DOCSLIB.ORG

Harvard University Stadium by Wayne Lawson.Indd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Harvard University Stadium by Wayne Lawson.Indd lessons learned Restoration of Harvard University Stadium By Wayne R. Lawson, P.E. Harvard Stadium was originally construct- This investigation had several purposes: ed over a fi ve (5) month period in 1903 at a. Correct some of the more serious areas a cost of $310,000. In 1910 the colonnade of concrete spalling and deterioration level columns, wall, and roof were added. while replicating the natural color tone During the renovation in 1929, steel bleach- of the adjacent concrete surfaces. ers were installed at the northeast end mak- b. Investigate concrete cracking and ing the stadium into an oval confi guration methods of repair. and thereby increasing the seating capacity to c. Evaluate through load testing the 57,000. However, in 1952, the bleachers were capacity of a typical in-situ concrete removed, reverting the stadium back to its transfer beam. © original horseshoe shape with a total seatingCopyright Despite signs of deterioration and evidence mation of ASR and unknown variables, which capacity of 37,000. Finally in 1982, at a cost of supplemental framing, CBI recognized resulted in installation of two structural sup- of $8 million, the last renovation was made that the stadium had been successfully utilized port members during the 1982 repairs. including precast concrete seating, making the for over 100 years without signs of overstress A number of top surface loading methods stadium into what we see today. or failure. It was this historical performance were reviewed including mass concrete The physical condition of the stadium in that lead CBI to advise the owner that blocks and water, however these required dis- 2004 varies widely, since elements of the 1903 undertaking a fi eld load test was an expendi- ruption of the stadium activities. By working construction are essentially in the same con- ture that, if successful, would derive signifi cant with a rigging contractor, an underside load- dition as when the stadium was complet- cost saving to the overall stadium restoration ing method was devised, utilizing a crane ed. Elements in this condition are concrete project. Further, section 1709.1 of the sixth counterweight load frame that was supported walls, columns and slabs which have been edition of the Massachusetts State Building by six (6) 25-ton hydraulic jacks and suspend- largely protected from the elements for over Code permits in-site load tests “whenever ed from the subject beam through a steel 100 years. At the other end of the spectrum there is a reasonable doubt as to the stability cable and harness. are structural and some largely architectural or load bearing capability of a completed The existing precast seating was dis- elements which have been severely eroded and building, structure or portion thereof for the connected from the beam and temporarily compromised by the environment through expected loads, an engineering assessment shall supported with additional shoring, provided the years. Some of the problems were caused be required. The engineering assessment shall to allow four inch settlement of the beam in by a lack of understanding of structural involve either a structural analysis or an in-situ the event that a catastrophic failure occurred function and the use of materials of construc- load test, or both.” during the load test. tion, materialsSTRUCTURE which were available in 1903 The Massachusetts State Building Code The loading for the test was calculated in but were unlike their better counterparts requires that the load test be conducted in accordance with ACI Chapter 20. In order available today. accordance with the applicable reference to develop the appropriate test load for the A structure of this sortmagazine with a large expanse standard, which in this case is the American subject beam, CBI fi rst investigated the of concrete has the potential to undergo Concrete Institute (ACI). original 1903 framing conditions. The 1903 thermal expansion and contraction of up to Prior to initiation of the load tests, CBI framing confi guration required that the beam fi ve (5) inches each side of the mass center. completed a preload test investigation to de- support a total test load of 190 kips, to satisfy It appears as though the builders, constrained termine the existing site con- by limited concrete transport ability and few ditions. This investigation construction joint isolation materials, devised included removal of in-situ an approach which was perhaps the fi rst use concrete cores for compres- of segmental construction in the area. This sion testing and petrographic resulted in a great number of slip joints not analysis. Additionally, a pro- always aligned through the structure. With- gram of concrete excavation out the corrosion resistant and deformable and pachometer survey was and low friction materials available today, completed to identify rein- these joints lost much of their usefulness forcing steel locations and early in the life of the stadium. conditions. The interior con- Expansion joints which have “welded” due crete transfer beam at Seating to corrosion and those which have resisted Section 26 was selected for anticipated movement are examples. load testing based on the vi- In 2003, CBI Consulting, Inc. was en- sual appearance of the beam gaged by Harvard University to investigate (extensive cracks, and extreme methods and procedures to be used for effl orescence on the concrete maintenance repair of Harvard Stadium. surface), petrographic confi r- 36 STRUCTURE magazine • September 2005 However, in order to maintain the ASR dete- The restoration of Harvard Stadium illus- riorated beams it is essential that future mois- trates the challenges that face the engineer. ture ingress be prevented while permitting the The completion of a successful project re- moisture within to move outward. quires an ability to evaluate and solve specifi c During the investigation, CBI coordinated and often unique conditions throughout the the installation of sample topical applications design and the construction process. These is- of lithium to existing concrete elements sues require engineering/technical knowledge in attempts to arrest the deterioration due and experience, with a clear understanding of to ASR. With high material costs and the owner’s fi nancial limitations.▪ impregnation variations, it was concluded that this was not an effective solution. Wayne R. Lawson, P.E., is a principal and Therefore, the proposed program of stadium structural engineer with CBI Consulting repairs includes coating the beams with a Inc. in Boston, Massachusetts. During his water barrier system and installation of top 22 years of practice, he has been involved surface cap fl ashings. Additionally, the open in structural design, forensic investigations joints in the stadium seating are to be sealed. and restoration of a variety of structural types and systems. Wayne can be reached at [email protected]. Copyright © ACI 20.3.2. However, with the addition of supplemental beams and columns in 1982, the total test load requirement for the subject beam is reduced to 90 kips. Engineering calculations indicated that the beam could support a total dead + live load of 214 kips when considering only the shear strength of the concrete. Further, the beam has a total dead + live capacity of 282 kips when only fl exure is considered. On the basis of this information, CBI con- cluded that the initial test load should be 90 kips to satisfy the current “as-built” conditions. In the event that this loading was successfully HUNT’N PECK VS. POINT’N CLICK supported by the beam, the test load would be raised to the 1903 framing conditions (190 Simpson’s new Anchor Designer Simpson's time saving Anchor Designer visit Information, Advertiser For kips) and if permissible ultimately to the shear Software makes it easy. Software is easy and straightforward to use capacitySTRUCTURE of the beam concrete (214 kips). And it’s FREE! and it's FREE! Do the math and see Dial gauges were installed at each end for yourself how much time and Our new Anchor Designer Software effort you'll save. Logon to and midspan to measure defl ections during makes it easy to select just the www.simpsonanchors.com the load test. During the test, the load was right anchor for your application. applied in four increments:magazine 90 kips, 160 kips, for a free download and No more flipping through put Anchor Designer to work www.structuremag.org 190 kips and 214 kips. Initially, the entire catalog pages searching for for you today. Or call us at test load was supported by the six (6) hy- specific products, base 800-999-5099 for our new draulic jacks. At each test load increment, the materials or load values - 2005 CD ROM. It includes Anchor jacks were lowered to enable a transfer of the simply enter the performance Designer software along with appropriate load to the beam. Defl ection criteria you need and the program TM complete product/catalog informa- recommends anchor solutions based on measurements were taken by CBI at midspan tion, technical bulletins, code reports test data. Load reductions for variables and adjacent to the supporting columns after and more. each load increment. The defl ections were like spacing and edge distance, base then measured after the fi nal load had been in material thickness and temperature are Whatever the application, place for a twenty-four hour period. The test automatically calculated - without punching Simpson Anchor Systems load was subsequently removed after comple- a single calculator button. Better still, all has the product to the results and calculations can be saved do the job right! tion of the twenty–four hour load period, or printed out for handy reference. and the structure recovered more than ninety percent of the maximum defl ection. The load test results successfully demon- strated that the existing beams could safely support the required dead and live loads.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MURR CENTER - 3Rd Floor Lounge Harvard University 65 North Harvard Street, Allston
    MURR CENTER - 3rd Floor Lounge Harvard University 65 North Harvard Street, Allston MURR CENTER X X staIRS ELEVatOR X ACCESS X X T TREE X metered parking spots ARD S stairs ARV GATE 8 *Parking at metered spaces in the athletic facility is extremely TH H elevator access limited. Please see Parking section below for details. NOR From the West Take the Massachusetts Turnpike east to Exit 18 (Allston/Cambridge). After paying toll, bear left at fork towards Allston. Turn right at second set of lights onto North Harvard Street. Proceed approximately one mile. The Murr Center will be on your left. From the North Take I-93 south to Storrow Drive exit. Take Storrow Drive west for approximately five miles. Exit at Harvard Square/North Harvard Street. At top of exit, turn left onto North Harvard Street. You will see Blodgett Pool and then the Murr Center on your right. From the South Take I-95 north to I-93 north. Follow I-93 until Exit 20 (Massachusetts Turnpike). Take Mass. Pike west to Exit 20 (Allston/Cambridge). After paying toll, bear left at fork towards Allston. Turn right at second set of lights onto North Harvard Street. Proceed approximately one mile. The Murr Center will be on your left. Parking Limited parking is available within the athletic complex. Enter at Gate 8 on North Harvard Street and circle around behind the stadium to find metered spaces. Some parking is available on the street. You can also purchase a visitor’s parking pass to the Harvard Business School Lot which is located near by at 105 Western Avenue, Allston.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter
    Ingrassia_Gridiron 11/6/15 12:22 PM Page vii © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi INTRODUCTION The Cultural Cornerstone of the Ivory Tower 1 CHAPTER ONE Physical Culture, Discipline, and Higher Education in 1800s America 14 CHAPTER TWO Progressive Era Universities and Football Reform 40 CHAPTER THREE Psychologists: Body, Mind, and the Creation of Discipline 71 CHAPTER FOUR Social Scientists: Making Sport Safe for a Rational Public 93 CHAPTER FIVE Coaches: In the Disciplinary Arena 115 CHAPTER SIX Stadiums: Between Campus and Culture 139 CHAPTER SEVEN Academic Backlash in the Post–World War I Era 171 EPILOGUE A Circus or a Sideshow? 200 Ingrassia_Gridiron 11/6/15 12:22 PM Page viii © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. viii Contents Notes 207 Bibliography 269 Index 305 Ingrassia_Gridiron 11/6/15 12:22 PM Page ix © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Illustrations 1. Opening ceremony, Leland Stanford Junior University, October 1891 2 2. Walter Camp, captain of the Yale football team, circa 1880 35 3. Grant Field at Georgia Tech, 1920 41 4. Stagg Field at the University of Chicago 43 5. William Rainey Harper built the University of Chicago’s academic reputation and also initiated big-time athletics at the institution 55 6. Army-Navy game at the Polo Grounds in New York, 1916 68 7. G. T. W. Patrick in 1878, before earning his doctorate in philosophy under G.
    [Show full text]
  • Rose Bowl Improvements
    CIP Title FINAL2:Layout 1 7/27/17 3:35 PM Page 11 ROSE BOWL IMPROVEMENTS ADOPTED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM FISCAL YEAR 2018 FY 2018 - 2022 Capital Improvement Program Rose Bowl Improvements Total Appropriated Proposed Estimated Through Adopted Proposed Proposed Proposed FY 2022 Costs FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 and Beyond Priority Description 1 Rose Bowl Renovation Project (84004) 182,700,000 182,700,000 0 000 0 2 Implementation of the Master Plan for the Brookside Golf 850,000 600,000 250,000 000 0 Course - Fairway Improvements 3 Rose Bowl - Preventative Maintenance FY 2017 - 2021 3,898,251 720,000 724,000 787,610810,365 856,276 0 4 Brookside Clubhouse Upgrades - FY 2017 - 2021 550,000 200,000 350,000 000 0 5 Rose Bowl Major Improvement Projects - FY 2017 - 2021 3,333,500 2,025,500 1,308,000 000 0 Total 191,331,751 186,245,500 2,632,000787,610 810,365 856,276 0 8 - Summary FY 2018 - 2022 Capital Improvement Program Rose Bowl Improvements Rose Bowl Renovation Project 84004 PriorityProject No. Description Total Appropriated Proposed 1 84004 Rose Bowl Renovation Project Estimated Through Adopted Proposed Proposed Proposed FY 2022 Costs FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 and Beyond 2010 Rose Bowl Bond Proceeds126,100,000 126,100,000 0 000 0 2013 Rose Bowl Bond Proceeds30,000,000 30,000,000 0 000 0 Legacy Connections - Rose Bowl Legacy Campaign55,000,000 ,000,000 0 000 0 RBOC Unrestricted Reserve Funds300,000 300,000 0 000 0 Rose Bowl Strategic Plan Fund19,700,000 19,700,000 0 000 0 Third Party Contribution1,600,000 1,600,000 0 000 0 Total 182,700,000 182,700,000 0 000 0 Aerial View of Rose Bowl Stadium DESCRIPTION: This project provides for the renovation of the Rose Bowl.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2020
    @harvardsocal @harvardsocal facebook.com/groups/harvardsocal WWW.HARVARDSOCAL.ORG (310) 546-5252 JANUARY 2020 Upcoming Events Harvard Club’s 2020 Rose Bowl Tailgate WED, JAN 1 @ 11:00AM Private residence overlooking Arroyo/Rose Bowl $100, adults; $60, children Recital/Film Screening: Ben Hong The Dins and Kroks Return to L.A. and Ty Kim MBA ’00 SUN, JAN 5 @ 5:30PM Join the Harvard Club of Southern California in welcom- The Colburn School, Thayer Hall ing two of Harvard’s most prestigious a cappella groups No charge, RSVP required as they return to Los Angeles. The Harvard Din & Tonics and the Harvard Krokodiloes will be performing at the Westwood Presbyterian Church at 7:30PM on Thursday, Love Boat: Taiwan Film Screening January 16. & Book Signing SAT, JAN 11 @ 1:00PM This will be the groups’ fourth annual Wintersession visit Artshare LA to the Southland. The past three concerts were completely $20, members; $30, non-members sold out, with people turned away at the door, so we en- courage you to buy your tickets now. All tickets MUST be purchased in advance. Beyond the High -- Opportunities The cost is $15 for members, $30 for non-members. If you Across the Cannabis Spectrum are not a member of the Club, this is an excellent opportu- SAT, JAN 11 @ 2:30PM nity to join us. Annual membership is just $25 for recent Cross Campus - Santa Monica graduates, and as low as $45 a year for everyone else (with $25, members; $35, non-members purchase of a three-year membership), so if you buy three tickets, it’s like getting your membership for free.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the American Outdoor Sport Facility: Developing an Ideal Type on the Evolution of Professional Baseball and Football Structures
    AN ANALYSIS OF THE AMERICAN OUTDOOR SPORT FACILITY: DEVELOPING AN IDEAL TYPE ON THE EVOLUTION OF PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL AND FOOTBALL STRUCTURES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chad S. Seifried, B.S., M.Ed. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Donna Pastore, Advisor Professor Melvin Adelman _________________________________ Professor Janet Fink Advisor College of Education Copyright by Chad Seifried 2005 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical layout of the American baseball and football professional sport facility from 1850 to present and design an ideal-type appropriate for its evolution. Specifically, this study attempts to establish a logical expansion and adaptation of Bale’s Four-Stage Ideal-type on the Evolution of the Modern English Soccer Stadium appropriate for the history of professional baseball and football and that predicts future changes in American sport facilities. In essence, it is the author’s intention to provide a more coherent and comprehensive account of the evolving professional baseball and football sport facility and where it appears to be headed. This investigation concludes eight stages exist concerning the evolution of the professional baseball and football sport facility. Stages one through four primarily appeared before the beginning of the 20th century and existed as temporary structures which were small and cheaply built. Stages five and six materialize as the first permanent professional baseball and football facilities. Stage seven surfaces as a multi-purpose facility which attempted to accommodate both professional football and baseball equally.
    [Show full text]
  • At Camp, a Community by Isabel W
    I was okay. Things will stay okay. times I hardly knew who or where I was. around me, everything that directly or in­ And in the end I took this, the fact that I directly tries to affect me; some small space I left cambridge but I came back, and will always carry things with me, to mean to scratch out and keep free. And somehow in between I learned about all the things that even though I’ll never have a pure self I found that to be enough. I carried with me while I was gone—my free of influence and circumstance, even past experiences, my pattern of thoughts, though I’ll never isolate some essential me, Berta Greenwald Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow everything that has influenced me indi­ there’s something I can hold onto in the Katherine Xue ’13 thinks it’s time to climb another rectly and unconsciously—so that some­ face of everything, everything happening mountain. At Camp, a Community by isabel w. ruane ’14 The 2011 Onaway counselors at the top of Mount Cardigan (the author is fourth from left); campers outside one s our car sped away from Lo­ real world—and, more pressingly, with my of the two-person cabins they call home gan Airport, into Boston and memory of freshman year at Harvard. out along the Charles, my eyes though camp requires you to change your­ widened as the cupolas of Har­ I’ve spent nearly every summer of the self to fit its mold, that change is, first, Avard came into view.
    [Show full text]
  • Edwards Stadium
    The University of California, Berkeley Edwards Stadium Historic structure report The University of California, Berkeley Edwards Stadium HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT Contents IntroductIon .................................................................................07 descrIptIon & condItIons assessment ...................65 purpose and scope ................................................................. 10 site and Landscape .................................................................66 subject of this study ............................................................. 10 Landscape Around the stadium .......................................67 Methodology .................................................................................11 Landscape inside the stadium ..........................................75 exterior Description ................................................................78 HIstorIcal context ..................................................................17 interior Description ..................................................................87 early History of Berkeley: 1820-1859 ...............................18 Materials and Features ...........................................................92 college of california: 1860-1868 ........................................19 condition ......................................................................................99 early physical Development of the Berkeley campus ..................................................................... 20 analysIs of HIstorIcal
    [Show full text]
  • After All, Cotton Bowl Stadium Is
    FP-018 Cotton Bowl Stadium Does the structure in front of you really need an introduction? After all, Cotton Bowl Stadium is renowned worldwide as the venue that for more than 70 years hosted the Cotton Bowl Classic, pitting two of college football’s premier powerhouses against one another on -- or near -- New Year’s Day. The roster of gridiron greats who have played inside this stadium reads like a roll call of athletic superstardom. Davey O’Brien, Bobby Layne, Sammy Baugh, Bart Starr, and Ernie Davis (who was the first black player to win the Heisman Trophy). Let’s not forget Roger Staubach, Joe Theismann, Joe Montana, Bo Jackson, Dan Marino and Woodrow Wilson High School graduate and Heisman winner, Tim Brown. Oh yes, and Troy Aikman, Doug Flutie and Eli Manning, as well. You HAVE heard of some of those people, haven’t you? For more than 70 years, this stadium has also been the host of a piddly little rivalry you’ve probably never heard of, a rivalry between one team that wears Burnt Orange and White, and another that wears Crimson and White. And to be clear, down here that rivalry is always called the TEXAS/OU game … never the other way around. The stadium also hosts the annual State Fair Classic featuring Grambling University and Prairie View A&M, perhaps the one football event in the country where the halftime band performances are more exciting than the game itself. And in 2011, the stadium became the home of the new Ticket City Bowl, featuring teams from the Big 10 Conference and Big 12 Conference or Conference U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Gillette Stadium One Direction Seating Chart
    Gillette Stadium One Direction Seating Chart Curtis fluoridises discordantly as dedicational Montgomery outgas her drive reacclimatized considerately. Practicable Giorgio still unbarricades: doggone and pleomorphic Nikolai shimmies quite hyperbatically but undervalue her glacialist embarrassingly. Pusillanimous Gonzalo derestrict: he thrives his animuses carelessly and copiously. Classic rock sells well as classical, gillette stadium shook in gillette stadium one direction seating chart esl one direction tickets now for your meal without being so covers. Gilette Stadium One Direction Seating Chart. Putnam club seats on one direction has been removed from gillette stadium seating chart are no. Get Metlife Taylor Swift Seating Chart Pictures The Best. He'll does playing whatever the likes of Gillette Stadium Arrowhead Stadium and Ford Field. Yahoo Patriots Depth Chart Yahoo Patriots Transactions Yahoo Patriots Photos. Gillette Stadium Tickets Gillette Stadium in Foxborough MA. 2001 patriots record Demora. Gillette Stadium's exclusive Putnam Club is an upscale entertainment venue that provides members and their guests with an unmatched game day hospitality experience near East meet West sides of the Putnam Club are each larger than a football field providing end zone to end zone views of card game. Stadium facilities are constantly changing due and new innovations directions. Steve Smith Hollywood Bowl group for Sting-Gabriel tour One. It was real life long will have never qualified for them make you will remain in the chart for their way to. You also have the option than going tell the Taylor Swift seating chart of that particular venue. UA Basketball Stadium Arizona Wildcats University Of Arizona Ua. What its exact location of row 1 section b4 seat 9 for 1d at barclay center seating chart esl one ny hd png download one direction concert gillette stadium stock.
    [Show full text]
  • Download All English Factsheets
    Astrodome Fact Sheet Spring / Summer 2021 Page 1 / 7 English History of the Astrodome The Astrodome is Houston’s most significant architectural Houston Oilers and cultural asset. Opened in 1965, and soon nicknamed the “8th Wonder of the World,” the world’s first domed stadium was conceived to protect sports spectators from Houston’s heat, humidity, and frequent inclement weather. The brainchild of then-Houston Mayor Roy Hofheinz, the former Harris County Judge assembled a team to finance and develop the Dome, with the help of R.E. Bob Smith, who owned the land the Astrodome was built on and was instrumental in bringing professional baseballs’ Colt 45s (now the Astros) to Houston. The Astrodome was the first Harris County facility specifically designed and built as a racially integrated building, playing an important role in the desegregation of Houston during the Civil Rights Movement. football configuration The Astrodome was revolutionary for its time as the first fully enclosed and air conditioned multi-purpose sports arena - an Football Between 1968 and 1996, the Houston Oilers engineering feat of epic proportions. The innovation, audacity, called1965 1968 the Dome home as well, until1996 the franchise left town2021 and “can-do” spirit of Houston at mid-Century was embodied to become the Tennessee Titans. It served several other in the Astrodome. It was home to multiple professional and professional football teams, including the Houston Texans amateur sports teams and events over the years, as well in 1974, the Houston Gamblers from 1984 to 1985, and the as hosting the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Energy (an independent women’s football team) (HLSR), concerts, community and political events.
    [Show full text]
  • 91 Holy Cross Postseason History
    HHolyoly CCrossross PPostseasonostseason HHistoryistory 91 1946 Orange Bowl 1983 NCAA Division I-AA Quarterfi nals Miami (Fla.) 13, Holy Cross 6 Western Carolina 28, Holy Cross 21 January 1, 1946 • Orange Bowl • Miami, Fla. December 3, 1983 • Fitton Field • Worcester, Mass. Al Hudson of Miami is the only In a game which proved to be player ever to score a touchdown one of the most exciting ever at after time had offi cially expired in Fitton Field, a well-oiled Western an Orange Bowl. This climax, the Carolina passing attack dissected greatest in Orange Bowl history, the Holy Cross defense for a 28- gave the Hurricanes a 13-6 victory 21 win in the quarterfi nals of the over Holy Cross in the 1946 NCAA Division I-AA playoffs. contest, which appeared certain Holy Cross jumped on top 7-0, as to end in a 6-6 tie. The deadlock Gill Fenerty, coming off a shoulder appeared so certain that thousands separation, ran for a 33-yard of the spectators had headed for the touchdown early in the fi rst period. exits. They were stopped in their It was not long, however, before a tracks by the roar of the crowd, brilliant Western Carolina passing who saw Hudson leap high on game had its fi rst tally, a 30-yard the northeast side of the fi eld to pass from Jeff Gilbert to Eric intercept Gene DeFillipo’s long, Rasheed. A 7-7 halftime score had desperation pass on last play of the 10,814 on hand anxious for a the game — and turn it into an shootout in the second half.
    [Show full text]
  • Wembley Stadium
    ВСЕРОССИЙСКАЯ ОЛИМПИАДА ШКОЛЬНИКОВ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ 2019 г МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫЙ ЭТАП. 9 -11 классы Wembley Stadium Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in Wembley, London, which was opened in 2007, on the site of the original Wembley Stadium that had stood in its place since 1923 and had been host to many cup finals. The stadium hosts major football matches including home matches of the England national football team, and the FA Cup Final. Wembley Stadium is owned by the governing body of English football, the Football Association (the FA), its headquarters are in the stadium. With 90,000 seats, it is the largest football stadium in England, the largest stadium in the UK and the second-largest stadium in Europe and the largest stadium with all seating under cover. Location Wembley Stadium is located to the north-west of the city of London, about 6 miles from Paddington station, 7 miles from Marylebone station, and 8 miles from Kings Cross and Euston station. History The stadium's first turf was cut by King George V, and it was first opened to the public on 28 April 1923. The stadium cost £750,000 and was constructed on the site of an earlier folly called Watkin's Tower. The architects were Sir John Simpson and Maxwell Ayrton and the head engineer was Sir Owen Williams. The electric scoreboard and the all-encircling roof, made from aluminium and translucent glass, were added in 1963. Wembley hosted the FA Cup final annually, the first in 1923, the League Cup final annually, five European Cup finals, the 1966 World Cup Final, and the final of Euro 96.
    [Show full text]