Chronology The Late Romantic Era MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS 1848 Ferenc Liszt (1811-86) appointed 1848 Year of revolutions: uprisings in Sicily, Hofkapellmeister at Weimar, instigating a Paris, Vienna (3), Venice, Berlin, Milan, modern movement in German music and Parma, Papal States, Warsaw, Prague; all completing his first symphonic poem Les suppressed except Paris, constitution priludes. Mikhail Glinka (1804-57) granted in Prussia. Abdication of composes his orchestral piece Ferdinand I of Austria: succeeded by his Kamarinskaya. Donizetti (50) dies, nephew Franz Joseph (until 1916). Bergamo. Abdication of Louis Philippe and French Republic proclaimed (February); Louis 1849 Hector Berlioz (1803-69) composes Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon I, becomes his Te Deum. Louisa Miller by Giuseppe President (December). Verdi (1813-1901) given, Naples; Le prophete by Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791- 1849 Giuseppe Mazzini proclaims a 1864) given, Paris. Richard Wagner republic in Rome, but Pius IX restored in (1813-83) exiled to Switzerland, where he July. Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates writes Kunst und die Revolution and Das in favour of Victor Emmanuel II. Kunstwerk der ZukunJt. Fryderyc Chopin Frederick William IV declines title of (39) dies, Paris. Frederic Kalkbrenner German Emperor offered by National (63) dies, Karlsruhe. Johann Strauss the Assembly. Attempted German unity fails elder (45) dies, Vienna. with the dissolution of German Assembly. Hungary and Venice submit to Austria. 1850 Wagner's Lohengrin given, Weimar. Berlin Conservatory founded. Vaclav 1850 The US Senate enacts 'The Tomasek (75) dies, Prague. Compromise of 1850'. The Conte di Cavour appointed minister in Piedmont, 1851 Verdi's Rigoletto given, Venice. where he inaugurates economic reforms. Wagner completes Oper und Drama. Taiping rebellion in China under Hung Theatre-Lyrique, Paris, founded. Siu-tsuen. Prussia agrees to Austrian Breitkopf & Hartel begin the first supremacy in the revived Frankfurt Diet. complete Bach edition (completed 1899). Gaspare Spontini (76) dies, Maiolati. Albert Lortzing (49) dies, Berlin. 1852 Second Burmese War; British forces 1852 Societe des Jeunes Artistes du annexe Pegu. New constitution for New Conservatoire founded by Pasdeloup, Zealand. Louis-Napoleon proclaimed Paris. New Philharmonic Society founded, Emperor Napoleon III after a successful London. plebiscite. 1853 Verdi's La traviata given, Venice. Liszt 1853 In the role of protector of Christians of completes his Piano Sonata in B minor. the Ottoman Empire, Russia invades the Danube provinces and defeats the Turkish fleet. Death of Maria II of Portugal; succeeded by Pedro V. 1854 Berlioz's L'enJance du Christ given. 1854 Crimean War (until 1856): Russia Eduard Hanslick (1825-1904) writes his against Turkey, Austria, Britain and influential book Vom Musikalisch-SchOnen. France. Allies gain victories at Balaclava and Inkerman. Commodore Perry negotiates the first US treaty with Japan. Murder of Abbas I, viceroy of Egypt; 1855 Anton Bruckner (1824-96) appointed succeeded by Mohammed Said. organist at Linz Cathedral. Crystal Palace concerts begin. Theatre des Bouffes- 1855 Death of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia; Parisi ens, owned by Jacques Offenbach succeeded by Alexander II. Taiping (1819-80), opens. rebellion ends in China. 418 Chronology, 1848--55 LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1849 Matthew Arnold 1849 Armand Fizeau 1850 Gustav Courbet (IB22-BB) publishes his (IBI9-96) is tbe first to (1819-77) exhibits The first volume of poetry, The obtain an accurate Stone Breakers and two Strayed Reveller. Charles determination of the other pictures in the salon, Dickens (1812-70) writes velocity of light. Sir establishing himself as the the partly autobiographical Edward Frankland leader of the realist school David Copperfold. (1825-99) isolates amyl of painting. Sir Joseph 1850 Pope Pius IX makes in his pioneer work in Paxton (1801-65) designs England and Wales into organometallic chemistry. the Crystal Palace of glass an ecclesiastical province and iron, the first example of the Roman Catholic 1850 Rudolf Clausius of prefabrication. Church with its own (1822-B8) formulates the hierarchy. Nathanial second law of thermo- 1851 John Ruskin Hawthorne (1804-64) dynamics. (1819-1900) writes The publishes The Scarlet Letter, Stones of Venice, an a classic inquiry into the 1851. Isaac Singer architectural study of nature of American (1811-75) patents his immense original Puritanism. Alfred sewing machine. William scholarship with Tennyson (1809-92) Thomson (1824-1907) moralistic overtones. publishes In memoriam. publishes a fundamental 1851 Herman Melville paper on the laws of 1852 Luigi Visconti (1819-91) writes Moby conservation and (1791-1853) begins the Dick. Heinrich Heine dissipation of energy, On New Louvre, the foremost (1797-1856) publishes the ifynamical theory of heat. monument of the Second Roman;;,ero, written when Empire, completed by facing death. 1853 Matthew Mavry Hector Lefuel (1810-80). 1852 First meeting of the (1806-73) publishes his L. Vaudoyer (1803-72) Convocation of the Physical Geography of the begins Marseilles Church of England since Sea, the first textbook of Cathedral, combining 171 7. Harriet Beecher modern oceanography. a Romanesque plan with Stowe (1811-96) David Livingstone a Byzantine elevation. publishes Uncle Tom's (1813-73) explores the John Millais (1829-96) Cabin, which stirs up great Zambesi river. paints Ophelia, a minutely anti-slavery feeling. detailed example of his Charles Marie R. Leconte 1854 Georg Friedrich early style. de Lisle (1818-94) Bernhard Riemann publishes Poemes antiques. (1826-66) writes On the 1853 C. Mills (1810-83) William Thackeray Hypotheses forming the completes the first (1811-63) publishes The Foundation of Geometry, equestrian statue to be History of Henry Esmond. laying the analytical cast in the USA, of 1855 Henry Wadsworth foundations for non- President Jackson. James Longfellow (1807-82) Euclidean geometry. Renwick (1818-95), the writes The Song of Publication of leading American Hiawatha. Anthony Mikrogeologie by Christian architect of the Gothic Trollope (1815-82) Gottfried Ehrenberg Revival, designs St publishes The Warden, (1795-1876), dealing Patrick's Cathedral, New establishing the novel- with fossil micro- York. sequence in English organisms. fiction. Elizabeth Gaskell 1854 Holman Hunt (1BI 0-65) publishes North 1855 Completion of the (1827-1910) paints The and South, contrasting electric telegraph between Light of the World. urban and rural England London and Balaclava on in the Industrial the Black Sea. Revolution. 419 The Late Romantic Era MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS 1856 Dresden Conservatory founded. 1856 Treaty of Paris ends Crimean War. Johannes Brahms (1833-97) accepts post Russians cede Bessarabia, Black Sea to be as musical director at Detmold. Otto Jahn neutral, River Danube to be free to (1813-69) publishes study of Mozart. shipping and Danubian principalities Robert Schumann (46) dies, Endenich. guaranteed by the Powers. Massacre of Pottawatomie Creek; Kansas slavers murdered by free-staters. Second Anglo- 1857 Verdi's Simon Boccanegra given, Venice. Chinese War (until 1858). Budapest Academy of Music founded. Charles Halle (1819-95) begins his Manchester orchestral series. Camille Saint-Saens (1835-1921) appointed 1857 Indian Mutiny against British rule organist at the Madeleine, Paris. Liszt (until 1858). Giuseppe Garibaldi forms completes his Faust Symphony. Carl Czerny Italian National Association for (66) dies, Vienna. Glinka (52) dies, Berlin. unification under Piedmont. Irish Republican Brotherhood founded in New York. 1858 ner Barbier von Bagdad by Peter Cornelius (1824-74) given, Weimar (under Liszt). Halka (four-act version) by Stanislaw Moniuszko (1819-72) 1858 More ports opened to British given, Warsaw. Hiindel-Gesellschaft commerce and opium trade legalised in edition begun. Chappell's Popular China. Transference of power from the Concerts begin, London. Cesar Franck East India Company to the British Crown. (1822-90) appointed organist at Ste Commercial treaty between Britain and Clotilde. Brahms completes his First Piano Japan. Concerto. 1859 Verdi's Un ballo in maschera given, Rome. Faust by Charles Gounod (1818- 1859 War between France and Austria in 93) given, Theatre-Lyrique, Paris. Italy. By the peace of Villafranca, Austria Russian Musical Society founded. cedes Parma and Lombardy, but Tuscany Birmingham School of Music founded. and Modena are restored and Venice Louis Spohr (75) dies, Kassel. remains Austrian. Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies dies; succeeded by Francis II. 1860 Alexander Dargomlzhsky (1813-69) begins The Stone Guest, later completed by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908). 1860 Garibaldi and Red Shirts capture Palermo and Naples; Victor Emmanuel invades the Papal States and is proclaimed 1861 Bedrich Smetana (1824-84) settles in King of! taly by Garibaldi. Election of Prague after a period abroad. Liszt founds President Lincoln. the Allgemeiner Deutsches Musikverein for the promotion of modern German music; he moves to Rome. Wagner returns to Germany by way of Paris, where a 1861 Death of Frederick William IV of production of Tannhiiuser is disrupted by Prussia; succeeded by Wilhelm I. the Jockey Club. Pasdeloup's Concerts Outbreak of American Civil War. Death of Populaires de Musique Classique begin, Sultan Abdul Mejid of Turkey; succeeded Paris. Frankfurt Conservatory