Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Chronology the Late Romantic Era

Chronology The Late Romantic

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1848 Ferenc Liszt (1811-86) appointed 1848 Year of revolutions: uprisings in , Hofkapellmeister at , instigating a , (3), , , , modern movement in German and Parma, , , ; all completing his first Les suppressed except Paris, constitution priludes. (1804-57) granted in Prussia. Abdication of composes his orchestral piece Ferdinand I of : succeeded by his . Donizetti (50) dies, nephew Franz Joseph (until 1916). Bergamo. Abdication of Louis Philippe and French Republic proclaimed (February); Louis 1849 (1803-69) composes , nephew of Napoleon I, becomes his . Louisa Miller by Giuseppe President (December). Verdi (1813-1901) given, ; Le prophete by (1791- 1849 proclaims a 1864) given, Paris. Richard republic in , but Pius IX restored in (1813-83) exiled to , where he July. Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates writes Kunst und die Revolution and Das in favour of Victor Emmanuel II. Kunstwerk der ZukunJt. Fryderyc Frederick William IV declines title of (39) dies, Paris. Frederic Kalkbrenner German offered by National (63) dies, . Johann Strauss the Assembly. Attempted German unity fails elder (45) dies, Vienna. with the dissolution of German Assembly. Hungary and Venice submit to Austria. 1850 Wagner's given, Weimar. Berlin Conservatory founded. Vaclav 1850 The US Senate enacts 'The Tomasek (75) dies, Prague. Compromise of 1850'. The Conte di Cavour appointed minister in Piedmont, 1851 Verdi's given, Venice. where he inaugurates economic reforms. Wagner completes Oper und Drama. Taiping rebellion in China under Hung Theatre-Lyrique, Paris, founded. Siu-tsuen. Prussia agrees to Austrian Breitkopf & Hartel begin the first supremacy in the revived Diet. complete Bach edition (completed 1899). (76) dies, Maiolati. (49) dies, Berlin. 1852 Second Burmese War; British forces 1852 Societe des Jeunes Artistes du annexe Pegu. New constitution for New Conservatoire founded by Pasdeloup, Zealand. Louis-Napoleon proclaimed Paris. New Philharmonic Society founded, Emperor Napoleon III after a successful . plebiscite.

1853 Verdi's given, Venice. Liszt 1853 In the role of protector of Christians of completes his in . the Ottoman Empire, invades the Danube provinces and defeats the Turkish fleet. Death of Maria II of ; succeeded by Pedro V.

1854 Berlioz's L'enJance du Christ given. 1854 Crimean War (until 1856): Russia (1825-1904) writes his against Turkey, Austria, Britain and influential book Vom Musikalisch-SchOnen. . Allies gain victories at Balaclava and Inkerman. Commodore Perry negotiates the first US treaty with Japan. Murder of Abbas I, of Egypt; 1855 (1824-96) appointed succeeded by Mohammed Said. organist at Linz Cathedral. Crystal Palace concerts begin. Theatre des Bouffes- 1855 Death of ; Parisi ens, owned by succeeded by Alexander II. Taiping (1819-80), opens. rebellion ends in China.

418 Chronology, 1848--55

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1849 Matthew Arnold 1849 Armand Fizeau 1850 Gustav Courbet (IB22-BB) publishes his (IBI9-96) is tbe first to (1819-77) exhibits The first volume of , The obtain an accurate Stone Breakers and two Strayed Reveller. Charles determination of the other pictures in the salon, Dickens (1812-70) writes velocity of light. establishing himself as the the partly autobiographical Edward Frankland leader of the realist school Copperfold. (1825-99) isolates amyl of painting. Sir Joseph 1850 Pope Pius IX makes in his pioneer work in Paxton (1801-65) designs and Wales into organometallic chemistry. the Crystal Palace of glass an ecclesiastical province and iron, the first example of the Roman Catholic 1850 Rudolf Clausius of prefabrication. Church with its own (1822-B8) formulates the hierarchy. Nathanial second law of thermo- 1851 John Ruskin Hawthorne (1804-64) dynamics. (1819-1900) writes The publishes The Scarlet Letter, Stones of Venice, an a classic inquiry into the 1851. Isaac Singer architectural study of nature of American (1811-75) patents his immense original Puritanism. Alfred sewing machine. William scholarship with Tennyson (1809-92) Thomson (1824-1907) moralistic overtones. publishes . publishes a fundamental 1851 Herman Melville paper on the laws of 1852 Luigi Visconti (1819-91) writes Moby conservation and (1791-1853) begins the Dick. dissipation of energy, On New Louvre, the foremost (1797-1856) publishes the ifynamical theory of heat. monument of the Second Roman;;,ero, written when Empire, completed by facing death. 1853 Matthew Mavry Hector Lefuel (1810-80). 1852 First meeting of the (1806-73) publishes his L. Vaudoyer (1803-72) Convocation of the Physical Geography of the begins Marseilles Church of England since Sea, the first textbook of Cathedral, combining 171 7. Harriet Beecher modern oceanography. a Romanesque plan with Stowe (1811-96) David Livingstone a Byzantine elevation. publishes Uncle Tom's (1813-73) explores the John Millais (1829-96) Cabin, which stirs up great Zambesi river. paints Ophelia, a minutely anti-slavery feeling. detailed example of his Charles Marie R. Leconte 1854 Georg Friedrich early . de Lisle (1818-94) Bernhard Riemann publishes Poemes antiques. (1826-66) writes On the 1853 C. Mills (1810-83) William Thackeray Hypotheses forming the completes the first (1811-63) publishes The Foundation of Geometry, equestrian statue to be History of Henry Esmond. laying the analytical cast in the USA, of 1855 Henry Wadsworth foundations for non- President Jackson. James Longfellow (1807-82) Euclidean geometry. Renwick (1818-95), the writes The Song of Publication of leading American Hiawatha. Anthony Mikrogeologie by Christian architect of the Gothic Trollope (1815-82) Gottfried Ehrenberg Revival, designs St publishes The Warden, (1795-1876), dealing Patrick's Cathedral, New establishing the novel- with fossil micro- York. sequence in English organisms. fiction. Elizabeth Gaskell 1854 Holman Hunt (1BI 0-65) publishes North 1855 Completion of the (1827-1910) paints The and South, contrasting electric telegraph between Light of the World. urban and rural England London and Balaclava on in the Industrial the Black Sea. Revolution.

419 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1856 Conservatory founded. 1856 Treaty of Paris ends Crimean War. (1833-97) accepts post cede Bessarabia, Black Sea to be as musical director at . Otto Jahn neutral, River Danube to be free to (1813-69) publishes study of Mozart. shipping and Danubian principalities (46) dies, Endenich. guaranteed by the Powers. Massacre of Pottawatomie Creek; Kansas slavers murdered by free-staters. Second Anglo- 1857 Verdi's Simon Boccanegra given, Venice. Chinese War (until 1858). Budapest Academy of Music founded. Charles (1819-95) begins his orchestral series. Camille Saint-Saens (1835-1921) appointed 1857 Indian Mutiny against British rule organist at the Madeleine, Paris. Liszt (until 1858). Giuseppe Garibaldi forms completes his . Italian National Association for (66) dies, Vienna. Glinka (52) dies, Berlin. unification under Piedmont. Irish Republican Brotherhood founded in . 1858 ner Barbier von Bagdad by Peter Cornelius (1824-74) given, Weimar (under Liszt). Halka (four-act version) by Stanislaw Moniuszko (1819-72) 1858 More ports opened to British given, Warsaw. Hiindel-Gesellschaft commerce and opium trade legalised in edition begun. Chappell's Popular China. Transference of power from the Concerts begin, London. Cesar Franck East India Company to the British . (1822-90) appointed organist at Ste Commercial treaty between Britain and Clotilde. Brahms completes his First Piano Japan. .

1859 Verdi's given, Rome. Faust by (1818- 1859 War between France and Austria in 93) given, Theatre-Lyrique, Paris. . By the peace of Villafranca, Austria founded. cedes Parma and Lombardy, but School of Music founded. and Modena are restored and Venice (75) dies, Kassel. remains Austrian. Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies dies; succeeded by Francis II.

1860 Alexander Dargomlzhsky (1813-69) begins The Stone Guest, later completed by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908). 1860 Garibaldi and Red Shirts capture Palermo and Naples; Victor Emmanuel invades the Papal States and is proclaimed 1861 Bedrich Smetana (1824-84) settles in of! taly by Garibaldi. Election of Prague after a period abroad. Liszt founds President Lincoln. the Allgemeiner Deutsches Musikverein for the promotion of modern German music; he moves to Rome. Wagner returns to by way of Paris, where a 1861 Death of Frederick William IV of production of Tannhiiuser is disrupted by Prussia; succeeded by Wilhelm I. the Jockey Club. Pasdeloup's Concerts Outbreak of American Civil War. Death of Populaires de Musique Classique begin, Abdul Mejid of Turkey; succeeded Paris. Frankfurt Conservatory founded. by his brother Abdul Aziz. Emancipation Hymns Ancient & Modem published. of Russian serfs. Albert, husband of (66) dies, Hanover. , dies.

420 Chronology, 1856-61

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1856 Gustav Flaubert 1856 Richard Burton 1856 William Frith (1821-80) publishes (1821-90) and John (1819-1909) paints the , Bovary, a novel of Hanning Speke (1827- immensely popular Derby provincial life for which he 64) search for the sonrces Day, a huge panorama of is tried but acquitted. of the Nile. Speke Victorian society. discovers Lake Tangan- yika and Lake Victoria Nyanza the source. Hermann Helmholtz (1821-94) publishes 1857 Hippolyte Taine Handbuch der physiologisch, 1857 Thomas Woolner (1828-93) publishes Les Optik, a fundamental (1825-92), the only philosophes franrais du XIX contribution to the sculptor of the Pre- si!d" which is influential understanding of the Raphaelite Brotherhood for the rest of the century. structure and mechanism (founded 1848), completes of the eye. his bust of Tennyson. (182J:-61) publishes Les 1857 Louis Pasteur fours du mal, one of the (1822-95) is the first to great collections of French announce that living verse. organisms cause fermentation. 1859 Charles Darwin 1859 William Butterfield (1809-82) publishes On (1814-1900) completes th, Origin of Species, All Saints, Margaret establishing the theory of Street, London, in the organic evolution and High Victorian neo- 1859 Edward Fitzgerald inaugurating a new era of Gothic style. Francesco (1809-83) translates Th, thought. Edwin Drake Hayez (1791-1882), the Rubriiyiit of Omar Khayydm, (1819-80) strikes oil most important figure in which is widely read. John when drilling at Titusville, the transition from Italian Stuart Mill (1806-73) Pennsylvania, and neo-classic to Romantic publishes On Liberty, launches the petroleum art, paints his Romeo and examining the proper industry. Friedrich Juliet. relations of society to the Argelander (1799-1875) individual. publishes a work cataloguing c325,000 stars of the Northern 1860 Hemisphere. (1836-1904) paints the 1860 Robert Wilhelm Shepherd Boy, one of the 1860 Wilkie Collins Bunsen (1811-99) and finest German naturalist (1824-89) writes Th, Gustav Robert Kirchoff works. Woman in White, (1829-87) publish a establishing the full-length fundamental work on detective story in English spectrum-analysis. Jean fiction. Paul von Heyse Lenoir (1822-1900) 1861 William Morris (1830-1914) publishes patents the first practical (1834-96) begins to make the Italienishces Liederbuch, internal-combustion hand-printed, hand- later set by . engine. woven wallpapers and 1861 Max Schultze (1825- textiles. William Rimmer 74) makes his most (1816-79), the most important contribution to powerful and original the study of unicellular American sculptor of the organisms, on the nature era, completes his Falling of the living cell. Gladiator.

421 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1862 Berlioz's Beatrice et Benidict given, 1862 President Lincoln declares Baden-Baden. Verdi's Lafor;:a del destino emancipation of all slaves. Otto von given, St Petersburg. Bismarck appointed Minister-President of (1837-1910) founds the Free Music Prussia. School, St Petersburg. Opening of the Provisional Theatre, Prague. Palestrina and Beethoven complete editions begun. Fromental Halevy (62) dies, Nice. Frantisek Skroup (60) dies, Rotterdam.

1863 Acts 3, 4 and 5 of Berlioz's 1864 Provincial councils established in given, Paris. Les pecheurs de perles by Russia. War between against (1838-75) given, Paris. Prussia and Austria ends in Denmark Jahrbuchfur musikalische Wissenschajt by ceding Schleswig, Holstein and Friedrich Chrysander (1826-190 I) Lauenberg. Archduke Maximilian of inaugurated. Brahms moves to Vienna. Austria accepts Mexican crown as 1864 Royal College of Organists founded in emperor. London. Giacomo Meyerbeer (72) dies, Paris. American Stephen Foster (37) dies, New York. 1865 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln; 1865 Meyerbeer's L'africaine given, Paris. succeeded by President Johnson. End of Wagner's (under Hans American Civil War. Meeting between von Biilow, 1830-94) given, . Bismarck and Napoleon III who agrees to Prussian supremacy in Germany and a 1866 Bruckner composes his Mass in E united Italy. minor, influenced by the Cecilian movement. Smetana's given, Prague. (1843-1907) returns to after a period abroad. 1866 Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern (1840-93) becomes King Carol I of Romania. begins teaching at the new Austria, at war with Italy and Prussia, is Conservatory. Peabody Conservatory, forced to cede Venezia to the Kingdom of Baltimore, founded. Italy and is excluded from new German 1867 Premieres of Bizet's Lajoliefille de Confederation under Prussia, which now Perth, Verdi's Carlos and Offenbach's incorporates Schleswig-Holstein. La Grand-Duchesse de Girolstein, all in Paris. Modest Musorgsky (1839-81) composes Night on a Bare Mountain. Bruckner becomes a professor at the Vienna Conser- 1867 Austro-Hungarian Dual vatory, succeeding his teacher Sechter. New established. Dominion of Canada England Conservatory, Boston, founded. established. US purchases Alaska from Russia. Execution of Emperor Maximilian 1868 Premieres of Wagner's Die in Mexico. Garibaldi marches on Rome Meistersinger von Niirnberg in Munich, but is defeated by French and papal troops Mefistofele by Arrigo Boito (1842-1918) in at Montana. Milan, and Brahms's German . (1838-1920) composes his Concerto, Grieg his and (1848-1933) the earliest of his songs. August Ambros 1868 Abolition of Shogunate in Japan and (1816-76) completes his . restoration of Meiji . founded. Gioachino Impeachment of President Johnson. Rossini (76) dies, Passy. Samarkand occupied by Russia. Revolt in (71) dies, . against Isabella II.

422 Chronology, 1862--68

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1862 (1802- 85), the central figure of the Romantic movement in France, publishes Les 1863 Edouard Manet Miserables. I van Turgenev (1832-83) causes a (1818-83) writes Fathers scandal with his Dijeuner and Sons, creating the first sur I'herbe, as nudity is only Nihilist hero. considered acceptable if sufficiently abstract in 1863 Ernest Renan time and place. (1823-92) publishes Vie dejesus, rejecting the 1865 The laying of the supernatural element in transatlantic cable is 1864 Giles Gilbert Scott Christ's life, so creating a completed from Brunel's (1811-78) designs the sensation throughout enormous ship SS Great Albert Memorial in Europe. Leo Tolstoy Eastern. Kensington Gardens. (1828-1910) writes . 1866 Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95) 1865 Hippolyte Taine 1864 Jules Verne publishes Lessons in (1828-93), the leading (1828-1905) writes the Elementary Physiology on his exponent of positivism in first of his books research into fossil 19th-century aesthetics, combining adventure and reptiles. Robert publishes Philosophie de popular science, Voyage au Whitehead (1823-1905) l'art. Jean Baptiste centre de la terre. designs the first torpedo. Carpeaux (1827-75) creates the most famous of 1865 William Booth Alfred Nobel his large sculpture groups, (1829-1912) founds the 1867 La danse, for the Paris Salvation Army. Lewis (1833-96) patents . Telemaco Carroll (Charles Dodgson, dynamite which revolutionizes the Signorini (1835-1901), a 1832-98) a mathema- leader of the important tician, writes Alice's explosives industry. Adventures in Wonderland, Ernst Heinrich Haeckel Macchiaichi group of (1834-1919) publishes artists, paints the Insane a classic children's book. Naturliche Ward at S BoniJazio, a Schiipfungsgeschichte melancholy realistic work. 1866 Fyodor Dostoyevsky emphasizing the (1821-81) writes Crime 'fundamental biogenetic and Punishment. Algernon law'. He disseminated 1866 Winslow Homer Swinburne (1837-1909) Darwin's theory of (1836-1910) paints publishes his first book of evolution in Germany. Prisoners from the Front, his Poems and , which first important work in influenced later 1868 Publication of oils, on the Civil War. generations of poets. Hereditary Genius by Francis Galton 1867 Emil Zola (1822-1911) founds the 1867 Japanese art is (1840-1902) writes science of Eugenics. introduced to the West at Therese Raquin, the first of Dmitry Mendeleyev the Paris World his naturalistic fiction. (1834-1907) formulates Exposition. Karl Marx (1818-83) the Periodic Law for the publishes volume i of Das classification of the Kapital (volume ii elements. Gustav 1868 A. Waterhouse completed by Engels, Nachtigall (1834-85) is (1830-1905) starts 1885). Louisa M. Alcott the first European to designing the neo- (1832-88) writes Little explore the central Romanesque Natural Women. Sahara. History Museum.

423 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1869 Wagner's given, 1869 Opening of the Suez Canal. Munich. Balakirev composes (rev. 1902) and Tchaikovsky the first version of Romeo andJuliet. Wagner writes Dber das Dirigieren. Liszt begins his annual stays in Budapest. Hector Berlioz (65) dies, Paris. (72) dies, Kiel. Louis 1870 Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern Gottschalk (40) dies, Tijuca. accepts the Spanish throne but is forced to withdraw. Further French protests result 1870 Wagner writes Idyll and his in the 'Ems Telegram' which sparks the book Beethoven; premiere of Die Walkure, Franco-Prussian war. Defeat of Napoleon Munich. Leo Delibes (1836-91) composes III at Sedan. Revolt in Paris and Coppelia. (75) dies, proclamation of the Third Republic. Siege . (75) dies, of Paris begun by Prussians. Naples. Michael Balfe (70) dies, Rowney march into Rome and declare it their Abbey. capital city.

1871 Verdi's given, Cairo. Wagner writes Dber die Bestimmung der Oper. completed. Societe Nationale 1871 Wilhelm I of Prussia proclaimed de Musique, Paris, founded by Saint- Emperor of Germany at Versailles. Saens and others. Daniel-Fran~ois-Esprit Capitulation of Paris and armistice with Auber (89) dies, Paris. Fran~ois Germany with harsh terms including loss Fetis (87) dies, . Writer Alexander of Alsace-Lorraine. Law of Guarantees in Serov (51) dies, St Petersburg. I taly allows the pope possession of the Vatican. Election ofThiers as President of . 1872 Smetana begins work on Md vlast the Third Republic . (completed 1879). Franck appointed organ professor at the Paris Conservatoire. Trinity College of Music, London, founded. 1872 The of Austria, Germany and Russia form an entente after meeting in 1873 Rimsky-Korsakov's The of Pskov Berlin; it becomes an alliance in 1873. given, St Petersburg.J.A.P. Spitta (1841- 94) begins his study of Bach (completed 1880).

1873 Fall of Thiers and election of Louis MacMahon as President of France. 1874 Musorgsky's (later Financial crisis in Vienna, which spreads revised by Rimsky-Korsakov) given, St to other European markets. Petersburg. Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss (1825-99) given, Vienna. Musical Association (later Royal) founded, London. Peter Cornelius (49) dies, . 1874 Socialist Working Men's Party formed in Germany. Alfonso XII of Spain comes 1875 Founding of the Budapest Academy, of age. the at Harvard University and the . (1843-1916) appointed at the Hofoper, Vienna. Georges Bizet (36) dies, Bougival, shortly 1875Bosnia and Hercegovinia rebel against after the unsuccessful first performance of Turkish rule. Britain buys shares in the his , Opera-Comique, Paris. Suez Canal.

424 Chronology, 1869-75

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1869 Walter Weldon 1870 At the First Vatican (1832-85) completes his 1870 Peter Carl Faberge Council the Roman process by which (1846-1920) takes over declares manganese dioxide can be the Faberge firm in St Papal Infallibility in fe-used, with enormous Petersburg and becomes doctrine concerning faith economic effect on the the most fashionable and morals. textile and paper jeweller and goldsmith in industries. Europe until 1917. 1871 (Mary Ann Evans, 1819-80) writes Middlemarch, one of 1871 James Whistler the greatest novels in the (1834-1903) paints his English Language. most famous work, Arrangement in Crey and 1872 Daniel Friedrich Black: Portrait of the Strauss (1808-74) 1872 The Challenger Painter's Mother. pu blishes Der alter und der Expedition explores neue Claube, a negation of oceanic temperatures, Christianity in favour of currents and the depths 1872 scientific materialism. and contours of the great (1840-1926) paints ocean hasins. ImpreSSion: Sunrise, which, 1873 C. Sigwart when exhibited in 1874, (1830-1904) publishes gave rise to the term Logic, approaching logic '). Paul through a study of acts of Cezanne (1839-1906) judgment. paints The House of the 1873 James Clerk Maxwell Hanged Man, his first work (1831-79) publishes his to be accepted by the celebrated Treatise on Salon. 1874 Henry Sidgwick Electricity and Magnetism, (1838-1900) publishes propounding the electro- Methods of Ethics, a study of magnetic theory oflight 1873 moral philosophy along which leads to the (1803-79), at the end of hedonistic lines. Pedro discovery of radio waves. his long career, designs Alarcon y Ariza the in (1833-91) writes his best- Vienna, executed by known work, El sombrero de Karl von Hasenauer tres picas, which inspired a (1833-94). T. von (Falla) and an Hansen (1831-91) starts opera (Wolf). Juan Valera to design the Vienna (1824-1905) writes Pepita 1874 The first typewriter, Parliament as part of a Jimene;:. William Stubbs designed by C. Scholes grandiose plan for the city. (1825-1901) publishes and manufactured by E. The Constitutional History of Remington, is made England. available commercially in 1874 Degas the USA. Henry Stanley (1834-1917) exhibits The 1875 Foundation of the (1841-1900) traces the Dancing Class in the first Theosophical Society in course of the Congo from impressionist show. New York by Helena central Africa to the Petrovna Blavatsky, Atlantic. denying a personal god and personal immortality. 1875 Daniel Chester French Mary Baker Eddy (1850-1931) makes his (1821-1910) writes Science name with The Minute and Health. Man, in Concord, MA.

425 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1876 First complete performance of 1876 China declares Korea to be an Wagner's Ring opens the Festspielhaus, independent nation. Turkish massacre of . Ibsen's given in Bulgarians. Sultan Abdul Hamid II comes with Grieg's . Brahms to power. and Montenegro declare completes the first of his four . war on Turkey. Samuel Sebastian Wesley (65) dies, . 1877 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress ofIndia. Failure of powers to reconcile 1877 Saint-Saens' Samson et Dalila given, Russian and Turkish disagreements in the Weimar. Complete edition of Mozart begun. Balkans. Russia, Romania and Serbia declare war on Turkey.

1878 First edition of Grove's Dictionary !if Music and Musicians begins to appear. 1878 Death of Victor Emanuel II; succeeded by Humbert I. Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and Turkey. 1879 Tchaikovsky's Eugene given, Bulgaria divided into three by Treaty of Moscow. The Pirates !if Pen.r.ance by Gilbert Berlin. British gain Cyprus for supporting and Sullivan given, Paignton. D'Oyly Turkey. Anti-socialist law in Germany Carte Opera Company founded, London. drives socialism underground. Grosser Musikvereinsaal, home of the , completed. 1879 Britain occupies the Khyber Pass and later invades Mghanistan. Austro-German 1880 Edmund Gurney writes his book The dual alliance. Proclamation of the Power ofSound. Transvaal Republic.

1881 Offenbach's Les contes d'Hofftnann given, 1880 Resignation of Benjamin Disraeli after Paris. Brahms's Academic Festival electoral defeat on Irish Home Rule. given, Breslau University. Provisional Tahiti annexed by French. Tension Theatre, Prague, converted to the much between Italy and France in Tunis. larger National Theatre. Boston Symphony founded. Musorgsky 1881 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II; (42) dies, St Petersburg. succeeded by Alexander III. By a secret treaty, Serbia becomes a protectorate of Austria. Tunis accepts French 1882 Premieres of Wagner's , protectorate. Bayreuth, Rimsky-Korsakov's , St Petersburg, Gilbert and Sullivan's Iolanthe, Savoy Theatre, 1882 Irish Ferrians murder the two chief London. Glazunov's First Symphony government officials in Dublin. Italy joins completed. First edition of Hugo Austro-German alliance, now the Triple Riemann's Musik-Lexicon published. Alliance. Britain occupies Egypt and the (60) dies, Frankfurt. Sudan.

1883 Paul Kruger becomes president of the South African Republic. Bismarck 1883 Royal College of Music founded, introduces the first sickness insurance London. Wagner (69) dies, Venice. scheme in Germany.

1884 Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904) 1884 Germany occupies South West Africa, conducts his music in England. Claude Togoland and the Cameroons. Berlin Debussy (1862-1918) wins the Prix de conference on Mrican affairs provides for Rome with his L'enfant prodigue. Smetana free trade in the Congo and the abolition of (60) dies, Prague. the slave trade.

426 Chronology, 1876-84

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1876 Gerard Manley 1876 Alexander Graham 1876 Paul Auguste Renoir Hopkins (1844-89) writes Bell (1847-1922) exhibits (1841-1919) paints The The Wreck oj the an apparatus embodying Swing, an early successful Deutschland, unpublished the results of his experi- impressionist painting. until 1918 when it has ments in the transmission Gustav Moreau great impact. Mark of sound by electricity, (1826-98), a leading Twain (Samuel Clements, leading to the telephone. symbolist paints The 1833-1910) publishes The Apparition (based on Adventures oj Tom Sawyer. 1877 ). P. Abadie (1847-1931), designs the (1812-84) begins the 1877 Stephane Mallarme phonograph. Sacre-Coeur, a neo- (1842-98) writes the long 1878 Robert Koch (1843- Romanesque design with eclogue L 'apres-midi d'un 1910) publishes a cluster of domes. jaune, which later inspires Untersuchungen iiber die 1878 Debussy. Atiologie de (1840-1917) exhibits The WundinJektionskrankheit, Age oj Bronze, inspired by 1878 explaining his technique Michelangelo. (1819-98), writes the first whereby bacteria can be 1880 Richard Shaw of a series of novels, Vor stained and identified. (1831-1912) designs dem Sturm. Percy Gilchrist (1851- Bedford Park, London 1935) and Sidney Thomas 1881 Degas completes his 1879 George Meredith (1850-85) succeed in sculpture of the Fourteen- (1828-1909) publishes manufacturing steel from Year-Old Dancer. Petrus his most famous novel, The phosphoric iron ore. Adolf Cuypers (1827-1921), Egoist. Herbert Spencer Erik Nordenskjold (1832- builds the Central Station, (1820-1903), the chief 1901) accomplishes the Amsterdam, in the Dutch exponent of agnosticism in North East Passage in the Renaissance style (-1889). 19th-century England, Vega. writes Principles oj Ethics. 1882 Wilhelm Leibl 1879 William Edward (1844-1900), completes 1880 Guy de Maupassant Ayrton (1847-1908) Three Women in Church. (1850-93) writes a short advocates power Manet paints his last great story, Boule-de-sui], which transmission at high picture, A Bar at the Folies- makes him a celebrity. voltage. Bergere. William Le 1881 Henry James 1880 Sir Joseph Wilson 1883 (1843-1916) publishes (1828-1914) and Jenney (1832-1907) The Portrait oj a . Edison independently designs the Home Insurance Building in devise the first practical 1883 Posthumous Chicago. Its steel-skeleton electric lights. Josef publication of Prolegomena structure paved the way to Ethics by Thomas Green Breuer (1842-1925) uses hypnosis in treating a for the first skyscrapers. (1836-82) who hysterical patient. 1884John Singer Sargent expounded the idealist (1856-1925) exhibits his philosophical doctrines of erotic portrait of Mme Kant and Hegel in 1881 Sir Edward Burnett Gautreau, causing a English. Friedrich Tylor (1832-1917) sensation. Edward Burne- Wilhelm Nietzsche publishes Anthropology, on Jones (1833-98) paints (1844-1900) writes Also primitive culture and the King Gophetua and the sprach Zarathustra. early history of mankind. Beggar Maid. Georges 1884 Publication of the first 1884 Charles Parsons Seurat (1859-91) paints volume of the Oxjord (1854-1931) takes out Sunday Afternoon on the English Dictionary (-1928), patents for his steam Island oj La Grande jalle, edited by John Murray turbine engine, later using dots of unmixed (1837-1915). developed for use at sea. colour.

427 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1885 Dvorak's Seventh Symphony 1885 The Sudanese forces under the Mahdi composed for the Philharmonic Society, capture Khartoum and the British London. (1860-1911) evacuate the Sudan. Crisis in Anglo- completes the first version of his Lieder eines Russian relations over Afghanistan. Third fahrenden Gesellen, Brahms his Fourth Burmese War. Germany annexes Symphony and Bruckner his Eighth. Northern New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. 1886 Saint-Saens composes Le camaval des animaux. Liszt (74) dies, Bayreuth. 1886 Revolution in Eastern Rumelia 1887 Verdi's given, Milan. Bruckner against Turkey supported by but begins his Ninth Symphony (unfinished). condemned by the Powers. William (1841-94) composes Gladstone's third liberal government Le roi malgre lui, (1848- defeated over Irish Home Rule. 1918) his Blest Pair of Sirens and Sir John Stainer (1840-1901) The Crucifixion. Debussy visits Bayreuth. Alexander 1887 Anglo-Italian agreement to maintain Borodin (53) dies, St Petersburg. the status quo in the Mediterranean supported by Spain. First Colonial 1888 Edouard Lalo (1823-92) completes Conference; Britain, Austria and Italy sign his opera Le roi d'Ys, Franck his treaty to maintain status quo in the Near Symphony, Gabriel Faure (1845-1924) East. his Requiem and Rimsky-Korsakov his symphonic poem Sheherazade. (1866-1925) writes Trois gymnopidies, his 1888 Death of Wilhelm I of Prussia. earliest characteristic piano music. Mahler Succeeded first by his son Frederick III composes his First Symphony. Valentin and then by his grandson, Wilhelm Alkan (74) dies, Paris. II. Election of President Harrison. Germany gains permission from Turkey to 1889 (1864-1949) build the first part of the Baghdad composes . Oriental music heard Railway. (by Debussy, among others) at the Paris Exposition Universelle. George Bernard 1889 Suicide of Rudolf of Shaw (1856-1950) becomes music critic Austria; heir to the Austro-Hungarian of The Star. Empire is now Archduke Franz 1890 Acts I and 2 of Berlioz's Les troyens Ferdinand. Granting of a constitution in given, Karlsruhe. by Japan, but emperor maintains extensive (1863-1945) given, powers. Rome. Tchaikovsky composes The Sleeping Beaury. The Athenaeum School of Music (later the Royal Scottish Academy) 1890 Bismarck dismissed by Wilhelm II. founded. Cesar Franck (67) dies, Paris. Cecil Rhodes becomes Premier of Cape (73) dies, Copenhagen. Colony. Alexander III meets Wilhelm II but fails to secure a German-Russian 1891 Chicago Symphony Orchestra entente. founded. Leo Delibes (54) dies, Paris.

1892 by 1891 Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria (1857-1919) given, Milan. Tchaikovsky and Italy renewed for 12 years. Franco- composes Nutcracker. Russian entente. (1865-1931) completes the first of his six symphonies. Dvorak becomes director of the National Conservatory of Music, New 1892 Anglo-German convention over the York. Lalo (69) dies, Paris. German lieder Cameroons. Pan-Slav Conference at composer (77) dies, Halle. Cracow. Panama scandal in France.

428 Chronology, 1885-92

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1886 Benito Perez Gald6s 1885 Karl Benz (1844- 1885 Max Klinger (1843-1920), writes his 1929) runs his first motor (1857-1920) paints The greatest novel, Fortunata y car on a single cylinder Judgment of Paris. His Jacinta. Publication of Les engine. Gottlieb Daimler etchings are considered by Arthur (1834-1900) runs his first forerunners of surrealism. Rimbaud (1854-91) one in 1886. Sir Francis of the most revolutionary Galton (1822-1911) 1887 Building of the Eiffel of 19th-century poets. develops the system of Tower by Alexandre identification by Gustave Eiffel 1888 Bernard Bosanquet fingerprints. Heinrich (1832-1923), at 985 feet (1848-1923), idealist Hertz (1857-94) the highest structure in philosopher, writes LogiC, establishes beyond doubt the world. or the Morphology of the electromagnetic 1888 James Ensor Knowledge, in which nature of light. ( 1860-1949), Belgian judgment not concept is artist, paints the huge the fundamental form. 1886 Completion of the satirical Entry of Christ into Canadian Pacific Railway. Brussels. He was one of the 1889 Henri Bergson Hydro-electric foremost influences on (1859-1941) publishes installations begin at the . Henri Essai sur les donnies Niagara Falls. de Toulouse Lautrec immidiates de ta conscience, (1864-1901) begins to subordinating the intellect 1887 Joseph Lockyer (1836- illustrate the theatres, to intuition, an idea 1920) writes Chemistry music halls and cafes of welcomed by religious of the Sun, a pioneering Paris. thinkers. work of astrophysics. ( 1848-1903) pain ts Jacob Wrestling with the Angel in 1890 William James 1888 John Dunlop which he completely (1842-1910), American (1840-1921) patents the breaks away from pragmatic philosopher, pneumatic bicycle tyre, impressionism. Founding publishes his fundamental transforming the bicycle of the Arts and Crafts Principles of Psychology. and making possible the movement in Britain to (1828- motor industry. Etienne reassert the importance of 1906), regarded as the Jules Marey (1830-1904) craftsmanship in the face founder of modern prose produces his chambre of growing mechanization drama, writes Hedda chronophotographique, the and mass production. Gabler. Sir James Frazer first modern cine camera, ( 1854-1941) writes The laying the foundations for 1889 Vincent van Gogh Golden Bough, a vast scientific cinematography. (1853-90) paints his Self- comparative study of the Portrait with Bandaged Ear, beliefs and institutions of one of his greatest works. mankind. 1891 Auguste Rodin 1891 Thomas Hardy 1890 T. Curtius (1840-1917) designs a (1840-1928) publishes (1857-1928) discovers radical statue of Balzac his penultimate novel Tess Hydrazoic acid, HN3 . (only cast and set up in of the D'Urbervilles, which 1939). Now regarded as is badly received by the 1891 Trans-Siberian the most original piece of critics. Arthur Conan Railway from Moscow to public sculpture of the Doyle (1859-1930) ;yrites Vladivostok begun - . The Adventures of Sherlock 1916. Holmes. 1892 Victor Horta 1892 Rudolf Diesel (1861-1947) builds the 1892 (1858-1913) obtains the Hotel Tassel in Brussels, (1862-1949) writes Pellias patent for his internal- the first et Milisande. combustion engine. house.

429 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1893 Verdi's FalstaJJgiven, Milan. 1893 Formation ofIndependent Labour Lescaut by (1712-1781) Party under Kier Hardie. Second Irish given, . Dvorak composes his Ninth Home Rule Bill defeated by House of Symphony, 'From the New World'. . French colonies of French Guinea Tchaikovsky (53) dies, St Petersburg, and Ivory Coast formally established. shortly after completing his Symphony Britain agrees to the annexation of no.6, 'Patbetique'. Swaziland by the Transvaal.

1894 Debussy completes his innovatory 1894Japan declares war on China, having Prelude ii L'apres-midi d'unfaune. taken over Korea. Death of Tsar Establishment of the Music School at Yale Alexander III. Succeeded by Nicholas II. University. Durand begins a complete Alfred Dreyfus tried for treason in France edition ofRameau. Antonin Dvorak (62) and unjustly sent to Devil's Island, dies, Prague. Chabrier (53) dies, Paris. causing furore in French politics. (64) dies, Peterhof. Hans von Biilow (64) dies, Cairo. 1895 Chinese defeated at Wei-hai-Wei; both China and Japan recognize 1895 Mahler's Second 'Resurrection' independence of Korea. Rhodesia formed Symphony given. Strauss composes Till from British South Africa Company Eulenspiegel. Melbourne Conservatory territory. Massacre of Armenians by founded. begins the Turks. Organization by Lenin of the St Promenade concerts at the Royal Albert Petersburg League of Struggle. Hall.

1896 Puccini's La boheme given, Turin. Isaac Albeniz (1860-1909) composes his 1896 Crisis in Anglo-German relations over opera P,pitajimenez. Jameson Raid into the Transvaal. New (1855-99) composes his Poeme for violin evidence for Dreyfus's innocence and orchestra. The Schola Cantorum suppressed in France. Russia and China founded in Paris by d'Indy and others. sign convention over Manchuria. Bruckner (72) dies, Vienna. (76) dies, Frankfurt. (84) dies, Paris.

1897 Symphony no. I by Sergey 1897 Turkey declares war on Greece. Rakhmaninov (1873-1943) given. Anglo-Russian agreement to maintain the (1862-1934) settles at status quo in the Balkans. Grez-sur-Loing. Mahler becomes director of Vienna Hofoper. The Concerts 1898 Emile Zola writes an open letter to the Lamoureux (an outgrowth of earlier French president on the Dreyfus affair. series) begin in Paris. Brahms (63) dies, First German navy bill begins naval Vienna. expansion over 16 years. USA declares war on Spain forcing them to cede Cuba, 1898 Louise by Gustav Charpentier Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. (1860-1950) given, Paris. Shaw publishes Tzu-hs, Dowager Empress of China, seizes . Guido Adler becomes power and revokes the reforms of Emperor professor of music at Vienna. Adelaide Te Tsung. Conservatory founded. 1899 Tsar Nicholas II suppresses liberties 1899 (1874-1951) in . Dreyfus pardoned by composes Verkliirte Nackt. presidential decree, which helps to heal (1875-1937) composes Pavane pour une internal dissensions within France. irifante difunte (orchestrated 19\0). Ernest Kruger's ultimatum on franchise in the Chausson (66) dies, Limay. Johann Transvaal p~ovokes Anglo-Boer War Strauss the (73) dies, Vienna. (until 1902).

430 Chronology, 1893-99

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1893 F.H. Bradley 1893 FridtjofNansen 1893 Alfred Gilbert (1846-1924) publishes (1861-1930) leads an (1854-1934) completes Appearance and RealiiJ" the expedition to the North the celebrated figure of most original work of the Pole, designing a ship, the Eros for Piccadilly Circus, 19th century in British Fram, which can bear the cast in the new lightweight metaphysics. pressure of ice and be aluminium. Louis carried along by it. Comfort Tiffany (1848-1932) begins to 1894 Hamilton Castner manufacture his Favrile (1858-98) develops his glass. After 1900 he makes electrolytic process for the Art Nouveau decorative manufacture of caustic glass. soda. 1895 William Ramsay 1894 Aubrey Beardsley (1852-1916) and (1872-98) a leadingfin-de- Rayleigh (1842-1919) siecle aesthete, makes his jointly announce the name with illustrations to discovery of a new gaseous Wilde's Salomi. William element, argon. Ramsay Holabird and M. Roche discovers helium in 1896. design the Marquette and xenon, krypton and Building, establish the 1895 H.G. Wells neon in 1898. Auguste Chicago School. (1866-1946) wri tes The (1862-1954) and Louis 1895 Time Machine, the first of (1864-1948) Lumiere (1863-1944) paints The his novels in the new genre construct the first Scream, an evocation of of science fiction. Oscar satisfactory cine-camera emotion which he Wilde (1854-1900) writes and projector. Sigmund translates into a his masterpiece, The Freud (1856-1939) lithograph. Importance of Being Ernest. publishes Studien uber Hysterie, the starting-point 1897 Camile Pissarro of psychoanalysis. (1830-1903) paints Boule- Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen vard Montmartre, Night, (1845-1923) describes an aerial perspective. 1896 Anton Chekhov the properties of new (1860-1904) writes The X-rays. 1898 Joseph Maria Olbrich Seagull, the first of his four (1867-1908) builds the great plays. 1896 Guglielmo Marconi Sezession Halle in Vienna, (1874-1937) takes out a with cubic walls and an patent for the first wireless open-work metal dome. telegraphy based on Charles Rennie Hertz's discoveries. MacKintosh (1868-1928) builds the Glasgow School 1897 Joseph John Thomson of Art, an asymmetrical (1856-1940) establishes design with an original the existence of eletrons. centrepiece (completed Sir Ronald Ross (1857- 1909). Georges Minne 1932) identifies the malaria (1866-1941), Belgian bacillus in mosquitoes. symbolist sculptor, produces his masterpiece, 1898 Pierre (1859-1906) Fountain with Kneeling and Marie (1867-1934) Figures. Cezanne paints Curie recognize and Grandes baigneuses, isolate polonium and continuing his study of the radium and discover the relationship of man to nature of radioactivity. nature.

431 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1900 The Dream oj:Ceronlius by Edward 1900 Assassination of Humbert I of Italy; Elgar (1857-1934) given, Birmingham. succeeded by his son Victor Emmanuel Debussy composes his . First III. Boxer rising in China against edition of Baker's Bibliographical Dictionary Europeans. oj Musicians published. (58) dies, London. Zdenek Fibich (49) dies, Prague. 1901 Death of Queen Victoria; succeeded by her son Edward VII. Murder of 1901 Rakhmaninov completes his Second Russian minister of propaganda to avenge Piano Concerto. (87) dies, repression of student agitation. Milan. Sir John Stainer (60) dies, Vienna. Organization of the Social Revolutionary Party in Russia. 1902 Debussy's Pilleas et Milisande given, Paris. (1865-1957) composes his Second Symphony. Mahler 1902 Alliance with Japan ends Britain's composes his Fifth Symphony. diplomatic isolation. Russo-Chinese agreement to evacuate Manchuria. End of 1903 Schoenberg composes Pelleas und Boer War; Boers agree to British Melisande. (1882-1971) sovereignty with a promise of studies with Rimsky-Korsakov. Hugo representative government. Australia Wolf (42) dies, Vienna. gives women the vote in federal elections. Franco-Italian enlenle. 1904 Puccini's given, Milan. Jenuja by Leos Janacek 1903 Russian Social Democratic Party (1854-1928) given, Brno. Alban Berg splits into Mensheviks, led by Pecharoff, (1885-1935) and and Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky. (1883-1945) study with Schoenberg. London Symphony Orchestra founded. 1904 Russo-Japanese War. Britain signs a treaty with Tibet by which the Dalai 1905 Strauss's Salome given, Dresden. Lama will not concede territory to a Debussy completes La mer, Delius his foreign power. Entente Cordiale between A Mass oj Life and Ravel his Miroirs. Faure Britain and France. appointed director of the Paris Conservatoire. Bela Bartok (1881-1945) and Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967) start 1905 Workers fired on in 'Bloody Sunday' their research into . Juilliard massacre in St Petersburg. Nicholas II School of Music, New York, founded. promises reforms and creates an Imperial Duma. Russian fleet defeated by Japanese. 1906 (1974-1954) composes Norway separates from and The Unanswered Question. Ralph Vaughan Prince Charles of Denmark is elected King Williams (1872-1958) begins as editor of Haakon VII of Norway. the English Hymnal. (44) dies, Terioki. Influential Russian critic 1906 J. Franco becomes premier of Spain (82) dies, St Petersburg. with dictatorial powers. Pyotr Stolypin becomes premier of Russia and introduces 1907 Ariane el Barbe-bieue by agrarian reform. Dreyfus rehabilitated. ( 1865-1935) given, Paris. F erruccio Busoni (1866-1924) composes his Elegies for piano and writes his Entwuif einer neuen 1907 Second Duma in Russia dissolved by Asthetik der Tonkunsl. Reger appointed Tsar under pressure from reactionary professor of composition at the Leipzig party. Signing of the Anglo-Russian Conservatory. English publishing firm convention on Persia, Afghanistan and Stainer & Bell founded. Emile Hertzka Tibet, aligning Russia with France and becomes director of . Britain against the Central Powers.

432 Chronology, 1900-1907

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1900 Bertrand Russell 1900 Freud publishes the 1900 G. Sommaruga (1872-1970) begins his Interpretation oj Dreams, (1867-1917), the leading long career with the perhaps his most original Art Nouveau architect in publication of A Critical and important work. Max Italy, builds the Palazzo Exposition oj the Philosophy Planck (1858-1947) deve- Castiglione, Milan. oj Leibniz. lops the quantum theory.

1901 1901 Marconi transmits the (1865-1936) writes his 1901 (1862-1918) paints first transatlantic wireless masterpiece, Kim, a I, one of the archetypal message from Cornwall to picaresque novel ofIndia. images of the JemmeJatale. Newfoundland. 1903 (1856-1950) writes Man 1902 Oliver Heaviside and Superman, a (1850-1925) states his paradoxical version of the belief in a layer in the Don Juan story. upper atmosphere 1904 Louis Sullivan responsible for reflecting (1856-1924) completes 1904 Hugo von radio waves back to the his major building, the Hofmannsthal (1874- ground. Sir William Carson, Pirie & Scott 1929) writes , the Bayliss (1860-1924) and store in Chicago. Henri first of his texts set by Ernest Starling (1866) Matisse (1869-1954) Richard Strauss. together discover the paints one of his first hormone secretum. major works, Luxe, calme 1905 Edith Wharton et volupte. (1862-1937) is established as a leading 1903 Wilbur (1867-1912) 1905 Gustav Vigeland novelist with the and Orville (1871-1948) (1869-1943), the most publication of The House oj Wright make the first famous Norwegian Mirth. George Santayana flight in an aeroplane with sculptor, begins his (1863-1952), speculative a petrol engine. massive project for philosopher, publishes Frogner Park, Oslo, with Life oj Reason. 1904 Ernest Rutherford The Man in the Wheel. (1871-1937) and F. Soldy E. Saatinen (1873-1950) 1906 Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) writes Von (1877-1956) postulate builds the Central Station, their general theory of , in a highly Reimarus zu Werde, a life of original version of the Christ that aroused great radioactivity. opposition but also Vienna Sezession style. influenced European and 1905 Albert Einstein American Protestant 1906 (1871-1955) publishes (1881-1973), the most . Maksim Gorky four papers, each (1868-1936) writes The prolific and versatile artist containing a great of the 20th century, paints Mother, later taken as the discovery: the special Les demoiselles d'Auignon model for the Socialist theory of relativity; the Realist novel. a violent revolt against the mass-energy equivalence; form of traditional the theory of Brownian 1907 impressionism, which motion; and the photon (1849-1912) writes The inspires cubism. theory of light. Ghost Sonata, which has great influence on later psychological and 1907 The Lumiere brothers symbolic drama. Raines introduce the Autochrome Maria Rilke (1875-1926) process, the first successful writes Neue Gedichte, poems direct-colour process in influenced by Rodin. photography.

433 The Late Romantic Era

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1908 Alexander Skryabin (1872-1915) 1908 Revolt of Young Turks in Macedonia. composes his Poeme de l'extase, Schoenberg Sultan Abdul Hamid II restores his Second , Berg his Piano constitution of 1876. Declaration of Sonata and Bartok his Bagatelles. Nikolay Independence of Bulgaria. Annexation of Rimsky-Korsakov (64) dies, St Bosnia and Hercegovina by Austria. Petersburg, shortly after completing . 1909 Tension between Austria and Serbia 1909 Strauss's Elektra given, Dresden. over Bosnia. Young Turks depose Abdul Vaughan Williams completes his Sea Hamid who is succeeded by Mohammed Symphony, Mahler his Das von der Erde V.Juan Gomez seizes power in Venezuela. and Ninth Symphony. Schoenberg composes Das Biich der hiingended Giirten, Five Orchestral Pieces and Erwartung, 1910 Death of Edward VII; succeeded by Webern his Five Movements for String his son George V. Union of South Africa Quartet op.5. Ives begins work on his becomes a dominion of the British Crown. Concord Sonata (completed 1915). First visit Japan annexes Korea. Portugal declared a of Dyagilev's Russes to Paris. Republic. Russia withdraws opposition to the Baghdad railway in return for German non-interference in Persia. 1910 Puccini's Lafanciulla del West given, New York. , Stravinsky's first ballet for Dyagilev, given. Debussy 1911 A German gunboat off the coast of composes his first set of and meets Tangier creates international tension. Stravinsky. Vaughan Williams composes I taly declares war on Turkey and has a his Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis. decisive victory in Tripoli. Suffragette Mily Balakirev (73) dies, St Petersburg. movement starts in Britain.

1911 Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier given, Dresden. Stravinsky's given. 1912 Manchu dynasty abdicates in China Bartok composes his opera Bluebeard's and a provisional republic is established. Castle (premiere 1918). Sibelius composes Russo-Japanese agreement on spheres of his Fourth Symphony, influence in Mongolia and Manchuria. (1867-1916) his piano suite . Balkans war between Turkey, Serbia, Schoenberg writes his . Reger Bulgaria and Montenegro. appointed at Meiningen. Gustav Mahler (50) dies, Vienna. 1913 Poincare elected president of France and remains in power throughout World 1912 Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos given, War I. Second Balkan War with Bulgaria . Debussy composesJeux, Ravel attacking Serbia and Greece. Russia and his Daphnis et Chloe, Schoenberg his Pierrot Turkey enter war against Bulgaria. Defeat lunaire, Busoni his seconda. of British women's-franchise bill.

1913 Stravinsky's Rite of Spring given, Paris, to a riotous reception. Skryabin composes 1914 End of Balkan war. Britain acquires , Rakhmaninov his symphony control of oil properties in the Persian . Gulf. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife at on 28June by a Bosnian revolutionary. 1914 Ives completes his Three Places in New On 28 July Austria-Hungary declares war England, Berg his Three Orchestral Pieces on Serbia. 1 August Germany declares op.6. Josef Hauer (1883-1959) war on Russia. 3 August Germany experiments with tropes, an early form of declares war on France and invades 12-note writing. Belgium, starting .

434 Chronology, 1908-14

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

1908 Hermann Minkowski 1908 Frank Lloyd Wright (1864-1909) arrives at a (1869-1959) builds Robie conception of a four- House, Chicago, the most dimensional manifold in famous of his low-lying, which space and time are prairie-style houses. Rene interlinked - the Lalique (1860-1945) mathematics of relativity. acquires a factory to make moulded glass. 1909 Thomas Morgan R. Ostberg (1866- (1866-1945), author of 1909 1945) designs Stockholm the gene theory, begins his City Hall, influential in research in genetics. Louis England in the 1920s. 1910 E.M. Forster Bleriot (1872-1936) (1879-1970) publishes makes the first overseas 1910 Adolph Loos Howards End, which flight in a 'heavier-than- (1870-1933) builds the establishes his reputation air' craft, from Calais to Steiner House, Vienna, of as a novelist. Dover. unrelieved cubic shapes. 1911 Katherine Mansfield 1911 Charles Wilson (1866-1914) paints (Katherine Beauchamp, (1869-1959) produces his Composition no.2, an early 1888-1923) publishes her cloud chamber, which abstract expressionist first colIection of short becomes an indispensable work. Constantin stories, In a German Pension tool of modern physics. Brancusi (1876-1957) Roald Amundsen creates The Kiss, fusing 1912 Anatole France (1872-1928) reaches the stone form and concept. Thibault, 1844-1924) South Pole in December, O. 1911 writes his finest novel, Les one month before R. Scott (1887-1985) paints I and rieux en soif, a study of (1868-1912), alI of whose the Village, dreamlike fanaticism in the French party die in the attempt. images from his . Thomas childhood. Georges Mann (1875-1955), 1912 Loss of the world's Braques (1882-1963) influenced by Nietzsche largest-ever ship, the SS paints The Portuguese. and Schopenhauer, writes Titanic, through striking Der Tod in Venedig, an iceberg on her maiden 1912 Jakob Epstein discussing the nature of voyage. (1880-1959) creates his the creative artist. innovatory tomb of Oscar 1913 Niels Bohr Wilde, inspired by 1913 Alain-Fournier (H. A. (1885-1962) carries out Assyrian sculpture. Fournier, 1886-1914) research into the structure Aleksandr Archipenko publishes Le grand of the atom but his theory, (1887-1964) creates his Meaulnes, one of the a combination of classic Walking Woman, inspired outstanding French novels mechanics with quantum by Cubist paintings. of the 20th century. D. H. theory, is slow to be 1913 Lawrence (1885-1930) accepted by physicists. (1887-1968) becomes pu blishes his first Hans Geiger (1882-1945) notorious for his Nude introduces the first major novel, Sons and Descending a Staircase, successful electrical device Lovers. Marcel Proust combining cubism and (1871-1922) begins Ala for counting individual . Cass Gilbert recherche du temps perdu, in alpha rays, the 'Geiger ( 1859-1934) completes counter', which the narrator the Woolworth Tower, discovers that the past is New York. eternally alive in the 1914 Sir Arthur Eddington unconscious. (1882-1944), publishes 1914 Stellar Movement and the (1886-1980), paints his Structure of the Universe. masterpiece .

435 Index

Page numbers in italics refer to captions to illustrations

Abrahamson, W.H.F., 246 Alfred Ernest, Duke of Edinburgh, 267, 286 Adam, Adolphe, 112 Alfven, Hugo, 257-8 , 101 Midsommarvaka, 258 Postilion de Lonjumeau, Le, 110 Swedish Rhapsody no. I, 258 Si j 'itais roi, 110 symphonies, 258 Toreador, Le, 110 Algarotti, Francesco, 173 Adams, Stephen Alkan, Charles-Valentin, 330 'Holy City, The', 282 Allen, William Francis, 320 Adler, Guido, 92, 94, 365-7, 382n47 Allende, Pedro Humberto, 332-3 Mahler and, 379 Escenas campesinas chilenas, 333 Adler, Viktor, 76, 93, 363 Allgemeine Bauzeitung, 85 Adorno, Theodor, 46 Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverband, 52-3 aesthetics, 27, 44, 45-7, 60-2, 368, 403, Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein, 52 403-4 Altenkirch, Otto, 350 see also philosophy 'alternative' culture, 355 Afzelius, Arvid August, 247 Alyabyev, Alexander, 176 Ahlstrom, Olof, 247 amateurism, 176 Ahna, Pauline de, 353 amateurs, 14--15,21, 155-6,215,244,277, Akademischer Wagner-Verein, 92, 93 281-2,282,354,378 Aksakov family, 174n8 , 32, 121, 133,317,337 Alarc6n, Pedro, 155 , 289 Albany, Leopold, 1st Duke of, 287 performances by, 14--15, 176, 301 Albeniz, Isaac, 36, 152, 155, 163, 164, 165 see also and choral societies and Iberia, 164 musical associations Magic OPal, The, 164 Ambros, A.W., 366 Pepita Jimenez, 164 Ander, Aloys, 91 Albert, Eugen d', 342 Andersen, H.C., 246, 253, 254 Tiejland, 342 Andino, Julian, 331 Albert, , 267, 269, 272, 276, Seis, El, 331 285, 286 Andreae, Fritz, 358 Alencar, Jose de, 336 Angers, 394 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 168-9, 172, Anna, Empress of Russia, 175 207n5 anniversaries, commemoration of, 273, 276-7 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 168, 169, , 67, 68-9, 108; 191-2, 195, 170, 179, 181, 190, 191, 192 369-71 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 169, 170, Anzengriiber, Ludwig, 80 190-1, 195 Appia, Adolphe, 375 Alexandra Fyodorovna of Russia, 195 Arany, Janos, 217 Alexis Nicolayevich, Tsarevich, 195 Arb6s, Fernandez, 159 Alfano, Franco, 144, 145 Arderius, 160 Alfieri, Pietro, 273-4 Arensky, Anton, 195, 198 Alfonso XII, King of Spain, 152 Armingaud,Jules, 117, 120 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 152 Arnold, Samuel, 302

436 Index

Aronson, Rudolph, 316 Balart, Gabriel, 158, 160 arrangements, 282, 308, 378, 379, 380 symphonies, 157 see also transcriptions Balfe, Michael, 31 Arrieta, Emilio, 157, 159 Rose of Castile, The, 283 Marina, 160 ballet, 247, 406, 406, 407-9, 410-11, 410 Arteaga, Julio Carlos de, 331 , 168,194,407-9,410,41\ Artot, Alexander, 304 Balmont, Konstantin, 197 Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Balzac, Honore de, 10 1-2 Music, 288-9 Bandel, Ernst von, 61 Astruc, Gabriel, 391, 408 bands, 15,15,215,272-3,281,282,301 , 231 Barbieri, Asenjo, 154, 156, 160 Atterbom, Per Daniel Amadeus, 247 Barberillo de Lavapies, EI, 160 Auber, Daniel-Fran.;ois-Esprit, 81, 106, Cancio nero musical de los siglos XVy XVI, 154 109-10, 112, 113,398 Jugar con fuego, 160 Diamants de 10 eouronne, Les, 109 Pany toros, 160 Fra Diavolo, 109 Barcelona, 155-6, 156, 157, 157-8, 160 Manon Leseaut, 109 Circulo de Bellas Artes, 158 Muetle de Portiei, Lal Masaniello, 109 Palau de la Musica Catalana, 156, 158, 158 audiences, 274, 300, 346 Philharmonic Society, 156 social segregation, 302 Royal Opera, 158 Audran, Edmond, 114nl3 Sociedad de Conciertos, 158 Auer, Leopold, 168 Teatre Uric Catala, 162-3 Augsburg, 56 Wagnerian Association, 162 Augundson, Torgeir, 249 Barnby, Joseph, 270 Austria, 211, 212, 362-4, 368-71, 373, Bartok, Bela, 37-8, 39, 40, 45, 46, 220, 221, 382-4 235-6,235 avant-gardism, 41-4, 46, 47, 199,212 Duke Bluebeard's Castle, 235 see also 'progress' Fourteen Bagatelles, 235 String Quartet no. I, 235 Bach, Alexander, 82, 211 Ten Easy Piano Pieces, 235 Bach, DavidJoseph, 363n4 Two Portraits, 365 Bach, ].S., 62 no. I, 235 Berlioz and, 122 Bassler, W., 51 biographies,6ln34 Batthganys, 208 collected edition, 59-60 Baudelaire, Charles Pierre, 102-3, 120, 395, England and, 268 407 as example in teaching, 403 Bauernfeld, Eduard von, 77 Gounod and, 122 Grossjiihrig, 76 musical codes, 13 Bayreuth, 53, 59, 65, 66, 67-9, 91, 162 music analysis and, 368 Festspielhaus, 35, 351-2, 353 Saint-Saens and, 118, 122 Bazan, Pardo, 155 works and performances, 6, 271, 315, 402 Bazin, F., 399 Fugue in G minor, 271n7 Bazzini, Antonio, 274 Suites for , 159 Becher, A.]., 77, 78 Bach Society, German, 60 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 62, 271 Bach, Katharina, 286 D'Annunzio and, 147 Bacher, Rudolf, 373 beliefs, 24 Badia, Manuel Perez, 335 collected edition, 60 Bahr, Hermann, 363n3, 384 England and, 268 Bakst, Leon, 194 as example in teaching, 403 Bakunin, Mikhail, 180 influence, 12, 13,35,315 Balakirev, Mily, 30, 32, 155, 168, 170, memorial to, in Vienna, 373,374 182-5+n23, 187, 188-9, 190, 192,228, music analysis and, 368 229 politics, 12-14 Glinka and, 178 Rossini and, 131 Rimsky-Korsakovand, 195 'three-period' approach to, 176 folksong arrangements, 184-5, 193 Tolstoy and, 181 Islamey, 193 Wagner and, 23 King Lear, mnsic for, 182n23, 189 works and performances, 51, 115, 156,271, Symphony no. I, 188-9, 193 273,274,302,303,314,332,349

437 The Late Romantic Era

Fidelio, 344 Saint-Saens and, 122 Piano Concerto no. 4, 274 Tchaikovsky and, 189 string quartets, 117 works and performance, 54n15, 116, 349 symphonies, 130, 176nl4 Beatrice et Benedict, 102, 108 Symphony no. I, 176nl4 Benvenuto Cellini, 54n15, 108 Symphony no. 2, 130 Damnation de Faust, La, 25, 116 Symphony no. 3 (Eroica), 130 Grand traiti d'instrumentation et d' Symphony no. 6 (), 176nl4 modemes. 3'19 Symphony no. 7, 273 Harold en Italie, 102 Symphony no. 9,51, 348 Mort d'Ophilie, La, 102 Bekker, Paul, 342+n6 Requiem, 157 Belgrade, 231 Roi Lear Le, 102 National Theatre, 213 Romeo et Juliette, 102, 359 Belinsky, Vissarion, 32, 174n8, 175, 181, symphonies, 215 182n23 SymphonieJantastique, 189 Bellaigue, Camille, 396-7 Troyens, Les, 20, 102, 108 Beller, Steven, 45 Waverlo/ overture, 102 Bellincioni, Gemma, 142 Beron, Saturnino F., 333-4 Bellini, Vincenzo, 142, 152 Pampa, La, 334 , 142, 302 Berutti, Arturo, 334 Sonnambula, La, 142 Pampa, 334 Belyayev, Mitrofan, 170, 195, 198 Seis danzas americanas, 334 Benckendorff, General, 169 SinJonia argentina, 334 Bendix, Victor, 261 Yupanki, 334 Symphony no. 2 (Sommerklange Jra Berwald family, 244, 250 Sydrusland), 261 Berwald, Franz, 248, 250-1 Benedict, Julius, 31 Drottning av Golconda, 248 Bennett, William Sterndale, 286 Estrella de Soria, 248 Benois, Alexandre, 407-8 Symphony no. I (Sirieuse) , 251 Berezovsky, Maxim Sonzontovich, 176 Symphony no. 2 (), 251 Berg, Alban, 367n15, 378, 379,378,380,382 Symphony no. 3 (Singuliere), 251 Three Orchestral Pieces, 365 Symphony no. 4, 251 Wozzeck, 379 Biaggi, A., 129n2 Bergbom, Kaarlo, 243 Biba, Otto, 379 Berggreen, A.P. Bihari, j;inos, 221-2, 226 Folke-sange og melodier,Jaedrelanske og Billroth, Theodore, 88 Jremmede, 246 Bilse, Benjamin, 355 Beriot, Charles-Auguste de, 157 biographies, 60n28, 61n34 Berlin, 5, 43, 56, 65, 90, 343-5, 358, 384 Birmingham Bliithner orchestra, 357 Festival, 252, 277-9 Court orchestra, 355 School of Music, 288 Musical Society, 304 Bischoff, G.F., 59n24 Philharmonic orchestra, 159, 354-5, 356 Bischoff, Ludwig, 62 Tonkiinstler orchestra, 355 Bishop, Henry, 300, 302 Berlin, Irving, 312 Bismarck, Qtto von, 17,20, 100, 180,211,346 Alexander's Ragtime Band, 321 Bizet, Georges, 18,34,106, 114, 155 That Society Bear, 313 Tchaikovskyand, 190 Berlioz, Hector, 13, 18,62, 102, 108,271,272 works and performances, 113, 133 Bach and, 122 Carmen, 20, 23,105,110,111,112,142,359 Balzac and, IOJ Joliejille de Perth, La, 20,110-12 beliefs, 24 Picheurs de peries, Les, 20, 110 concert promotions, 5 Bj0rnson, Bj0rnsgerne, 243, 250, 254, 257 and folk music, 147 Blackheath Conservatoire, 288 Glinka and, 177 black music, 312, 317, 319-23, 330 Habeneck and, 115 see also 'minstrelsy' /'minstrel' songs influence, 257 Bland,James,31O Meyerbeer and, 107, 108 'Carry me back to old Virginny', 30 I politics, 10 Blok, Aleksandr, 197 pupils, 157,261 blues, 38, 322 and , 22 Bodanzky, Artur, 364

438 Index

Boehme, Jakob, 197 Bredal, LF., 245 Bogota, 331 Breitkopf & Hartel (publishers), 35,60,61, Conservatorio Nacional, 332 63,89,252 Bohemia, 206, 207, 208, 211, 229, 368 Brema, Marie, 353 Boieldieu, Fran~ois-Adrien, 110, 112 Brendel, Franz, 52, 55,61,62-3 Calife de Bagdad, Le, 110 Brendel, Karl, 27 Boito, Arrigo, 130, 133, 137, 140 Breton, Tomas, 157, 159 Mefistofele, 133 Amantes de Teruel, Los, 159, 162 Nerone, 133 Dolores, La, 163 Bolivia, 332 Garin, 163 Bologna, 131, 148 string quartets, 157 Bonaventura, A., 393n II Verbena de la Paloma, La, 162, 163 boogie-woogie, 322 Brezhnev, Leonid, 190 Boosey· (music publishers), 270 Bridge, Frederick, 289 Bordes, Charles, 122,394, 402n36, 403 Brioschi, Anton, 372 Borgstmm, Hjalmar, 257 Bristow, George, 303-4 Bori, Lucrezia, 159 Rip Van Winkle, 304 Borodin, Alexander, 183, 184, 199 Symphony no. 2, 304 Rimsky-Korsakovand, 193 Brno,210 Stravinsky and, 411 Besedni, Dom, 214 Paraphrases, 178 Deutsches Hags, 214 , 182n23, 189 Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra, 314 Polovtsian Dances, 408 Brower, Frank, 295-6 Symphony no. I, 188 Bruch, Max, 21, 34,157,354 Symphony no. 2, 189 Frithjo!" Szenen aus der FrithjtifSage, 243n I Bortnyansky, Dmitry, 176 Frithjof aus seines Vaters Grabhiigel, 243nl Bosnia, 231-2, 233 Violin Concerto no. I, 354 Boston, 301 Violin Concerto no. 3, 354 Handel and Haydn Society, 303 Bruckner, Anton, 3, 13, 18, 24, 82, 84, 85, 86, Boulanger, Georges, 389 89-91,94,378 Boulez, Pierre, 406 publishers, 379 Boult, Adrian, 349, 353n20 Wagner and, 93, 94 Bourgault-Ducoudray, Louis, 392, 394 String , 90 Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, 280n 13 Symphony no. 3,90,91 Bournonville, August, 247, 255 Symphony no. 4, 90 Bowley, Richard, 267, 276-8 Symphony no. 7,90 Bradbury, William, 301 Symphony no. 8, 90, 91 Brahms, Johannes, 3,13,14,18,21,24,27, Te Deum, 90 59n24, 82, 85, 86, 88-9, 90, 275, 351, 378 Bruneau, Alfred, 404 beliefs,.24 Bryusov, Valery, 197 and choral societies, 59, 58 Bucalossi, P., 284 Dvorak and, 230 Bucharest, 210 England and, 30 Conservatory, 231 influence, 94-5, 232, 315 National Theatre, 213, 231 music analysis and, 368 Philharmonic Society, 231 partisans, 53, 351 Romanian Opera, 231 publishers, 379 Buchner, Georg, 10 Johann Strauss (the younger) and, 81 Buck, Dudley, 315 Tchaikovskyand, 190 Golden , The, 315 Wagner and, 91 Grand Sonata in E flat for organ, 315 works and performances, 315 Bucken, Ernst, 22 Alto Rhapsody, 159 Buckley's New Orleans Serenaders, 296 Ave Maria, 58 Budapest, 209-10, 212,215,225,227-8 German Requiem, 34, 59, 88 Academy of Music, 210, 225, 227, 228 piano quartets, 88 Hungarian Theatre Company, 210 , 88 National Theatre (Pest), 210, 213, 214, 225, string quartets, 157 226 brass bands, 15,281,282 Philharmonic Society Concerts, 215, 225, Bratislava, see Poszony 227 Brauer, F., 51 Royal Hungarian Opera House, 214, 227

439 The Late Romantic Era

Society of Musicians, 209, 210 , 329 Town Theatre (Buda), 210 Legende de Rudel, La, 329 Buenos Aires, 333 Piano Concerto, 329 National Concerts, 333-4 Catalan Concert Society, 157 Teatro Colon, 333, 334,334 Catalani, Alfredo, 133-4, 140 Teatro de la Opera, 333 WaliJI, La, 133-4 Teatro Nacional, 333 Catalunya Nova , 156 Teatro Politeama, 128, 333 Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, Buffalo, 30 I 17l, 173, 174, 175 Bulgaria, 231-2, 233 Caudella, Eduard, 231 Bull, Ole, 249, 253, 304 Cavaille-Coll, Aristide, 119 Biilow, Hans von, 53, 54, 344, 347, 349, 351 Celakovsky, FrantiSek,.217 performances of works by, 54nl5 censorship Bunge, Nikolay, 190 in Austria, 75-6 Biirger, Peter, 46, 47 in England, 29 Burleigh, Harry Thacker, 317 in France, 10, 102 Burney, Charles, 209 in Germany, 8, 10,57-8 Busoni, Ferruccio, 43, 46, 259, 341, 353-4, in Hungary, 226 358,381 in , 209, 214, 224 Piano Concerto, Op. 39, 253n6 in Russia, 29,169,171,179,192, 196n37, Sketch oj a New Aesthetic oj Music, 354 199 Biisser, Henri, 401 Centenari, 139 Bussine, Romain, 118 Cervantes, Ignacio, 328, 330 Buths,Julius, 342, 358 Danzas cubanas, 330 Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 102 Chaadayev, Pyotr, 28-9, 169 Bystrom, Oscar, 251 Chabrier, Emmanuel, 110, 118, 121, 155 Lamoureux and, 117 Caballero, Fernan, 154 Dix pieces pittoresques, 121 Caballero, Fernandez, 161 Education manquee, Une, 121 Gigantesy cabezudos, 161,161 Etoile, L', 121 Salto des pasiego, El, 161 , 121, 123 Viejecita, La, 161 , 122 Cage, John, 43 Menuet pompeux, 121 Cajun music, 305, 319 Roi malgre lui, Le, 121 Calleja, Gomez, 161 Chadwick, George, 315, 317 Calvocoressi, M.-D., 391-2 Symphony no. 2, 315 Calvo, Julian, 153, 154 Chagall, Marc, 168 Cambon,107 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 68 Campa, Gustavo, 329 chant, 32, 122-3, 138, 147, 153-4,405 Roi poete, Le, 329 Chantepie, J., 400 Campo, Conrado del, 158, 164 Chapi, Ruperto, 161, 162 Ante las ruinas, 158 Bruja, La, 162 Divina comedia, 158 Circe, 163 Final de Don Alvaro, El, 164 Margarita la Tomera, 163 Campos, Juan Morel, 331 Naves de Cortes, Las, 162 Capellen, Georg, 341 Revoltosa, La, 161 Capua, E. di Rey que rabio, El, 162 '0 sole mio', 147 , 162 Caracas, 331 string quartets, 157 Carl Alexander, of Saxe- , 157 Weimar-Eisenach, 53, 54 Tambor de granaderos, El, 161 Carlisle, Thomas, 29 Tempestad, La, 161-2 Carlos, Don (Spanish claimant), 151 Chappell (music publishers), 270 Carnegie, Andrew, 311, 314 Chappell, William, 290 Carnicer, Ramon, 152-3, 154, 156, 157 Chapple Publishing Company, 307 Carreiio, Teresa, 331 Charpentier, Gustave, 114, 404 Carte, Richard D'Oyly, 283 Chateau briand, Fran~ois Rene, Vicomte de, Caruso, Enrico, 108 101 Casals, Pau, 159 Chausson, Ernest, 120 Castro, Ricardo, 329 Poeme de l'amour et de la mer, 120

440 Index

Chekhov, Anton, 167, 172, 192, 199 and music, 222, 280, 281, 301,·311 Cherepnin, Aleksandr, 199 and musical education, 300 Cherepnin, Nikolay, 199 see also working-class culture Cheret, Jules, 19 'classical' /'classics of music, development of Chernlshevsky, Nikolai, 29, 32, 175, 180,181, idea of, 5, 7, 24, 34-5, 36, 60, 62, 130-1, 184,186 222,268 What is to be Done?, 180, 181 and interest in earlier music, 138, 146-8, Cherubini, Luigi, 113,399 153,401,402,407 Medea overture, 273 and 'museum culture', 348, 349 Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 314 music analysis and, 368 Child, F.J., 319 Clave, Anselmo, 155-6, 160 children, music written for, 301 Clementi, Muzio choirs and choral societies, 14,21,57-8,58, transcription of Haydn symphony, 130 155-6,208,215,229,276,277,279, Cocteau, Jean, 408 280-1, 301, 354, 394 Cole, Henry, 267, 286 church/cathedral, 138,279,354 Colles, H,., 409+n61 education and, 289, 301 Cologne, 62 male-voice, 248-9 Colombia, 331-2 professional singers and, 277, 280 Colonne, Edouard, 115-16,116 religion and, 280, 281 composers use of singers from elsewhere, 277, 280 backgrounds, 198, 199 use of sol-fa, 280, 281 finances, 106,308,380 Chopin, Fryderyk, 3, 209, 215, 228,229 role in concerts, 5 collected edition, 60 status, 30-1, 32, 33, 41 and England, 267 composition, teaching of, 89, 157-8,228,403 Granados and, 164 Comte, Auguste, 390 inftuence,225, 228, 249 concerts, 15-16, 154, 156-7, 176,208, Meyerbeer and, 107 209-10,214-15,244-5,267-8, Polish elements in music, 221, 222, 223 269-71,272-5,301,302,327,336,377, Sand and, 101 394 Skryabin and, 197 benefit, 5, 17 works and performances, 271 dancing in, 155 Les sylphides, music used for, 408 development of, 4-7, 267-8 , 221, 223 house, 354 , 221, 223 numbers of, 285 Robert Ie diable, on airs from, 117 promenade, 316 , 219-20 recitals, 267-8 Christian, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein, 287 repertory and programming, 5, 7, 15-16, Christiana, 243, 249 17,62,273-4,303,403 Conservatory, 257 rituals of, 7, 41, 303 Musikalske Lyceum, 249 /conductors, 55, 131,348,349 University, 243 conferences, 62 Christy, E.P., 296, 299n6 of Sacred Music (Spain), 154 Christy Minstrels, 296, 297, 300 Constable, John, 102 Chrysander, Friedrich, 60n28, 366 Cooke, Deryck, 12 Chueca, Federico, 162 'coon songs', 312, 321 Agua, azucarillos y aguardiente, 162 Cooper, Thomas, 280-1 Gran via, La, 162 Copenhagen, 244-5, 246, 249 Church, John (Publishers), 308 Conservatory, 256 Cilea, Francesco Euterpe Society, 253 Adriana Lecouvreur, 140 Musikforeningen, 252, 253 Cimarosa, Domenico, 101 Royal Orchestra, 244, 262 Cincinnati, 304 Royal Theatre, 244, 252, 255, 261 May Festival, 314 Copland, Aaron, 318 Symphony Orchestra, 314 copyright, 378n38 cinema, 148, 328nl Corinth, Louis, 350 class, 32, 50n3, 56, 81, 206, 313, 322 Cornelius, Peter audiences', 274, 300, 302 Barbier von Bagdad, Der, 55 development of, 4, 7,9, 14,29, 151, 172-3, Costa, Michael, 271, 272, 276n12, 277, 280, 192,206-7,210,211-12,308,327,328 283,284

441 The Late Romantic Era

Cowen, Frederick, 277 Fantaisie,405 Cracow, 210, 223 Hommage aRameau, 405 Craiova, National Theatre, 231 Jeux,405 Cramer (music publishers), 271 Mer, La, 405 criticism, 184 Pellias et Melisande, 185, 376, 393, 396-7, Croatia, 232-3 397,405n44 Croydon Conservatoire, 288 Prelude aL'apres-midi d'unjaune, 116,401 Crusell, Bernhard, 247 De Ferrari, Serafino Csermak, Antal, 226 Pipelet, 128 Cuba, 152,330-1 'degeneration', 395, 396-7 Cui, Cesar, 168, 182, 184, 190, 192 Delalande, Michel-Richard, 103 Paraphrases, 178 Delibes, Leo, 113, 190 , 185 Delius, Frederick, 257n8, 342, 349, 358, 380 Cunha, Brasilio Itibere da, 337 Grieg and, 253, 254 A sertaTU!ja, 337 Mass oj Life, A, 358 Curwen, John, 277 Delius,Julius,253 Curzon, Henri, 396 Denkmiiler der Tonkunst in Osterreich, 366 Czartoryskis, 208 Denmark, 240, 241, 256 Czechoslovakia, 206, 207-8, 211, 215, 217, Denza, Luigi 228-9,230-1,233,234 'Funiculi funicula.', 147 Czerny, Carl Descartes, Rene, 114 arrangement of Beethoven's Eroica Dessoff, Otto, 88n27 Symphony, 130 Dessoir, M., 342n5 Detaille, Edouard, 104 Dahlhaus, Carl, 21, 22, 27, 64, 382 Diaghilev, Sergey, see Dyagilev, Sergey Dalmatia, 232 Diaz, Porfirio, 327-8, 329 dances and dance music, 305, 328-9, 330, Dibdin, Charles, 302 331, 333, 337, 365 Dickens, Charles, 300 see also ballet Dilthey, Wilhelm, 367 Danks, Hart Pease, 308 Disraeli, Benjamin, 100 D' Annunzio, Gabriele, 34, 140, 142, 143, Ditson, Oliver (publishers), 297, 308 146-7 Dixon, George Washington, 296 Dargomi"zhsky, Alexander Sergeyevich, 168, Doblinger (music shop), 365n9 183, 184n26, 193n35 Dohnanyi, Erno, 228 , 168, 185 Domenech y Montaner, Luis, 152,158 StOTU! Guest, The, 185 Donizetti, Gaetano, 63, 142, 152 Darwin, Charles, 23, 26, 266 and folk music, 147 Daubresse, M., 394nn13-14 Favorite, La, 108, 142 David Felicien, 118 Fille du regiment, La, 110 Disert, Le, 102 , 108, 142 Lalla-Rookh, 102 Dorn, Heinrich Debussy, Claude, 36, 40, 44, 45, 114, 123, 140, Nibelungen, Die, 54n 15 155, 158, 177,341,342,391,392,406 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 167, 169, 170, 174, 181, Falla and, 165 190 Gounod and, 109 Drachmann, H., 254, 256, 257 Grieg and, 254 Dreililienverlag (publishers), 380 d'Indy and, 405n44 Dresden, 5, 50, 51-2,51,344, 348 Mussorgskyand, 167 Opera, 350 and 'progress', 405 Dreyfus Affair, 389 Puccini and, 142 Dubois, Theodore, 390n5, 398-401, 402, 404, Rameau and, 405 405 Reger and, 349 Notes et itudes d'harmonie, 398-9 Skryabin and, 197 Traite de contrepoint et de jugue, 399 Stravinsky and, 411 Sept paroles du Christ, Les, 400 views on education, 394 Symphony no. I (Symphoniefranfaise), 400 Wagner and, 36 Dubrovnik, 232 works and performances, 118, 164, 199, 349 Duchesne, Casimiro, 331 works viewed as 'unhealthy', 396-7 Diihring, Eugen, 67 Axel, incidental ml"ic for, 103 Dukas, Paul, 118, 164, 165 Chute de la maison Usher, La, 395n 19 Dumba, Nicholas, 88 442 Index

Duncan, Isadora, 406 Epstein, Julius, 88 Duparc, Henri, 120 Erard (piano company), 118 Invitation au v'!)lage, L', 120 Erben, Karel, 217, 230 Linore, 120 Erkel, Ferenc, 214, 215, 219, 225-6, 228 Vie anttrieure, La, 120 Bank ban, 225-6 Duran, Agustin, 154 Bathori Mdria, 225 Durkheim, E., 396n24 Brankovics Gyiirgy, 219, 226 Dusek, Frantisek Xaver, 215, 222 Hunyadi Laszlo, 225 Dustmann, Luise, 91 Rak6czi march, arrangements of, 220 Dvorak, Antonin, 38, 212, 214, 219,229-30, Saroita, 219 232,275,317 Erkel, Gyula, 226 Annida,230 Erkel, Sandor, 226 Devil and Kate, The (Cert a Kdta), 230 Erslev, Emil, 244 Dimitrij, 230 Eslava, Hilari6n, 153, 157, 159, 162 Hussite Overture, 220 Lira sacro-hispana, 153 Jacobin, 229-30 Miserere, 153 Rusalka, 230, 376 Espadero, Nicolas Ruiz, 330 Slavonic Rhapsodies, 38 Espana musical, La, 154 Dwight'sJournal of Music, 303n15, 304nl6 Espana musical society, 159 Dyagilev, Sergey, 110, 168, 199,408 Espin y Guillen, 154 Dyck, Ernest van, 371 Padilla, 154 EsterMzys, 208 Eberle, Josef(printers) 378n39, 379 Estey Organ Company, 310 Eckstein, Friedrich, 92-3 Ethiopian Serenaders, 296 economy, 81, 82, 83-4 Europe, Jim, 322 Edinburgh, Alfred Ernest, Duke of, 267, 286, Euterpe, 156 287 evolutionary theory and evolutionism, 23, 26, Galatea waltz, 287 401,402,403 Edison, Thomas, 41 see also 'progress' education, 18, 172,267,285,319-20 exoticism, 102, 109, 193, 226, 304, 392-3 musical, see musical education expressionism, 341, 342 Edward VII, King of Britain (as Prince of Wales), 267, 287, 288 Fackel, Die, 44 Egressy, Beni, 225 Fall, Leo, 365 Eisenstein, Sergei, 196 Falla, Manuel de, 36, 37, 155, 163, 165 Elgar, Caroline Alice, 291 Amor brujo, EI, 165 Elgar, Edward, 36, 274-5, 290-1, 358 Allantida, 155 Apostles, The, 291 Noches en los jardines de Espana, 165 de matin, 291 Nocturnes, 165 Cockaigne, 290 Seven Spanish Folksongs, 165 , 291 Vida breve, La, 163, 165 Dream ofGerontius, The, 291,358 Fando, Urb", 163 'Enigma' Variations, 291, 358 Somni de 10 Innocencia, 163 Kingdom, The, 291 Fanto, Leonhard, 350 symphonies, 291 Farrell, Bob, 296 Elgar, W.H., 291 Farwell, Arthur, 317 elitism, 302, 303, 314, 382n47, 383 Faure, Gabriel, 36, 114n13, 118, 121, 123,401 Elorduy, Ernesto, 328 Bonne chanson, La, 121 Emmett, Dan, 295-6, 298 nocturnes, 121 Enescu, George, 37-8, 231, 236 Requiem, 139 Oedipe, 236 Feij60 y Montenegro, BenitoJer6nimo, 153 Poeme roumain, 38 Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria, 74, 76, 77, 78 Romanian Rhapsodies, 38 Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 151 String Quartet no. 2, 236 Ferrer, Fernando Callejo, 331 Symphony no. 2, 236 festivals, music, see music festivals England, 14-15,28,29,30-2,33,36-7 Fetis, Fran~ois-Joseph, 117, 176 American performers in, 296, 300 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 60 English Folk Song Society, 290 Fibich, Zdenek, 219, 229, 230 Enlightenment, the, 46 Sarka, 230 Enna, August, 261 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 23 443 The Late Romantic Era

Field, John, 176 Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria, 78, 79, 82, Air russejavori varii pour Ie piano, 177n15 87,91,220 362,370,371,373 Figaro, Le, 329 Freud, Sigmund, 44, 368 film, 148, 196 Fricker, Herbert, 279 film music, 140, 167, 328nl Fried, Oskar, 378n36 Finland, 170,240,241,243,256-7,259,260 Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Hesse, 54 Firth Pond & Co (publishers), 309 Froding, G., 257 Flaubert, Gustave, 102, 114 Fmhlich, Johannes Frederik, 245, 247 Flechtenmacher, Alexandru Erik Menveds Barndom, 247 Harridan, The (Baba Hirca), 231 Symphony in Eo , 251 Flodin, Karl, 260 Waldemar, 247 Florence, 130, 131 Fry, William Henry, 302-3 Flotow, Friedrich Aurelia the Vestal, 302 , 75 Leonora/ Giulio eLeonora, 302-3 Foerster, Josef Bohuslav, 230 Fuchs, Robert, 88 Fokine, Mikhail, 409 Filrstner, Adolph (publisher), 350 folk music and folksong, 38, 39,42, 147, 154, 155,156,163,175,209,221,235,236,249 Gabo (Pevsner), Antoine, 168 collections and publications of, 154, 175, Gabo (Pevsner), Nahum, 168 193,221,247,249,258-9,289-90,319, Gade, Niels, 244, 251-3, 255, 320,405 256,258,261 literature and, 243 Grieg and, 253, 254 'minstrelsy' and, 298-9 Nielsen and, 262 and, 37, 38, 185,209,215, works and performances, 220-2,234,235,317,329,330,332,393 54nl5 settings and arrangements, 215, 246 Ejterklange aj , 252 in USA, 39, 298-9, 305, 307, 317, 319 E!fKing's Daughter, Thr use in other music, 177, 184-5, 189,209, (Elverskud),252-3 222,223,226-7,236,246,247,248,249, Legend, A (Et jolkesagn), 252-3 255,307,328,330,333,334,405 Napoli, 252-3 use in teaching, 403 Psyche, 252-3 Foote, Arthur, 315 symphonies, 251 in G minor, 315 Symphony no. 1,252 Ford, Henry, 313 Symphony no. 4, 252-3 Forkel,Johann Nikolaus, 61n34 Symphony no. 6, 252-3 Forster, Ludwig von, 74 Symphony no. 8, 252-3 Fortuny y Carbo, Mariano, 152 Galdos, Perez, 155 Foster, Stephen, 299, 300, 306, 308 Gallen-Kallela, Akseli, 242, 243, Fox, Samson, 287 259 France, 30-1, 35-7, 389-90, 394-6,397-8 Garbe, Laura, 58 France, Anatole, 393 Garborg, A., 254 franchise, 148, 298, 363, 382 Garcia, Manuel (the elder), 158 Franchomme, Auguste, 117 Garcia, Manuel (the younger), duet on airs from Robert Ie diable, 117 159 Franck, Cesar, 3, 36, 113, 118-20,119,401, Garda, Maria, see Malibran, 405 Maria as example in teaching, 403 Garda, Pauline, see Viardot­ d'!ndy and, 120 Garda, Pauline Lamoureux and, 117 Gardiner, Henry Balfour, 349, politics, 10 351 pupils, 122,334,401 Garner, James, 280 works and performances, 116 Garnier, Charles, 104, 105, 109 , 118-20 Garrison, Lucy McKim, 320 symphonic poems, 120 Garrison, William Lloyd, 300 Symphony in D minor, 120 Gaudi, Antonio, 152 Variations symphoniques, 120 Gautier, Tbeophile, 101, 102n2, 110 Frankfurt, 5, 8-9, 50-I, 351 Gayarre, 153 , 349-51 Gaztambide,Joaquin, 156 Opera House, 349 Catalina, 160 RaffConservatory,351 Magyares, Los, 160 444 Index

Tribulaciones, 160 Gossec, Fran~ois-Joseph, 13 Geijer, E.G., 247 Goss, John, 281 Gellner, Ernest, 34 Giiteborg Philharmonic Society, 229 , 127 Gothic League, Swedish, 242-3, 247 Georg II, Duke ofSaxe-Meiningen, 349 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, 304, 314, 330, 333, Gericault, Theodore, 3 336-7 Germania Musical Society, 304 Bamboula, 304 Germany, 5, 30-1, 34-5, 52-69, 340, 343, Carnaval de Venise, Le, 304 368 Dying Poet, The, 304 'special path', 52, 53 Last Hope, The, 304 Gershwin, George, 167,312,318 Ojos criollos, 304 Gerst!, Richard, 384 Gounod, Charles, 20, 36, 122, 157,275,401 Gheon, Henri, 408-9 influence, 20, 121 Giannini, Joaquim, 336 works and performances, 113, 115, 133 Gilbert, Henry F., 317 , 140 Gilbert, W.S., 31, 32, 127,283-4,284,289 Faust, 20, 108-9, 110, 142,359 Gilchrist, William, 315 Midecin malgre lui, Le, 110 Gimenez, Jeronimo, 162 Mireille, 20, 110 Tempranica, La, 162 Nonne sanglante, La, 108, 109 Giner, Salvador, 153 Philemon et Baucis, 20 symphonic poems, 157 Reine de Saba, La, 108 Giordano, Umberto, 140-2 Romeo etJuliette, 20, 108-9, 110 Andrea Chenier, 23, 140 , 108 Fedora, 140 Goya, Francisco de, 152, 160, 164 Giribaldi, Tomas, 335 Graedner, Hermann, 88 Manfredi di Svevia, 335 Grainger, Percy, 351 , La, 335 Granados, Enrique, 36, 152, 164 Symphony no. 1,335 Danzas espanolas, 164 Glasgow Athenaeum School of Music, 288 Goyescas, 164 Glasgow Orchestra, 159 Maria del Carmen, 164 Glass, Louis, 261 Grechaninov, Alexander, 195, 198, 199 Symphony no. 5 (Svastika), 261 Greece, 231 Glazunov, 155, 195, 198 Greffuhle, Countess, 408 Seasons, The, 198 Gregorian chant, see chant Symphony no. I, 195 Gretry, Andre-Ernest-Modeste Gleason, Frederick Grant, 315 Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 110 Glier, Reyngol'd Moritsevich, 198 Grieg, Edvard, 249, 253-5, 257n8, 258, 275, Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich, 32, 155, 167, 173, 286 176-8, 182, 183, 187,228,229 Granados and, 164 Stravinsky and, 411 influence, 257 works and performances, 54n 15 Tchaikovsky and, 190 Kamarinskaya, 168, 177-8 arrangements offolk , 249, 253 LifeJor the Tsar, A, 176-7, 178, 182 Foursongs,Op.5,253 Ruslan and Lyudmila, 177, 178 jeg elsker dig', 253 Gluck, Christoph Willibald von, 62, 118,367, , 254 403 Peer Gynt music, 254, 254 Oifeo, 142 Piano Concerto in , 254 Gobbi, Henrik, 228 SigurdJorsalfar music, 254 Goethe,J.W. von, 24-5,110,133 String Quartet in G minor, 254 Gogol, Nikolai, 175, 191 Symphony, 254 Goicoechea, Vicente, 153, 154 violin , 254 Goldmark, Rubin, 317 Grillparzer, Franz, 75, 77, 78 Golovine, Alexander, 409 Gris,Juan, 152 Gomes, Antonio Carlos, 336 Grisi, Giulia, 283 A noite do castelo, 336 Grobe, Charles, 304 Guarany, II, 336 Grove, George, 267, 269, 271-2, 273, 285, 287 Schiavo, Lo, 336 Dictionary oj Music and Musicians, 285, 287 Goncharov, Ivan, 181 Grundtvig, Nicolai Frederik Severin, 242, 245 Gorky, Maksim, 192, 198 Gude, H., 250 gospel music, 322 Guilmant, Alexandre, 402n36

445 The Late Romantic Era

Guridi, , 163-4 'After the Ball', 311 Mirentxu, 164 Hartel, Wilhelm von, 373, 382 Gutierrez, Juan, 333 Hartmann family, 244 gypsy music, 215, 221-2, 221, 226 Hartmann, Emil, 255 Fjeldstuen, 255 Haarklou, Johannes, 257 Haermaendene paa Helgeland overture, 255 Habeneck, Fran<;:ois-Antoine, 5, 115 Hakon Jarl, 255 Hahermas,J.,4In31 Hartmann, J ohan Peter Emilius, 245, 246-7, Haeffner, J.F., 249 252,255,256,261 ,372 Grieg and, 253 Hiigg,J.A.,251 Nielsen and, 262 Hahn, Reynaldo Axel og Valborg, music for, 247 Dieu bleu, Le, 408 Correggio, music for, 247 Halevy, Fromental, 106 Et folkesagn, 247 Juive, La, 108 Guldhomene,247 Mousquetaires de la reine, Les, 110 HakonJarl, music for, 247 Halle, Charles, 280 Liden Kirsten, 246, 252 Hallen, Andreas, 257 Olaf den hellige, music for, 247 Hallgrimsson, Jonas, 244 Raven, The (Ravnen), 246 Hall, William (publishers), 308 Symphony no. I in G minor, 251 Halvorsen, J ohan, 257 Symphony no. 2 in , 251 , 5, 56,58,90,346,347,359 Thrymskviden, 247 Conservatory, 159 Valkyrien, 247 Philharmonic, 347 Yrsa, music for, 247 Hamerik, Asger, 261 Hasait, Max, 350 Hamerow, Theodore, 14 Hastings, Thomas, 301 Hammerich family, 244 Haussmann, Georges Eugene, Baron, 101 Hammerich, Angul, 259 Haydn, Joseph, 115, 208 Handel, George Frideric, 62, 283 England and, 268 biographies, 60n28 influence, 304 brass band arrangements of, 281 Rossini and, 131 collected edition, 59-60 works and performances, 271, 302, 314 England and, 30, 268 Symphony no. I, 130 Saint-Saens and, 118, 122 Symphony no. 92 ('Oxford'), 273 works and performances, 14--15,275-6, Hayes, Rutherford, 320 277,280,402 Haym, Hans, 342, 358 'Hallelt\jah' chorus, 272 Hays, Will, 308 Israel in Egypt, 41, 276, 277, 391 Heap, Swinnerton, 280 Judas Maccabaeus, 276 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 23, 27, , 54, 276, 277 60--1,67,174--5, 181 Handel Festivals, 41 Heiberg, J.L., 246, 256 Handel Society (England), 285 Heidenstam, W. von, 257 Handel Society, German, 60 Heifetz, J ascha, 168 Handy, W.C., 322 Heise, Peter, 255-6 Hanley, 280 Dyvekes Sange, 256 Hansen, Theophil, 87, 87 King and Marshal (Drot og Marsk), 256 Hanslick, Eduard, 27, 88, 94,184, 190n32, Helmore, Thomas, 281 366, 382 Helsinki, 259 Hargreaves, Francisco A., 333 Music Institute, 257, 259 Catita,333 Orchestral Society, 259 Chinita, 333 Hense, 256 Gatv, El, 333 Henselt, Adolf, 176 Gatta bianca, La, 333 Henze, Hans Werner, 200 Negrita, 333 Herbeck, Johann, 84, 88, 371 , 177, 178, 185, 187, 189, 197,219, Hercegovina, 231-2, 233 226-7,232,235,236,253-4,255, Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 37, 216, 220 317-18,391,401 Hermann Monument, 61 theory and, 341, 342 Hernandez, Jose, 335 Harms, T.B. (publishers), 311 Hernando, Rafael Harris, Charles K. Duende, La, 159-60

446 Index

Herold, Ferdinand, 110, 112, 185 Cours de composition musicale, 403 Herve (Ronger, Florimond), 105 Chant de la cloche, Le, 405 Herz, Henri, 304 Etranger, L', 405 Herzen, Alexander, 29, 174n8, 175n9, 180 , 389, 405 Herzmansky, Bernhard, 379 Legende de Saint Christophe, La, 405 Hevesi, Ludwig, 384 Symphonie sur un chant montagnard fran,ais, Hewitt, John Hill, 300 404-5 Hiller, Ferdinand, 54nl5 Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, 245, 247, 252, historicism, 16, 17, 217 256 see also 'classics l 'invisible' music, 305, 318-20, 322-3 history, 60, 61, 63-4, 318-19, 341, 342, 366, I nzenga, Jose 382,403 Cantos y bailes populares de Espana, 154 Hitler, Adolf, 52, 65-7, 69, 93 Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhayl, 198 Hoch, J., 349-51 Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 151, 152 Hoffman, Richard, 304 Italy, 34, 35, 126-7 Hoffmann, Josef, 11, 83, 372, 373, 383 Ituarte, Julio, 328 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 44, 350, 358 Bouquet de flores, 328 Hohenstein, A., 143 Ecos de Mixico, 328 Holberg, Ludvig, 262 Ivanov, Vyacheslav, 197 Holmes, Augusta, 101 Ives, Charles, 39, 43, 317-18 Holst, Gustav, 36 String Quartet no. 1, 317 Horneman family, 244 Symphony no. I, 317 Horneman, Christian Frederik Emil, 253, 256 , 253, 256 Jackson, Andrew, and 'Jacksonian Aladdin Overture, 253, 256 democracy', 298, 299, 300, 302, 305, 306, Esther, music for, 256 318 Curre, music for, 256 Jacobsen, J.P., 256, 257 string quartets, 256 Jahn, 0., 60n28 Horowitz, Vladimir, 168 Jahn, Wilhelm, 371 Horvath, Adam Palaczi, 221 James, Henry, 314 Howard, Joe Janicek, Leos, 37, 38, 39, 220, 230, 234-5, Hello! Ma Baby, 321 236 Hugo, Victor, 9, 101, 102, 112, 114,400 Excursions of Mr Broulek, The, 220 Saint-Saens and, 120 Jenufa, 234, 376 Hernani, 3, 101 Jarecki, Henryk, 225 Hullah, John, 277 Mindowe, 225 Hummel, Johann Nepomuk Jauner, Franz, 91, 371 Polish elements in music, 222 jazz, 38, 322,408n57 Rando brillante, 130 Jewish music, 312 Humperdinck, Engelbert, 69, 157-8,351 , 35, 45, 93,191-2,206,212,368-71 Hiinsel und Cretel, 345 see also antisemitism Hungary, 206, 207-8, 209, 211, 212, 215, Jim Crow', 296 225-8,233,234,235,368 Joachim, Joseph, 59n24, 159,275,351,354 Hutchinson family, 300, 320 performances of works by, 54n 15 Jockey Club, 20 Ia§i,210 JodI, Friedrich, 382n47 Conservatory, 231 Jakai, Mar, 217 National Theatre, 231 Joplin, Scott, 321 Iberia musical, La, 154 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 74 Ibsen, Henrik, 243, 254,254,255,257 Josephson, E., 257 Iceland, 241, 243-4, 258-9 journals, 153, 154, 268, 349 IIIica, Luigi, 134 Joyce, James, 138 impressionism, 182, 197,342 Jullien, Louis Antoine, 269, 274, 275, 304 'industrial' music, 38, 312-13, 323 J urCic, Josip, 232 Indy, Vincent d', 36, 37,120,389,401, Jurgenson (publishers), 191 402-5,404, 410 Jusseaume, L., 397 Albeniz and, 164 Debussy and, 405n44 Kajanus, Robert, 259-60, 259 Lamoureux and, 117 Aino, 259 pupils, 163, 165 Finnish Rhapsodies, 259 447 The Late Romantic Era

Kullervo, 259 Lacy, Rophino, 302 , 242, 243, 259, 260, 261 Lafite,227 Kaliwoda, F., 79 Lahar, jean, 120 Kandinsky, Wassily, 168, 197,357 Laibach, 210, 232 Kant, Immanuel, 23, 25 Glasbena Matica, 214 Karati"gin, Vyacheslav, 199 Philharmonic Society, 232 Karlsruhe, 55 Philharmonische Gesellschaft, 214 Kassel, 55 Lajovic, Anton, 232 K

Conservatory, 349 Rimsky-Korsakov and, 193 Gewandhaus, 5, 252, 349, 352 Saint-Saens and, 118 Gewandhaus Orchestra, 349 Schumann and, 51 Philharmonic Orchestra, 349 Richard Strauss and, 344 Lenepveu, Charles, 398, 400, 40 I, 402, 405 works and performances, 314 Gloria victis, 399, 400 Annies de pelerinage, 226 Hymne funebre et triomphale, 400 Faust-Symphonie, 25 Jeanne d'Arc, 40 I Heilige Elisabeth, Die, 226 Requiem, 400 Hungaria, 226 Lenin, V.I., 196, 197 Hungarian Coronation Mass, 220, 226 Lenz, Wilhelm von, 176 Hungarian Rhapsodies, 220, 226-7 Leoncavallo, Ruggero Ideale, Die, 344 Pagliacci, 140,141, 142n7 , 344 Leon, Jose Marfa Ponce de, 331 Piano Concerto no. I in E flat, 54 Ester, 331 in B minor, 64 Florinda, 331 Sunt lacrymae rerum, 226 Hermosa sabana, La, 331 symphonic poems, 189,215,219 Sinfon[a sobre temas colombianos, 331 Wanderer Fantary (Schubert), arrangement Leon, Tomas, 328 of, 344 Lermontov, Mikhail, 197 literature, 101-2, 152, 197,217-18,232-3, Levi, Hermann, 345 241-4,245,335,340-1 Levy, Alexandre, 337 and politics, 9, 10 Suite brisilienne, 337 Ljubljana, see Laibach Tango brasileiro, 337 Llobet, Miguel, 159 Lewes, G.H., 23 Lobo, Elias Alvares, 336 liberalism, 1,3,4,8-14,33-4,180,216,222, A noite de Siio Joiio, 336 320, 369 Lockwood, Lewis, 320 singing associations and, 57-8 Lohr, Fritz, 82, 83 LiebestOckl, H., 376n33 Lomakin, Gavriil, 182 Liechtenstein, Prince Rudolf, 370-1 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 172 Limmer, E., 352 London, 267-8, 269-71,275,285 Lincoln, 280-1 Aeolian Hall, 275 Lincoln, Abraham, 307 Alexandra Palace, 275 Lind,Jenny, 159,247,304 Bach Society, 268 Lindblad, Adolf Fredrik, 247-8 Carl Rosa Opera Company, 283 Rebels, The (Frondorerna), 248 Covent Garden Theatre/Opera, 282-3 Symphony no. I in C, 247-8 Crystal Palace, 41, 270, 271, 272 Symphony no. 2 in D, 248 concerts and festivals, 15,272-7,278, Lindblad, Otto, 249 279,281 Lindeman family, 244 , 266, 271, 272, 274, 286 Lindeman, Ludvig Mathias, 257 Guildhall School of Music, 288 Aeldre og tryere norske fjeldmelodier, 249, 253 Hanover Square Rooms, 269, 271, 275 listening, 367, 391 London Academy of Music, 286 Liszt, Cosima, see Wagner, Cosima London Organ School, 286 Liszt, Ferenc, 3, 41, 50, 59n24, 62, 64, 155, Musical Institute, 285 215, 225, 226-7,22~ 228, 229,253, 343, Musical Society, 285 403n39 National College of Music, 286 Albeniz and, 164 New Philharmonic Society, 5, 271 Brahms and, 351 People's Concert Society, 275 and England, 267 Philharmonic Society, 5, 271, 273, 275 and folk music, 38 Popular Concerts, 270-1 Hungarian aspects of music, 222, 226-7, Promenade Concerts, 275,276 228 Queen's Hall, 275, 276 ideas, 8, 27, 52 Royal Academy of Music, 159,286 influence, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230 Royal Albert Hall, 275 Joachim and, 351 Royal College of Music, 159,286-8, 289 partisans, 53 Royal College of Organists, 286 performances of works by other composers, Royal English Opera House, 283 53-5,5~62, 108, 118,246 Royal , 282, 284 politics, 10, 51 Royal Musical Association, 285-6 449 The Late Romantic Era

Royal National Opera, 283 Berg and, 367n15, 378 Sacred Harmonic Society, 276 Bruch and, 354 Stjames's Hall, 269-71, 270, 275 and performance practice, 348, 372, 375-7 Stjames's Theatre, 283 politics, 363, 364 Savoy Theatre, 283 and popular music, 365 Society of Arts, 272, 286 publishers, 379, 380 Steinway Hall, 275 Scboenberg and, 380-2 Trinity College of Music, 286 Sibelius and, 260 Westminster Abbey, Handel Tchaikovskyand, 189 Commemorations/Festivals, 277 Wagner and, 26, 92, 93-4, 214, 283, 347, Wigmore Hall, 275 372, 375-6 Liinnrot, Elias, 243 Webern and, 378 Loos, Adolf, 44 Knaben Wunderhorn, Des, 347 Lortzing, Albert, 75 Lieder einesfahrenden Gesellen, 378n39 , 50 Symphony no. 1, 83n15, 347, 379 Louis XIV, 103 Symphony no. 2, 379 Louis, M., 342n6 Symphony no. 3, 83n15, 348, 378 Louis-Napoleon, see Napoleon III Symphony no. 4, 348 Louis-Philippe, King of France, 99,100, 101 Symphony no. 5, 348 Louisville, 30 I, 304 Symphony no. 6, 348 Lourie, Arthur Vincent, 198 Symphony no. 7, 364 Liiwe, Ferdinand, 377 Symphony no. 8, 25, 348, 373, 378 Lower Rhine Music Festival, 54,59,358 Mahler Fund, 381 Ludwig I, King of , 5 Mainzer, Joseph, 277 Ludwig II, King of Bavaria, 65, 66 Malaga, Philharmonic Society, IS 7 Lueger, Karl, 370 Malibran, Maria, 158 Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 103 Maligny, Julie de, 120 Lumbye, Hans Christian, 252 Mallarp1e, Stephane, 44, 103 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 199 Manchester, 280, 283 Lund,249 Free Trade Hall, 277 L'vov,A1exey, 175n13, 179 Halle Orchestra, 280 Lw6w (L'vov), 210, 212, 223 Royal Manchester College of Music, 288 Lyadov, Anatol, 168, 195, 198 Mandyczewski, E., 87 Paraphrases, 178 Manen, Juan, 163 Lyon & Healy (publishers), 308 juana de Napoles, 163 Lyons, 394 Manent, Nicolau, 161 symphonies, 157 MacDowell, Edward, 315, 317 Manet, Edouard, 102, 122 Macedonia, 231-2, 233 Manet, Suzanne, 122 Machado, Antonio, 155 Mann, Thomas, 26, 340 Mackenzie, Alexander, 289 Mannheim, 68 McKim, Lucy, 320 Manns, August, 272-3, 274, 277 Madrid, 156, 160, 161 Manzoni, Alessandro, 139 Conservatory, 156, 157 Marcelli, Nino, 332 Quartet Society, 156 Maria Cristina, Queen of Spain, 151, 152 Sinf6nica de Madrid, 159 Mariani, Angelo, 131 Sociedad Artistica, 160 Marin, Rodriguez, 154 Sociedad de Conciertos, 156, 159 Marlowe, Christopher, 24 Teatro Apolo, 161 Marmontel, Antoine Fran~ois, 330 Teatro de la , 160 Marnold, J., 411 n66 Teatro del Circo, 160 Marques, Miguel Maeterlinck, Maurice, 355 symphonies, 157 Magee, Bryan, 26 Marschalk, Max, 380 Magnusson, Arni, 243 Marschner, Heinrich August, 75 Mahler, Alma, 365n9, 372, 379, 381 Hans Heiling, 75 Mahler, Gustav, 13,26, 35, 39, 82, 83, 92, Templar und die jiidin, Der, 75 93-4, 167, 192, 197,214,283,346-8, Vampyr, Der, 75,220 367n15, 368, 370-2, 373-9,375,381, Marseillaise, La, 77, 161,400 383-4 Marstrand, Wilhelm, 245 assisting other composers, 380-2 Martucci, Giuseppe, 131-3

450 Index

Marx, A.B., 56, 57, 61-2 Hugenots, Les, 54n15, 106-7, 108, 142 performances of works by, 54n 15 Pardon de Ploiirmel, LeiDinorah, 109 Marx, Karl, 192 Prophete, Le, 7, 20, 106-7 Marxism, 22, 192, 197,406 Robert Ie diable, 106-7 Mascagni, Pietro, 140--2, 147,342 Meyerkhold, 199 Cavalieria rusticana, 140, 142 Mickiewicz, Adam, 217 Mason, Lowell, 300 'Mighty Handful, The', 30, 32, 170, 182-5, Mason, William, 315 182n23, 190 Massenet,Jules, 109, 113, 114,399 ,183 Puccini and, 142 Mihalovich, Odiin von, 370 pupils, 399 Milan, 126, 127, 148 Tchaikovsky and, 190 'Casino Ricordi', 129 works and performances, 116, 133 Chiesa di S Marco, 139 Cid, Le, 109 , 132, 143, 148 Esclarmonde, 109 Teatro Del Verme, 141 Manon, 109 Millet, Luis, 156 Roi de Lahore, Le, 109 Milwaukee, 304 Matons, Laureano Fuentes, 329-30 'minstrelsy'I'minstrel' songs, 295-6, 298-9, Hija de Jefti, La, 330 307, 308-10, 320-1 Matray, Gabor, 210 Mir 1skusstva, 199 Matthison-Hansen, Gottfred, 253 Missa, 114nl3 Matthison-Hansen, Hans, 245 Mithouard, A., 40ln32 Mauclair, 407 Moldavia, 210 Maupassant, Guy de, 114 Moliere, 110, 114, 405 Maurras, Charles, 402 Moll, Karl, 372, 373 Mayer, Leopold de, 304 Monasterio,Jesus, 156-7,159 Mechanics' Institutes, 280 Monde Musical, Le, 329 Meek, Nadezhda von, 189 Monet, Claude, 44 Medtner, Nicholas, see Metner, Nikolay Moniuszko, Stanislaw, 214, 215, 219, 223, Mehul, Etienne-Nicolas, 13 224, 225, 228 Mel'gunov, 193 songbooks (Spiewniki domowe), 223 Mel'nikov, Ivan, 186 Countess, The (Hrabina), 223 Mendeleyev, Dmitri, 193 Halka, 219, 223 Mendelssohn family, 354 Haunted Manor, The (Straszny dwor), 219, 223, Mendelssohn, Felix, 3, 5, 185n29, 247, 267, 224,226 271 Raflsman, The (Flis), 223 collected edition, 60 Verbum , 223 England and, 30, 267, 268, 275 , 105 Faure and, 121 Montenegro, 231-2 Gade and, 252, 253, 261 Montesguiou, Robert, 408 influence, 304 Monteverdi, Claudio, 34, 147-8 works and performances, 271, 303 Orfeo, L', 147-8 , 185n29, 267 Montevideo, 335 Piano Concerto in D minor, 130 Instituto Verdi, 335 Mercadante, Saverio, 138, 152 Orguestra Nacional, 335 Mercie, Antonin, 399, 400 Sociedad Beethoven, Orchestra of, 335 Merikanto, Oskar, 259 Teatro Solis, 335 Merimee, Prosper, 112 Montoya, Andres Martinez, 332 Messager, Andre, 114nI3, 401 Montpellier, 394 Messiaen, Olivier, 177, 193 Moore, Thomas Metner, Nikolay, 198, 199 Irish Melodies, 300 Metternich, Klemens, 8, 10, 74, 75, 76 Moravia, 206, 368 Mexico, 327-8, 329 Morera, Enric, 156, 162 Meyendorff, Olga von, 343 Comte Amau, El, 162-3 Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 7, 106-8, 109, 185 Emporium, 163 Gounod and, 109 Morgan, J.P., 311 Verdi and, 135, 146 Moscheles, Ignaz, 351 works and performances, 20, 133 Moscow, 173 Africaine, L', 20, 106-7,107 Art Theatre, 199 Etoile du nord, L', 109 Conservatory, 170, 182,188

451 The Late Romantic Era

Moser, Koloman, 372, 373 music festivals, 55, 57, 59, 156, 157, 275-6, Mosonyi, Mihaly, 226 27~280,289,29~314, 391 Mottl, Felix, 69, 92, 162,283,352 competitive, 280, 281 Mouvement socialiste, 406 '', 62, 193n35, 411 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 62, 115,209 music hall, 32, 283 books on, 60n28, 176 musicians, status, 176, 244, 267, 268 collected edition, 60 music instruction books, 308, 310 England and, 268 music publishing, 14,53,63,90, 128-9,129, influence, 246, 304 176, 195, 198,247,252,282,306,308, musical codes, 13 311,312-13,317,327,378-81,403 politics, 13 and concert promotion, 270 Rossini and, 131 historical/collected editions, 59-60, 61, 63, Saint-Saens and, 118, 122 285,401 Tchaikovskyand, 189 music scholarship/musicology, 59, 61, 87,138, works and performances, 271, 273, 302, 153, 154, 193,259,285,365-7 346, 372, 376, 402 /analysis, 332, 341-2, 366-8, works, viewed as 'healthy', 396 391-2,398-400,403 Don Ciovanni, 92 Musicul roman, 231 Nozze di Figaro, Le, 110, 376 Musik, Die, 357-8 piano concertos, 118 Musil, Robert, 362-3 Requiem, 130 Mussorgsky, Modest, 32-3, 37, 167, 170, 180, Symphony no. 40, 273 182, 184, 185--7, 190, 193n35, 197,230 ZauberjlOte, Die, 246 Prokofiev and, 199 Muck, Karl, 345, 353, 358 Rimsky-Korsakovand, 193 Munch, A., 250 on symphonic development, 188 Munch, Edvard, 254 Boris Codunov, 32, 185, 186-7,186, 190 Munich, 5, 55, 65, 345 Khovanschina, 182n23 music Marriage, The, 185 business aspects of organization, 52-3 Nursery, The, 23 as commodity, 14, 15,31,38,42,61 songs, 187 division between popular and serious, Symphony in D, 188 14-17,38,42 Musi"kal'nij i teatral'nij vestnik, 185n30 ideal of autonomy, 40-1, 46 Myaskovsky, Nikolay, 198 ideal of greatness in, 14, 17,30,41 'Myllarguten' (Augundson, Torgeir), 249 as language, 1, 193, 198,219-20,229,342, 404,407 Nadel, Arno, 358 philosophy and, 21, 25-8, 60--2, 367 Nancy, 394, 403 polemical battles over, 53, 62, 351 Nantes, 394 professionalization, 208, 327, 379 Napoleao dos Santos, Artur, 333 relationship to life, 167, 185, 190 Napoleon I, 17,20,99, 100, 105 relationship to other arts, 13-14,20--1,27, opera by, 99 44,51, 101-2, 167-8, 197,244-5,391 Napoleon II, 100 status, 21, 27, 40--1 Napoleon III, 100, 101, 102, 112,136,231 , 13 Nashville, Fisk Singers, 320,321 theories of development/progress, see national , 179, 246, 258, 336 'progress! National German Choir Festival, 57 musical associations, 55-60 nationalism, 17, 18,33-40,76,93, 129, 147, musical education, 18, 172,267,285,319-20 173,207-8,212-13,216-18,234,237, examinations, 288-9 241,335 historicism in, 24, 403 folk music and, see under folk music perceived need to go abroad for, 249-50, futurism and, 146 286,315,352 music and, 30, 32, 34-9, 59, 60, 61-4, 77, publishing and, 380 185,210,212,219-23,228-9,230--1, singing teaching, 277, 280 232,236,261,289 specific to uses, 281 musical, 21,193,317,329,332-3,335,337, women/girls' access to, 287, 351 393-4,400 musical literacy, 280, 281, 301 and repertory, 359 musicals, 42 and, 241-3, 245, 247, 256, Musical Times, 287-8 260,261,328,329,332 Musica refigiosa en Espana, La, 153 , 65-7, 69 452 Index

Nechayev, Sergey, 180 Nikisch, Arthur, 214, 349, 355, 356 Nedbal, Oskar, 377 Nono, Luigi, 200 'Negro' concerts/music, 295-6, 298-9 Nordau, Max, 395, 396, 409 see also black music Nordraak, Rikard, 253 negro , 305 Norman, Ludvig, 251, 256 Nemcova, Bozena, 217 Norway, 240, 241, 243, 256 neo-classicism, 24, 189-90,341,406 Noskowski, Zygmunt, 224-5 neo-Romanticism, 3 Morskie Oko, 224 Nepomuceno, Alberto, 337 Steppe, The, 224 Dan,a de negros, 337 Notas musicales y literarios, 153 Galhofeira, 337 Nottebohm, G., 87, 88 Sirie brasileira, 337 Nouvelle revue fran,aise, 405 N erval, Gerard de, 110 Novak, Vitezslav, 230 Nestroy, johann, 75, 76, 81 South Bohemian Suite, 220 Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik, 55, 62, 349 Novello (music publishers), 270 Neufeld, Alfred, 378 Nuremberg, 57 Newman, Ernest, 53-4, 55 Nyerup, R., 246 Newman, Robert, 275 New Orleans, 301, 304 Occident, L', 401n32, 402, 405n44 New York, 142,312 Ocon, Eduardo, 157 Academy of Music, 302, 303 Cantos espanoles, 154 Astor Place Opera House, 302 Odoyevsky, Vladimir, 176 Carnegie Nail, 314 OehlenschHiger, Adam, 241-2, 243, 245-6, Conservatory, 230 247, 253, 255 Metropolitan Concert Hall, 316 Offenbach,jacques, 15,20,41,42,81,105, , 314, 315 112-13, 160, 185,283 Society, 314 influence, 31, 42 Palmo's Opera House, 302 Napoleon III and, lOl Philharmonic Orchestra, 314, 315 politics, 19-20 Philharmonic Society, 303 theatre, 112, 113 Sacred Music Society, 303 Ba-ta-clon, 19 Symphony Orchestra, 314-16 Belle Helene, La, 112 Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 168-9, 171, Contes d'Hoffmann, Les, 112 175, 179, 190 Grande-Duchesse de Girolstein, La, 19-20 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 169, 170, Orphie aux enfers, 19, 20, 112 195-6 Olbrich, joseph Maria, 83, 372,374,383-4 Nichols, George, 296 Olmeda, Federica, 153, 154 Nicolai, Otto Olzelt-Newin, Anton, 85 Lustige Weiber von Windsor, Die, 75 O'Neill, Norman, 351 Nicolau, Antonio, 157 opera, 63, 106, 107, 127-30, 148, 177, 185, symphonic poems, 157 210,223,229-30,302-3,331,342, Niedermeyer, Louis, 114nl3 346-7 Nielsen, Carl, 35, 251, 255, 256, 258, 262-3 censorship, 10, II Concerto, 263 design, 11, 372, 373-6,375,397 , 263 drama in, 187 , 262 language of performance, 302, 303 , 262 and orchestration, 131 string quartets, 262 performance practice, 352-3, 359, 372, Symphony no. I, 262 376-7 Symphony no. 2 (The Four Temperaments), polarization, 17, 20 262 and politics, II, 329 Symphony no. 3 (Sinjonia espansiva) , 262-3 repertory, 7-8,53,75,81, 108, 108-12, Symphony no. 4 (The Inextinguishable), 262, 110, 128, 142, 148,213-14,371,376, 263 393-4 Symphony no. 5, 262, 263 orchestras, 16, 79, 131, 156,214-15,273, Symphony no. 6 (Sinjonia semplice) , 262, 263 279-81, 314, 377, 394 Niemann, Walter, 260, 342 amateur, 289 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 24, 26, 43, for opera, 131,376,377 67-8,93,364 size, 349, 390-1, 394 Nijinsky, Was law, 408, 410, 411 orchestration, 131, 193,390,399-400

453 The Late Romantic Era

Orfeo Cata!>i, 156 Salle Pleyel, 118 organs, 275,310 Salle Ventadour, 8 Orleans, 394 Schola Cantorum, 120, 164,396,402-4, Oslo, see Christiania 404,405 Ostrcil, Otakar, 230 Seances Populaires de Musique, 117 Ostrovsky, Alexander, 174, 181 Societe Alard-Franchomme, 5, 117 Otaiio,Jose, 153, 154 Societe Armingaud, 5, 117, 120 Oudrid, Cristobal Societe des Concerts du Conservatoire, 5, Molinero de Subiza, El, 160 115, 118, 123,401 Ovejero, Ignacio, 153 Societe des Derniers Quatuors de Beethoven, 5, 117 Pacius, Fredrik, 257, 259 Societe des Grandes Auditions de France, Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 225 395 Paganini, Nicolo, 267 Societe des Jeunes Artistes du Pahissa,Jaime, 158, 163 Conservatoire, 5, 115 Cam., El, 158 Societe Musicale Independante, 121 Gala Placidia, 163 Societe Nationale de Musique, 117, 118, PresQ de Lleida, La, 163 120, 121, 123 String Symphony, 158 Theatre de Champs-Elysees, 410 Paine, John Knowles, 315, 317 Theatre de l'Odeon, 1l6, 405 Mass in D, 315 Theatre des Arts, 405, 406 Oedipus rex, music for, 315 Theatre du Vieux Colombier, 405 StPeter, 315 Theatre Gaite, 19 Symphony no. I, 315 Theatre Italien, 8 painting, see visual arts Theatre-Lyrique, 20, 113 Paisiello, Giovanni, 99 Universal Exhibitions, 392,392-3, 405n44 Paladilhe, Emile, 401 Parker, Horatio, 315, 317 , 40 I Hara novissima, 315-17 Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, 122, 138, Parry, Hubert, 289, 291 147, 399 Blest Pair of Sirens, 289 collected edition, 60 Pasdeloup,Jules, 5, 17, 115 Pallacky, FrantiSek, 217 Pasdeloup Orchestra, 16 Pamplona, 157 Pater, Walter, 27 Pann, Anton, 221 patronage, 7, 14,31,65,91,210,267,281, Pan-Slavic movement, 183, 184,233 358,380-2,408 Paravicini, R., 336 Patti, Adelina, 283 Paris, 18-21.,43-4, 131,136,254,394 Paulli, H., 252, 256 Academie des Beaux-Arts, 114,400,401 Paulsen, J., 254 Academie Fran~aise, 114, 390 Pavlov, Ivan, 193 Association Artistique des Concerts Pedrell,Felipe, 36,153,154,156,157,162 Colonne, 116 Albeniz and, 164 Bouffes-Parisiens, 19,20, 112 pupils, 164, 165 Carnaval des Revues, 20 Por nuestfa mUsica, 162 Chanteurs de St Gervais, 401 Celestina, La, 162, 163 Comedie-Fran~aise, 99, 105 Perineus, Els, 162-3 , 5 Pelham, Dick, 295--6 Concerts du Conservatoire, 5, 6 Pereda, Jose Maria, 155 Concerts Lamoureux, 5, 117 performance style/practice, 53-4, 55, 131, 348 Concerts Populaires, 115, 116 of black music, 320, 322-3 concerts spirituels, 114--15 historicist, 24, 376--7, 402 Conservatoire, 6, 99,108, 113-15,390,398 in opera, 352-3, 359, 372, 376-7 as model, 131 and standards, 347--8 Ecole Niedermeyer, 114nl3 Pernerstorfer, Engelbert, 93 Opera, 7, 11,20, 103--6,104,107, 108-9, Perosi, Lorenzo, 138 112, 113, 117, 194, 393-4 Peru, 332 Opera-Comique, 8, 20, 105-6, 109, Pest, see Budapest 110--12, III, 114,397 Peter I (the Great), Emperor of Russia, 170, Ste Clotilde, 119 171-2,173,174 Salle Erard, 329 Peterson-Berger, Wilhelm, 257 Salle Favart, see Opera-Comique Arnljot, 257 454 Index

Petrashevsky affair, 169 Hlahol,229 Petrovits, L.E., 92 National Theatre, 212, 214, 229 Pfitzner, Hans, 351, 359 Neues Deutsches Theater, 212 Palestrina, 359 New Theatre, 210 Rose vom Liehesgarten, Die, 376 New Town Theatre, 212 Philadelphia, 303 Provisional Theatre, 212, 213, 214, 229 Germania Orchestra, 314 Zoffn Academy, 215 Musical Fund Society, 303 Pratella, Francesco Balilla, 146 Symphony Orchestra, 314 Pratt, Silas, 315 philosophy, 12,22,23,25-8,44,76, 174-5, Prevost, L'Abbe, 109 197-8, 241-2 Primrose & West's Big Minstrel Festival, 297 music and, 21, 25-8, 60-2 Prix de Rome, 114, 394, 398, 399 musicology and, 367 programmatic music, 219-20 , 281-2 'progress', 377, 382, 390-5, 396, 397-8, Picasso, Pablo, 152 401-2,405-7,410,411-12 Pierne, Gabriel, 401 cyclical form and, 405 Pirogov, 192 Prokofiev, Sergey, 168, 170, 187, 198-9 Pisarev, Dmitry, 180, 198 and Mussorgsky, 187 Pittsburgh, 301 psychology, 367, 391-2, 395 Symphony Orchestra, 314 publishing, 179 plainchant, see chant music, see music publishing 'plantation songsl, see 'minstrelsy' Puccini, Giacomo, 34, 35, 134, 142-6, 148, Plato, 28 342 Pleyel, IgnaceJoseph, 302 and folk music, 147 Pleyel (piano company), 118 Ricordi and, 129 Pobedonostsev, Constantine, 191 Verdi and, 138 Pohl, C.F., 87, 88 Boheme, La, 138, 144, 145 Pohl, Richard, 50 Fanciutla del West, La, 142, 144 Poland, 170, 191,206,207-9,211,212,215, , 142n7, 145 222-5,233-4,234 Madama Butterfly, 138, 144, 145, 146 Pole, William, 286 , 144 Polignac, Princesse Edmond de, 408 Rondine, La, 142 politics Tabarro, It, 146 art and, 29, 180, 192 Tasca, 143,143, 144-5, 146, 147, 148 composers and, 10-14 Trittico, It, 146 music and, 19-20,31-2,50-2, 88n26, , 144, 145-6 113,184,186,197,200,300,329,364-5, Puerto Rico, 152, 331 389-90 Pujol, Emilio, 159 musical, 53, 62,351,354,365 Pulawy,208 Pollini, Bernhard Baruch, 346-7 Punch, 62n38 Ponce, Manuel M., 329 Purcell, Henry, 291 Canciones mexicanas, 329 Purcell Society (England), 285 Estrettita, 329 Pushkin,Aleksander, 175, 176, 177, 181, 185, Ponchielli, Amilcare, 133 197 Gioconda, La, 132, 133 Putnam, J.S. popular music, 300, 306-7, 308-10,311 New Coon in Town, 321 salon music, 327, 328 Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre Cecile, 405-6 population, 65,74, 170,244,285,312,369, 395 quartet societies, 5, 117, 131, 156, 195 populism, 184n25, 186, 192 Quattrini, Jan, 223 Porombescu, Ciprian, 231 Quilter, Roger, 351 positivism, 366, 367, 390 Potockis, 208 Racine, Jean Baptiste, 114,405 Powell,John, 312, 317 , 67, 68-9,108,191-2,195,310,312, Poznan, 214, 223 320, 369-71 Pozsony, 210, 214--15, 225 Radetzky, Field-Marshal Johann Joseph, 78 National Theatre, 213 Radziwitls, 208 Prague, 209-10, 212-13, 214, 215 Raff,Joachim, 190n32, 351 Conservatory, 210, 230 Raffelin, Antonio, 330 Estates Theatre, 210, 212 Chant du guagi1'O, 330

455 The Late Romantic Era ragtime, 312, 321, 322 Saccountala, 102n2 Rahbek, K.L., 246 Salammbo, 102n2 Raimund, Ferdinand, 75 Sigurd, 102n2 Rakhmaninov, Sergey, 167, 168, 170, 198, 199 , 317-18, 322, 328-9, 330, 337 Cui and, 184n24 Ribera, Antonio, 162 Symphony no. 1, 184n24 Ricci, Federico and Luigi R:ik6czi song and march, 220 Crispino e la comare, 128 Rameau, Jean-Philippe, 401,403 Riccius, F.A., 62n3B Saint-Saens and, 118, 122 Rice, Thomas Dartmouth, 296 Castor et Pollux, 405 'Jim Crow', 296 Randel, Andreas Richter, Hans, 59n24, 91-2, 283,333,377 People from Varmland, The, 248 Ricordi, Giulio, 129 Ranke, Leopold von, 60 Ricordi (publishers), 129,129 Rasputin, Grigori, 195 Riedel, C., 39 Rattig (publisher), 90 Riemann, Hugo, 341, 342, 391-2 Ravel, Maurice, 36,114,118,123,155,164, Riestra,Jose Maria Valle, 332 391, 394 Ollanta,332 Chabrier and, 121 Rieter-Biedermann (publishers), 89 Falla and, 165 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 384 Grieg and, 254 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay, 155, 168, 177, Ma mere {'aye, 406 182-3,183,184,190,193,195 Rapsodie espagnole, 116 completions and revisions of works by other Valse, La, 365 composers, 193, 195 Valses nobles et sentimentales, 391 influence, 198 Raynor, Henry, 10 politics, 196n37 realism, 22-3, 32, 34, 140, 181, 182, 190, 192, Stravinsky and, 411 197, 200, 331, 342 Principles of Orchestration, 193 socialist, 198 Golden Cockerel, The, 196n37 Rebagliati, Claudio, 332 Maid of Pskov, The, 179n18, 185 Album Sud Americana, 332 Mlada,193 Reber, H., 398-9 Paraphrases, 17B Rebikov, Vladimir, 198 Piano Concerto in C# minor, 401 recording, 41, 378 Russian Easter Festival Overture, 193 Regensburg, 'Walhalla', 61 Sheherazade, 182n23, 193, 194 Reger, Max, 199,341,349,354 Spanish Capriccio, 193 Reichmann, Theodore, 371 Symphony n6. 1, 188 Reichspost, 371 n23 Rio de Janiero Reinecke, Carl, 349, 351, 352 Imperial Academy of Music, 336 Reinhardt, Max, 350 National Opera, 336 religion, 24-5, 29,171, IB1, 266, 371, 400 Opera Llrica N aciona1, 336 musical expression and, 13 Ripo!les, Vicente, 153 religious music, 122-3, 138, 153-4, 175,281, , Frederic Louis, 318-19, 333 322 Rittersberk, Jan, 221 Renard, Marie, 371 Riviere, Jacques, 408, 409, 411 Repin, Ilya, 182, 183 Robitschek, Adolf, 379 Respighi, Ottorino, 354 Rockefeller, John D., 311 Reuter, Marie, 58 Rockel, August, 12 Revista sacra hispana, 153 Rodriguez, Santos Cifuentes, 332 revolutionary pubiic music, 13 Roerich, Nicolas, 409, 410 revolutions Rogel, Jose, 160 ofl848, 1-4,9-11,50-2,76-9,168, 175, J oven Telemaco, El, 160 205, 207, 266, 295 Rojas, Ricardo, 335 effect on ideas, 21-2, 24, 33-4, 54.-5 Rolland, Romain, 407 Belgian, of 1830, 109 Roller, Alfred, 350, 372, 373-6,375, 376, French, of 1830, 169 383 Russian, of1917, 168, 196-7, 198 Romania, 215, 231, 231-2, 232, 233, 234 Revue musicale S.I.M., 396 Romanticism, 1-3,44,64, 101-2, 151 Revue socialiste, 389 idealism and, 25 Revue Wagnerienne, 20, 103 philosophy and, 23, 241-2 Reyer, Ernest, 102 politics and, 9 456 Index

realism and, 22 Saint-Saens, Camille, 114, lIS, 118, 122, Rome, 127 157, 161-2,275, 390n5, 401 Teatro Costanzi, 143 Chabrier and, 121 Root, George F., 300, 301 on the Conservatoire, 113-14 Flower Queen, The, 30 I Franck and, 120 Haymakers, The, 301 Lamoureux and, 117 Root & Cady (publishers), 308 on Meyerbeer, 107 Ropartz, Guy, 37, 403 on Offenbach, 113 Rosas, J uventino, 328 works and performances, 115 Sabre las alas, 328 piano concertos, 118 Roslavets, Nikolay, 198 Samson et Dalila, 102, 118 Rossi, Lauro, 336 symphonic poems. 118 Rossini, Gioachino, 63, 101, 130-1, 142, 152, Salas, Claudio Brindis de, 329 154,185 Saldoni, Baltasar, 154 commemorative mass for, 139 salons, 5,17,18,21 influence, 106 Salterio sacra-hispano, 153 Barbiere di Siviglia, fl, 142, 158, 380 Samarin, 174n8 GeneTentola, La, 302 Sambucetti, Luis, 335 Gazza Ladra, La (The Thieving Magpie), 110 Sammartini, Giovanni Battista, 302 Guillaume Tell, 108 Sanchez de Fuentes, Eduardo, 331 , 138 Tu,331 Stabat mater, 138 Sand, George, 9, 101 Rott, Hans, 94 'Santa Lucia', 147 Rousseau,Jean-Jacques, 101, 174, 181,396 Santiago de Chile, Sociedad Orquestral, 332 Rozanov, Vasily, 197 Santley, Charles, 126nl, 159 Rubinstein family, 192 Sarasate, Pablo, 121, 157,333 Rubinstein, Anton, 30, 59n24, 88, 168, 176, Sargent, John Singer, 16 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 190 Satie, Erik, 43, 397 Cui and, 184n24 Chabrier and, 121 Tchaikovsky and, 190n32 Cocteau and, 408n57 Maccabees, The, 185n29 Wagner and, 123 Symphony no. 1, 168 Saumelli, Manuel, 328 Symphony no. 2 (Ocean Symphony), 184 Savin, Risto Tower of Babel, The, 185n29 Lepa Vida, 232 Rubinstein, Ida, 406 Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, , 91n30 Rubinstein, Nicholas, 176, 182 Scaria, Emil, 371 Runeberg, Johan Ludvig, 243 Scechenyis, 208 Ruskin, John, 29 Schallehn, 272 Russell, Henry, 300 Schams,227 Russell, John Scott, 272 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 23, Russia, 28-31, 32-3, 37, 40, 167-76, 174,241 178-81,190-3,195-7,228-9,230 Schenker, Heinrich, 367-8 Slavophile/Westernizer division, 28-30, Schiele, Egon, 383 173, 174-5, 180, 182, 184, 200 Schjelderup, G., 257 Russian Musical Society, 30, 182, 183 Schmidt, Franz, 378, 382 'Russian sixth', 177, 187 Schmitt, Florent, 401 Russian Symphony Concerts, 195 Schnitzler, Arthur, 44, 368, 378 Ruzitska, Joszef Schoeck, Othmar, 349 Belafutasa, 210, 213 Schoenberg, Arnold, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 95, 177,199,236,341,342,355-8,367-8, St Louis, 304 378, 379, 380-2, 384 Symphony Orchestra, 314 and expressionism, 341 St Petersburg, 43, 173, 196 Ives and, 318 Concert Society, 176 Mahler and, 380-2 Conservatory, 170, 182, 190, 198 politics, 363 Evenings of Contemporary Music, 199 Richard Strauss and, 355-7 Free Music School, 182 visual art work; 381, 381 Italian Opera Company, 175-6 works and performances, 349 , 176, 186 Erwartung, 185 Philharmonic Society, 176 First Chamber Symphony, 381

457 The Late Romantic Era

Five Orchestral Pieces, 341, 355-7 Selmer,johan, 257 Pelleas und Melisande, 355, 357, 381 Serafin, 155 Pierrot lunaire, 357 Serbia, 231-2, 233 String Quartet no. I, 380, 381 Serov, Aleksandr, 184, 185, 190 Verkliirte Nacht, 380 Judith, 185 VorgeJiihl (Four Orchestral Songs), 384 Power of the Fiend, The, 185 Scholz, Bernhard, 351 , 182n23, 185 Schonaich, Gustav, 375 Serrano, Emilio, 158, 163 Schonerer, Georg von, 93, 369-70 Gonzalo de Cordoba, 163 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 12, 25-7, 367 Primera salida de Don Quijote, La, 158 Schorske, Carl, 45 Symphony in E fiat, 158 Schreker, Franz, 380, 382, 383 Serrano, jose, 163 Geburtstag der Infantin, Der, 383 Sert, Misia, 408 Schroder, Hermann, 341 Severac, Deodat de, 37, 403 Schubert, Franz Seville, 153, 160 collected edition, 60 Shakespeare, William, 101, 102, 137 Dvorak and, 230 Shaw, George Bernard, 12,64,68, 273-4, England and, 268 352,395 works and performances, 303 Shield, William, 302 Alfonso und Estrella, 54n 15 Shostakovich, Dmitry, 167, 173, 200 Symphony no. 9 ('Great' ), 54,273 Tchaikovsky and, 189 Wanderer Fantasy, 344 Gamblers, The, 185 Schuch, Ernst von, 348,350 Sibelius, jean, 35,167,243,251,258,259-61, Schumann, Clara, 351 259, 262, 263 Schumann, Elisabeth, 359 , 260 Schumann, Robert, 3, 64 , 260 collected edition, 60 suite, 260 Elgar and, 291 Symphony, 259-60 Faure and, 121 Lemminkiiinen suite/Four Legends, 260 Gade and, 252 's Daughter, 260 JP.E. Hartmann and, 246 Scenes historiques, 260 ideas, 62n38, 64 Swan of , The, 260 Lindblad and, 247, 248 symphonies, 258, 260 Mahler and, 348 Symphony no. 1,260 politics, 10, 51 Symphony no. 2, 260 Saint-Saens and, 118 Symphony no. 3, 260 works and performances, 54n15, 271, 303, Symphony no. 4, 260, 262-3 349 Symphony no. 5, 260 Four Marches, 51 Symphony no. 6, 261 Genoveva, 54n 15 Symphony no. 7, 261 symphonles, 348 , 261 Symphony no. 4, 64, 273 Tempest, The, music for, 261 Szenen aus Goethes Faust, 25 Violin Concerto, 260 Schiitz, Heinrich, 60 Silva, Francisco Manuel da, 335 Schwarz,johann Georg, 174n7 Silvestre, Armand, 120 Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix, 78 Simon, josef, 379 science, 22, 23, 24, 64-5, 76, 192-3 Simrock (publishers), 89 and the arts, 395 Sinding, Christian, 257 musicology and, 366, 367 Piano Quintet, Op. 5, 257 Scott, Cyril, 351 singing associations, see choirs and choral Scott, james, 321 societies and musical associations Scott, Walter, 101, 102, 108, 112 Sinkiewicz, 217 Scribe, Eugene, 7, 106, 109, 160 Sjogren, Emil, 257 Secession, the Munich, 372 Skroup, Frantisek, 210 Secession, the Vienna, 341, 372-3,374,376, Dratenik, 210, 213 383 Skryabin, Alexander, 43, 46, 168, 170, 177, Sechter, Simon, 90 190,195,197-8,199 Seebach, Count Nikolaus, 350 Prokofiev and, 199 Segalen, Victor, 409-10 Mys lerium, 197 Segovia, Andres, 159 Piano Sonata no. 4, 197

458 Index slavery/slaves, 295, 298, 299, 305, 307, 310, Conservatory, 256 319-20, 327 Royal Theatre, 244, 248, 251 Slavonic Congress, 207 Stoecklin, P. de, 407n51 Slovenia, 232-3 Stol1pin, Pyotr, 196 Smart, George, 277 Strakosch, Maurice, 304 Smetana, Bedfich, 212,214,215,217,219, , 359 229 Straus, Oscar, 365 works and performances, 346 Strauss family, 15, 19, n Barlered Bride, The (Prodami nevesla) , 219, Strauss, Franz Joseph, 344, 355 223, 229, 371 Strauss, Johann (the elder), 75, 77, 79 Brandenburgers in Bohemia, The (Branibofi v Marsch der Siudenten-Legion, n Cechdch), 219, 229 Marsche des Einigen Deutschlands, 77 Libuse, 229 Gslerreichische Nalional-Garde-Marsche, n Md vlasl, 219-20, 218, 229 Radelzky-Marsch, 78 Two Widows, The (Due udovy), 229 Strauss, Johann (the younger), 19, n, 79-81, Smithson, Harriet, 102 79,365,379 Smyth, Ethel, 342 Fledermaus, Die, 81-2 Wreckers, The, 349 Freiheils- und Barrikadenlieder, n Sobolewski, Fryderyk, 54n 15 Revolutionsmarsch, 77 social class, see class Spottpolka gegen die Ligourianer, n socialism, 370 Zigeunerbaron, Der, 80 Society for Private Musical Performances, 42 Strauss, Joseph, 55 Siiderman, August, 251, 257 Strauss, Richard, 35, 43, 140, 341, 342, Peasant Wedding, A (Etl bondbrollop), 251 343-6,348,350,352,355-7,380,381, Solesmes, 122-3 391 Sologub, Fyodor, 197 Bruch and, 354 Solovyov, Vladimir, 197 Elgar and, 358 Sonzogno (publishers), 129 supports other musicians, 342, 355-7, 358 Sorel, Georges, 406-7, 411 and, 68-9 Sorolla, 152 works and performances, 349 Spain, 36-7, 151-2 , 345, 349 spirituals, 305 Don juan, 344 Spitta, Philip, 366 Don Quixote, 345 Spohr, Louis, 55 Elektra, 341, 346, 348, 350 England and, 30 Feuersnol, 348, 376 influence, 304 Frau ohne Schallen, Die, 341 politics, 10-11,50 , 344, 345 works and performances, 303, 349 Heldenleben, Ein, 345, 349 in C, 50 Rosenkavalier, Der, 346, 348 Spontini, Gaspare Salome, 346, 348, 376 Vestale, La, 302 Till Eulenspiegel, 345 Stadion, Count Johann Philipp Karl Josef, 78 Tod und Verkliirung, 344 Stainer, John, 281, 285 Stravinsky, Igor, 40, 43, 45, 167, 168, 170, Stalin, Joseph, 179, 190 In, 187, 198, 199,236,411 Stanford, Charles ViJliers, 289, 358 Chabrier and, 121 Much Ado About Nolhing, 358 Ives and, 318 Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 199 Prokofiev and, 199 Stankovic, Bora, 232 Puccini and, 142 Stasov, Vladimir, 32,182, 183, 184, 188, 190, Rimsky-Korsakov and, 193 192, 193n35, 199 Firebird, The, 198,408-9,410 Stefani, Jan , 187, 198 Cud Mniemany, 213 Oedipus rex, 187 Stefan, P., 376n34 Pelrushka, 121, 198, 410 Stegmayer, F., 88 Rile of Spring, The, 198,408,409-10,410, Steiner, George, 45 411 , 10 I, 102 Wedding, The, 198 Stenhammar, Wilhelm, 258 Stremayer, Karl Edler von, 89 in F, 258 Strindberg, August, 241 string quartets, 258 Stritar, Josip, 232 Stockholm, 244-5, 247 Sucher, Rosa, 353

459 The Late Romantic Era suffrage, 148, 298, 363, 382 , 187,188, 189 Suk, Josef, 230 Mozartiana, 189 Sullivan, Arthur, 31, 32,127,283-4,286, Oprichnik, The, 185 287,289,291 Queen of Spades, The, 187 Golden Legend, 280 Variations, 190 Gondoliers, The, 283, 284 , 189 HMS Pinafore, 283 Symphony no. 1, 188 , 283 Symphony no. 2, 188 Lost Chord, The, 31, 282 Symphony no. 3, 188 Mikado, The, 271 Symphony no. 4, 189 Savoy , 31 Symphony no. 5, 189 Supervia, , 159 Symphony no. 6, 189 Suppe, Franz von Tempest, The, 182n23, 189 Pensionat, Das, 81 Vakula the Smith, 191 Tannenhaiiser, Der, 81 Violin Concerto, 190n32 Sveinbjiirnsson, Sveinbjiirn, 258 Tegner, Esaias, 242-3, 247 Icelandic Rhapsodies, 258 Teleskov, 169 Svendsen, Johan, 251, 255, 259, 262 Tellefsen, Thomas Dyke Acland, 249 influence, 257 Piano Concerto no. I, 249 in Paris, 255 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 101,266,272 Cello Concerto, 255 Terrasse, Claude, 114n13 Norwegian Artists' Carnival, 255 Thadewalt, Heinrich, 53 Norwegian Rhapsodies, 255 Thalberg, Sigismond, 333 Romance for violin and orchestra, 255 theatre, 282, 283-4 Romeo and Juliet, 255 Thierry, 107 String Octet, 255 Thomas, Ambroise, 36, 113,398,401 String Quartet, 255 pupils, 399, 401 , 255 , 108 Symphony no. 1 in D, 255 Mignon, 20, 110 Symphony no. 2 in B flat, 255 Thomas, Brandon, 161n2 Violin Concerto, 255 Thomas, Theodore, 314-16 Zora hayda, 255 Thorodsso, J 6n, 244 Sweden, 241, 256, 257 Thorsteinsson, Bjarni, 259 Swedish Musical Academy, 251 Thrane, Waldemar, 249 Sweeney,J.W.,296 Fjeldeventyret, 249 Szell, George, 349 , 279, 280, 291 Szymanowski, Karol, 37-8, 236, 380 Tidemand, A., 250 King Roger, 236 Tiersot, Julien, 392 String Quartet no. 2, 236 Tin Pan Alley, 311, 312-3, 321, 323 Symphony no. 2, 236 Tkachov, Peter, 180 Toller, Georg, 350 Taaffe, Eduard Franz Josef, Count von, 363 Tolstoy, Leo, 167, 174, 181,183, 192 Tanayev, Sergey, 168, 195 Tomas, Guillermo, 331 Tarrega, Francisco, 159 Tomasek, Vac1av, 222 Taunay, of, 336 , 177,235,262,368,391,392,394 Tawastsljerna, Erik, 260 tonic sol-fa, 280, 281 taxation, 172 Topelius, Zacharias, 243 Taylor, A].P., 21, 52 Torrefranca, Fausto, 146 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Il'yich, 14, 167, 170, 173, Toscanini, Arturo, 131 182, 184, 187, 189-90, 199,275 Tosti, Paolo, 147 death, 198n40 transcriptions, 14, 15, 21, 215 Delibes and, 113 see also arrangements Glinka and, 168, 178 Trdina, Janez, 232 influence, 198 Trocadero, 391 Prokofiev and, 199 Trollope, Frances, 76 pupils, 193-5 Trouhanova, Natalia, 406 Sinding and, 257 Trutovsky, Vasiliy, 175 Skryabin and, 199 Tucker, Henry, 308 Wagner and, 193 Turgenev, Ivan, 170, 181, 190 Boris Godunov, music for, 187 Turin, 127 460 Index

Turina,Joaquin, 155, 165 String Quartet, 131, 135 Procesion del Rocio, 165 Traviata, La, 127-3, 134 Turnbull, Peter, 76 Trovatore, II, 54n15, 127-8, 140 Turpin, Thomas, 321 Vepres siciliennes, Les, 134 , see realism Uriblshev, Alexander, 176, 183 Verlaine, Paul, 44, 114 Universal Edition (publishers), 379-80,378 Veron, Louis, 7, 106 Uppsala University, 247, 248-9 Verstovsky, Alexey, 176 Uribe-Holguin, Guillermo, 332 Viardot-Garcia, Pauline, 106, 108, 159 USA, 38-9, 295, 296-8, 301-2, 305-8, Victoria, Queen of Britain, 272, 276, 279 319-20 Victoria, Tomas Luis da, 153 European musicians touring, 304 Vienna, 18-19,43-5, 74-88,95, 142,209, immigration into, 301, 303, 310, 311-12, 212,365,366,368-71,377-8,382-4 315 Akademie der bildenden Kunste, 365 U sandizaga, Jose, 163 Burgtheater, 365 Golondrinas, Las, 163 Conservatory, 210 utilitarianism, 22 Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, 84, 86-8, 365,377,379 Valencia, 160 conservatory, 89, 92 Conservatory, 153, 154 library, 87 Valera, Juan, 155 Grosser Musikvereinsaal, 87-8, 87 Valery, Paul, 114,391 Hofburgtheater, 76, 82, 83 Vallas, L., 411n64 Hofkapelle, 90 Valverde, Joaquin, 162 Hofoper, 75,82,84,91-2,92,94,347,355, Agua, azucarillos y aguardiente, 162 370-2, 373-7,375 Gran via, La, 162 orchestra, 377 Varese, Edgard, 358 International Exhibition, 362, 365-6 Bourgogne, 358 Kaiser-Jubilahms-Stadtheater, 382 Vasseur, Leon, 114nl3 Kirche am Steinhof, 373 Vatican, the, 138, 153-4 Konzertvereinorchester, 377 Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 36, 37, 354 Kunstgewerbeschule, 89 Vavrinecz, Mor, 228 Kiinstlerhaus, 365, 372 vegh,Janos,228 Kunstschau, 383 Venezuela, 331 Musikwissenschaftliches Institut, 357 Verdaguer, MosenJacinto, 155 Philharmonic Orchestra, 5, 377 Verdi, Giuseppe, 106, 130, 133, 134-40,136, Post Office Savings Bank, 373, 383,383 142,143,146,154,185 Ringstrasse, 44, 82-3, 83, 84, 85, 86, 369, brass band arrangements of, 281 371 dramatic ideals, 7 Secession Building, 374 and folk music, 147 Singakadcmie, 88 influence, 261 Singverein, 87, 88 Meyerbeer and, 107 , 81, 80 Puccini and, 138 University, 82, 83, 86, 89, 94 vocal writing, 142 Verein Wiener Tonkunstler, 377 Wagner and, 134 Volksgarten, 79, 79, 83 works and performances, 20, 346 Workers' Symphony Concerts, 363n4 Aida, 134, 135, 136-7 Vierteljahrsschrift for Musikwissenschaft, 366 Ballo in maschera, Un, 135 Vieuxtemps, Henri, 159,304 Don Carlos, 135, 136-7,136,139 Vigny, Alfred de, 10l Due Foscari, 1, 54n 15 Vilar, J osep , 54n15, 142 Ultima rei de Magnolia, L' 160 , 134, 137-8, 140 Villanueva, Felipe, 328-9 Forza del destino, La, 135, 136, 139 Danzas humoristicas, 328-9 Lombardi, I, 34 Villate, Gaspar, 330 , 34, 142 Baltazar, 330 Otello, 134, 137,371 Czarine, La, 330 Qualtro pezzi sacri, 135 Zilia,330 Requiem, 135,138-40,139 Villiers de !'Isle Adam, Auguste, 103 Rigolelto, 7, 127-8, 130, 136, 142, 148 Villoing,176 Simon Boccanegra, 134, 135 Viiies, Ricardo, 159, 164, 165

461 The Late Romantic Era

Vinje, A.O., 254 Schopenhauerand,26 Virginia Minstrels, 295-6 Skryabin and, 197 visual arts, 82-3, 102, 182, 197, 341, 372-3, Spanish composers and, 158, 162 376,382 Johann Strauss (the younger) and, 81 Vives, Amadeo, 156, 163 Richard Strauss and, 344 Bohemios, 163 Tchaikovsky and, 190 Maruxa, 163 Verdi and, 134, 146 Voce, La, 146 Vienna and, 75, 91-2 V iilckers, Betty, 58 views on performing opera, 92, 352-3 Viilckers, Marie, 58 Beethoven, 26, 27 Voltaire, 114 Gruss aus Sachsen an die Wiener, 76-7 VofiSek,Jan Hugo, 215, 222 Kunst und die Revolution, Die, I I Viiriismarty, Mikaly, 217 Oper und Drama, 27 Vrubel, 197 Plan for the Organi;;;ation of a German National Theatrefor the Kingdom of , 52, 53 Waagepetersen, Christian, 245 Zukunjlsmusik, 26, 27 Wachmann, Ion Andrei works and performances, 5, 20, 54n15, 75, Michael the Bold on the Eve of the Calugareni 91-2, 115,116, 131-3, 193, 214, 215, Battle, 231 314,315,346,347,371,372,376 Wagner, Cosima, 67, 68-9, 352-3 works, problems of singing, 353 Wagner, Otto, 83, 372, 373, 383, 383 works, viewed as 'unhealthy', 396 Wagner, Richard, 8, 20, 23-4, 41, 51,54,64, Gotterdiimmerung, 11, 395 65-9,76-7,82,91-2, 177,271,342, Lohengrin, 54, 64, 91,102, 117,131,142,344, 366, 391 353,359 D'Annunzio and, 146-7 Meistersinger, Die, 34, 59, 61, 91,146,193, 'antidote to', 167 359 antisemitism, 67, 108 Parsifal, 26, 352, 353, 359 and associations, 59 Rheingold, 12 Bartok and, 235 Rien;;;i, 20, 77 on Beethoven, 23 Ring des Nibelungen, Der, I I, 12, 23-4, 25, Brahms and, 35 I 26, 34,50,64,6~ 193, 283,352,359 Bruckner and, 90 Tannhiiuser, 20-1, 54n15, 54, 64,75,91, 102, Debussy and, 393 344, 352 Dubois and, 401 parody of, 81 Dvorak and, 230 Tristan und Isolde, 26, 63, 91, 131-3, 145, England and, 268 146, 193,344,371,375,376,393,395 as example in teaching, 403 Walkiire, Die, 9 I French composers and, 20-1, 36, 94, 102, Wagner societies, 59, 92, 162 103, 121, 123, 147,393,400,405 Wagnerverein, Mannheim, 68 French and, 102-3 Wagner, Siegfried, 352, 353 Germany and, 62, 63, 65-9 Biirenhiiuter, Der, 353 Hungarian composers and, 226 Wales, Edward, Prince of (later Edward VII), ideas and philosophy, 3,8, 11,20,22,26, 267, 287, 288 27,52,61,62n38,64,366,373 Walker, Edith, 371 ideas for theatres, 65, 77 Wallace, Vincent, 31 infiuence, 21,93-5,232, 261, 341 Walter, Bruno, 381 Italian composers and, 134 Ware, Charles Pickard, 320 Joachim and, 351 Warren, George William Meyerbeer and, 107-8 Requiem in Memory of Ellsworth, A, 309 on his own work, 23-4 Warsaw, 170,208-9,214--15,223-4 Parry and, 289 Conservatory, 209, 223 partisans and admirers, 20-1, 53, 93, 253, Grand Theatre, 214, 224 257,373,400,409 Musical Society, 224, 224 Polish composers and, 225 National Theatre, 208, 213-14 politics, 10-12,50,51-2,76-7,364 School of Singing and Declamation, 209 Puccini and, 142, 144 Society for Amateur Music, 209 and realism, 22 Society for National and Religious Music, riots over, I 17 208-9 Russian composers and, 184, 193, 200 U niversi ty, 209 Saint-Saens and, 118 Washington, Booker T., 320 462 Index

Waterson, Berlin & Snyder (publishers), 313 Aires de la pampa, 334-5 Watford School of Music, 288 Primera sonata argentina, 335 Wa-Wan Press, 317 Rancho abandonado, EI, 334 Weber, Carl Maria von, 8, 304 Willig (publishers), 308 and England, 267 Willis, Henry, 275 Polish elements in music, 222 Willis Woodward (publishers), 311 Rossini and, 131 wind bands, see bands works and performances, 115, 346 Winding, August, 244, 255 Euryanthe, 75 Winner, Septimius, 308 Freischiitz, Der, 64, 220 Winther-Hjelm, 0., 251, 255 Weber, Max, 46n40 Witmark, M., & Sons (publish "0,), 311 Weber, Max Maria von, 64-5 Witte, Count Sergei, 190, 195 Webern, Anton, 363n4, 378, 379, 380, 382, Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 44, 368-9 384 Wolf, Hugo, 82, 92, 93, 94, 0 1 Wegelius, Martin, 257, 259 Eichendorff lieder, 23 Weill, Kurt, 200 Wolff, Karl, 92 Weimar, 5, 54, 55, 62, 343, 344 Wolzogen, Hans von, 68 Weinberger, Josef, 379 Wood, Henry, 275, 276 Weiner,]., 80 Worcester, 291 Weingartner, Felix, 69, 355 working-class culture, 14, 15,32, 155 Weinheim,56 Weininger, Otto, 384 Yugoslavia, 233 Welhaven, ]ohan Sebastian, 250 Wellesz, Egon, 378 Zagreb, 210, 212, 214-15, 232 Wesley, S.S., 281 Croatian National Theatre, 213, 232 Weyse, Christoph Ernst Friedrich, 245-6, National Illyrian Music Society, 232 245,252 Zajc, Ivan, 232 Adventure in Rosenborg Gardens, An, 246 Zandonai, Riccardo, 140-2 Feast at Kenilworth, The, 246 , 142 Fifty Old Heroic Ballads, 246 Zapata y Amat, D. Jose, 336 Ludlam's Cave, 245-6 Zar~bski, ]uliusz, 225 Riformation , 246 Piano Quintet, 225 Sleeping Draught, The, 245-6 Roses et les ipines, Les, 225 White, Charles A., 308 , 159, 160 White, George L., 320 Zelenski, Wladyslaw, 224-5 White, Jose, 329 Zeiter, Carl Friedrich, 247 White's Minstrels, 296 Zemlinsky, Alexander von, 94, 378, 381, 382 Whitlock, William M., 295-6 Es war einmal, 256n 7, 376 Whitman, Walt, 302 Traumgiirge, Der, 376 Wickhoff, Franz, 382n47 Zola, Emile, 140 Widor, Charles-Marie, 401 Zorn, Anders, 248 Technique de l'orchestre modeme, 390, 399-400 Zubiaurre, Valente, 162 Jeanne d'Arc, 395-6 Fernando el emplezado, 162 Wieniawski, Henryk, 225 Ledia, 162 Williams, Alberto, 334-5 Zuluoga, Ignacio, 152

463

Top View