DOCUMENT RESUME ED 026 429 UD 007 708 By-Phelps. Eugene: And Others Adventures in United States History. Unit 4: The Civil War Divides the North and South. Los. Angeles City Schools. Calif. Div. of Secondary Education. Repor t No-LACS-Pub-ESEA- 1 -4 Pub Date 67 Note-6Ip. EDRS Price MF-0.50 NC-13.15 Descriptors-ActivityUnits.*Civil War (UnitedStates).*InstructionalMaterials.*NegroHistory. Reconstruction Era, Secondary School Students, Slavery. *United States History, Units of Study(Subject Fields) Unit Four of a series on American history for secondary school students in Los Angeles is devoted to the Civil War. The three chapters discuss slavery, the war, and the return of South to the union. Each chapter contains a summary reading, various activities, some enrichment material, and a review discussion.For other units in this series, see UD 007705. UD 007706, and UD 007707. (NH) rio
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Arpg U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE Cr` OFFICE OF EDUCATION C\J
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINALNG IT,POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS c\J STATED DO VT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION Co POSITION OR POLICY.
ADV URES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY
UNIT 4: THE CIVIL WAR DIVIDES THE NORTH AND SOUTH
FOR PUPILS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 1
LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOLS
DIVISION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION PUBLICATION NO. ESEA 1-4
1967 This publication wasdeveloped with funds provided by thefederal government under Title I, Elementaryand Secondary Education Act of 1965.
APPROVED:
EVERETT CHAFFEE Associate Superintendent Division of InstructionalPlanning and Services
ROBERT E. KELLY Associate Superintendent Division of Secondary Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The guidance and contributions of staff members to this publication are gratefully acknowledged. This booklet was written in its present form by EUGENE PHELPS, MORRIS S. GREENBERG, ROBERT M. ALMANZO, and LIONEL RILEY, Consultants, Division of Secondary Education, Specially- Funded Programs, Beverly Boulevard Center. Much of the original material included inthispublication was developed by DAVID BURLEIGH. The illustrations were prepared by R. WHITNEY DRA- NEY. The cover was designed by MARION SAMPLER.
Valuable guidance and assistance were contributed by the following staff members: Division of Secondary Education Helen Burge Supervisor, Eng lish/Sociai Studies Donald T. Perryman Supervisor, English/Social Studies Walter J. Lansu Assistant Administrative Coordinator, SFP Division of Instructional Planning and Services Alfred T. Clark, Jr. Supervisor, Secondary Social Studies Albert J. Dunkel Supervising Illustrator, Audio-Visual Section
Particular appreciation is expressed to the following members of the Teacher Advisory Committee:
Joseph Arguello Mark Twain Junior High School John Avakian Lincoln High School Addison Clark Stevenson Junior High School Laverne Deal Virgil Junior High School Oscar Ossorio Griffith Junior High School Virgil Patterson Hollenbeck Junior High School Grateful acknowledgment is made to thefollowing persons for their valuable suggestions and contributions in evaluatingand testing the material:
Fred Baumeister Berendo Junior High School Addison Clark Stevenson Junior High School George Edwards Edison Junior High School Lillian Lipton Virgil Junior High School Dan McCarthy Foshay Junior High School Wayne Marshall Drew Junior High School Gordon Wilk Drew Junior High School
HARRIETTE F. WILLIAMS Pilot Projects Coordinator Specially-Funded Programs
THOMAS 0. LAWSON Administrative Coordinator Specially-Funded Programs
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii
CHAPTER ONE: SLAVERY DIVIDES THENORTH AND THE SOUTH 1 Summary Reading 1 Enrichment 1: The Big GameNorth vs. South 4 Enrichment 2: Fred Learns How Negroes Helped MakeHistory 7 Enrichment 3: An Interview With Eli Whitney 9 Enrichment 4: Lincoln Favors Free Speech 12 Enrichment 5: The Underground Railroad 14 Enrichment 6: Harriet TubmanConductor on the Underground Railroad 17 Chapter Review Discussion 19
CHAPTER TWO: CIVIL WAR THREATENSTHE UNION 20 Summary Reading 21 Enrichment 1: Map of Northern and SouthernStates During the Civil War 24 Enrichment 2: The Monitor and the Merrimac 25 Enrichment 3: Grant Takes Vicksburg 29 Enrichment 4: Frederick Douglass 31 Enrichment 5: Lincoln at Gettysburg 33 Enrichment 6: Negro Troops at Richmond 35 Chapter Review Discussion 37
CHAPTER THREE: THE SOUTH RETURNS TOTHE UNION 38 Summary Reading 39 Enrichment 1: At the Freedmen's Bureau 43 Enrichment 2: Diary of a Confederate Captain 45 Enrichment 3: The Ku Klux Klan 47 Enrichment 4: Robert SmallsNaval Hero 50 Enrichment 5: New Factories in the South 52 Chapter Review Discussion 54 CHAP SLAVE
of, North SUMMARY READING
VOCABULARY Watch for these words in today'sreading. They are underlined in the story.Try to understand how these underlined words are usedin the story. 1. territories 4. central government 2. abolitionist 5. secede 3. manufacturing Persons in the same family often disagree on somethings. They might even have strong arguments. Usually, they staytogether as one family because theythink it is better to do so. Sometimes,however, family members do break away. In1861, several "family mem- bers" (states) in the country disagreed sostrongly with the rest of the nationthat they tried to leave the Union. Today youwill read how some southern states tried tobreak away from the rest of the country.
WHY WAS THE INVENTIONOF THE HOW DID THE NORTH FEEL COTTON GIN IMPORTANT? ABOUT SLAVERY? Our story will have to begin many yearsbe- Most people in the North did not wantslavery fore the big fight. When the n -,;,United States to spread. The peoplein the North had small government was started,there was some slavery, farms and factories. For them, it wascheaper to but it looked as though itwould end soon. In pay men to workthan to own slaves. Besides this, 1787, Congress passed a lawcalled the North- many more peoplein the North than in the South west Ordinance. Oneof the things that thelaw felt that slavery was wrong. SomeNortherners said was that there was tobe no slavery in the wanted to end slavery little by little.Still others Northwest Territory. Thisseemed to show that wanted to free all the slaves at once.People who the United States governmentdid not want slav- wanted slavery to end at once werecalled abo- ery to spread. litionists. Many abolitionists were busyspeaking, Then, something happened tochange this. In printing newspapers, and writingbooks against 1793, Eli Whitney invented amachine that took slavery. the seeds out of cotton. Thismachine was called Slaves wanted to be free. Many peoplehelped the cotton gin. Before the cottongin was in-them escape. They hid runawayslaves in their vented, the people in the southernstates did not houses and passed them on to theirfriends. This grow large amountsof cotton. It took toolong was called the"Underground Railroad." Their to take the seeds outof the cotton boll. Withthe houses were known as the "stations"along the help of the cotton gin, southernplanters could "railroad." grow and sell moreand more cotton. Cotton WHY DID THE NORTH AND soon becamethe main business in theSouth. Most cotton was grown onlarge plantations. SOUTH ARGUE? Because of the size of theseplantations, it was As you read in the last unit, theUnited States cheaper to use slave labor to growthe cotton. gained new lands in the West. These newlands Now, southern plantation ownerswanted laws were calledterritories. When enough people they would ask for it to to keep slaveryand to allow it to spread into new came into a territory, territories. They wanted a UnitedStates govern- become a state. Most of the peoplein the South into the ment that wouldfavor slavery. wanted all the new territories to come
1 North and South, too.Northerners wanted laws Union as slave states.Most Northernerswanted passed that wouldhelp theirmanufacturing. them to come in asfree states. Whenever a new always came up: Southerners did not wantsuch laws. Northerners state came in,the argument South- "free"? The South was wanted a strongcentral government; would it be "slave" or Southern ways in as a slave statein erners did not.The Northern and pleased when Texas came too. quarrel between theUnited States and of life were different, 1845. A against the spreadof Mexico over Texasled to a war.The United Northerners who were Republican party in1854.In States won this warand added theSouthwest to slavery started the The added land led to more 1860,their candidate,Abraham Lincoln, was the United States. When this happened,the arguments overslavery. Would these newterri- elected President. leave the UnitedStates. tories and new stateshave slaves or wouldthey southern states tried to the first to secede.Soon, ten be free? South Carolina was seceded. The Union was nowin The question ofslavery split the Northand other states also danger. South. There wereother things thatdivided the very great
ACTIVITY 1 VOCABULARY below wereunderlined in the story.Copy each word Many of the words Then, write the mean- and match it withthe meaning ithas in this story. ing next to theword. passed 1. territories a. a personwho wanted laws to end slavery 2. abolitionist b. making thingsin factories 3. manufacturing c. for astate towithdraw from the 4.central government nation 5. to secede d. lands thatcould become states e. theUnited States governmentin Washington, D.C. ACTIVITY 2 CHOOSING THERIGHT KEY "keys" under it.Only Each of the seven"locks" in thissection has two for each "lock."Copy one "key"will fit each "lock."Find the right "key" each "lock" andwrite the correct"key" after it. 1. The NorthwestOrdinance of1787 that the UnitedStates wanted tokeep slavery. a. showed spread. b. showed thatthe United Statesdid not want slavery to gin was invented,it 2. When the cotton profitable in the a. meantthat slavery wouldcontinue to be South. b. did the work of manyslaves, so that fewerslaves were needed. 3. People in theNorth a., neededslaves as much aspeople in the South. slavery b. had smallfarms and factories, sothey did not find
2 profitable. 4. Abolitionists a. werepeople who wanted to end slavery at once. b. were people who wantedslavery to spread. 5. The "underground railroad" a. was a wayof helping slaves escape. b. was a long tunnel. 6. The North and South a. were dividedonly over slavery. b. were divided over a numberof things. 7. The Republican party a. was startedby Northerners who wanted slavery. b. was started by Northernerswho did not want slavery to spread. ACTIVITY 3 WHO AM I? Who might have made eachof the following statements? 1. "Now I really want tobe sure that we keepslavery." a. A Southernerbefore the invention of the cottongin b. A Southerner after theinvention of the cotton gin 2. "Business is great! We cansell all the cotton we cangrow." a. A NewEngland farmer b. A Southern plantation owner 3. "Great news! Texas is now aslave state." a. A NewYork newspaper b. A South Carolina newspaper 4. "We believe that it is wrongfor one man to buy or sellanother man." a. An abolitionist b. A congressman fromVirginia 5. "I want laws passed tohelp manufacturing." a. A Southerner b. A Northerner 6. "If Abraham Lincoln iselected President, we will secedefrom the Union." a. A congressmanfrom South Carolina b. A congressman from NewYork ACTIVITY 4 THINK! What does the statementbelow mean? Write your answer onyour paper. When the cotton gin wasinvented, the plantation ownersfound that slave labor was cheaperthan hiring free labor.
3 Enrichment 1: THEBIG GAME NORTH vs.SOUTH
keep score by keepingtrack of the In 1861, the southern statessaid they were no game. We can the Union. Remember,each longer a part of the UnitedStates; that is, they states as they enter felt the North had state gets two senators.On your paper copy this tried to secede. Southerners the dates when the states control of the govet nmentin Washington, D.C., box score and fill in the Union. (See Page 6.) Add up the by 1861. How did thishappen? came ino number of states and senators as yougo. The for control of the Let us think of the struggle first inning has beenfilled in for you. government likekeeping score in a baseball
NORTH SOUTH Starting Line-up(1787-1790) New Hampshire,Massachusetts, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Rhode Island, Connecticut,New North Carolina, SouthCarolina, York, Pennsylvania, NewJersey Georgia 12 States7Senators 14 States 6 Senators
First Inning-1791-1799 Year Year Vermont (1791) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796) 2 States2Senators4 States 1 Senators 410 Total: States8 Senators 16 Total: States8 Senators 16
Second Inning-1800-1814 Year Year ) Ohio ( ) Louisiana ( States Senators States Senators111 Total: States Senators Total: States Senators
Third Inning1815-1819 Year Year Indiana Mississippi Illinois Alab-kma States Senators States Senators.11111111114 Total: States Senators Total: States Senators
4 Fourth Inning-1820-1829 Year Year Maine Missouri States Senators States Senators Total: States Senators Total :States Senators
Fifth Inning--1830-1839 Year Year Michigan Arkansas States Senators States Senators Total: States Senators Total: States Senators
Sixth Inning-1840-1849 Year Year Iowa Florida Wisconsin Texas States Senators States Senators Total: States Senators Total: States Senators
The game was not over. It looked as though Other southern players talked them into staying California would come in on the side of the in the game. These southern players said, "We North. At this point, some of the southern play- still have a chance. Maybe we can get Kansas." ers said: "It looks like we are going to lose. Let's But they didn't get Kansas. So, the big Seventh take our bat and ball and go home. Let's secede." Inning went like this:
NORTH SOUTH
The Big Seventh-1850-1859 Year Year California Minnesota Oregon States Senators States Senators Total: States Senators Total: States Senators
The South had equal voting power in the Sen- nesota, and Oregon came into the Union, the ate until 1850. While the South had equal voting equal balance changed. Now, the North had the power in the Senate, the North could not pass a most votes in the Senate. This made the South bill the South did not like. After California, Min- angry.
5 1860 and early 1861.To con- Lincoln was electedPresi- southern states in In 1860, Abraham comparison, they decided to dent of the UnitedStates. This madethe South tinue the baseball take their bat andball and go home.They de- very angry.The South thoughtAbraham Lin- cided to start their own"league." The "league" coln wanted to do awaywith slavery. started was known asthe of the people in the the southern states "That does it," said most Confederate States ofAmerica.
WHEN THE FIRST33 STATES ENTERED THE UNION State Entered Union 1. Delaware 1787 2. Pennsylvania 1787 3. New Jersey 1787 4. Georgia 1788 5. Connecticut 1788 6. Massachusetts 1788 7. Maryland 1788 8. South Carolina 1788 9. New Hampshire 1788 10. Virginia 1788 11. New York 1788 12. North Carolina 1789 13. Rhode Island 1790 14. Vermont 1791 15. Kentucky 1792 16. Tennessee 1796 17. Ohio 1803 18. Louisiana 1812 19. Indiana 1816 20. Mississippi 1817 21. Illinois 1818 22. Alabama 1819 23. Maine 1820 24. Missouri 1821 25. Arkansas 1836 26. Michigan 1837 27. Florida 1845 28. Texas 1845 29. Iowa 1846 30. Wisconsin 1848 31. California 1850 32. Minnesota 1858 33. Oregon 1859
6 Enrichment 2: FRED LEARNS HOW NEGROES HELPED MAKE HISTORY
Fred swung his bicycle into the driveway and "Well, it's true, just the same." She broke off. stopped next to the girl on the sidewalk. "Which "Look, I'll explain what I mean." one of those reports did you take?" "In history?" Harriet asked. "Yeah." Fred got off and walked his bike, NEGRO COWBOYS keeping up with Harriet. Harriet shook her finger at Fred. "The his- "The History of the Negro Before the Civil tory books say that cowboys rode the trails from War," Harriet said. Texas to Kansas. But they don't tellyou what kind of people the cowboys were." "That'll be a short report. You getup and say, "You mean that some of the c owboys 'They were slaves. They worked in thecotton were fields.' Then you sit down." Negroes?" Fred asked. "Huh. There's a lotmore than that." Harriet "Sure," Harriet answered. "Therewere quite held up a green book. "I've been reading this a few. You can read books about them in the library." book, and it tells about..." "About who?" Fred asked. "Are you going to put that in your report?" "Well, it tells about Gabriel Prosser and Den- OTHER NEGROES IN AMERICA mark Vesey and Nat Turner..." "I won't have time. I have to tell about Crispus "Who were they?" Attucks, the runaway slave whowas the first man "They were leaders of slave revolts." The girl killed in the Boston Massacre. Thatwas when opened the book to a page she had marked. "But the English soldiers firedon the people in the street. I think I'll talk about the Negroes whowent out West." "And I have to tell about the New Orleans slave, James Derham, Hewon his freedom be- NEGROES IN THE WEST cause he was such a good doctor. Then, there's', Fred looked surprised. "Inever heard of any Phillis Wheatley, who wrote poetry. And John Negroes out West." Scobell, the U.S. Secret Serviceman. And the "The very first settler in Chicagowas a Negro. two inventors,Jan Matzeliger and Elijah His name was Jean du Sable. And the people that McCoy." started Los Angeleswere Spaniards, Mexicans, Fred got on his bike. "Iguess you'll have and Negroes." enough for a report," he said. He startedaway. Harriet talked faster. Shewas in a hurry to "Wait," called Harriet, 'I didn't tellyou about tell Fred some of the things she had learned. Paul Cuffe or William Leisdesdorff, the shipping "There was a Negro in the Lewis and Clark millionaires." party. There was Jim Beckwourth, the fur trader Although Fred was almost out of hearing, and explorer. And Jacob Dodson, who went to Harriet was still talking. "Or therunaway slaves California with General Fremont. And George that became famous in the fight against slavery. Monroe, the Pony Express rider." They were Harriet Tubman and Frederick "I never read that inmy book." Fred said. Douglass, and about..."
7 ACTIVITY 1
NEGRO HALL OF FAME Make a list, with two columns on a page.In one column, write the names of Negroes who were importantin American history. In theother column, write the contribution ofeach. Example NAME CONTRIBUTION Jean du Sable The first settler in Chicago
ACTIVITY 2
Use library resources to add to yourlist.
8 VW=
Enrichment 3: AN INTERVIEW WITH ELI WHITNEY
We must imagine that this interview with Eli Whitney took place in New Haven, Conn., in 1820, five years before his death.
"Your teacher told me you wanted to ask me " 'Engine', my boy, cotton 'engine'. But down some questions," said the gray-haired manbe- South, they say it the old English way 'gin, hind the desk. The man was Eli Whitney, the cotton gin.' " famous inventor of the cotton gin. "Could the farmers raise more cotton then?" "Yes, sir," answered Dick Parks, a 15-year-old high school boy. "We are studying about MORE COTTON IS GROWN slavery." "I have some figures here." Mr. Whitney "I don't know much about the rights and looked through his papers. "In 1791 two years wrongs of slavery," said Eli Whitney,"but I do before my inventionthe South shipped out less know something about cotton." than 200 thousand pounds. In 1800, only nine "We've been studying about early slavery," years later, they raised more than 30 million the boy said. "President Monroe said that slavery pounds." was in its last days untii a Yankee inventedthe "Didn't that make the price go down?" cotton gin." "No. The price went up. The English had in- "So you want to find out about that machine vented machines to spin cotton and weave cloth. that Yankee invented," Mr. Whitney said. Now, they'll buy all the cotton the South can "Yes, sir," Dick answered. grow." THE INVENTION OF THE COTTON GIN "And that means more slaves." "I was visiting in Georgia in 1793. Everyone "That's the sad part," said Eli Whitney, shak- there said there was no money in cotton because ing his head. it was too hard to clean out the seeds. I studied "Cotton is the most important crop grown on the problem and made some plans. Then I made the plantations. These plantations can make a a model of a machine that would pull the cotton lot of money if they use slaves to do the work." away from the seeds." Mr. Whitney got up and pointed to a map of "How does it work?" the United States. "See these new states of Ala- "Wire fingers pull the cotton threads through bama and Mississippi. They're clearing the land slots," the inventor explained. "The slots are too and putting in cotton as fast as they can get small for the seeds." enough slaves to do the work." "I see. The seeds have to stay behind." "And the slave-owners make a lot of money?" "That first little model could be turned by "They make so much that they can buy land hand. It cleaned ten times as much cotton as the by the thousands of acres. They build great old hand-picking way. When you use a horse to houses. They pay more and more for slaves. The turn the bigger gins, you can clean fifty times as southern planters are becoming Cotton Kings." much." "Why did you call it a cotton gin?" Dick Dick looked puzzled. "I wonder how long this asked. will go on?" he thought.
9 A
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FILL IN THE BLANKS Number from 1 to 10 on your paper.Read each of the following sen- tences carefully. On your paper,write in the missing word for each number. The cotton gin was invented by 1 in the year 2 .It had wire 3 that pulled tLe cotton through 4 ,leaving the 5 behind. The first model of the cottongin was turned by
6 .It could clean 7 times as much cotton as the old way. The name "gin" was ashort name for 8 .After the cot- ton gin was invented, the amountand the 9 of cotton went up, and many more 10 were wanted towork on the planta- tions.
ACTIVITY 2
SCHOOL REPORTER Imagine that you are the studentwho interviewed Eli Whitney.Write a short news story about yourinterview. In the story, help others tounder- stand why the invention of the cottongin is important,
Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
11 Enrichment 4: LINCOLN FAVORSFREE SPEECH If we are to understand this storyabout Abraham Lincoln, we must rememberthat it takes a brave person to do or say some- thing different. When Columbussaid the world was round, some people thoughthe was crazy. When menwho were working 10 and 12 hours a day asked for an8-hour day, some people thought they were crazy. Perhaps you can think of people todaywho are laughed at, or evenmistreated, because they say or do something that isdifferent.
In the early 1800's, most Northernersthought "I guess all the legislators will votefor that it was all right to grow cotton with slavelabor. statement against theanti-slavery people," said Only a few people spoke out to freethe slaves. one of the men. The ones who talked about freeingthe slaves "All but Dan Stone," saidanother. "Stone were thought to be strange or crazy.Sometimes, says - - -" when they made speeches, they were booedand "Never mind him," said another."He's crazy." beaten up, or were put in jail. Some even were "We can count on everybody else,"said the killed. first man. In the 18309s, many men who helpedmake the laws in the North wrote statementsin favor LINCOLN SPEAKS OUT of Southern slavery. They said that peoplewho "You didn't ask me," said a new voice. the spoke out against slavery were upsetting The others looked up at the tallfigure of country. In 1836, some membersof the Illinois Lincoln. legislature wrote one of these statementsand young Abraham asked all the lawmakers to vote for it. Let'slisten "Aren't you in favor of the statement?"asked in to what happened. a legislator. "I am not. I think those anti-slaveryspeakers A LAW AGAINST ANTI-SLAVERY have a right to talk." PEOPLE "Now, Abe, you'll put yourself in a corner. "It's not our job to tell the South how toraise People will say you're as crazy as DanStone." cotton," said one of the Illinois lawmakers. "I don't care what people say,"answered "That's right. Everybody knows they need Abraham Lincoln. "I, too, have a right tospeak, slaves. They've always had slaves. Theyalways even if others disagreewith me." will." Another legislator joined the group in the "We're not voting on slavery," said one man. "We're just telling a bunch of anti-slavery people public room of the hotel. to shut up." "What's new?" he asked. "We fixed up a statement today to tell those "That's exactly why I'm going to voteagainst anti-slavery people to shut their mouths,"said that statement," said Lincoln. "Americastands the first legislator. for free speechand that includes free speech "Good idea," said the new man. for the people who want to free the slaves."
12 FREEDOM OF SPEECH On your paper, number from 1 to 12. WriteAPPROVED if you think Mr. Lincoln would have approved of the way a person belowis making his statement. Write NOT APPROVED if you think Mr.Lincoln would not have approved. 1. Some people say we should work only six hours a day.People who say this should be put in jail. 2. A law should be passed that says a person maywork only six hours a day. 3. Some pecple say we should do away with the income tax.Peo- ple who say this should be fined and put in jail. 4. We should do away with the income tax. 5. Some people say we should not put drunkards injail. People who say this should be put in jail themselves. 6. Drunkards should be placed in special hospitals insteadof in jails. 7. People who say that we should do away with television com- mercials should not be allowed to watch television. 8. A law should be passed that does away withtelevision commercials. 9. Pe-Jf:Ile who say that we should do away with prizefighting should not be allowed in our city. 10. A law should be passed that does away with prizefighting. 11. Students who say that we should have school six days aweek should be the only ones forced to go to school six days a week.
12. A law should be passed that says students should go to school 4 six days a week. Enrichment 5: THEUNDERGROUNDRAILROAD
Cast :Narrator Slave Stephen Rider Customer Levi Coffin Sound Effects Man Slave John Jim Carolina. A This play takes placein the front yardof a house in North NARRATOR: move dirt road runs by thehouse. As the playbegins, a dozen Negro men follows along the road. They arechained together. Arider on a horse them. rest. RIDER: All right, you slaves can the While the Negro slaves stopin the shade, thehorseman rides toward NARRATOR: His clothes house. Levi Coffin, aboy of fourteen, comesout the door. show he is a Quaker.
RIDER: Where's the well, boy? LEVI COFFIN: Back there, behindthe house, sir. the house and outof sight. Levi crossesto the NARRATOR: The man rides around Negroes.
LEVI: Why are you allchained? have We have been sold.He is taking us downSouth. But some of us SLAVE JOHN: would run away wives and childrenin Virginia. If hedidn't chain us, we the first chance we got. Negro, whose tornclothes cannot hide the NARRATOR: Levi notices Stephen, a young marks of the whip onhis back. He sits withhis head in his hands.
LEVI: Did he whip you? I was a free man,but they kidnapped me. SLAVE STEPHEN: Yes, he whipped me. I fought hard, but ... show you were free? LEVI: Didn't you have the paper to it up. STEPHEN: I had my pass. They tore Didn't somebody help? LEVI: Couldn't you holler? After dark. Three mengrabbed me. Tied meand STEPHEN: I was walking home. stuffed a rag in mymouth. Then they put mein a wagon. Hauled me across the stateline to Maryland. of your town. Myfather and I can help you. LEVI: Quick! Tell me the name That's my town. STEPHEN: Hanover, Pennsylvania. place is Levi Coffin'sGeneral Store in Newport, NARRATOR: It is ten years later. The Indiana. Although it islate at night, Levi isfilling an order for a man
14 who sits in an armchair beside the stove. He is telling the customer what happened ten years before.
1: 1 told my father about the slaves. My father went up to Hanover and got written papers from Stephen's friends. Then he trailed that slave trader to Georgia and found Stephen. Did he get free? rI: Dad got a court order to free him.
TOMER: Good. Did you come to Indiana to make your living withthis store or did you come here to run a station on the UndergroundRailroad? Both. tRATOR: There is a special knock at the front door.
JND: (Two knocks and then three more) tRATOR: Levi steps across to the big lamp. He turns down the wick, and then goes to open the door. Jim, a tall Negro,slips quietly in. rI: This is the right place. Say! Haven't you been here before? Yes, sir. 'Bout six months ago. Traveled up from Tennessee. I got abite to eat here. I made it to Canada.
71: What are you back here for? Brought my wife out of slavery.
71: How? Well, sir, it was this way. I went back to Tennessee. I went back to my old master. You say you went back to the plantation owner? (Smiles.) Yes, sir. I told him how the folks did not treat me well up North. I said they made me work hard. Then I told him it was freezing cold in Canada. I told him there was no work, either. He took me back. He believed every word. He took me around to all the plantations to tell how bad things were in the North.
71: Is your wife all right? Is...? r. Yes, she is with me. When we were ready to run away, some others said they wanted to go, too. There's more runaways out there? Yes, sir. n[: How many?
[: Fourteen.
15 fourteen Negro men, women,and children walk NARRATOR: Jim opens the door, and in. Thanks to men likeLevi Coffin, theUnderground Railroad wasstill working! Year after year,Levi and other peoplelike him hid and fed runaway slaves.They kept horses and wagonsready to help the escaping people get to their nextstation. And thousandsof "passengers" like Jim were not afraid totravel by the dangerousunderground railroad. They took the chance becausethey wanted freedom sobadly.
16 Enrichment 6: HARRIETTUBMANCONDUCTOR ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Harriet Tubman used to tell this as a true story. She made nineteen trips intothe South and helped more than 300 slaves reach freedom. "Tell John he got to be at the cornfield by Then, about sundown, Old Rit wondered why tomorrow sundown!' The whispered words came the boys didn't come. Old Ben got up, wipedhis out of the shadows behind the big tree.The voice face with a big, red handkerchief, and said, belonged to Harriet Tubman. "Think walk down the road to see if John's "But that's Christmas day," a woman's voice coming." answered. "The plantation owners will be having a ESCAPE TO FREEDOM party," explained Harriet. She moved forward to Old Ben wandered over to the cornfield. When lean against the tree. "We can go a long way the runaways crept out to start their long hike, he before sun-up." was standing nearby. Thered handkerchief was The other Negro woman shook her head. tightly over his eyes. "Your Ma was going to have John and the others John looked at his father. for supper on Christmas night." "What's the sense of that blindfold?" John "John can't go to Ma's. None of them can go. asked. They are leaving with me," Harriet said. "No mind. Take my hand and lead me down "Shall I tell your Ma why they can't come?" the road a way." the woman asked. Up ahead, Harriet started off through the "No, no. Let Ma go ahead. If the bosses see darkness. Behind, lame and crippled, Old Ben her fixing up a big Christmas supper, they won't walked a few steps with his children as they know anything." started the dangerous flight to freedom. "Aren't you going to see your Ma? Aren't you going to tell her you came back to help your The next day the plantation owners discov- brothers run away?" ered that a half-dozen slaves were gone. The boss went into Old Ben's cabin. "No. If she knew I came back across the line, she'd make such a fuss that anyone could tell." "Two of your boys ran away last night," he Harriet's whisper trailed off. Then she went on. shouted. He pointed his finger at Old Rit. "Did "But you can tell Pa. He's got sense enough to you know what they were upto?" keep his mouth shut." " 'Course not," she replied. "I fixed up a big supper and waited a longtime after sundown for CHRISTMAS DAY them to come." Harriet Tubman was right about her slave par- ents. Old Rit, as her mother wascalled, worked The boss turned and stared at Old Ben. all day Christmas to prepare a big meal. Her father, Old Ben, was told that his daughter had "I never did see them," said Old Ben. "I was come to get her brothers. He did not say aword around here all day, but I never did see them." to his wife. Old Ben acted the same asif it were And he was telling the truth. He hadn't "seen" any other Christmas. them.
17 ACTIVITY 1
THINK! Copy and complete each sentence.Look back at the story if youneed to. 1. Harriet Tubman was a smart womanbecause 2. Harriet did not want totalk to her mother because 3. Old Ben placed a blindfold overhis eyes because
18 CHAPTER REVIEWDISCUSSION
THOUGHT QUESTIONS
1.Do people have a "natural" desire tobe free? Explain your answer. 2. How do you think slaves feltabout such ideas as "work hard" and "be honest"? Why? PETE AND BOB: SLAVERY Just how important is freedom? SomeSoutherners claimed that the slaves were better off as slaves.They claimed that their slaves were sureof enough to eat. They also said that theslaves were given clothes to wear and a place to live. Do you think that somepeople in the world today would be willing to give up their freedomfor food, clothing, and shelter? Pete says:I want to be free, even if I have to gohungry sometimes. Bob says: Food comes first. I've got to eat.You can't eat freedom. I will give up my freedom anytime,if it means I won't go hungry. Do you agree with Pete or with Bob?Explain your answer. VW. 4 %%4 r fr ft fri
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VOCABULARY Watch for these words in today's reading. They are underlined in the Trystory. to understand how these underlined words are used in the story. 1. secede 5. emancipation 2. Union 6. proclamation 3. Confederate States 7. abolish 4. patrol 8. ane-slavery Have you ever known two boys who started out as friends and then got into afight with each other? Usually, when such a fight starts, each boy thinks that HE will bethe winner. When the Civil War began, each side thought it would win. The South made cer- tain plans that it felt would win the war. So did the North. In your reading today, you will find out what happened.
needed food from the North more than cotton WHAT DID LINCOLN BELIEVE? from the South. Many English people were After Abraham Lincoln was elected Presi- against slavery. Maryland did not secede, and dent, most of the people in the southern states so Washington, D.C., was held forthe Union. said, "We are leaving the United States. We The South faced a long, hard war instead of secede from the Union." They started their own a quick victory. Such a long warfavored the government, the Confederate States of America, North. The North had more men, more money, in February, 1861. Abraham Lincoln strongly more factories, and more ships. believed that the nation should not split in two. He believed that our nation was an example of WHAT WERE THE NORTHERN PLANS? a country where the peopleruled themselves. If The North had four plans: (1 ) The navy the United States broke in two, it would show would patrol the southern coasts and keep the that a country where the people ruled had failed. South from trading cotton for war supplies; (2) WHAT DID THE SOUTH HOPE TO DO? The North would divide the South by capturing the Mississippi River; (3) The North would Some southerners hoped to secede without divide the South again by marching to Chatta- war. Others knew that,if the South left the nooga, then to Atlanta, and then toSavannah; Union, it meant war, but they hoped to win. and (4) The North would capture the Southern They planned to sell cotton to other countries capital at Richmond, Virginia. and buy things they needed to make war. They were sure England wouldhelp them because The Northern plans were carried out, but it England needed cuaun for her factories. They took four years. The hardest job was to beat the also hoped Maryland would secede. This would great Southern general, Robert E. Lee. At first, give them the land on all sides of Washington, none of the Northern generals couldbeat Lee. D.C. The South hoped for a quick victory. Then, General Meade stopped him at Gettys- burg. At the same time, General Grant took WHY DID THE SOUTHERN PLANS FAIL? Vicksburg. Vicksburg was the last Southern fort The Southern plans failed. Lincoln kept the on the Mississippi. After that, Lincoln named South from trading with other countries by send- Grant as the Commander-in-Chief. Grant forced ing warships to block the Southern harbors. Lee to surrender at Appomatox Court House, England did not help the South, either. England Virginia on April 9, 1865.
21 WHAT WAS THE EMANCIPATION called the Emancipation Proclamation.This PROCLAMATION? paper said that slaves werefree in all the states Although Lincoln was against slavery, he said that were fighting against the Union. his first job was to save the Union. He did notdo HOW DID EMANCIPATION HELP away with slavery becausethere were several THE UNION? states on the border between the Northand the Emancipation helped the Union. Northern South which had not seceded, although they had people who were against slavery workedharder slavery. These border states were Delaware, than ever. The northern Negroes, who now were Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, and hedid taken into the army, fought bravely. Many slaves not want to do something thatwould cause them ran away from thesouthern plantations, and this to secede also and join theConfederacy. If they made it even harder for the South to grow food did so, the North would have a harder timewin- for their army. All of this helped the North to ning the war. But people in England were asking, win the war. "Why doesn't Lincoln abolisn slavery?" North- It was a terrible war. Many brave soldiers on such as Frederick Doug- ern anti-slavery leaders, both sides lost their lives, but in the end the coun- lass, were asking the same question. try was not divided into two nations.The Union On January 1, 1863, Lincoln signed a paper was saved.
ACTIVITY 1
VOCABULARY Many of the words below were underlinedin the story. Copy each word and match it with the meaning it has in this story.Then, write thc: mean- ing next to the word. 1. secede an official announcement 2. Union freedom from slavery 3. Confederate States to guard 4. patrol to do away with 5. emancipation against slavery 6. proclamation the group of southern states that left the Union 7. abolish to leave a nation 8. anti-slavery the United States of America
ACTIVITY 2
FINDING ERRORS There are three sentences in eachsection. Only two of each of the three sentences are correct. Copythe TWO correct sentences.
22 1. The South's plan : a. The South hoped to trade cotton with other countries in ex- change for war goods. b. The South hoped that Maryland would secede. c. The South hoped to capture Richmond. 2. The North's plan : a. The North planned to get Mexico to attack the South. b. The North planned to divide the South by capturing the Mississippi River. c. The North planned to capture Richmond. 3. The failure of the South's plan: a. The South's plan failed because the North kept the South from trading with other countries. b. The South's plan failed because England sent soldiers to fight the South. c. The South's plan failed because Maryland did not secede.
ACTIVITY 3
WHO WERE THEY? Each statement tells something about an important person in our story. Copy each statement and beside each write the name of the person that it tells about. 1. The President of the United States during the Civil War. 2. The great Southern general who was so hard to beat. 3. The Northern general whose army won at Gettysburg. 4. The Northern general whose ar- mies won at Vicksburg.
ACTIVITY 4
THINK! Copy and complete these sentences. The answers may come from your own thinking.
1. Lincoln thought his first job was to save the Union because...
2. The North won the war because...
3. The Emancipation Proclamation helped the North because...
4. If the South had won the war, today we would find that...
23 STATES Enrichment 1: MAPOF NORTHERNAND SOUTHERN DURING THECIVIL WAR
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ACTIVITY 1
MAP STUDY Trace the map of theNorthern and Southern statesduring the Civil War. that belonged to the Use different colors orshadings to show the states Union and the states thatbelonged to theConfederacy.
24 nrichment 2: THEMONITOR ANDTHE MERRIMAC
Cast:Narrator Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Sailor Jones Stephen Mallory Sailor Kelly Gideon Welles and the This is the true storyof two iron-coveredships, the Monitor ARRATOR: Davis. Merrimac. Our storybegins in 1862, inthe office of Jefferson is sitting Jefferson Davis is Presidentof the ConfederateStates. Mr. Davis Confederate Navy, at his desk,writing. Mr. Mallory,Secretary of the enters.
DAVIS: I got your note, Mr.Mallory. about somethingimportant. MALLORY: Good, I want to talk to you had a secret. Well,what is it? DAVIS: You wrote that you right. It is a secret weapon.We can smashthe MALLORY: We have a secret, all Yankee navy!
DAVIS: No? Really! Go on, go on. We have put iron plates onthe Merrimac. Now ourship can steam right MALLORY: We into the Yankee fleetand blow their woodenships out of the water. can sinkthe Northern shipsthat patrol our coasts. Mr. Mallory. Wonderful!The Yankee ships are r DAVIS: This is wonderful news, blocking our ships now.If we can break theYankee blockade, we can sol- ship cotton to England.We can bring in gunsand supplies for our diers. We will win the war. the Merrimac, we cando it. MALLORY: With those iron plates on this to me before? DAVIS: Why haven't you reported plates make We weren't sure theengines would movethe ship. The iron MALLORY: Whenever it very heavy. Nowthat we've made ourfirst test, we're ready. ships at Hamp- you give theorder, the Merrimacwill attack the Yankee ton Roads. Mallory. At once. DAVIS: Send it into action, Mr. Washington, D.C., and tothe office of Abraham NARRATOR: Now let us move to Lincoln. The Presidentof the United States islooking out the window. Mr. Gideon Welles enters.He is the Secretary ofthe Navy. sir? WELLES: You sent for me, brought us newsverybad news. LINCOLN: Our spies have
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Two sailors on the Southern ship saw something strange coming toward them. 5: What's that strange little thing coming our way? Y: It looks like a "cheese box on a raft." 5: It's flying a Union flag. I see two guns on it. Y: Those two guns can't stop us. The captain will probably sinkit first before we attack the wooden ship. tATOR: The little boat that looked like a "cheese box on a raft" was theNorthern Monitor.TheMonitorhad better engines. No matter how theMerrimac tried, it could not get past theMonitor to fire atthe Northern wooden ship. The two ships fought each other for hours. TheMonitor'stwo guns kept pounding theMerrimac.The thing that looked a "cheese box" was really an iron gun tower that was turned by machinery. This way,the gunners could always fire at theMerrimac. That little ship is better thanthought. If the North builds more ships like that, we will not be able to break their blockade. The captain is heading straight for the little ship. Do you think heis going to ram it? RATOR: TheMerrimactried to ram theMonitor,but theMonitor'sstrong engines pulled it out of danger. Neither iron-covered ship could sink theother. Still the battle was considered a Northern victory because theMerrimac did not come out to sink any more wooden warships. The North soon built more iron ships. The South failed to break the Northernblockade. IONITOR and the MERRIMAC 27 ACTIVITY 1 FILL-INS Copy and complete thefollowing paragraph. Use the words in this list to fill in the blanks: trade Monitor Mallory Merrimac blockaded broken wooden iron plates failed sink supplies The South was in trouble during the Civil War. The North its coastline so that it could not with other countries. Confederate Secretary of War thought he had a way of breaking the blockade. The South secretly built a ship covered withplates. It was called the .This ship attacked and sank two Northern ships. It looked as though the Northern blockade would be .Then, the North sent the into action. It riso had iron Both ships fired and hit each other. The ships could not each other. The South's attempt to stop the blockade The South still had trouble bringing in to fight the war. Enrichment 3: GRANTTAKES VICKSBURG third attack, said "I'll stop here," said Grant,"just in case the "I am not going to order a around. "Let Grant. "Too many lives werelost in the first two Rebels are watching." He turned you're ready to blast." attacks." me know when General U. S. Grant was talking tohis officers REBEL EXPLOSION in a tent at Vicksburg. The year was1863. He Four days later, ColonelMeadows reported got up, walked tothe opening of his tentand to Grant's tent."The tunnel is finished,sir," he looked out. He saw a hill filledwith shell holes. said. "The men have juststarted carrying in the The hill led up to Vicksburg. blasting powder." "Can we wait to starve theirout?" asked one Grant stood up. "Good. Very ..." of his officers. He was interrupte ,! by thethunder of a big rushed outside. They time," said Grant. explosion. Both officers "I think we have a little of smoke boiling up tothe sky. "We beat the Rebels atJackson, Mississippi. saw a cloud accident," cried Badly. It will be weeks beforethey can raise an "There must have been an of the barrels army to come tothe rescue of Vicksburg." Colonel Meadows. "Maybe one of powder blew up." Withoutbothering to salute, DIGGING TUNNELS FORDYNAMITE he left General Grant and rantoward the smoke- "It would be wonderful to captureVicksburg covered hill.' by July 4th," said anotherUnion officer. back, a wide smile "Perhaps we can," saidGrant. "I'm having In a few minutes he was yards." Colonel Meadows run a tunnelright under them. on his face."They missed us. By twenty If he can blow up theirdefenses, we can try an- Grant understood. "Wasthat explosion the other attack." Rebel mine?" Grant turned around to fethe officers meet- Meadows said, "Yes, sir. Therebels blew a ing in his tent. "ColonelMeadows needs a lot of hok in the hill just above ourfake tunnel. But men to helphim dig that tunnel. I thinkI'll let our real tunnelis safe. And we'll be ready to set you decide how to gethim fresh men. I'll go over off our blast by sundown." to see how he'sdoing." CONFEDERATES SURRENDER Grant went to the bottomof the hill. Colonel That night, the Union armywatched a great high wall of sandbags. Meadows pointed out a explosion rip the trenches atthe top of the hill. These sandbags protectedhis men. Behind the Afterward, they waited forGrant to give the sandbags were Union menready to fire their order to attack. There was noorder. Pleased guns. with the success of ColonelMeadows' blast, "Your defenses aregood," said Grant, "but General Grant had decided togive the Rebels you seem tobe short of diggers. I don't see any- some more ofthe same. He set his men towork one working atthe tunnel." digging more tunnels. Colonel Meadows smiled."This is a fake tun- second blast, the nel. When you dig atunnel to set off a mine, you A few days later, after a date was July 4, know the enemy will run atunnel out to you. He Confederates surrendered. The important. will try to blow up yourtunnel." The colonel 1863. The fall of Vicksburg was very River was controlled pointed to the north. "Ourreal tunnel starts over Now all of the Mississippi there." by the North. 29 ACTIVITY 1 COMPLETE THE SENTENCES On your paper, copy these sentences and fill in the blanks. 1. At first, General Grant decided not to order a third attack at Vicksburg because 2. Before trying a third attack, General Grant had Colonel Mead- ows 3. Colonel Meadows fooled the enemy by 4. Vicksburg fell to the Union Army on 5. The fall of Vicksburg was important because ACTIVITY 2 THINK! The American Civil War (1861 to 1865) was the beginning of modern warfare. Here is a list of equipment and weapons used in recent years. Copy the items that you think were used in the Civil War. 1. airplanes 8. bayonets 2. rifles 9. jet planes 3. tanks 10. observation balloons 4. horses 11. radios 5. trains 12. heavy artillery 6. parachutes 13. telegraph lines 7. iron ships 14. missiles 30 Enrichment 4:FREDERICK DOUGLASS signed the paper. said the old man, lean- "Sure, President Lincoln "Good morning, boys," helped him make uphis ing on his cane andsmiling at the two boyswith But that Mr. Douglass the wagon. It was a sunnymorning in 1894, in mind." Washington, D.C. FREDERICK DOUGLASSMEETS "Good morning, sir,"replied Dick, the boy PRESIDENT LINCOLN sitting in the wagon. "How?" demandedWillie. "How did hedo The boy pulling the wagondid not answer the that?" old man. Instead, hejerked the wagon forward "When Mr. Douglass metPresident Lincoln, and moved along thesidewalk. he told Lincoln theslaves should be free.Mr. "Don't need to go so fast,"shouted Dick, hold- Douglass went everywhere.He spoke at meetings told everyone to write to ing on tightly. all over the North. He him to free the slaves." Willie stopped. He lookedback toward the the President and ask make? A President corner. He sawthat the old man could nothear "What difference did that them. can dowhatever he wants." Then Dick said, "ThePresident is elected by DICK LEARNS ABOUT the people. He listens tothe people when they FREDERICK DOUGLASS want him to dosomething. The Presidentwill do "Who's he?" he asked hiscousin, Dick. what the people want,if he thinks it's right,and "Who?" it's good for the country." "The old Negro manwith the cane." Willie thought aboutwhat Dick said. "I see . e," he began. "You mean Mr. Douglass?" what you mean . "Gee," said Willie, "the way you say'Mister' THE LINCOLN CANE and 'Sir', you'd thinkhe was somebody impor- "Afterward, PresidentLincoln was glad he tant." listened to Mr. Douglass."Dick turned to point "He is. That's Mr.Frederick Douglass. He's at the old man, nowfar down the street."You the most important Negroin the United States." see hiscane?" he said. "That'sthe Lincoln Cane." "I never heard of him."Willie lived in Chi- "What do you mean, 'theLincoln Cane'?" cago. He wasvisiting his cousin, Dick,in Wash- "Abraham Lincoln wanted togive Mr. Doug- ington, D.C. lass something. Hewanted him to have some- "Mr. Douglass was aslave before the Civil thing to remembertheir meeting. Butbefore War. He ran awayupNorth. Then he studied he could do this, thePresident was shot. Mrs. and studied until he was agood speaker. He Lincoln, however, knewthat her husband had wrote books, too."Dick climbed out ofthe wanted to give Mr.Douglass something. After wagon. President Lincoln died,she sent his cane to Mr. "I guess I did hearsomething about him," Douglass." said Willie. What Dick said about the cane wastrue. After reported the story "Well, I guess so," saidDick. "He's the man Mr. Lincoln died, newspapers Lincoln sent the cane with a that helped free theslaves." of the cane. Mrs. The letter explained "Don't tell me that," saidWillie. "Everybody letter to Mr. Douglass. President Lincoln's wishes. knows that AbrahamLincoln freed the slaves." 31 ACTIVITY 1 THINK! You are a Northerner who has just heard Frederick Douglass give a speech. In the speech, he said, "Write a letter to President Lincoln. Let him know why you think the slaves should be free." You decide that you will write a letter. What would you say? Copy the beginning of a letter, which follows, and then complete it. December, 1862 Dear President Lincoln : I would like to tell you how I feel about slavery. 32 Enrichment 5: LINCOLNAT GETTYSBURG Cast : Narrator Lady Radio Announcer First Man Reporter Ed Taylor Abolitionist President Lincoln Second Man Sound Effects Man Edward Everett Farmer there was. NARRATOR: We know that there was noradio in 1863, but let us prettnd Let us see what happened onNovember 19, 1863, four monthsafter the important battle at Gettysburg. battlefield ANNOUNCER: Here we are, on the train toGettysburg. In Gettysburg is a that is to become a national cemetery.Quite a few important people are on this train:President Lincoln, of course;Mr. Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War; and Mr. EdwardEverett, who is to give the bigspeech of the day. I see Ed Taylor talking tothe President. Let's switch to Reporter Ed Taylor. TAYLOR: Mr. President, are you going tospeak today? speaker. LINCOLN: Only a few words, son, only a fewwords. Mr. Everett is the main TAYLOR: Can you give me an idea of whatyou're going to say? LINCOLN: Don't know, myself. I've been so busyI haven't had time to write my speech. TAYLOR: Oh, excuse me. I'll let you work onit, then. few pages of your notebook, LINCOLN: Thank you. Now, if you would tear out a young man, I could usethem to write down a few words. SOUND EFFECT: (Tearing paper) NARRATOR: We now move along to the actual ceremony. Everett has ANNOUNCER: I'm speaking to you from theplatform at Gettysburg. Mr. just finished a wonderful speech.Hear that applause? SOUND EFFECT: (Everyone clapsloudly) He's ANNOUNCER: Now the President is going to thefront of the speaker's platform. talking about the heroes who diedhere. I'll move up closer, so you can hear his speech. died in vain; that this nation,under LINCOLN: ...that these dead shall not have God, shall have a new birth offreedom, and that government ofthe people, by the people, for the people,shall not perish from the earth. SOUND EFFECT: (Clapping, but not so loud as it wasfor Everett's speech) 33 ANNOUNCER: Well, folks, that's the end of the speeches. Now, we'll switch to the audience, where Ed Taylor has his microphone. TAYLOR: I'm talking to a farmer from Harrisburg. What did you think of the speeches? FARMER: That Everett's a fancy speaker, but old Abe said a lot in a few words. TAYLOR: I have a lady in a black dress. Are you in mourning, Ma'am? LADY: My oldest boy. He died here. For all of us ordinary folks. That's what Mr. Lincoln said. TAYLOR: What did you think of the program, sir? FIRST MAN: That Edward Everett is a mighty fine speaker. But Abe Lincoln was talking to usthe people, the people that fight, the people that die. ABOLITIONIST: Freedom. He wrote it in the Emancipation Proclamation. Now he said it"a new birth of frxdom." SECOND MAN: That's our President. Good ol' Abe Lincoln. ANNOUNCER: Excuse me, Ed, but I'd like to cut back to the platform. I have Mr. Everett here. Will you say a few words, Mr. Everett? EVERETT: I've talked too much already. And I didn't say it as well in two hours as Lincoln did in two minutes. 34 Enrichment 6: NEGROTROOPS AT RICHMOND "The Northern armies areclosing in," said wedge into Butler's line. I'll order anattack." General Robert E. Lee. He wasspeaking to a The following afternoon, a messengerbrought meeting of his officers in a bighouse in Rich- the first report of the battle."The South Caro- mond. "General Grant holds theline to the north, lina Brigade has begun the attack onNew Mar- and General Sheridan swings infrom the west. ket Heights. Going well." But General Butler's army to the eastis our main Lee spoke in a low voice."They'll have to problem." keep going." "They're in sight of Richmond,"said one of The messenger grinned. "ThoseNegroes will the Confederate generals. run." Lee nodded. "They have takenNew Market Lee shook his head. "They won't run.Our Heights and Fort Harrison. I ordered twoattacks men will have tokeep on to their last breath, to on Harrison.They failed. We must plananother the last drop of blood." into attacktokeep Butler from driving General Lee got up and followedthe messen- Richmond." ger down thehall to the small room where the "There's only one place to breakthrough," telegraph was located. "Hit the Union declared another officer loudly. "Our men have reached the Yankeetrenches, When our men soldiers at New Market Heights. sir," said the operator. charge them with bayonets, they'll runaway." Lee waited. He listened to the clickof the tele- NEGRO SOLDIERS OF THE graph. His eyes were on theoperator's face. THIRD DIVISION When the operator stopped smiling,Lee shook Lee looked at the speaker. He wasthinking of his head. "Is it bad Iiews?" he asked. the reports he had read. At lasthe spoke. "The "Our men are falling back, sir." Third Division of Butler's army areNegroes. They charged through the swamp, cutthrough THE THIRD DIVISION WINS took the Heights. They ran two barricades, and Lee waited a moment longer, untilthe final Hundreds were into a storm of shot and shell. report told the full story. The NegroDivision had don't think killed. But the others kept coming. I won the battle. TheNegroes held off the Con- those Negro soldiers will run." federate charge. Then they chargedforward. The officer who had spoken soloudly did not They drove the South Carolina Brigadedown agree with Lee."This time they'd have to stand the hill. They had beaten Lee's best men. the bayonets and wait," he said. "When they see Many brave soldiers fought and died inthe They'll run." coming up the hill, they'll break. Civil War. The Negro soldiers, like so many ATTACK ON NEW MARKETHEIGHTS other soldiers of the Civil War, proved theirbrav- Lee got up and walked slowly over theto map. ery. When giventhe chance, they helped the Then he turned. "It is the right place todrive a Union win the war. 35 ACTIVITY 1 COMPLETION Number from 1 to 5 on your paper. Write the missing word beside each number. The 1 Division of General Butler's Army was made up of Negroes. They took the high ground called 2 near Richmond. General Lee believed that the Negro soldiers would not 3 . The Negro Division drove the South Carolina 4 back down the hill. The Division proved its 5 in battle. ACTIVITY 2 THINK! 1. Why did one of General Lee's officers think that the Negro soldiers would run away? 2. Why did Lee himself think that the Negro soldiers would stay and fight? 3. Explain how this battle was important to each of the following: a. a Negro b. a Southerner c. a Northerner 36 CHAPTERREVIEW DISCUSSION THOUGHT QUESTIONS 1. Why would it be wrongfor a state to leave theUnion? 2. A soldier can showbravery in battle. What are someother ways that a person can showbravery? 3. How do you think twocousins would feel, onewith the South, one withthe North, if they met inbattle? PETE AND BOB: ONBEING DRAFTED President Abraham Lincolnfelt that his first duty was to preservethe Union. The South broke awayfrom the Union beforeAbraham Lincoln took office. Soon after hetook office, the Confederatesfired on the Union army at FortSumter. President Lincolnasked for volunteers to fightthe Confederates. Later, because more men wereneeded, men were drafted into the army. Pete says: I am for a strong army.I think that the draft isfair. I think every man in our countryshould have to go into the service if he is needed. Bob says:I am for a strong army, butI'm against the draft. Ithink the army should be made upof volunteers only. I don't think a person should have to gointo the military service if he doesn't want to. What do you think? Do you agreewith Pete or Bob? Why? 37 s'.1' -= ,-,e7-"r = .61.)'K.14:"le:f.!..17,47;Tri;*,4r ?WV , iI 4411,4 :,* 04;741. ' , .1'4 I -17.1". AJ ' -1 - SUMMARY READING ABULARY 'atch for these words in today's reading.They are underlined in the story. Try tounderstand these underlined words are used in the story. 1. ruins 4. amendment 2. civil rights 5. abolish 3. bureau Did you ever have to rebuild something afterit was almost destroyed? If so, youknow how difficult it is. You were probably faced with manyproblems while doing the job. The government had a difficult jobafter the Civil War. It had many problems intrying to help rebuild the South and get it back into the Union. Youwill learn about some of these prob- lems in your reading today. AT HAPPENED IN THE SOUTH? Another law was passed that started a program Filen the Civil War ended in April, 1865, called the Freedmen's Bureau. This bureau was h of the South was in ruins. The war had set up to help Negroes and others in needof food, royed plantations, businesses, and railroads. homes, and jobs. The people in the north were in favor of what Congress did. ast as the war came to anend, Abraham :oln was shot and died from his wounds. Congress also sent Union troops to control the iths earlier, he made plans for the South to people in the south who were refusing to obey te back into theUnion. Now, Andrew John- the new laws. Congressmen felt that many white the new President, said that he would follow southerners were not treating Negroes fairly. same plan. Congress made the southern states hold new elec- Vith this plan, the southern states quickly tions in which Negroes could vote. The people rimed to the Union. Now the South tried to who had been Confederate leaders duringthe iild. The government passed laws which war or held office could not vote.Now, for a few le the Negroes citizens, but many of the white years, the men who ranthe South were fi om ple in the south refused to let Negroes vote. three groups. They were Negroes, white south- dederate leaders who had fought the North erners who had wanted to stayin the Union, and e elected. Also, laws werepassed in the south northerners who had moved into the South. :ontrol the newly-freed Negroes. If a Negro t work, he could be arrested and sentback to WHAT NEW AMENDMENTS WERE k as a prisoner. Many of the southerners ADDED TO THE CONSTITUTION? ned to he saying, "We won't call it slavery, The Constitution can be changed. These im- we're going to continue to treat the Negroes portant changes are called amendments.After f they are slaves." the Civil War, three amendments were added to IAT DID CONGRESS DO? the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment rhese events made congressmen from the said that there would not be any slavery in the th angry. They did not like what was happen- United States. It abolished slavery. The Four- in the south. They said, "We will pass laws teenth Amendment made Negroes citizens of the protect and help the Negroes." Congress United States. The Fifteenth Amendment gave sed a civil rights law to protect the Negroes. Negroes the right to vote. 39 Some southerners who did not like these problems in the South. After the election for changes joined the Ku Klux Klan and other se- President in 1876, United States soldiers were cret clubs. At night these groups rode out to removed from the South. Now, each southern scare Negroes and white Republicans. When a state began to run its own government again. scare wasn't enough, they whipped, tortured, and sometimes even murdered. Congress passed laws Without the protection of United States soldiers, against the activities of such organizations. Negroes in the South began to lose their right to Union soldiers arrested many of their members, vote. The white southerners again got control of but were not able to stop all the trouble. their state and city governments. They found ways to get around the United States laws that WHAT CHANGE TOOK PLACE protected the rights of Negroes. The life of the AFTER 1876? Negro in the South became almost as difficult as In time, northerners lost interest in the Negro it was during the time of slavery. ACTIVITY 1 VOCABULARY Many of the words below were underlined in the story. Copy each word on your paper. Match the word with the meaning it has in this story. Then write the meaning next to the word. 1. ruins a. a change in the Constitution 2. civil rights b. office 3. bureau c. do away with 4. amendment d. rights of a citizen 5. abolish e. things which are badly damaged 40 ACTIVITY 2 ChOOSING MAIN IDEAS There are two sentencesin each of the followingsections. Only one sentence is true.Choose the correct sentence and copyit. 1. The war damage a. When theCivil War ended, the North wasin ruins. b. When the Civil War ended,the South was in ruins. 2. Planning after the war a. PresidentAbraham Lincoln did not make anyplans for the South to return to the Union. b. President Abraham Lincolnmade a plan for the South to return to the Union. 3. Treatment of Negroes a. Right afterthe Civil War, southern statesrefused to let Negroes vote. b. Right after the Civil War,southern states gave Negroesall their rights as citizens. 4. Congress and the Negroes a. Congresspassed laws to stop Negroes fromvoting. b. Congress passed laws tohelp the Negroes. 5. The Constitution a. Nothing can everbe added to change the Constitution. b. After the Civil War, threeamendments were added to the Constitution. 6. The Ku Klux Klan a. The KuKlux Klan was a secret club which wasagainst Negroes and white Republicans. b. The Ku Klux Klan was againstNegroes only. 7. The South after thesoldiers left a. After thesoldiers left the South, Negroes got morerights. b. After the soldiers leftthe South, Negroes began tolose the right to vote. ACTIVITY 3 MATCHING Copy each amendment. Writethe correct statement to gowith each amendment. 1. Thirteenth Amendment a. madeNegroes citizens of the 2. Fourteenth Amendment United States 3. Fifteenth Amendment b. gave Negroes the right to vote c. abolishedslavery ACTIVITY 4 MATCHING For each number below, two events are listed, oneof which happened before the other. Number from 1 to 4 on your paper.Beside each number, copy only the statementthat tells of the event that happened first. I. The Civil War ends. Negroes are given the right to vote. 2. Troops are taken from the South. Negroes lose the right to vote. 3. The Civil War begins. The Ku Klux Klan starts. 4. Negroes get the right to vote. Slavery is abolished (done away with). ACTIVITY 5 QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION Murder is always a terrible crime, but people are more shocked when an elected president is killed than they are by other killings. Can youexplain how this might be connected with their belief in democracy as a way of government? 42 Enrichment 1: ATTHE FREEDMEN'SBUREAU Second Negro Man Cast:Narrator Third Negro Man Ben Jefferson First Negro Woman Second Negro Woman First White Man Young Girl Second White Man Fourth Negro Man First Negro Man Fifth Negro Man War. Its The Freedmen's Bureau wasset up in theSouth after the Civil NARRATOR: of poor job was to help thefreed slaves. Our play opens ona group Negroes and two poorwhite men. They arewaiting outside aFreedmen's Bureau located in a smallMississippi town. As webegin, Ben Jefferson, a tall Negro, opensthe door and looks out atthe crowd. get lined up. BEN JEFFERSON: I will let you in as soon as you NARRATOR: The crowd forms a line. BEN JEFFERSON: Who was here first? FIRST NEGRO WOMAN: I was here before front. BEN JEFFERSON: All right, Auntie, you come up FIRST WHITE MAN: Who is the man doingthe talking? He used to work the cottongin at the Major's plan- SECOND WHITE MAN: That's Ben Jefferson. tation. He ran off to theNorth and worked for theYankee army. questions. Maybe I cantell you BEN JEFFERSON: You can ask me Will the Freedmen'sBureau give us something FIRST WHITE MAN: We got nothing to eat. Bureau helps all peoplewho are poor, Negro or BEN JEFFERSON: Yes. The Freedmen's white. mule. SECOND NEGRO MAN: I heard we will getforty acres of land and a Everybody believes that story.But it just isn't true.If a plantation is BEN JEFFERSON: home. But empty, the bureaudivides up the landuntil the owner comes nobody gets it for keeps. That's real bad. SECOND NEGRO MAN: You mean we are notgoing to get forty acres? THIRD NEGRO MAN: Free men got to havefarms. doetIn't mean the Yankees aregoing to give you a BEN JEFFERSON: You are free, but that farm. You still got towork for the man that ownsthe land. place gives us nothingbut moldy cornmeal. SECOND NEGRO WOMAN: The old master at our 43 BEN JEFFERSON: All you folks that are still inyour cabins on the old placego home. In a few days, a man from the Freedmen's Bureau will make the owner sign a paper to feedyou right and pay you for working. NARRATOR: Now, some Negroes slowly leave the line. YOUNG GIRL: We live in town. There'sno work. Mama's sick. We got nothing to eat. BEN JEFFERSON: Stay in line. The Freedmen's Bureau will giveyou a paper to get food. FOURTH NEGRO MAN: I can't even write my name. Are the Yankees going to teach us? BEN JEFFERSON: As soon as the hungry get fed, then the Freedmen's Bureau is goingto find a teacher and start a school. FINN NEGRO MAN: My old master said we were too dumb to read. BEN JEFFERSON: That's not true! They taught me to read. They taughtme to write. When we get educated, we are going to help run the country. 44 Enrichment 2: DIARY OF A CONFEDERATE CAPTAIN The Southern soldier fought bravely for what he thought was right. When he lost the war, he had to go back home. What was home like? What hadhappened to the South after four years of war? Read thils imaginary diary to get a truer picture. 1865 April 12 April 23 Waited three days after Lee's surrender before Rode through town that had a Freedmen's Bu- we could start home. All keep horses ...officers reau office. Crowd was mostlyNegroes. Private keep pistols. Yankees gave us corn meal and Smith dropped out. Think he went back to beg bacon. Rode 12 miles. for food at the Freedmen's Bureau. April 24 April /3 Farmer sold us food. Corn bread and turnip Roads awful. .deep holes or washed away. stew. 20 miles. Fences all gore. Confederate paper money no April 25 good.Everybody knows Leesurrendered. Yankee patrol from Sherman's army. ...told us Bought handful of tea with coins. Ten of us have the last Confederate army surrendered at Ra- $2.40 in coins. Stores and houses have windows boarded up. There's no glass. Went 40 miles leigh, North Carolina. They gave us dried beef and sack of corn meal. 25 miles. today. April 26 April 14 Rained all day. Found empty house...cooked Horses in bad shape. Stopped often to rest ... let horses eat grass. Ate last of Yankee food. cern bread ...found dry corner to sleep. About Crossed into North Carolina. 25 miles. 6 miles. April 27 April 15-20 Crossed into South Carolina. Followed railroad Stayed a week at plantation owned by Captain line. Rails and ties all gone...torn up by the Turner'suncle...northof Winston-Salem. Yankees. But railroad roadbeds better than Gave them our tea...first cup of tea they had roads. 20 miles. for weeks. Oats for horses. Mush and corn bread April 28 for us. Every morning we drew straws for the Everybody says Georgia is wrecked from At- 3 or 4 eggs. Turner's uncle rich before war... lanta to the sea. Captain Banks and North put his money in Confederate bonds ...not Georgia men go west...toward Atlanta. I don't worth a cent now. Their best clothes patched. want to see a city that's been wrecked and Some of their slaves ran away....half the place burned. Three men go south with me. Our share going to weeds. Gave us sack of turnips when of coins is 60 cents. we left. April 29 April 22 Lucky today. Found a plantation where they fed Swamp, mud, weeds. Nothing to eat but turnips. us pancakes, molasses, and eggs.My pencil down 30 miles. to a stub. Can't get another. 25 miles. 45 April 30 People say we have to godown to Augusta to that's 50 miles out of the way. This is country whereSherman ran off cattle, cross. But burned houses, took the cotton,cleaned out the stores. Nothing butruins. People starving. Cor- May 2 poral Phillips shot a duck.Divided it among the Swam the river. Georgia atlast. When the war four of us. started, they said we wouldride through the May I North, but here we are,back home...wading Savannah River. No boats.Bridges all wrecked. through Georgia mud. ACTIVITY 1 USING THE FACTS Imagine that you are visiting a resthome where two old men aredis- cussing the Civil War.Imagine that you hearthis much of their conversation: First Old Man: "Don't tell me aboutYankees from the North. They had no heart. Theyjust went through the country killing,burning, and destroying.After the war they were just asbad." Think about the "Diaryof a Confederate Captain."Write a brief answer to this first old man. Second Old Man: "Don't tell meabout the rebels in theSouth. Once the Civil War was over,they went back and found things prettymuch the same. They led a soft, easy life again. Think about the "Diary of aConfederate Captain." Write a brief answer to the secondold man. 46 Enrichment 3: THE KU KLUX KLAN In the first years after the Civil War, the southerners who had fought against the Union could not hold a public office. They could not vote, either. Some of these south- erners joined secret clubslike the Ku Klux Klan. Such clubs were formed by people who wanted to keep white control ofthe South as it had been before the war. The Ku Klux Klan was against Negroes who tried to better themselves and against "car- petbaggers," northern whites who had come into the south to get control of the govern- ment. Imagine that we couldhear what was said in a southern town at that time. Listen, as one southernerspeaks. He is a lawyer named Tom Thorpe. "We are going to start a Ku KluxKlan in this "They will report us to the Yankee soldiers," town. A man will be at my office totell us all someone answered. "Thesoldiers will put us in about it. The meeting will be tonight at 8 o'clock jail." sharp." "They can't do that if you wear masks,"said That night a large crowd gathered at Thorpe's Burns. "That's the way the Klan works. Weride office. at nightmasked." "You men pay attention to CaptainBurns," "But what do you do if trouble starts?" asked said Lawyer Thorpe. a man. Captain Burns stood on a chair so he could "You got whips, ropes, and guns, haven'tyou? talk to everybody in the room. "I'm going to get Teach them a lesson they won't forget," said right down to business," he began. "I want you Burns. to join the Ku Klux Klan so we can stopthe "And there's something else," he went on. Negroes and white carpetbaggers from running "You can't let the Negroes get educated. If they the state of South Carolina." do, they will learn how to read the new Yankee "Yeah," one man shouted, "But how do we laws. Then you got more problems. Run that keep the Negroes from voting?" Yankee teacher out of town." 'And what are we going to do with those car- "We told the Yankee teacher we don't want petbaggers?" another man shouted even louder. him here, but he's still teaching at the Negro "You know they're working with the Negroes." school," said a man. "Pay him a visit at 2 o'clock in the morning. KLAN ACTIVITIES Let him know the Klan means business," said Captain Burns was ready with an answer. Burns. "Pay them a visit," he said. "Ride over totheir "We could burn the school down if he won't place and scare them to death." leave," said a voice. 47 f St. %It) .,:9M.,.N.,t:.'fr 1 vi.) 4 4, 14 'e'd 1.! ::11`'.t !g.. :,VrC ttr. t 1.14 ;OAK A 4tA,4 ,:A'rp r r ArV,, '".;. A01!' Y(., ; tie3/4:14: 11:,(:t1 3 VIAr It I I 11/11m.a__ '41 .A4 3 3 I AroV ,. , t I . . if I 30 .- If4f,0,.:). .;:f;t'e 14.4f -11N1121V.4.'. $ti C .44411i') * ' 4 '';'3"' : : , le ' t V , , .;. ',,(41,r,.., ;,.cyts ,.i. 1, i at . 47111,11f , ,),,,..,, t; ,,:i .1,1.4..,,,,4,,,, . ) , ,., , : I,- :Ail *1..,,,:::lz,t, .t .0 , ., y / ),t,,, ily,,, , ,, IV:t ,i1 l 1.11,iii;:t.:,.:4!1.:141.,1.,'4,11.., f A... %AP tf.)..1 . ,. J, . ., 4 A r.i st q It? f : s '. . W ,I, , '4 r t ( ..1;0: , ' tellomf '.1. itor: .,.. ---.0 .S. ,,....,,,ti : .14.:,-d , I ,e.c 'Sr 1 711 Burns went on. "I think you menhave the though. I think everything they want todo is right idea. You can have a strongKlan in this wrong." town. Remember, wehave to put an end to this "We can't vote. What else can wedo to stop new governmentin South Carolina. That's all I the Negroes and carpetbaggers?"said Thorpe. have to say." "I don't know, but I do knowthe Klan isn't the HATE WILL NOT HELP answer," said the friend. "I feelthat Congress rights soon. If we The meeting broke up, and the men went will give us back our voting really help. If this hate home. The next day, Thorpe saw anold friend. start hating now, it won't spreads, we are going to have alot of trouble in night. Cap- "You missed a good meeting last the United States for a long time." tain Burns was here to start a Klanin our town," said Thorpe. As his friend walked away,Thorpe thought "I heard about that meeting," the mansaid. about what he had said. Thenight before, "I fought for the South, as youdid, because I Thorpe had been sure the Klan wasthe answer. believed we were right. I will not jointhe Klan, Now, he wasn't so sure. ACTIVITY 1 FILL IN THE BLANKS Number from 1 to 8 on your paper,and write in the missing word next to each number. The Ku Klux Klan wanted whitecontrol in the 1 again. The Klan wanted to stop 2 and white 3 from running the southern states. The Klansmendid not want to be identified, sothey wore 4 and made rides at 5 .They sometimes took along such weapons as 6 or 7 .They did not want the Negroes to be educated becausethey did not want them tolearn how to read Yankee 8 . A Klan Rally 49 Enrichment 4: ROBERT SMALLS NAVAL HERO "Got to have something to print besides these Charleston, Smalls talked the slave crew into same old stories." The newspaper editorleaned stealing the ship. First, however, he sent the back and stared at the calendar on the wall. It ship's boat in to town to get his wife and children. was in Charleston, in 1915."Doesn't anything He piloted the ship past two Confederate forts. ever happen in South Carolina?" heasked. When it was out of Charleston harbor, there As if in answer to his question, the office boy still was danger that the Union navy would open handed him a note. "It's a death notice from fire. Smalls ran up a big, white flag, and the Yan- Beaufort, South Carolina," said the boy. kees did not shell the ship. Then, he turned the ship over to the surprised Union officers. The "No one down there is important," said the Union navy gave him a pilot's rating. Later, he editor, looking at the paper. Then he jumped to was promoted to the rank ofcaptain. his feet. "Why didn't you tell me it was Robert Smalls?" CONGRESSMAN ROBERT SMALL The office boy stared at the excited editor. After the Civil War, Robert Smalls was ready "They said it was some Negro." for a new life in South Carolina. He was re- "Get the file on Robert Smalls," shouted thct spected by all people. He studied hard to im- editor. prove his education, and he became animportant man. He was elected to the SouthCarolina state The office boy was soon back with a large legislature. He helped write a South Carolina folder in his arms. "I never heard of Robert constitution. Later, he was elected six times to Smalls," he said, "but he must have..." the United States Congress. His twelve years in "Didn't you ever hear about the man that stole Congress were the longest term of any Negro a warship?" demanded the editor. Republican from the South. "Stole a warship?" asked the surprised boy. The office boy was pleased with all he had "That's what I said. Robert Smalls stole a learned about Robert Smalls. He still wondered warship during the Civil War." The editor about one thing, though. He wanted to know grabbed the folder and swung around to his desk. how Smalls was promoted to captain. He decided "You can read all about it on the front page to ask the editor. tomorrow." The editor thought a moment when the office boy asked him. "Oh, now I remember. The PILOT OF THE PLANTER Union navy was using the Planter as one of their The office boy was excited. He didn't want to ships. Robert Smalls was the pilot on the ship. wait for the paper to come out. He put together the story of Robert Smalls by asking reporters, The Yankee captain of the Planter let the ship the librarian, and the janitor. This is what he get too close to Southern guns. The Yankees found out: thought the ship was lost. Everyone jumped into the life boats and rowed away. Everyone but As a slave, Smalls was forced to help sail the Robert Smalls, that is. He stayed on the Planter, Planter, which was a small ship in the Confed- and piloted it out to sea. Because he saved the erate navy. He learned to pilot (steer) the ship. ship, the Union navy promoted him to the rank One night, when the officers went ashore in of captain." 50 ACTIVITY 1 TRUE OR FALSE Number from 1 to 6 on your paper. Read each statementcarefully. If the statement is true, write the word TRUEbeside the number. If the statement is false, write the word FALSE. 1. Robert Smalls was a free Negro who served in theUnion Army. 2. Smalls sneaked onto the Planter with a group ofUnion men and captured it. 3. Smalls piloted the Planter past Confederateforts. 4. The Union navy gave Smalls a pilot's rating and laterpromoted him to Captain. 5. After the war, Smalls served in the state legislatureof South Carolina. 6. Smalls tried to be elected to Congress but did notsucceed. ACTIVITY 2 HOW MUCH DO YOU REMEMBER? List the accomplishments of Robert Smalls. ACTIVITY 3 LIBRARY RESEARCH Use your school and neighborhood libraries tocomplete the following chart. Negro Congressmen Name Dates Served State Other Information I I I 5 1 Enrichment 5: NEWFACTORIES IN THESOUTH paid my master twodol- After the Civil War, morefactories were built John nodded. "They worked." in the South. In 1870,Peter Winton owned a lars for each day I ready to quit the cigar store in Rakigh,North Carolina. Oneday, Winton went on, "I was while Winton was makingcigars, he saw a friend business and go upnorth. I wanted to move my pass his shop.Without taking off his apron, shop to Philadelphia orNew York." Winton ran to the front doorof his shop. "That German cigarmaker did quit and go north," said John. "John," he called. "Hey,John." "I didn't blame him,"said Winton. "Other The Negro who waswalking down the street businesses left the Southfor the same reason." turned around. "Howdy,Mr. Winton," he answered. "How much do youmake a week?" asked THE LITTLEBUSINESSMAN SUFFERS Winton. "I'll tell you straight. I wasglad they freed the John Page looked overthe head of the white slaves. It was hard for abusinessman to make man at the bluesky above Raleigh."Some weeks the same thing a slavemade. It was hard for a moresome weeksless," he said. person like me tostay in business.The business- man would gobroke. Now that we don'thave JOHN PAGE IS HIRED slavery, more factories aremoving into the South Winton laughed. "I knowit's none of my busi- all the time and people arebetter off." ness." He moved from onefoot to the other. "That's the truth," saidJohn. Then he went on. "Ihave an idea. You tell me what's the most you evermade rolling cigars, "So, how about it? Will youwork for me? I've and I'll pay you more towork for me." got so muchbusiness, I have to workuntil mid- John thought about theoffer. Then he an- night every night." swered, "One week, lastspring, 1 made fourteen "I like your offer," saidJohn. "To tell you the dollars." truth, Mr. Winton, the mostI ever made was "I'll pay you fifteen," saidWinton promptly. eleven dollars." John Page knew thatthis was more money "You do good work.I'll Still pay fifteen.I than any Negro inRaleigh earned. "You want would be mighty glad tohave you working for me to makecigars?" me." "That's right." Wintonmoved closer. "I'll tell "You got yourself acigar maker." truth. Before the governmentdid away you the Winton Tobacco Com- with slavery, I didn'thave much business.Too Fifteen years later, the pany was oneof Raleigh's largestfactories. They many richp1anters bought cigarsthat came from that knew how to make sold cigars, cigarettes,chewing tobacco, and Cuba. Others had a slave the rented a slave to make snuff. John Page wasstill there, foreman of cigars. Some men even His wages were ex- their cigars. You rememberhow some men used cigar-making department. actly three times as much asthat first fifteen to go to your masterand got you for a day to make cigars?" dollars. 52 ACTIVITY 1 HOW MUCH DO YOUREMEMBER? Here are some questions.Think about each onecarefully and try to answer itfrom the facts in the story.Write your answers in your own words. 1. What was PeterWinton's business? 2. How much businessdid Winton havebefore the slaves were freed? Why? 3. How much businessdid he have after the slaves werefreed? 4. Why was Wintonwilling to pay John Page somuch? ACTIVITY 2 THINK! Write short answers foreach question. Use your ownwords. in 1. Why was PeterWinton better off whenthere were no slaves the South? 2. Why was JohnPage better off afterslavery was abolished? 53 CHAPTER REVIEW DISCUSSION THOUGHT QUESTIONS 1. Why were more factories built in the South after the Civil War? 2. What is racial prejudice? What do you think causes it? What do you think should be done about it? PETE AND BOB: FINDING A i0B After the Civil War, the government set up the Freedmen's Bureau in the South. This bureau was set up mainly to help the Negroes who needed food, homes, or jobs. Today, state governments also are trying to help citizens who are in need. Pete says:I have been out of work for three months, and I'm broke and angry. The government should have found a job for me by now. Bob says :I'm sorry you don't have a job, but I don't think the gov- ernment is to blame. There are jobs not filled. You should try to get training so it will be easier for you to find a job. What do you think? Do you agree with Pete or with Bob? Explain your answer. 54