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Indiana's Southern Senator: Jesse Bright and the Hoosier Democracy

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Indiana's Southern Senator: Jesse Bright and the Hoosier Democracy University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2013 Indiana's Southern Senator: Jesse Bright and the Hoosier Democracy John J. Wickre University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Wickre, John J., "Indiana's Southern Senator: Jesse Bright and the Hoosier Democracy" (2013). Theses and Dissertations--History. 12. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/12 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained and attached hereto needed written permission statements(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine). I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless a preapproved embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s dissertation including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. John J. Wickre, Student Dr. David Hamilton, Major Professor Dr. David Hamilton, Director of Graduate Studies INDIANA’S SOUTHERN SENATOR: JESSE BRIGHT AND THE HOOSIER DEMOCRACY DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By John J. Wickre Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. David E. Hamilton, Associate Professor of History Lexington, KY 2013 Copyright © John J. Wickre 2013 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION INDIANA’S SOUTHERN SENATOR: JESSE BRIGHT AND THE HOOSIER DEMOCRACY Without northern doughface Democrats, and northern states like Indiana, the South could not have held dominance in American politics during the sectional crisis. Anchoring the extreme end of the doughface North was Indiana’s slaveholding senator Jesse Bright (his holdings were in Kentucky). Yet, he was no flailing radical pushed to the margins of northern politics. Bright was the chief party boss who by the mid to late 1850s controlled the state of Indiana. He was one of the most influential leaders getting James Buchanan into the presidency. He did this, in part, because Indiana was a conservative state that disliked anti- slavery agitators. Still, most Hoosiers were not partisans in favor of slavery. Bright was able to lead Indiana politics during the 1850s because he had become a powerful political boss. American politics in the 1840s and 1850s was built around state level organizations. With elections going through constant and irregular cycles, hopeful candidates needed a strong organization capable of providing money, press literature and mobilization of voters. They needed someone with grit, savvy and energy to organize various groups, and no one was more successful at this in Indiana than Bright. Bright did this, in part, by understanding the baser motives of men, and more importantly, could satisfy these wants with graft, bribery, patronage and other inducements. If that was not enough to motivation, he used fear, bullying and good old fashioned steam rolling tactics to bludgeon his enemies into submission. Bright’s extreme doughface attitudes did not make him popular, but his organizing skills made him a powerful leader. He helped prop the slave-power in American politics through the 1850s, but his efforts also alienated a wide swath of northerners, especially in Indiana. By 1860, a northern Republican Party took control of American politics, as northerners came to reject the slave-masters and the slave-power. This dissertation argues that Bright played a pivotal role in propping the slave-power. But ultimately Bright’s political downfall was part of a larger rejection of southern politics. KEYWORDS: Jesse Bright, Doughface, Democrats, Indiana, Sectional Crisis John Wickre Student’s Signature November 21, 2013 Date INDIANA’S SOUTHERN SENATOR: JESSE BRIGHT AND THE HOOSIER DEMOCRACY By John J. Wickre Dr. David Hamilton Director of Dissertation Dr. David Hamilton Director of Graduate Studies November 21, 2013 Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my family for helping encourage the completion of this dissertation. My parents, known to others as Jim and Janie, and my sister Jennifer, have all provided much support to keep me going. I am especially thankful for them. I would also like to thank my advisor, Dr. David Hamilton, for going out of his way to make this dissertation a success. He was tough and detailed, but also fair-minded and a fundamentally decent person. That has been much appreciated. Additionally, I would like to give thanks to my master’s degree advisor, Dr. Eric Burin, who helped encourage me to pursue my Ph.D. and gently prodded me along the dissertation process. There have also been a number of professors who have helped me along the way, and I want to specifically thank Dr. Amy Taylor, Dr. Joan Melish, Dr. Ellen Furlough, Dr. David Bradshaw, Dr. Erik Myrup, Dr. Tracy Campbell, Dr. Mark Summers and Dr. Eric Christianson. There have been many other people and institutions that have helped further me along in this dissertation process. The staff at the University of Kentucky Special Collections, in particular Gordon Hogg and Matt Harris have given me professional experience and encouragement along the way. I also want to thank the staff at the Indiana State Library, Indiana Historical Society, and the Lilly Library at Indiana University for their assistance with my dissertation work. These folks all patiently indulged my requests for scores of archival boxes and folders. 3 In addition to my family, and the academic community, I have also enjoyed the camaraderie and support of the local running community. Nothing relieves the stress of life more than running, and I’ve been lucky to be surrounded by great people in that endeavor. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….. i Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….………iii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1: Jesse Bright and Indiana Politics: 1812-1845………………………. ... 23 Chapter 2: The Rise of Sectional Divisions: 1845-1849…………. ...................... 47 Chapter 3: The Border-State: Jesse Bright and Democratic Politics in 1850-1851…………………………………………………………………..80 Chapter 4: Jesse Bright and the Breakdown of Party Politics: 1852-1854…………………………………………………………………………….122 Chapter 5: Jesse Bright: The Doughface Manager, 1855-1856…………...……163 Chapter 6: The Lecompton Crisis: Bright and the Hoosier Democracy, 1857-1858……………………………………………………………...188 Chapter 7: The Political Downfall of Jesse D. Bright: 1859-1860……………….232 Epilogue and Conclusion……………………………………………………...…….255 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………. .... 271 Vita…………………………………………………………………………………..…282 5 Introduction In early 1862, Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner led the charge to expel Indiana’s Democratic Senator Jesse Bright from the United States Senate. Over the previous year, thirteen southern senators had been expelled for supporting the rebellion. During that time, Union officials had captured a letter from Bright addressed to Confederate President Jefferson Davis recommending to Davis a fire-arms dealer. Most Republicans had suspected the Indiana Senator harbored disloyal sympathies, and here they had the proof. Bright, who had been Indiana’s senator for about seventeen years, was a rarity among northern senators because he owned slaves (in Kentucky) and he ardently defended the institution. In calling for expulsion, Sumner claimed that the letter was “flat treason” according to the constitutional definition of treason. He charged that Bright had given “aid and comfort” in the Confederacy’s efforts to prepare for war, and furthermore he had confessed his authorship openly to the Senate.1 Bright offered his own defense. In a letter presented to the Senate, he explained that he merely opposed the coercive actions of the government. He furiously rejected the policy of “Abolitionism, which is seeking by every means in its power to ‘crush out’ every man who dares dissent from the policy it prescribes…” Bright insisted that he favored the maintenance of the Union, but it was the “unconstitutional doctrine” of the Abolitionists who were at work to “render disruption permanent and incurable.”2 As for the letter, he later claimed
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