concept. From the analysis, a more complete picture of conceptual politics emerges that underscores many dynamics and effects that would otherwise be missed, and advances our understanding of the role of concepts and the consequences of conceptual politics in IR. Keywords: academia/policy nexus, alliance, China, concepts, critical concept studies, decline, feedback loops, interaction effects, International Relations, Japan, power shift, power, reification, rise, science, security, sharp power, smart power, soft power, travel, United States. Stockholm 2020 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-186215 ISBN 978-91-7911-342-1 ISBN 978-91-7911-343-8 ISSN 2003-1343 Department of Economic History and International Relations Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm CONCEPTUAL POLITICS IN PRACTICE Stephanie Christine Winkler Conceptual Politics in Practice How Soft Power Changed the World Stephanie Christine Winkler ©Stephanie Christine Winkler, Stockholm University 2020 ISBN print 978-91-7911-342-1 ISBN PDF 978-91-7911-343-8 ISSN 2003-1343 Cover art ©Kajsa Hammargård Portrait ©Niklas Sagrén Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2020 Stockholm Studies in International Relations 2018:1 Jakobsson, Elin. Norm Acceptance in the International Community: A study of disaster risk reduction and climate-induced migration. Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2018. 2019:1 Bengtsson, Louise. Health security in the European Union. Agents, practices and materialities of securitization. Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2019. 2020:1 Silberstein, Daniel. Humanity Washed Ashore: Visual representations of practices, people, and the borders of Europe. Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2020. 2020:2 Rosengren, Emma. Gendering Nuclear Disarmament: Identity and Disarmament in Sweden during the Cold War. Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2020. Contents Acknowledgements v List of Figures ix List of Tables xi I Introduction, theory and methods xiii 1 Introduction 15 1.1 Research problems, aims and question ............. 15 1.1.1 Concepts in International Relations .......... 15 1.1.2 Critical concept studies ................. 16 1.1.3 Research questions ................... 18 1.2 Research design ......................... 18 1.2.1 Case study design .................... 18 1.2.2 The soft power concept ................. 19 1.3 Key findings ........................... 22 1.4 Contributions and roadmap ................... 25 2 The promise of a critical concept analysis 27 2.1 Literature review: Concepts in International Relations ..... 27 2.1.1 Approaches to concepts in International Relations ... 27 2.1.2 Critical concept studies ................. 31 2.2 Conceptual politics ....................... 37 2.2.1 Feedback loops ..................... 40 2.2.2 Reification ....................... 43 2.2.3 Travelling ........................ 45 2.3 Analysing conceptual politics in practice ............ 51 2.3.1 Dynamics of conceptual politics ............ 51 2.3.2 Feedback loops and reification ............. 57 2.3.3 Travelling ........................ 57 2.4 A critical concept analysis of the soft power concept ..... 60 3 Research design 63 3.1 Ontology, epistemology, methodology and politics ...... 63 3.2 Research strategies ....................... 68 3.2.1 Case study design: Tracing the soft power concept .. 68 3.2.2 Research process .................... 72 3.3 Material ............................. 74 3.3.1 Academic texts ..................... 75 3.3.2 Wider debate ...................... 78 3.3.3 Official material .................... 79 3.3.4 Interview material ................... 80 3.3.5 Participant observation ................. 81 II Empirical Analysis 83 4 Mapping the phenomenon of soft power 85 4.1 Academic publications ..................... 85 4.1.1 English: WOS Database ............... 85 4.1.2 Japanese: the CiNii database .............. 91 4.1.3 Chinese: the CNKI database .............. 92 4.2 Newspapers ........................... 95 4.3 Conclusion ........................... 99 5 A concept is “born”: Soft power in the US in the 1990s 101 5.1 Concept entrepreneurs ..................... 102 5.1.1 Joseph Nye ....................... 103 5.1.2 Other concept entrepreneurs .............. 105 5.2 Means of conceptual politics .................. 106 5.2.1 Contesting decline ................... 107 5.2.2 Understanding power .................. 111 5.2.3 Coining soft power ................... 113 5.2.4 Solving decline ..................... 114 5.2.5 Evoking emotions ................... 115 5.2.6 Promoting soft power .................. 116 5.3 Reification and Feedback loops ................. 117 5.3.1 Soft power as a concept prone to reification ...... 118 5.3.2 Micro-feedback loops: soft power shifts decline .... 119 5.3.3 Macro-feedback loops: Public diplomacy and the en- gagement policy .................... 121 5.4 Conclusion ........................... 126 6 America, get smart: Soft power comes off age 129 6.1 Concept entrepreneurs ..................... 129 6.1.1 Joseph Nye ....................... 129 6.1.2 Other concept entrepreneurs .............. 131 6.2 Means of conceptual politics .................. 133 6.2.1 Solving America’s problems .............. 134 6.2.2 Reinvigorating soft power ............... 136 6.2.3 Beyond Nye: new sites of conceptual politics ..... 142 6.3 Reification and feedback loops ................. 144 6.3.1 Micro-reflexive loops .................
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