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Measuring Media Coverage of Electricity Public Policy in New Zealand for the period 2006-2007 : A new approach Jeanette Susan Elley A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2014 Institute of Public Policy Faculty of Culture and Society Primary Supervisor : Marilyn J. Waring Second Supervisor: L. Grant Duncan Contents Contents 2 List of Figures 5 List of Tables 10 List of Example Articles 11 Attestation of Authorship 12 Acknowledgements 13 Abstract 14 Chapter 1 – Introduction 16 1.1 Overview 16 1.2 Fields of Investigation 20 1.3 Chapter Guide 23 Chapter 2 – Literature Review 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Media Context 24 2.3 Political Economy and Electricity 53 2.4 Comparable Studies 83 2.5 Conclusion 100 Chapter 3 – Categorisation Framework 102 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 Constructing the Categorisation Framework 103 3.3 Issues Affecting the Electricity Sector 119 3.4 Combined Influences on Electricity Sector Policy 126 3.5 Comparisons with Other Models 128 3.6 Conclusion 140 2 Chapter 4 – Research Design 142 4.1 Introduction 142 4.2 Methodology 144 4.3 Research Process 159 4.4 Categorisation 181 4.5 Key Indicators 213 4.6 Processing Features 227 4.7 Article Selection 256 4.8 Conclusion 272 Chapter 5 – Data 273 5.1 Overview 273 5.2 Topic Set Results 279 5.3 Case Study Results 309 5.4 Parameter Set Results 328 5.5 Conclusion 351 Chapter 6 – Discussion 355 6.1 Introduction 355 6.2 Addressing Thesis Questions 356 6.3 Case Study Analysis 363 6.4 Other Selected Samples 380 6.5 Limitations 395 6.6 Recommendations 398 6.7 Future Research 402 Chapter 7 – Conclusion 405 7.1 Significance of Findings 405 7.2 Contribution to Knowledge 407 References 410 Glossary 426 3 Appendix A1 – Topic Hierarchy 434 Appendix A1a – Topics by Matched Keyword 436 Appendix A1a – Topics by Matched Event 440 Appendix A1b – Topics by Matched Document 446 Appendix A1c – Topics by Matched City/Location 454 Appendix A1d – Topics by Matched Organisation 458 Appendix A1e – Topics by Matched Person 461 Appendix A2 – Countries / Regions 464 Appendix A3 – Cities / Localities 465 Appendix A4 – Keywords 466 Appendix A5 – Events 467 Appendix A6 – Documents 468 Appendix A7 – Organisations 469 Appendix A8 – Persons 470 Appendix A9a – Organisation Types 471 Appendix A9b – Document Types 472 Appendix A10 – Entity Keyword Lists 473 Appendix A11 – NZ Herald Articles by Month 474 Appendix A12 – Relevant NZ Herald Subject Tag Codes 475 4 List of Figures Figure 1.1.1.1 – New Zealand Electricity Demand Mondays 1971 (Bellamy 1974) 15 Figure 1.2.1.1 – Related Academic Disciplines 20 Figure 2.2.4.1 – 2000-2009 Advertising Share of Market by Medium 32 Figure 2.2.4.2 – 2000-2009 Advertising Spend by Medium 33 Figure 2.2.7.1 – Nine Stages of Media Influence on Public Policy 46 Figure 2.3.4.1 – NZ Electricity Generation December Quarter 2007 67 Figure 2.3.4.2 – Percentage of Renewable Generation 69 Figure 2.3.4.3 – Net Electricity Generation by Fuel Type 70 Figure 2.3.4.4 – Electricity Generation Capacity to 2007. 72 Figure 2.3.4.5 – Net Oil Import Dependency 74 Figure 2.3.4.6 – Net Energy Import Dependency 75 Figure 2.3.4.7 – SAIDI 76 Figure 2.3.4.8 – CAIDI 77 Figure 2.3.4.9 – SAIFI 77 Figure 2.4.3.1 – Attribution of Responsibility for Mrs Muliaga’s Death 89 Figure 2.4.4.1 – Temporal Framing of Human Cost 94 Figure 2.4.4.2 – Locational Framing of Human Cost 94 Figure 2.4.4.3 – Solution Framing in The New Zealand Herald 94 Figure 3.2.1.1 – The New Zealand Government and the Electricity Sector 103 Figure 3.2.2.1 – The New Zealand Electricity Sector (schematic, not to scale) 104 Figure 3.2.3.1 – NZ Government and Electricity Sector Regulation 106 Figure 3.2.4.1 – NZ Government Influences and the Electricity Sector 107 Figure 3.2.5.1 – Influences on the Electricity Sector 109 Figure 3.2.6.1 – Business and the Electricity Sector 112 Figure 3.2.7.1 – Non-Business and the Electricity Sector 115 Figure 3.2.8.1 – Media and the Electricity Sector 117 Figure 3.2.9.1 – Global Influences on the Electricity Sector 118 Figure 3.3.1.1 – Influencing Issues and the Electricity Sector 119 Figure 3.3.2.1 – Political Imperatives and the Electricity Sector 120 Figure 3.3.3.1 – Wellbeing and the Electricity Sector 122 Figure 3.3.4.1 – Environmental Issues and the Electricity Sector 123 Figure 3.3.5.1 – Ownership Issues and the Electricity Sector 125 5 Figure 3.4.1.1 – Influences on the Electricity Sector 127 Figure 3.5.1.1 – Players and Processes 129 Figure 3.5.2.1 – Social & Political Pressures & Issues 131 Figure 3.5.4.1 – International Electricity Prices Compared (IEA) 134 Figure 3.5.4.2 – Electricity Consumption by Sector 135 Figure 3.5.4.3 – Electricity Consumer Prices (Real) 135 Figure 3.5.4.4 – Total Energy Consumption by Sector 136 Figure 4.2.2.1 – Components of Content Analysis 146 Figure 4.3.2.1 – Research Process 160 Figure 4.4.4.1 – Influences on the Electricity Sector 183 Figure 4.4.4.2 – Topics Hierarchical Structure 185 Figure 4.4.6.1 – Grid showing Cross-Tab of Topics with Other Entities 191 Figure 4.5.4.1 – Key Indicator Coverage Hierarchy 218 Figure 4.5.5.1 – Key Indicator Intensity Hierarchy 221 Figure 4.6.4.1 – Example LIWC Score Comparisons with Normative Standards 237 Figure 4.6.4.2 – Example LIWC –Human Correlation Scores 238 Figure 5.1.2.1 – Article length distribution for full sample 274 Figure 5.1.2.2 – Article subject distribution for full sample 275 Figure 5.1.2.2 – Electricity intensity distribution for full sample 276 Figure 5.1.2.3 – News / Opinion distribution for full sample 277 Figure 5.1.2.4 – NZ / Overseas distribution for full sample 277 Figure 5.1.2.5 – Article source distribution for full sample 278 Figure 5.2.1.1 – Explicit coverage by level 1 topic for full sample 279 Figure 5.2.2.1 – Explicit player coverage by topic level 2 for full sample 280 Figure 5.2.2.2 – Topic level 2 player coverage for electricity intensity >= 3 280 Figure 5.2.2.3 – Business sector coverage by player topic level 3 281 Figure 5.2.2.4 – Non-business sectors coverage by player topic level 3 282 Figure 5.2.3.1 – Electricity sector coverage by player topic level 3 283 Figure 5.2.3.2 – Explicit coverage for major NZ energy companies 285 Figure 5.2.3.3 – Functional coverage for major NZ energy companies 285 Figure 5.2.3.4 – Literal coverage for major NZ energy companies 285 Figure 5.2.3.5 – Functional coverage for NZ lines companies 286 Figure 5.2.3.6 – Functional coverage for NZ electricity regulators 286 Figure 5.2.4.1 – Issues explicit coverage by topic level 2 for full sample 287 6 Figure 5.2.4.2 – Issues explicit coverage by topic level 3 for full sample 288 Figure 5.2.4.3 – Political imperatives coverage by topic levels 3&4 289 Figure 5.2.4.4 – Wellbeing coverage by topic levels 3&4 290 Figure 5.2.4.5 – Environmental issues coverage by topic levels 3&4 291 Figure 5.2.4.6 – Climate Change explicit coverage by month 292 Figure 5.2.4.7 – Pollution explicit coverage by month 292 Figure 5.2.4.8 – Peak oil explicit coverage by month 292 Figure 5.2.4.9 – Ownership issues coverage by topic levels 3&4 293 Figure 5.2.5.1 – Policy coverage by level 2 topic 294 Figure 5.2.5.2 – Major energy source coverage by topic 295 Figure 5.2.5.3 – Energy source coverage by topic 296 Figure 5.2.5.4 – Structure & regulations coverage by topic level 3 297 Figure 5.2.5.5 – Structure & regulations coverage by topic level 4 297 Figure 5.2.5.6 – Structure & regs by topic level 4 for electricity intensity>=3 298 Figure 5.2.5.7 – System security coverage by topic levels 3&4 299 Figure 5.2.5.8 – System security by topic levels 3&4 for electricity intensity >=3 300 Figure 5.2.4.9 – Demand management coverage by topic level 3 301 Figure 5.2.5.10 – Demand management coverage by topic level 4 301 Figure 5.2.5.11 – Fossil fuels, renewables & energy efficiency by month 302 Figure 5.2.5.12 – Emissions trading & carbon tax by month 303 Figure 5.2.5.13 – Markets & taxes by month 304 Figure 5.2.5.14 – Oil price and electricity price coverage by month 304 Figure 5.2.6.1 – Tone explicit coverage by topic level 4 305 Figure 5.2.6.2 – Angle explicit coverage by topic levels 3 & 4 306 Figure 5.2.6.3 – Channel explicit coverage by topic level 4 308 Figure 5.3.1.1 – Monthly scores for articles mentioning Folole Muliaga 309 Figure 5.3.1.2 – Explicit scores by person for Muliaga articles 310 Figure 5.3.1.3 – Explicit scores by org (excl. media) for Muliaga articles 311 Figure 5.3.1.4 – Scores by organisation (incl. media) for Muliaga articles 311 Figure 5.3.1.5 – Functional scores by org (excl. media) for Muliaga articles 312 Figure 5.3.1.6 – Explicit scores by selected players for Muliaga articles 313 Figure 5.3.1.7 – Functional scores by selected org class for Muliaga articles 314 Figure 5.3.1.8 – Explicit level 3 scores beneath wellbeing and political imperative issue topics for Muliaga articles 315 7 Figure 5.3.1.9 – Explicit level 4 scores beneath wellbeing and political imperative issue topics for Muliaga articles 316 Figure 5.3.1.10 – Emotion for Muliaga articles 317 Figure 5.3.1.11 – Perspective for Muliaga articles 317 Figure 5.3.2.1 – Monthly count of articles mentioning Roy Hemmingway 318 Figure 5.3.2.2 – Explicit coverage by person for Hemmingway articles 319 Figure 5.3.2.3 – Explicit coverage by organisation for Hemmingway articles 320 Figure 5.3.2.4 – Functional scores by org (excl.
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