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Home , Alexander Asboth, Arcadia (house), Battle of Gainesville, Battle of Marianna, Battle of Natural Bridge, Battle of Olustee

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till -/foMyfa^^Jtwr^— A Florida Heritage Publication Florida

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Fought from 1861 to 1865, the was the country's bloodiest conflict. Over 3 million Americans

fought in it, and more than 600,000 men, 2 percent of the American population, died in it. The war resulted in the abolition of , ended the concept of state secession, and forever changed the nation.

One of the 1 1 states to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy, Florida's role in this momentous struggle

is often overlooked. While located far from the theaters of the war, the state experienced considerable military activity. At one Florida battle alone, over 2,800 Confederate and Union soldiers became casualties. The state supplied

some 1 5,000 men to the Confederate armies who fought in nearly all of the major battles or the war. Florida became a

significant source of supplies for the Confederacy, providing large amounts of beef, pork, fish, sugar, molasses, and salt. Reflecting the divisive nature of the conflict, several thousand white and black Floridians also served in the and navy. The Civil War brought considerable deprivation and tragedy to Florida. Many of her soldiers fought in distant states, and an estimated 5,000 died with many thousands more maimed and wounded. At home, the Union and runaway inflation meant crippling scarcities of common household goods, clothing, and medicine. Although Florida families carried on with determination, significant portions of the populated areas of the state lay in ruins by the end of the war. With the conflict over, men and women, both emancipated blacks and whites, began the long and arduous task of rebuilding the state and working toward the creation of modern Florida.

The Florida Civil War Heritage Trail examines the state's role in this epic period of American history through its historic sites and museums. The Trail includes a background essay on the history of the Civil War in Florida, a timeline of events, 31 sidebars on important Florida topics, issues and individuals of the period, and a selected bibliography. It also includes information on over 200 battlefields, , buildings, cemeteries, museum exhibits, monuments, historical markers, and other sites in Florida with direct links to the Civil War. Readers are invited to visit these historic sites and museums that reflect the Civil War experience in Florida.

FLORIDA ASSOCIATION OF MUSEUMS

The Florida Civil War Heritage Trailwus produced by the Florida Association of Museums (FAM), the statewide not-for-profit professional organization for Florida's museums and museum professionals. FAM provides continuing education and networking opportunities for museum professionals, improves the level of professionalism within the museum community, serves as a resource for information on the more than 340 museums in the state, serves as a liaison between museums and government, and enhances the ability of museums to serve the public interest. FAM is guided by a Board of Directors elected by the membership, which is representative of the spectrum of museum disciplines across

Florida. FAM encourages excellence in its members by promoting communication through which its members share information and resources, effect legislation, and promote support of museums. For further information, contact:

Florida Association of Museums Post Office Box 10951 Tallahassee, Florida 32302-2951 Phone: 850.222.6028 FAX: 850.222.61 12 www.flamuseums.org

Front Cover: Florida section of 1862 "Cotton's Rail-Road and Military Map of the , , the West Indies, &c. by J.H. Colton, " (Map was edited tor graphic purposes): English sword used by a Florida Confederate : Civil War-era drum: Florida Secession Flag. 1861: Union sword belt buckle. (Artifact images courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)

Page 1: Union Sharps Carbine and Imported French sword reportedly used by a Confederate officer. (Images courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)

Flags at the top of each page: The 34-star United States Flag (1861-1863) and the First National Flag of the Confederacy (1861-1863). TABLE OF CONTENTS

2 Florida in The Civil War, 60 Central West Region 1861-1865 66 Southwest Region 4 Timeline 70 Southeast Region 9 Northwest Region 77 Out- of- State Sites 22 North Central Region 78 Selected Bibliography 39 Northeast Region 79 Site Index 54 Regional Map of Sites 80 Acknowledgements 56 Central Region

59 Central East Region

Credits

Author of Introduction, Timeline, Sidebars, and Bibliography

Dr. David J. Coles, Longwood University, Farmville,

Authors of Site Entries

Frederick P. Gaske, Historic Preservation Services, and David Stanford Gregory, Research Historian, Tallahassee, Florida

Special Assistance Bruce Graetz, Museum of Florida History, Tallahassee, Florida

Editor

Frederick P. Gaske, Historic Preservation Services, Tallahassee, Florida

Project Administration Malinda Horton, Florida Association of Museums, Tallahassee, Florida

Graphic Design Patti Cross, Osprey, Florida

This publication has been financed in part with historic preservation grant assistance provided In the

<>1 Historical Resources, Florida Department of State, assisted b) the Florida 1 listorical Commission. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the Florida Department of State, nor does the mention of trade nanus or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation

by the Florida 1 )epartment of State.

1 .

FLORIDA IN THE CIVIL WAR i8

Florida's role in the Civil War has , , and , ran concentrated around current or former

not been as extensively examined as that through the north-central portion of military outposts. Some sugar production of other Southern states, though in the the peninsula from Marianna to Ocala. took place in the Manatee River area, past several decades it has received more The 1860 census reported that Florida and the southern region was also home scholarly attention. In many respects had a total population of only 140,424 to thousands of cattle that ranged it remains the forgotten state of the with nearly 45 percent (61,745) of those the scrublands and swamps, awaiting

Confederacy, just as it was during the being slaves. The largest settlements in shipment to or elsewhere.

1 860s, when a Northern newspaper Florida included Pensacola, Marianna, By the early-to-mid 1800s, sectional

referred to it as the "smallest tadpole in Apalachicola, Quincy, and Tallahassee disputes over slavery along with economic the dirty pool of secession." in the west; Monticello, Madison, Lake and political differences threatened

Having ended its territorial period City, Ocala, and Gainesville in the national unity. These issues intensified in only in 1845 and still very much a frontier central portion of the state; Fernandina, the decade following the Mexican War at the time of the Civil War, Florida Jacksonville, and St. Augustine along the of 1846-1848 and culminated in 1860 nonetheless displayed characteristics east coast; and in the south. with Republican 's of the other Deep South states of the With the exception of Key West, the election to the presidency. In the voting,

Cotton Kingdom. A plantation belt, southern half of the state was sparsely Floridians supported Southern Democrat similar to that found in , settled and consisted of a few small towns John C. Breckenridge over Constitutional

Unionist candidate John Bell by a count Secession Convention of 8,543 to 5,437, while Lincoln did not

Florida's Secession Convention even appear on the ballot in the South.

began meeting in the state capitol In the gubernatorial race, Democrat John

on January 3, 1861 . Delegates who Milton defeated Constitutional Unionist

opposed immediate secession, known Edward Hopkins by a comfortable as "cooperationists", introduced a margin. Milton, however, would not proposal to have the convention's take office for one year; consequently actions ratified in a statewide election, Governor Madison Starke Perry but it was not adopted. Instead the

convention determined that it had the would call for elections to a Secession power to secede without ratification Convention, to meet in Tallahassee in by popular vote. On January 9, early 1861. the convention listened to a draft When the Secession Convention , found it too convened on January 3, 1861, a majority ambiguous, and directed a committee delegates to support to make revisions. The final version of the seemed proclaimed Florida "a Sovereign and immediate secession, though a few

Independent Nation." Cooperationists Florida Ordinance of Secession, 1861 opposed the concept completely and made a series of last-ditch (Image courtesy of the Stale Archives of Florida) others supported it only in cooperation amendments, but they were defeated. ship." James Owens countered with: with other Southern states. Despite

The final vote on January 10 showed "Unlike my friend Ward, I want efforts of the latter groups, the convention 62 delegates in support and seven it inscribed that I was the FIRST man voted 62-7 on January 10 to withdraw opposed to secession. to quit the rotten old hulk." With the Florida the On January 1 1 , 1 861 , the delegates document's signing, Florida became the from the Union, making signed the document. An emotional third state to withdraw from the Union third state to do so after South Carolina occurred moment when cooperationist and soon became a member of the new and Mississippi. The following day they George T. Ward, who would die Confederate States of America. signed the Ordinance of Secession, the following year at the Battle of To learn more, see: "The Florida temporarily making Florida an Williamsburg, stated: "When I die I Secession Convention" by Ralph independent nation, though it would join want it inscribed on my tombstone A. Wooster, The Florida Historical

that I was the last man to give the the new Confederate States of America up Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 4, April 1 958. within a month. Throughout the state, Confederate battery at PensaCOla, 1861. (Image courtesy ol the State Archives of Florida)

secessionists celebrated the , though 1861, national attention was focused the Federals occupied Fernandina and

Unionists like former territorial governor on Pensacola, as the possibility existed St. Augustine and remained there for the

Richard Keith Call deplored the act. "You that hostilities might erupt there first. duration of the war, and Jacksonville was

have opened the gates of Hell," he shouted Instead the first fighting would occur in occupied by the Federals for the first of

to his detractors, "from which shall flow Charleston Harbor, with the April 1861 four times during the war. Pensacola was

the curses of the damned which shall sink bombardment and surrender of Fort abandoned by the Confederates in May you to perdition." Sumter. Following its surrender, President 1862, and it stayed under Federal control

At the time of the state's secession, Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to for the remainder of the war.

Florida occupied Federal facilities suppress the and four additional The fourth occupation of

around the state, taking control of the states joined the infant Confederacy. Jacksonville, in February of 1864, led

arsenal at Chattahoochee, Fort Clinch Meanwhile, in Florida, Confederate to the , the largest

near Fernandina, and Fort Marion in St. troops strengthened their positions in engagement of the war in Florida. It came

Augustine. In Pensacola, Southern troops an effort to force the Union troops out about as the result of the Union desire to

occupied Fort McRee, , of . No major fighting took establish a loyal state government under and the Pensacola Navy Yard, leaving place, however, until the night of October the provisions of President Lincoln's

only Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island 8-9, when a Confederate force landed on 1863 Reconstruction Proclamation, as

in Federal hands. At the southern end of Santa Rosa Island and attacked a Union well as the desire to occupy the northeast

the Florida peninsula, the Union retained camp. After a brisk engagement they soon portion of the state to recruit black

Fort Jefferson in the Tortugas and Fort withdrew, with casualties for the two troops and to disrupt Confederate supply

Taylor at Key West. These two locations sides numbering about ISO. Subsequently, activities. Union Brigadier

later proved to be important points for artillery bombardments occurred in , with a force of some

the Union in enforcing the blockade of November 1861 and in January 1862, 5,000 soldiers, including several regiments

the Florida coast. but no further attempt was made In the of black troops, moved w est from Confederates to capture Fort Pickens. During the period from January Jacksonville in mid-February. *. )onfederate through April 1861, tensions rose higher In the spring of 1862, following brigadier General , with reverses in die western theater of the war, as the sectional crisis deepened with reinfbn ements sent from ( leorgia, met

the secession of seven states and the ( lonfederate troops withdrew from much the invading force with .\\\ approximately

formation of the Confederate States of ol Florida, including Fernandina, St. equal number ol troops east ol OlustCC

America. For several in Augustine, and Pensacola. In 1862, months early March on | ebruar) 20, 1864. [he ensuing Union occupation of Sanderson, Florida prior to the Battle Of Olustee, 1864. (Image courtesy ol the Slate Archives engagement was a clear Confederate force under the command of Gulf coast south of Tallahassee in a move victory, with Union soldiers retreating Brigadier General , intended to eliminate that area from back to Jacksonville. One of the bloodiest which included black troops and Florida being used by blockade runners, while battles of the war in terms of the percenta;ge Unionists, had a bloody encounter a Union naval force also ascended the of casualties, Olustee stopped the Federal with a ragtag collection of assorted St. Marks River to attack a Confederate force from capturing Lake City. However Confederate defenders, including old fort located there. After occupying the in the aftermath, the Confederates were men and young boys. The Union forces port of St. Marks, the Federals might unable to dislodge the Federals from their occupied and burned part of the town then be in a position to move against the positions around Jacksonville, which they before withdrawing. capital. Confederate troops defended retained for the remainder of the war. A final Confederate victory occurred a bridge over the St. Marks River at

In the fall of 1864, military activity in Florida in March 1865, shortly before Newport, forcing Brigadier General John increased in , culminating the end of the war, at the Battle of Natural Newton's Federals to march northward in the on September Bridge. It began with a Federal landing and attempt to cross at Natural Bridge.

27. During this engagement, a Union near the St. Marks Lighthouse on the A hastily assembled Confederate force

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i8

i8*i February 9 is elected provisional of the Confederate States January 3 Florida Secession Convention president of America. convenes in Tallahassee. nominates Stephen R. January 6-7 State troops occupy Chattahoochee February 25 Jefferson Davis Manory or Key west as uomeaeraie Arsenal, Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Secretary of the Navy. and Fort Clinch on .

Fort Taylor in Key West and Fort March 4 Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated president Jefferson in the Tortugas remain in of the United States. Federal hands. April 12 Confederate forces fire on in January 10 Florida Secession Convention votes 62-7 Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, forcing its to secede from the Union. Ordinance surrender the next day. Union forces land on of Secession is signed the next day. Santa Rosa Island to reinforce the garrison at Union Mohawk at St. Marks Lighthouse, 1 862. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) of some 1,000 men under the command helped ensure that Tallahassee would units capitulated with General Joseph of Brigadier General William Miller, remain the only Confederate capital E.Johnston's army in including cadets from the West Florida east of the to not be on April 26. In May and early June, the

Seminary (present-day Florida State captured before the war's close. remaining Confederate troops in Florida

University) in Tallahassee, defended The Confederacy's collapse came laid down their . the crossing. More than 600 Union in the spring of 1865. By that time, The Civil War impacted not only black soldiers attacked the Confederate Confederate control of Florida was Floridians who served in the military, positions at Natural Bridge on March limited to the interior north and but those who labored on the home

6, but were repulsed. Following their central portions of the state. On April front as well. Included in this category defeat, the Federal land force returned 1, Governor John Milton committed were males too young or old for military to the coast. The Union ships were also suicide at his home near Marianna. Eight service, white females, and the state's unsuccessful in their efforts to reach days later, General Robert E. Lee's Army African American population. When the Confederate fort at St. Marks. The of Northern Virginia surrendered at the war began, some of the strongest

Confederate victory at Natural Bridge Appomattox in Virginia. Other Florida Florida pro-Confederate "fire-eaters"

• •••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••a* Fort Pickens. Three days later, President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down l8<*2 the rebellion in the seceded states. January 1-2 A second artillery bombardment takes Confederate April 19 President Lincoln proclaims a blockade of the place between Union and batteries at Pensacola. There are seceded states, including Florida. few casualties, but some damage is inflicted July 21 First major battle of the war is fought near on Pensacola Navy Yard. Bull Run (Manassas), Virginia. No Florida Union naval forces attack Key, military units participate, though Floridian January 16 Cedar the western terminus of the Brigadier General is . prominently involved and is wounded in the battle. March 2-4 Confederate forces evacuate Amelia

Island, including Fort Clinch, which is October 7 John Milton is inaugurated Florida governor. then occupied by Union troops. October 9 A Confederate force, including two companies 10-1 1 St. Augustine is evacuated by of Floridians, lands on Santa Rosa Island, east March Confederate forces and occupied of Fort Pickens, and attacks the camp of the by the Federals. 6th New York Regiment.

Reinforcements from the fort force the March 1 2 Jacksonville is occupied by Federal forces.

Confederates to withdraw. It will be evacuated the following month.

November 22-23 Federal forces at Fort Pickens engage in April 6-7 , takes place. a massive artillery duel with Confederate A Florida battalion participates and batteries around Pensacola. An estimated suffers heavy losses. 5,000 balls and shells are fired May 9-12 Pensacola is abandoned by Confederate during the bombardment, which damages forces and occupied by the Union. Pensacola Navy Yard, Fort McRee and the towns of Warrington and Pensacola. Floridians on the home front

suffered from the constant threat of

Union occupation. Citizens in Key West remained under the control of Federal

forces throughout the war, while those

in Apalachicola, Cedar Key, Fernandina,

Jacksonville, Palatka, Pensacola, St. Augustine, Tampa, and other towns

faced either long-term or occasional

occupations. Florida civilians faced growing shortages of luxury items and

many necessities as well. Salt became Union soldiers in Camp at Jacksonville. (Image courtesyot the Slate Archives ot Florida) unobtainable from pre-war sources, were women. They produced uniforms women for their "generous, patriotic, and Floridians turned to the state's long and equipment for soldiers, as well as and untiring efforts to clothe our coastline for the boiling of seawater to unit flags under which their men would gallant soldiers." In addition, women produce the vital commodity used in fight. Sewing societies continued to contributed to the war effort by serving the preservation of meat. Coffee, white provide such necessities throughout as nurses or matrons in hospitals, in sugar, and many other foodstuffs were the conflict. Their efforts became even raising money for relief activities, and in not available, or could be found only more important as the war progressed maintaining morale among those in the at exorbitant prices. The same was true and the Confederate supply system military and at home. They also managed with clothing, particularly shoes. Various deteriorated. Governor Milton farms and plantations in the absence of substitutes were resorted to, including expressed his gratitude to Florida enlisted husbands, fathers, and sons. drinking coffee made with cottonseed ********************** ************************

May 31 Florida troops participate in the Battle July 1 -3 , takes of Seven Pines, Virginia where they place. A of Floridians, consisting of the capture a Federal but 2nd, 5th, and 8th Florida Infantry Regiments, suffer heavy casualties. participates and suffers heavy casualties. September 17 Florida troops are engaged at the September 19-20 (Sharpsburg), Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, one of the , the bloodiest single-day bloodiest battles of the war, takes place. Seven battle of the war. Five days later, Florida units participate and suffer heavy losses. President Lincoln issues preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. i8*4 September 30-0ctober 13 February 7 Union forces occupy Jacksonville for the Federal naval and land forces mount fourth time during the war. This final an expedition to St. Johns Bluff. The occupation will last until the war's end. position is abandoned by its Confederate Battle of Olustee, the largest and bloodiest defenders on October 2, and Jacksonville February 20 battle in the state during the conflict, takes is temporarily occupied for a second time. place. Union forces are defeated and retreat 183 back to their Jacksonville defenses. April 1 transport ship Leafis sunk January 1 Final Emancipation Proclamation issued. The Union Maple in the St. Johns River by a Confederate mine. March 10 Jacksonville is occupied for a third time May 6 Union forces temporarily occupy Tampa and by Union forces. It will be evacuated once again at the end of the month. The Fort Brooke. occupation forces include Union black May 19 Union forces from Fort Myers raid Fort Meade.

soldiers, making it one of the earliest May 23 Confederate forces under J.J. Dickison operations involving their use. capture the USS Columbine on the St. Johns River. Several skirmishes will occur in the vicinity during the occupation. and making hars and shoes from palmetto of the Thirteenth leaves and corn shucks. Amendment The war most profoundly affected brought freedom

Florida's African American population, to black Floridians, which included 61,745 slaves and a though true social, small number of free blacks. Some slaves political, and remained with their owners throughout economic equality the war, while others fled to Union- proved much occupied sections of the state. Many more elusive. Slaves escaping to a Union blockading vessel off St. Marks, 1862. enlisted in the Union army and navy. In The Union (Image courtesy ol the Stale Archives ol Florida) addition to forced labor on farms and blockade of the Florida coast also had shallow-draft vessels. The blockade plantations, the enslaved population was an important impact on the state. initially proved porous, but it became frequently impressed by the Confederate Upon the war's outbreak, the U.S. more successful as the war progressed, government for military-related tasks, Navy implemented a blockade along with the East Gulf Blockading Squadron such as building fortifications. Concerned the southern coast, with the South alone capturing or destroying 283 vessels. over possible revolts, white Floridians Atlantic and the East Gulf Blockading While blockade runners brought in maintained slave patrols during the war. To Squadrons having jurisdiction over much needed medicine, weapons, and ensure slave productivity and maintain the Florida's extensive coastline. While the equipment, they also wasted precious safety of the white population, a provision state had few major ports within its cargo space on profitable luxury items of the first Confederate Conscription Act borders, its numerous coves and bays and contributed to the continued exempted one white male from military and its proximity to both Cuba and the production of cotton, which commanded service for every twenty slaves. The end Bahamas made it a popular location for a high price in , rather than the of the war and the subsequent passage blockade running, particularly in small, growing of vital food crops.

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August 1 7 Union forces are routed by Confederate April 1 Governor John Milton commits suicide at his troops led by Captain J.J. Dickison at the home near Marianna. Abraham Allison . becomes acting governor.

September 27 Battle of Marianna takes place. Union troops, April 9 The Army of Northern Virginia, including the including elements of the 1st Florida Union remnants of the Florida Brigade, is surrendered Cavalry, rout the Confederate defenders and at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. briefly occupy the town. April 14 President Abraham Lincoln is shot and mortally wounded at Ford's Theater in , D.C. He dies the following morning.

Captain J.J. February 13 Confederate troops led by April 26 The , including the Florida Dickison fight a daylong skirmish with a Brigade, is surrendered in North Carolina. The Union raiding force at Station Number 4 surrender also includes all Confederate forces Key. near Cedar in Florida.

February 20 A Confederate force mounts an unsuccessful May 10 Union Brigadier General Edward McCook Fort attack on Union-held Myers. enters Tallahassee to accept the surrender March 4 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated for a of Confederate forces. A formal transfer of second term as president. power ceremony and announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation takes place March 4-5 Union expedition lands near the ten days later. St. Marks Lighthouse. July 13 is appointed provisional March 6 takes place. Union governor of Florida. troops are stopped in their attempt to cross the St. Marks River and retreat back to ships waiting along the coast. Tallahassee &66 remains the only Confederate state capital April 2 President officially proclaims east of the Mississippi River to not be the insurrection in Florida and nine other captured until the end of the war. ex-Confederate states to be at an end. William Loring, William Miller,

Edward Perry, and Edmund Kirby Smith, while was Secretary of the Navy. Additionally,

several Florida-born officers rose to the

rank of general in the Union army.

The Civil War represented a watershed event and major turning

point in American history. It ended

slavery and the concept of secession, and cemented the dominance of national

rights and the national government over Confederate cavalry crossing {he St. Johns River, from Dickison and His Men. states' rights. Floridians, both white and (Image courtesy ol the State Archives of Florida) black, and male and female, were deeply Florida's contributions to the Nevertheless, more than 15,000 affected by the war. Unionist white Confederate economy were significant. Floridians served in the Confederate Floridians celebrated victory, while the Beef from the central and southern military, most outside the borders of pro- Confederate majority accepted portions of the state became an the state. Florida regiments took part defeat; both groups strove to rebuild increasingly important source of supply in virtually all of the major battles of their lives after the conflict's end. African to Confederate armies, especially during the Civil War, in both the eastern and Americans in Florida endured the war the later stages of the war. Federal forces western theaters, where separate Florida years, rejoiced over emancipation, made efforts to stop the flow of beef fought valiantly and suffered and faced the Reconstruction years northward, while a Confederate "Cow heavy casualties. Reflecting the fraternal with cautious optimism. Though it Cavalry" was established to protect the nature of the conflict, white Florida would take decades, Florida, the least herds from Union threats. This led to Unionists manned two cavalry regiments populous and perhaps least significant a small-scale, yet vicious "cattle war" in and a small artillery battery, and more Confederate state, eventually emerged southern Florida during 1864-1865. than 1,000 from from the war's aftermath as a major Florida's salt production was essential for Florida joined the Union army as well. power in the New South. curing the beef and pork used by both Additionally, numbers of white Unionists Dr. DavidJ. Coles, Chair the military and civilian populations. and escaped black slaves served in the Department ofHistory, Political As the war continued, many Florida Federal naval squadrons that blockaded Science and Philosophy saltworks became the target of Union the state. High ranking Confederate Longwood University naval attacks. officers from Florida included generals Farmville, Virginia Anti-war sentiment increased , Theodore during the course of the war. Brevard, William Davis, Joseph Finegan,

Conscription, adopted in 1862, proved

unpopular and led some Floridians to

"lay-out" in remote areas of the state to

avoid military service. The impressment of goods by the Confederate government and the adoption of an unpopular

tax-in-kind, coupled with inflation

and wartime shortages, led to a surge

in anti-war or pro-Union sentiment. Consequently, as historian John E. Johns writes, "[b]y the spring of 1865

the desire for an end to hostilities was general throughout the state." Union SOldierS at Fort Marion, St. AugUStine, 1865. (Image courtesy ol the State Archives ol Florida) NORTHWEST REGION

- duty in order to labor in the saltworks. - Bay County The salt was transported to Eufaula, Lynn Haven Alabama, then to Montgomery, for distribution throughout the Confederate Union Soldier Monument states. Because of the importance Memorial Park of St. Andrew Bay Saltworks to the Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue Confederacy, Acting Master W. R. Founded by New York developer W. H. Browne, commander of the USS Restless, Lynn, the community was developed as was instructed to commence a series in 1862. a home for Union veterans of the Civil of assaults beginning August additional Articles in the Union veterans' In December 1863, Union War. Salt kettle, Oaks By The Bay Park, Panama City. occurred, Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) (Image courtesy ol William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) attacks which Confederate newspaper, The National Tribune, home guards could not resist. The attacks resulted in the destruction generated interest in this chance to live in Panama City of more than 290 saltworks, valued Florida. The first land offerings occurred by Master Browne at more than in January 1911 and the first building was Confederate Salt Kettle erected the following March. The Ladies Oaks By The Bay Park $3,000,000. The St. Andrew Bay Auxiliary of the GAR received land from Chestnut Avenue and West 9th Street Saltworks employees promptly rebuilt and they remained in operation Lynn's company for a GAR hall and a A major contribution of Florida to the them, cemetery. Dedicated in September 1911, Confederate war effort was the production through February 1865. the Lynn Haven Cemetery contains the of salt. Salt was necessary for preserving remains of over 100 Union veterans. In meat and other perishable foods but St. Andrew Skirmish 1913, Union veterans began planning could not be imported due to the Union State Historical Marker a memorial to their fellow soldiers. blockade. Produced by boiling sea water West Beach Drive and Friendship Avenue in iron kettles, massive saltworks were Underwritten by donations from GAR The text of this State Historical Marker established along St. Andrew Bay during members, this statue of a Union soldier reads: Near this site on March 20, 1863, the war. This site includes a salt kettle was constructed in 1920 and dedicated Confederate soldiers commanded by placed here by the United Daughters of the on February 12, 1921, the anniversary of Captain Walter J. Robinson repelled a Confederacy in 1960, a dedication plaque, Abraham Lincoln's birthday Resting on landing by Union sailors led by Acting and an interpretive plaque explaining the a 40-foot high pedestal, this statue faces Master James Folger of the blockading history of salt-making during the Civil is north and reported to be one of the vessel USS Roebuck. The 1 1-man War. A second salt kettle is on display at first privately funded Union monuments party of Union sailors was seeking to theJamesR.AsbellPark. in the South not located in a cemetery. locate a southern civilian vessel near the "Old Town" spring, when they St. Andrew Bay Saltworks State Historical Marker were reportedly ordered to surrender by .ittfct* Captain Robinson. During the ensuing James R. Asbell Park skirmish, several Union sailors were West Beach Drive and Caroline Boulevard t killed and wounded as they Hed to their text of this State Historical Marker The boat. Quarter, or sale passage, was reads: Between 1861 and 1865, the requested by the remaining Union sailors Ik'* v.* St. Andrew Bay Saltworks, one of the to retrieve their dead and wounded, lotal largest producers of salt in the South, Union casualties were six dad and three contributed to the cause Confederate wounded. Union sailors buried lour by providing salt, fish and cattle for ol the deceased on nearby I [urricane southern troops and citizens. A necessary Island, and a tilth sailoi was interred In- preservative in those times, salt sold die Confederate soldiers. No casualties lor .is much as $50 per bushel, and was a were ten orded bj the ( Confederate unit, F* produced in wood -fired saltworks on which later became ( lompanj A ol the the perimeter ol the Wesi Bay, East Bay 1 1 th Florida Infantr) Regiment Aftei the and North Bay and lake Powell (a.k.a. con( lusion ol the ( i\ il War, the remains LakeOcala). An estimated 2,500 nun, ol the 1 fnion s.iilois were removed to tlu-

primarily from Florida, ( ieorgia and national cemetery ai Fori Barrancas. Union Soldier Monument, Lynn Haven. Alabama, were exempted from combai (Image courtesy ol William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) NORTHWEST REGION

Escambia County — about 14 miles north of the city. It was more defensible Fort Pickens. They also also a center for commercial lumbering abandoned Fort McRee after disabling Pensacola mills and an important military center its and dumping its with a large Navy Yard and three forts, into the water. After the Union By the time of the Civil War, Pensacola Fort Pickens, Fort McRee and Fort commander, Lieutenant Adam Slemmer, was an important Gulf Coast shipping Barrancas, protecting the entrance to the refused Southern demands to surrender port and railroad transportation center. harbor. The defenses at Fort Barrancas Fort Pickens, an agreement was reached

It was the southern terminus of the included the Advanced Redoubt and the between Southern senators and President Alabama & Florida Railroad which Battery San Antonio or Water Battery. James Buchanan's administration. Under ran to Montgomery, Alabama, while Under pressure from Southern militia this unofficial "armistice", Slemmer's the Pensacola & Mobile Railroad ran after Florida's secession in January 1861, garrison would not be reinforced and the from the Perdido River to a junction Union forces at Fort Barrancas and Southern forces would not attack Fort with the Alabama & Florida Railroad Pensacola Navy Yard withdrew to the Pickens. This changed, however, with the firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12, 1861. In September 1861, Union troops from Fort Pickens conducted two raids directed at the Navy Yard. The Confederates retaliated by conducting a night attack against the Union encampment east of Fort Pickens in October 1861. In the ensuing Battle of Santa Rosa Island, the Confederate force destroyed the camp of the 6th New York Volunteers and then withdrew to their boats while fighting off a counterattack from Union troops sent out from Fort Pickens. (See the "Battle of Santa Rosa Island" sidebar for more information.) On November 22-23, 1861, Union forces at Fort Pickens and on their warships, the USS Niagara

Union raid on a Florida Confederate saltworks, 1862. (Image courtesy of the Slate Archives ol Florida) and the USS Richmond, engaged the Confederates in massive artillery duels. Salt the saltworks, with their vulnerable The Navy Yard and Fort McRee were A vital commodity used in the locations along the coastline, became extensively damaged but casualties were preservation of meat and fish, salt the targets of raids by the . minimal on both sides. A second artillery was one of the most important Federal officials complained that the duel on January 1-2, 1862 caused resources produced in Florida for saltmaking operations sprang up again further damage to the Navy Yard but few the Confederacy. The war's outbreak almost as soon as the raiders had left. casualties. The stalemate continued until brought a blockade of Southern ports Nevertheless, the Union attacks were 1862, when Confederate troops by the Union navy and the cutting off so worrisome that Florida Governor May withdrew of the supply of salt from the North. John Milton made efforts to station razed the Navy Yard and Within a short period of time the Confederate troops along the coast, from Pensacola to reinforce their hard- price of the commodity had risen to and also authorized the saltmakers pressed forces in Tennessee. Pensacola an exorbitant level, and Southerners to organize themselves into military and the surrounding military facilities looked for new sources. companies for defense. Despite the were quickly occupied by Union forces. Florida's long coastline provided Union raids, the production of the vital remained securely in part of the answer, as seawater could commodity continued until the end of Union control throughout the remainder be boiled to produce the necessary the war. of the war, serving as a center of article. The largest operations were To learn more, see: "The Extent and operations for the Union navy's West established on the central and Importance of Federal Naval Raids on Gulf Blockading Squadron and as a base 1862-1865" northern Gulf Coast and, by 1863, the Salt-Making in Florida, for Union army operations into West main Florida saltworks produced more by Ella Lonn, The Florida Historical Florida and Alabama. than 7,500 bushels per day. However, Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1932.

10 NORTHWEST REGION W

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Fort Barrancas, PensaCOla. (Image courtesy ol William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)

Barrancas Florida Civil War casualties relocated election of Abraham Lincoln as President National Cemetery there after the war. An example of in 1860, and the secession of Florida in this in the Pcnsacola Naval Air Station occurred 1927 when U.S. Januar) of the following year, the Union 80 Hovey Road military abandoned the Key West Post garrison abandoned Fort Barrancas in 850.453.4108 Cemetery, and its 468 burials, many favor of the more defensible Fort Pickens www.cem.va.gov/cems/nchp/barrancas.asp of them Union casualties, on Santa Rosa Island. Southern forces In 1868, the U.S. Navy Yard Cemetery were disinterred and reburied at the occupied this site at that point and Port Barrancas took part in the massive at the Marine Hospital was transferred Barrancas National Cemetery. artillery duels with Fort Pickens in to the War Department and designated November 1861 and 1862, Alter the Barrancas National Cemetery. Fort Barrancas January the Confederates abandoned Pensacola Sections 1 thru 12 of the cemetery Taylor Road 850.934.2600 in May 1862, Port Barrancas became an contain the remains of 1 ,239 Union www.nps.gov/guis planyourvisit fori important base for Union operations into Civil War casualties, as well as the barrancas.htm Florida and Alabama for the duration o( remains of 72 Confederate soldiers. The war. fortifications. torts designed protect the Like Other masonry Union dead include troops stationed One of three to Port Barrancas became obsolete with the the United States Navv Yard, Fori at Pensacola and bodies removed from advances in artillery and naval armaments Barrancas was completed in 1844 on a Bayou Chico, Cunboat Point and Santa alter the Civil War. 1 on Barrancas bluffoverlooking Pensacola Bay. Defenses Today, Rosa Island in Escambia County, East is .i unit oi tlu- National Park included two other major separate Service's Pass in Okaloosa County, Apalachicola Gull Islands National Seashore, visum masonry fortifications. The Advanced A in County, St. Andrew Bay in Franklin center exhibit provides a histOI or the Redoubt Battery was constructed J Bay County, and Marianna in Jackson fort during the Civil War. Two Civil Wai beginning in 18 15, approximately one County. Among the Union dead are 650 era buildings from the Port Barrancas half mile inland, to protect the fort from white Union soldiers, 252 U.S. Colored c antonment, the tort hospital .nu\ .m attack on the land side. The 1797 Spanish Troops, and 337 officers and sailors oi officers quarters, are now located on the Battel y San Antonio, or Water Battel y, the Union navy. Other sections oi the grounds oi the Pensacola Naval immediately south oi the foi I on the shore cemetery also contain the oi An remains side, was renovated in IS (0. With the Station.

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\am Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)

Fort Pickens in Union hands. Union troops from Fort Pickens remained in Union control Santa Rosa Island Fort Pickens conducted two raids for the duration of the war, serving as a 850.934.2600 directed at the Navy Yard in September base for military operations. Fort Pickens www.nps.goN /guis/planvoin-\isit/fort-pickens.htm 1861. In October 1861, at the Battle of and the Santa Rosa Island battlefield are Completed in 1834 on the western Santa Rosa Island, a Confederate force located in the 's tip of Santa Rosa Island in Pensacola of 1,200 men staged a night-time raid Gulf Islands National Seashore. Guided Bay, Fort Pickens is the largest of the against the Union encampment east of and self-guided tours are available at the three forts constructed to defend the Fort Pickens. In November 1861 and visitor center, and interpretive signage Pensacola Yard. Florida Navy When January 1862, Union forces at Fort is located throughout the fort. A State seceded from the Union in January Pickens and on U.S. Navy vessels engaged Historical Marker for "Captain Richard the all the 1861, Navy Yard and of the Confederates at Fort McRee and Bradford" is located at the Santa Rosa defensive fortifications on the mainland Fort Barrancas in massive artillery duels. Island battlefield in the vicinity of where side of Pensacola Bay were occupied by Responding to a need for troops in Captain Bradford became the first Florida and Alabama troops, but Fort Tennessee, the Confederates abandoned Confederate officer from Florida to be Pickens on Santa Rosa Island remained Pensacola to Union forces in May 1862. killed in the war.

selected for the operation consisted

of 1 ,200 men under the command of Brigadier General Richard H.Anderson.

On the night of October 8, they were loaded aboard barges and towed across the bay, landing after midnight on October 9 four miles to the east of Fort Pickens. They had advanced about three miles towards the fort before encountering the camp of the 6th New York Infantry. The Federals put up a brief resistance before fleeing. Anderson contemplated an attack on the fort

itself, but with daylight approaching and

surprise lost, he ordered a return to their Battle Of Santa Rosa Island, 1861. (Image courtesy ol the Stale Archives ol Florida) boats. Federals from the fort skirmished

Battle of Santa Rosa Island 1 861 , Confederate troops strengthened with the retreating Confederates. The

Following Florida's secession in the fortifications facing Fort Pickens, Union forces lost 67 killed, wounded, while Federal officials reinforced the fort's missing or captured, while the January 1 861 , state troops occupied the Pensacola Navy Yard, Fort garrison. Though expected, no major Confederates suffered 87 casualties. Barrancas, and Fort McRee, while fighting took place during the summer. To learn more, see: "Battle of Santa Fort Pickens, located on Santa Rosa In early October, however, the Rosa Island" by J.L. Larkin, The Florida

Island, remained in Union hands. Confederates began planning a raid Historical Quarterly, Vol. 37, Nos. 3 & 4, Island. During the spring and summer of against Santa Rosa The force January & April 1 959.

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Historic lathe products. During the Confederate Pensacola Village evacuation of Pensacola in March 1862, the mill was stripped of its machinery 850.595.5985 www.historicpensacola.org and its buildings burned to prevent it from falling into Union hands. The Historic Pensacola Village consists of 27 remnants of a massive thirty-foot brick historic properties, including: chimney made of locally manufactured

Old Christ Church brick, which was part of the mill's steam 405 South Adams Street power plant, are located on the property. Constructed in 1832, this church In the 1980s, the property was purchased building was used by Union troops during by the City of Pensacola for use as a park. the Federal occupation of Pensacola as a A State Historical Marker at the park hospital, barracks, and military chapel. provides information on the mill's history.

T.T. Wentworth Jr. Florida State Museum Lee Square 330 South Jefferson Street North Palafox Street www.pensapedia.coni wiki Lee_Square Located in the restored 1908 Old City Hall building, the Wentworth Museum At this site in 1862, Union forces contains exhibits on local history constructed Fort McClellan, an , was including "The Coming of Civil War" earthenworks which one of a series ol defenses along the exhibit on the first floor and a larger Pensacola. In the "Pensacolians and the Civil War" exhibit perimeter of 1889, Florida Square Park was renamed for on the second floor with period artifacts Confederate General Robert E. Lee. and historic photographs. Many of the A was erected in Florida Civil War items on display were Hyer-Knowles Mill, Pensacola. Confederate monument (Image courtesy ol William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) the park by the local Ladies obtained from the Civil War Soldiers Monument Association in 1891. Museum in Pensacola which closed after it Hyer-Knowles was damaged by in 2004. Planing Mill Pensacola Historical Museum Chimney Park 115 East Zaragoza Street Scenic Highway and Langley Avenue www.pensapedia.com 'wild Chimnej Park Located across the street from the Constructed in c.1854 on land owned Wentworth Museum in the restored 1881 and merchant Arbona Building, the museum contains by lumber manufacturer Hyer, the Hyer-Knowles Planing additional exhibits on local history Henry Mill was one of the many lumber mills including "Pensacola in the Civil War" in built in the Pensacola area prior to the "A Military Town" gallery with period the Civil War. In addition to planed artifacts and historic photographs. lumber, the mill produced shingles and

Confederate Monument, Lee Square. Pi Wentworth Museum, PensaCOla. (Image courtesy ot William Lees. Florida Public Archaeolom

13 NORTHWEST REGION FLORI David G. Farragut inspected the Yard and concluded that it could be repaired adequately to serve as a naval depot for his West Gulf Blockading Squadron. The Squadron used the Pensacola Navy Yard as an operational base for the remainder of the Civil War.

St. Johns Cemetery 301 North G Street www.stjohnshistoriccemetery.org

In this cemetery are the graves of 89 Confederate dead, including Augustus E. Maxwell, who was elected Senator to the Confederate Congress in 1862 and served until 1865; Brigadier General Edward A. Perry, who commanded the Florida Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia and was Governor PensaCOla Harbor map, 1861. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) of Florida from 1885 to 1889; Major began in 1826. In the years leading up to Pensacola Lighthouse General Samuel G. French, a divisional Pensacola Naval Air Station the Civil War, it became a major facility commander in the Army of Tennessee; 850.637.4050 for U.S. Navy shipbuilding, repair, and and Brigadier General William Miller, www.pciisacolalighthouse.org supply. In January 1861, Southern troops the Confederate field commander at the

In the spring of 1 86 , Confederate from Florida and Alabama occupied the 1 Battle of Natural Bridge. authorities dismantled and removed the Navy Yard. In September 1861, Union first-order Fresnel lens from the 1859 forces from Fort Pickens launched two Pensacola Lighthouse. During the Union raids directed against the Confederate- bombardment of Pensacola in November held Navy Yard. On September 2, the

1861, the lighthouse was struck by several first Union raid destroyed a huge scuttled shells and slightly damaged. After Union drydock which the Confederates had troops reoccupied the city in 1862, planned to refloat and sink in the channel. the lighthouse was relit with a smaller The raid was accomplished without fourth-order Fresnel lens in December casualties on either side. The second of that year. The Pensacola Lighthouse Union raid, on September 14, resulted Association provides lighthouse tours in the burning of the armed Confederate and operates the Richard C. Callaway schoonerJudah and the spiking of a Museum in the restored 1869 Lighthouse Confederate at the Keeper's Quarters. nearby battery. During this raid, Union forces suffered three dead and thirteen Mallory Gravesite, St. Michael's Cemetery, wounded, while Confederate forces Pensacola Navy Yard Pensacola. suffered three dead and an undetermined Pensacola Naval Air Station (Image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) 190 Radford Boulevard number of wounded. In November 1861 St. Michael's Cemetery 850.452.0111 and January 1862, the Navy Yard suffered 6 North Alcaniz Street extensive damage when Union forces at Two Civil War era buildings from the 850.436.4643 Fort Pickens and on U.S. Navy vessels Pensacola Navy Yard, a storehouse www.srm ichaelscemetery.org and the combination chapel/armory engaged the Confederates in massive This cemetery contains the remains of artillery duels. In May 1862, Confederate building, remain on what is part of now 100 Confederate dead including Stephen forces withdrew Pensacola, in the Pensacola Naval Air Station. The Navy from R. Mallory, Confederate Secretary of the process stripping the its Yard's brick boundary wall, gatehouses, Navy Yard of Navy, and Delity P. Kelly, a Confederate valuable machinery setting fire to bulkhead, and wet basin from the Civil and army nurse who is believed to be the only the facility. forces reoccupied the War period also survive. The bulkhead Union Florida female to receive a state Civil War and wet basin originally formed part of Navy Yard and immediately began to clear veteran's pension for military service. away the rubble and erect structures. the Yards ship construction and repair new Shortly thereafter, Union Rear Admiral facility. Construction on the Navy Yard

14 NORTHWEST REGION Franklin County — Raney House 128 Market Street Apalachicola 850.653.1700 www.apalachicolahistoricalsociety.org

By the time of the Civil War, Apalachicola David Raney, a newly arrived merchant was Florida's largest cotton port and the from Virginia, constructed a Federal- third largest cotton port on the entire style house on this site in 1838, and Gulf or Mexico coast behind only New added Greek Revival features to it Orleans and Mobile. An active area for around 1850. During the Civil War, blockade running, Union naval vessels three of Raney's sons, David, Jr., or the Gulf Coast Blockading Squadron Edward, and George, served in the began closing off the city in June 1861, and , Apalachicola. Confederate forces. David Raney, Jr. ( Image courtesy of the Florida Park Service) most seaborne commerce was effectively served in the 1st Florida Infantrv and Florida, businessman Thomas Orman halted during the war. Throughout the war, then as a lieutenant in the Confederate built this house overlooking Scipio the Apalachicola vicinity was also an active Marine Corps. He was in command of Creek and the area for Confederate salt production. the Marine detachment on the ironclad in 1838. House features incorporate As Confederate forces in the area were CSS Tennessee when it was forced to details of both Federal and Greek sent to other locations in early 1862 and surrender at the Battle of in Revival styles. Having arrived from the city was left almost defenseless, most August 1864. Captured and imprisoned a plantation north of Marianna, of the population fled inland, many of at , he escaped in October Orman quickly gained prominence them to Ricco's Bluff some 90 miles up 1864 and returned to duty. Edward in Apalachicola as a highly successful the Apalachicola River. In April 1862, a Raney served in the 2nd Florida mercantile store proprietor, shipping small detachment of Union sailors and Cavalry and George Raney served in owner, and cotton merchant. As a marines from the USS Sagamore and the the Confederate infantry. The Raney Confederate sympathizer, Orman was USS Mercedita landed at Apalachicola, parents and their three young daughters arrested and detained for a short time but withdrew back to their ships after left Apalachicola when the city was by Union authorities during the Civil one night. Although never occupied threatened by the Union navy and fled War. His 26 slaves were freed by Union permanently, Union forces periodically to Bainbridge, Georgia. Legend relates troops and transported to Union-held returned to the mostly abandoned city that the ladies of Apalachicola met in Key West. Local lore tells of Mrs. Sarah during the remainder of the war. the Raney I louse early in the war to Orman sending warning signals from sew a unit flag for local troops. Another Chestnut Street the captain's walk platform on the roof legend relates that Franklin County of the house to Confederate soldiers Cemetery troops were mustered out of service at up river when Union troops were in this site at the end of the war. Exhibits Avenue E between 6th and 8th Streets the city. It is also reported that a brick include period furnishings, documents This cemetery contains the remains of at outbuilding on the property served as and artifacts, including a collection of least 76 Confederate soldiers and sailors, a hospital during the war. The Ormans' Confederate bonds and currency. including local veterans such as the three only child, William Thomas, served in Raney brothers and William Orman, as well the 1st Florida Infantry as a lieutenant, Trinity Episcopal Church as veterans of Confederate units from other and after the war as a state legislator "9 6th Street states such as Georgia, , and Virginia. senator. Ironically, and Thomas Orman www.ni) trinirychurch.org A State Historical Marker at the cemetery was also arrested and detained by This church is believed to be one of the states that seven of the Confederate soldiers Confederate authorities on suspicion of first prefabricated buildings m Florida, buried here participated in the Battle of I 'moil sympathies at one point during having been prepared in New York .\nd ( icttysburg as members of the Florida the war when he traveled to Marianna, sent by ship to Apalachicola where it Brigade. The cemetery also contains the but was released after Governor John was assembled in 1S3~. During the remains of Union veterans. Milton intervened on Ins behalf. Civil War, it is reported that the church Orman House lull was donated to the Confederate arm) to he melted for , and the Historic State Park church carpets ami >. usluons were made 177 5th Street into armv blankets. 850.653.1209 pvww.floridastateparks.org ormanhou! Using lumber pre-measured and cut Union army belt buckle. tM.ipieLeatcollecton. Image courtesy ot the Florida S Army) at Syracuse, New York and shipped t Union Stall Officers button. ,lmage courtesy ollhe Museum ol Floi .

15 NORTHWEST REGION

St. George Island The lighthouse remained unlit until after the war when it was returned to service in Cape St. George August 1865. hi 2005, shore erosion caused I Lighthouse the lighthouse to collapse into the . Using salvaged material from the St. George Lighthouse Park 111 collapsed lighthouse, the Cape St. George 201 East Gulf Beach Drive 850.927.7744 Lighthouse was reconstructed in the county www.stgeorgclight.org ii Ag^^ park on St. George Island and reopened lor ggte public visitation in 2008. Reconstruction Completed in 1852 to replace the earlier of the Keeper's Quarters for use as the 1848 lighthouse destroyed during a lighthouse museum was completed in 2010. hurricane in 1851, the lighthouse was

located at the southern tip of what is now Little St. George Island. At the beginning ^ Sumatra of the Civil War, Confederate authorities Cape St. George Lighthouse, St. George Island. Fort Gadsden ordered the lighthouse darkened and in (Image courtesy of St. George Lighthouse Association) Apalachicola National Forest July 1861 arranged for the removal or the Blockading Squadron, landed a shore party Forest Road 129-B lighthouse lens for safekeeping. The lens and at the lighthouse and found it abandoned. 850.643.2282 other equipment were taken to Apalachicola They used the lighthouse to observe Sited on the east bank of the and then moved further inland to prevent its Confederate shipping at Apalachicola, and Apalachicola River on Prospect Bluff, capture by Union forces. In December 1861, Union sailors periodically returned for the known military use of this location the USS Hatteras, on duty with the Gulf this purpose during the course of the war. dates back to the 1814 construction of a British post. After the British withdrew,

it was occupied by some 300 blacks, many of them fugitive slaves. Viewed by the Americans as a haven for runaway slaves, a force led by Colonel Duncan Clinch, under orders from General , destroyed the "" and killed most of the occupants in July 1816 when a "hot shot" fired from a gunboat blew up the fort's magazine. Recognizing the strategic

PensaCOla Lighthouse and Confederate Camp, 1861. (Image courtesy ol the State Archives ol Florida) location of this site, General Jackson Lighthouses later directed Lieutenant James Gadsden to construct what became Fort Gadsden At the time of the Civil War, there Keys Lighthouse, and the Pensacola at the ruins of the earlier fort. Due to were 20 lighthouses and one lightship Lighthouse which was damaged during the significance of the Apalachicola along Florida's shores. In 1861, most an artillery bombardment in 1 861 . The River to area transportation, a company came under Confederate control, St. Marks Lighthouse was the scene of of Confederate infantry occupied this though those in the Keys and the much activity. It was shelled in 1 862 site in 1862 as a deterrent to Union Tortugas remained in Federal hands. and again in 1863, after which a Union navy ventures up the river. An outbreak Early in the war the Confederates landing party set fire to the lighthouse's of malaria in July 1863 forced the extinguished the beacons under their wooden stairs. In 1865, a large Union withdrawal of the infantry company, but management, so as not to be of use force landed there prior to the Battle of a few Confederate sentries continued to Union vessels. At Jupiter Inlet, the Natural Bridge and retreated back to to be stationed at the fort for use keeper continued to operate the light there after their defeat. After the war, as an observation post. In January as their lenses were found and other until August 1 861 , when a group 1865, several Confederate pickets at of Confederate sympathizers took damage repaired, the lighthouses were Fort Gadsden were surprised and relit, last until 1 control and removed its equipment. the not 872, when a new captured by a Union navy raiding They then also disabled the Cape lighthouse was built at Dames Point near party. The Fort Gadsden site contains Florida Lighthouse. Jacksonville to replace the lightship. interpretative information in a kiosk Lighthouses that experienced To learn more, see: Florida's building and on markers, including a significant military activity include the Lighthouses in the Civil War by Neil E. State Historical Marker. Egmont Key Lighthouse, the Cedar Hurley, Middle River Press, 2007.

16 .

NORTHWEST REGION

General Alexander Asboth conducted - Gulf County — Jackson County — a raid deep into West Florida from their Port St. Joe Marianna base at Pensacola. In the ensuing Battle ol Marianna, the Union force routed the approximated 300 Confederate defenders St. Joseph Saltworks consisting mostly of reserve forces and State Historical Marker local militia in a short but 1085 Cape San Bias Road bitter engagement. (See the "Battle of for the - A State Historical Marker ..Fiiv.ft Marianna" sidebar for more information.) "St. Joseph Confederate Saltworks" After occupying Marianna and pillaging is located just south of the site of a its buildings, the Union raiders withdrew major Confederate saltworks that had back towards Pensacola the next dav. A a daily capacity of 150 bushels. Bricks *'':. State Historical Marker for the "Battle for its foundations were salvaged from of Marianna" is located on the Jackson Sttfc. the nearby ruins of the City of St. Countv Courthouse Square. A second Joseph, which had been abandoned historical marker for the "Site of the Battle due to yellow fever and a hurricane 1 ** d of Marianna" erected by the United storm surge in the 1840s. In September ^^^J^ Daughters of the Confederacv is located 1862, the Union ship USS Kingfisher at the St. Luke's Episcopal Church. Two shelled the saltworks and sent a landing 1 Confederate monuments are also located -. '"ll to destroy it. Prior to the party ashore in Marianna. The first was constructed bombardment, the ship's commander Battle of Marianna Monument, Marianna. in 1881 and is located on the Jackson (Image courtesy ol William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) notified the Confederates under a flag County Courthouse Square. The of truce of his intentions and directed During the Civil War, Marianna was an second monument was erected bv the them to leave within two hours. The important trade center for products grown United Daughters of the Confederacv Confederates left in in the rich agricultural lands ofJackson in 1921 in Confederate Memorial • the allotted time, County. The community also served Park and commemorates the Battle of • taking four cartloads as a Confederate military center with Marianna. Annual Marianna Day Civil ^M<>! sale u a training camp, hospital, storehouses, War Reenactments, including a battle there were no and government stables. In September reenactment on the original Marianna % casualties. 1864, a mounted Union force of 700 battlefield, are held on the last weekend Union Minieball . troops under the command of Brigadier (Maple Leal collection. Image courtesy ol the Florida Bureau of September. ol Archaeological Research)

Battle of Marianna refused to abandon their town to the

In late 1 863, Brigadier General enemy. Fighting continued in the streets Alexander Asboth took command at and in a cemetery, with some defenders

Pensacola of the Union's District of trapped in the Episcopal church, which West Florida. He increased military was set on fire by the Union troops. Low

operations and, in September 1864, on , the remaining Confederate decided to raid the town of Marianna, forces surrendered.

after receiving reports that it was being When the fighting ended, 10 fortified and that Union prisoners were Confederates lay dead or mortally confined there. wounded and 16 others wounded, with The only force available to defend over 40 captured. Union losses were Marianna consisted of a few cavalry, comparable with 8 dead or mortally as well as militia and troops home wounded and 19 wounded, including on leave. They barricaded the main General Asboth who suffered severe street entering the town and waited arm and facial injuries. By the time for the Union attack, which came Confederate reinforcements arrived the on September 27. The Confederates next day, the Union force had departed and

stopped the first charge, but Asboth led was well on its way back to Pensacola. a second that proved more successful. To learn more, see: The Battle of The Confederate commander ordered Marianna, Florida by Dale Cox, Published Union Brigadier General Alexander Asboth. a retreat, but many of the militia by the author, Expanded Edition, 201 1 Ilinagt ctutasy d The NatonH ArcftMS/

1/ NORTHWEST REGION

Davis-West House, Chipola surrendered at Appomattox, Virginia Marianna on September 27, 1864, when Historical Trust Museum in April 1865. In 1996, the house and the attacking Union cavalry charged into its antique furnishings were willed to the the Confederate cavalry's line of battle. 403 Putnam Street Chipola Historical Trust for use as a meeting first charge was driven back, 850.482.3731 The Union center and regional history museum. but the second succeeded in forcing the Constructed in c.1840 for local merchant Confederates to withdraw. Despite the John Davis, it became the home of Dr. fighting on the property, the house itself Theophilus West upon his marriage to Ely-Criglar House escaped major damage. The house is Davis' widowed daughter in March 1861. Historical Marker privately owned and is not open for tours. In May 1861, Dr. West enlisted in the 242 West Lafayette Street 8th Florida Infantry, and in July 1862 Erected by the Jackson County Historical to assistant surgeon. He Holden House was promoted Commission, this marker is located at served with the regiment in the eastern the 1840 Ely-Criglar House. Ely Corner, Historical Marker 217 West Lafayette Street theater, and he was with the unit when the which adjoined the house, was the scene Virginia Confederate Army of Northern of the initial fighting in the Battle of Erected by the Chipola Historical Trust, this marker is located at the 1850 Holden African Americans House. The house was the residence of William E. Anderson who was a brigadier Africans have been general in the Florida militia before the associated with Florida since Civil War. Captured during the Battle the first Spanish exploration of Marianna while serving with the in 151 3, with the first known Home Guards, he identified himself as a enslaved Africans being "brigadier general" and was imprisoned brought to the colony in 1 528. with other Confederate officers at New By the mid-1 800s, parts of Orleans, in New York, Florida had developed a system and Fort Warren in . He of plantation agriculture similar was released from the latter prison on to the more populous slave June 26, 1865, after signing an affidavit states. This led to an increase verifying that he had never held the rank in the number of slaves brought of brigadier general in the service of the southward, primarily to work Confederacy. The building was briefly on the farms and plantations in occupied by Union troops after the Battle the northern part of the state. of Marianna and presumably looted, In 1 860, the African American but was not destroyed. The house was population of Florida comprised Emancipated slaves in front of Provost Marshal's Office in Jacksonville, C.1864. (Image courtesy of The National Archives) also the post-war residence of Dr. Julius nearly 45 percent of the state's T. Holden, surgeon of the 6th Florida population. Less than 1 ,000 free blacks of escaped slaves, and their numbers Infantry from 1862 until his surrender at resided in the state, along with 61 ,745 only increased as the war progressed. Durham Station, North Carolina in April enslaved persons. Many ships in the East Gulf Blockading 1865. The house is privately owned and is At the war's outbreak, a few slaves Squadron enlisted escaped slaves into not open for tours. accompanied their owners into the their crews, and more than 1 ,000 black military, serving as body servants Floridians joined Union army regiments.

and cooks. A small number of slaves Even those slaves who remained in Riverside Cemetery Bertram and Franklin Streets served as musicians in units like Confederate-held areas became more the St. Augustine Blues. The great belligerent as the war progressed, as This cemetery contains the remains of at majority of Florida's slaves remained they sensed the Confederacy's defeat least 42 Confederate veterans, including on the plantations and farms providing, and slavery's demise. May 20, the day Dr. Theophilus West, the assistant in however unwillingly, the food needed Union forces in Tallahassee announced surgeon of the 8th Florida Infantry the

to supply rebel armies. Confederate the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865, Army of Northern Virginia, and several the Battle officials also impressed slaves to build is still celebrated by Florida's black soldiers who participated in fortifications and work on other war- citizens as Emancipation Day. of Marianna. Union casualties from the Battle of Marianna were also buried related projects. To learn more, see: Slavery in here but their remains were relocated By early 1862, Union forces had Florida: Territorial Days to Emancipation to the Barrancas National Cemetery at occupied most of the populous towns by Larry Eugene Rivers, University Press Pensacola after the war. along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. of Florida, 2000. These enclaves attracted hundreds

18 NORTHWEST REGION

St. Luke's Cemetery communication trenches, this battery 4362 East Lafayette Street was constructed on Battery Bluff (also - as Neal's Bluff) in This cemetery was the scene of the known 1863. The remains of the battery earthworks culmination of the Battle of Marianna on and connecting trenches are located along the September 27, 1864, when Union troops park's bluff walking trail, and the six gun defeated Confederate forces, consisting emplacements are marked with signage. mainly of Marianna Home Guard militia, Another sign at the site provides a brief during fighting among the graves. The history of the Confederate battery. adjacent St. Luke's Episcopal Church The Gregory built in was burned by Union troops during the House, 1849, was originally located on the western battle. Rebuilt twice after the Civil War, bank of the river at Ocheesee Landing. the present church building displays the Some of the sailors injured by the boiler original pulpit Bible in a glass case which, explosion on the Confederate gunboat according to local tradition, was saved Chattahoochee in 1863 were from the burning church by Union Major CSS May cared for at the house. In the Nathan Cutler of the 2nd Cavalry. 1935, Gregory House was dismantled, The cemetery contains the remains of 40 moved Confederate cannon, Fort Walton Beach, across the river and reconstructed at (Image courtesy ol William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) Southern officials and soldiers, including this site by the 's Civilian Florida Civil War Governor John Milton, from Camp Walton skirmished with Conservation Corps. The house contains Confederate District Court Judge a landing force of Union sailors at period furnishings, including the Civil George S. Hawkins, Confederate Army East Pass (present day Dcstin). In War era trunk of Captain William T. Surgeon Dr. Julius T. Holden, and several the ensuing fight, the Union force Gregory, who was a delegate to the Confederate soldiers who participated in suffered two dead and two wounded Florida Secession Convention and the Battle of Marianna. while the Confederate force suffered then served in the 5th Florida Infantry. no serious casualties. In response, a Captain Gregory was badly wounded small Union force from Fort Pickens Liberty at the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), County shelled Camp Walton from Santa Rosa Maryland in September 1862. After Island in April 1862. Although camp Bristol spending nearly one month in a military buildings were destroyed by fire, no hospital, he was given a medical furlough casualties were reported. To defend to return home and died at his residence Camp Walton against future attacks. 2576 NW Torreya Park Road in December 1862. 850.643.2674 Confederate General rww.floridastateparks.org/torreya had an 18-pounder cannon moved to the camp from Fort Barrancas Located high above the eastern — Okaloosa County — in Pensacola. In August 1862, Camp bank of the Apalachicola River, a Walton was abandoned and the troops Confederate battery of three paired Fort Walton Beach sent to the Army of Tennessee as part gun emplacements located in the of the 1st Florida Infantry. The cannon present-day park property protected Fort Walton Beach was disabled and buried in a prehistoric this vital waterway. Consisting of six Heritage Park & mound. Discovered in the 1930s, heavy cannons ranging in size from Cultural Center the artillery piece was first displayed 18-pounders to 32-pounders mounted 139 Miracle Strip Parkway Southeast at the nearby [ndianola Inn until the on raised firing platforms and linked by 850.833.9595 l dow n in l >02. www.fwb.org/index.php/ museums. In ml hotel buined The cannon ' M was then moved to the outside ot the This city park includes the prehistoric Indian Temple Mound Museum, wluie Br, ms3Bme) Fort Walton Temple Mound, the [ndian u is now lhe also Temple Mound Museum, and two on display, museum houses a C i\ il \\ ,u exhibit w ith period early 20th century historic structures. artifacts which is sc heduled to be nun ed pinna In April 1861, the local Confederate to a new U constru< ted building at the military unit, the Walton Guards, center. Two State Historical Markers fbi established ( amp Walton at the base mil El w nral "Fort Walton" .\wd the "Indianola Inn, an En of the massive temple mound and Indian Midden Mound, and Civil W.u used its top as a post for observing the ( .unions" contain information on the movemeni ofUnion ships in the ( lull histoid ot c amp Walton. Gregory House, Torreya State Park. of Mexico. In March 1K(V_, troops (Image courtesy ol the Florida Park Service)

19 NORTHWEST REGION — Santa Rosa County — • William Wing Loring, a career

soldier raised in St. Augustine, was

commissioned a brigadier general in Bagdad

1861 and in 1862. Loring When the Civil War began, Bagdad was served in both the eastern and western an important West Florida center for the theaters as a division commander. lumbering and naval stores industries with • James McQueen Mcintosh, a West a large lumber mill complex and a shipyard.

Point graduate born in Tampa, was In early 1 862, the Confederate government promoted from colonel to brigadier began withdrawing troops from the general in 1862. He was killed at the Pensacola Bay area to reinforce their forces (), in Tennessee. As part of this evacuation in

Confederate Major General in March 1 862. March 1862, a detachment of the 1st Florida James Patton Anderson. • William Miller, of Milton, served as Infantry set fire to the lumber operations and (Image courtesy of the Stale Archives of Florida) colonel of the 1st Florida Infantry in the shipyard in order to prevent their falling into Florida Confederate Generals Army of Tennessee. He was promoted to Union hands. The fire inadvertently spread

In addition to Joseph Finegan and brigadier general in 1864, commanded out of control and destroyed a number of Edmund Kirby Smith (see pages 46 and the District of Florida, and was the adjacent homes. Most of the residents fled 50), a number of other Confederate Confederate field commander at the to Confederate held areas in the vicinity general officers were either born or Battle of Natural Bridge in March 1865. of Greenville, Alabama. Throughout the raised in Florida or closely associated war, Union forces periodically conducted • Edward A. Perry, of Pensacola, with the state. raiding expeditions into Santa Rosa County became brigadier general in August from their base at Pensacola. During a series • James Patton Anderson, of Monticello, 1862 and commanded the Florida of raids in October 1864, Union forces served as colonel of the 1 st Florida Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia fought a skirmish with Confederate troops Infantry before being promoted to until 1864. Perry was elected Florida south of Bagdad and then briefly occupied brigadier general in 1862 and then governor in 1884. major general in 1864. He commanded the community. • Francis A. Shoup, of St. Augustine, a division in the Army of Tennessee and was appointed brigadier general in also for a time the District of Florida. 1862 and served in both the western Bagdad Cemetery • Pooley Street Theodore W. Brevard, of Tallahassee, and eastern theaters as an artillery and 850.623.9939 served as colonel of the 1 1th Florida staff officer. www.bagdadceiTietery.com Infantry. In March 1865, he was • Martin L. Smith, chief engineer for commissioned brigadier general, the This cemetery contains the remains of at the Florida Railroad, was promoted least military last general officer of the appointed 15 Confederate and Union war to brigadier general and then major by President Jefferson Davis, and veterans. Also buried here is Martin F. general in 1 862, and served as chief of Florida Bruce, a partner in the Bagdad shipbuilding commanded the Brigade of the the Confederate Corps of Engineers. firm Ollinger which, during Army of Northern Virginia. of & Bruce To learn more, see: Generals in the Civil War, was contracted to build a • , of Ocala, served as Gray by Ezra J. Warner, State 1 1 0-foot gunboat for the Confederate colonel of the 7th Florida Infantry in University Press, 1 959. States Navy. The vessel never saw service, the Army of Tennessee and for a time as it was scuttled during the Confederate commanded its Florida Brigade. In 1864, evacuation from Bagdad in March 1862 to he was promoted to brigadier general. prevent it from falling into Union hands. • William G.M. Davis, of Apalachicola, served as colonel of the 1st Florida Bagdad Village Cavalry. Promoted to brigadier general in 1862, he commanded the Department of Museum & Complex 4512 Church Street East Tennessee. Davis resigned in 1863 850.983.3005 and subsequently operated blockade www.bagdadvillage.org runners from North Carolina. Housed in the restored c.1886 New • Jesse Johnson Finley, of Marianna, Providence Baptist Church served as colonel of the 6th Florida building, the Bagdad Village Preservation Infantry. Promoted to brigadier general Confederate Major General Association Museum contains exhibits on in 1863, he commanded the Florida William Wing Loring. local history including a Civil War exhibit Brigade of the Army of Tennessee. (Image courtesy ot the State Archives of Florida) with period artifacts and photographs.

20 —1

NORTHWEST REGION

Thompson House and a sawmill, lumber mill, gristmill, shingle Florida's first stone memorial to the Civil War Skirmish State mill, cotton textile mill, and bucket and. Confederacy. The monument was pail factory. facility was in originally erected in 1871 at the Euchee Historical Marker The operation from 1830 to 1855 when the two- Valley Presbyterian Church by the Walton 4620 Forsyth Street story textile mill burned. The complex County Female Memorial Association double-sided State Historical Marker for A included a dam over a quarter of a mile at a cost of $250. It was subsequently "The Thompson House" and the "Skirmish long and about 1 5 feet high, which moved to the county seat of Eucheeanna, on the Blackwater" provides information formed a 160-acre man-made pond for which was the site of a skirmish during the c. 1 847 Thompson House and on on holding hewn timber and controlling the 1864 Union expedition against the October 1864 Union raids in the area. the flow of water to the mills. During Marianna. The monument was finally house was the residence of Benjamin The the Civil War, several skirmishes were moved to DeFuniak Springs after that Thompson, a partner in the lumbering W. fought in the Arcadia Mill area between community became the new county seat firm of E.E. Simpson and Company. Union raiders from Pensacola and local in 1886. The monument lists the names of his sons, Oliver Thompson and Two Confederate defenders, and a small of 94 Confederate war dead from Wilton Benjamin W. Thompson, served in Jr., Confederate cavalry force frequently used County. A State Historical Marker for the 1st Florida Infantry which fought in it as its base. Although the mill facilities "Florida's First Confederate Monument" the western theater, and both were killed were abandoned after the 1855 fire, the is located on the courthouse grounds. during the war. The Thompson House large dam remained and appears to have occupied by Union forces during an was been destroyed by the Confederates October 1864 raid on Bagdad and Milton. during the war in order to prevent any use —Washington County Andrew B. Spurling of the site by Union forces. Arcadia Mill of the 2nd Maine Cavalry commanded contains a visitor center and museum, Vernon the Union raiding force which included and an elevated boardwalk through the 1st Florida Union Cavalry, a regiment the archaeological remains. Moss Hill United formed of Southern Unionist refugees Methodist Church and Confederate deserters. Spurling Corner of Vernon and Greenhead Roads later on to receive the Medal of Walton would go County Three Miles Southeast of Vernon Honor for his actions during a Union raid Constructed in 1 857 by church members at Evergreen, Alabama in March 1865. DeFuniak Springs and their slaves, the wood-framed Moss During a restoration of the house in 1976, Confederate Monument Hill United Methodist Church in the two instances of graffiti with drawings and is excellent 1 00 East Nelson Avenue Holmes Valley m example signatures which had been scratched on Located on the lawn of the county of Florida frontier church architecture. the plaster walls by Union troops and later courthouse, the Walton County In September 1864, the Vernon Home covered with wallpaper were uncovered. Confederate monument is apparently Guard under the command of Captain One message in the drawing room stated W.B.Jones, which contained members of "Bagdad Mr. Tompson [sic] Spurling the Moss Hill Church congregation, was First Fla Cavalry camped in your house called out when a Union force attacked the 26th of Oct 1864." A similar message Marianna in Jackson County. Riding dated October 28, 1 864 was uncovered on to their neighboring city's assistance, the wall of the upstairs cross hall written the Home Guard unit unexpectedly by a different individual. The house is encountered the Union army column privately owned but is occasionally open commanded by Brigadier General to the public during the Bagdad Village Alexander Asboth returning from Preservation Association's Blackwater Marianna. In the ensuing skirmish known Heritage Tour of Historic Homes. as the "Battle of Vernon", the numerically superior Union force routed the Milton outnumbered 1 lome Guard, killing one

( Confederate and capturing several more, Arcadia Mill Site including ( Captain Jones. In the Moss 1 1 1 1 5709 Mill Pond Lane Cemetery adjacent to the church building 850.626.3084 are the remains ofat least 20 ( onfederatc www.historicpensacola.org/arcadia.< fm veterans in< luding members oi the Florida's largest antebellum industrial Vernon 1 lome Guard. A Si. uc I [istorical complex, the Arcadia Mill was the site of Markei foi "Moss Hill" is located at the a water-powered business that included Confederate Monument, DeFuniak Springs. '< i huii h site. (lmt^)acouit6syofWUainlM6,FloridtPuUi A yNat*

21 NORTH CENTRAL REGION Alachua County Wood Plantation until they were sent to of Colonel Andrew Harris entered the stationmaster at Waldo, where they Gainesville where they were attacked Archer were seized by Union troops in June 1865. by a Confederate force of 175 men Yulee's Cotton Wood Plantation home was commanded by Captain J.J. Dickison. In Cotton Wood Plantation destroyed in the late 1970s or early 1980s. the ensuing battle, the Union force was State Historical Marker completely routed with 200 casualties, the majority of which were captured. State Road 346 (High Street) Gainesville The Confederate force suffered less A State Historical Marker for "David Yulee than 10 killed or wounded. double- By the time of the Civil War, Gainesville A and Cotton Wood Plantation" is located sided State Historical Marker for the about one mile southwest of the location was an important stop on the Florida "First Gainesville Skirmish/Battle of of Yulee's plantation. Railroad, which ran from Fernandina to Gainesville" is located on the Gainesville was the developer of the Florida Railroad Cedar Key, for the transportation of cotton City Hall lawn and provides details and was serving as United States Senator and foodstuffs from the regions rich on these actions. In 1904, the United when Florida seceded from the Union. He agricultural lands and cattle from South Daughters of the Confederacy erected a resigned his Senate seat and returned to Florida. It was also a center for commercial Confederate monument in Gainesville, Florida during the Civil War to devote time lumbering mills. During the war, it gained which is located on the Alachua County to his plantations and his railroad. After added significance as a supply depot for the Administration Building grounds. the destruction of his Margarita Plantation Confederacy. Gainesville was the scene of at Homosassa by Union troops in 1864, two military engagements during the Civil Bailey House State Yulee and his family spent the remainder War. In February 1864, a Union force of 50 left their at of the war at his Cotton Wood Plantation. men encampment Sanderson Historical Marker for Gainesville in capture or 1121 6th Street Upon the fall of the Confederacy, the an attempt to NW baggage train of President Jefferson Davis, destroy railroad trains that were believed A State Historical Marker is located at including official documents and the slim to be there. They occupied Gainesville the c.1850 Bailey House, the home of remnants of the Confederate treasury, for over two days and skirmished with a James B. Bailey, a member of the Alachua reached Cotton Wood Plantation in May small Confederate force before returning County Central Committee which 1865. Davis had been captured in Georgia to Sanderson after destroying Confederate coordinated local mobilization for the earlier that month and his baggage train supplies. In August 1864, a larger Union Civil War. During the war, Bailey served contents were kept hidden at Cotton force of 340 men under the command the Confederacy as Superintendent of

Battle Of Gainesville, August 1864, trom DickiSOn and His Men. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)

22 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Labor for the Engineers Department of were provided shelter at Kanapaha period artifacts. The museum also houses the Florida Eastern District. He died while before proceeding to Jacksonville to a research library and archives with an working on the fortifications at Baldwin in surrender. The Hailes had the unusual extensive collection of papers, books, 1864. His eldest son, Casermo O. Bailey, habit of writing on the walls of their periodicals, maps, photographs, postcards served in both the 7th Florida Infantry in home, and over 12,500 words, with the and other documents. the western theater and the 9th Florida oldest dating to the 1850s, are visible Infantry in the eastern theater and was also in almost every room and closet of the Old Gainesville Depot wounded at the 1864 Battle of Olustee in main house. Depot Avenue

Florida. The house is currently used as a A portion of this building was retirement center and is not open for tours. Matheson constructed in c.1860. It is the only Museum Complex remaining Civil War railroad depot from

Evergreen Cemetery 5 1 3 East University Avenue the Florida Railroad line which ran from 401 SE 21st Street 352.378.2280 Fernandina to Cedar Key. During the This cemetery contains the remains of at www.mathesonmuseum.org Battle of Gainesville on August 17, 1864, least 65 Confederate veterans and at least This complex includes the Matheson Union troops took up positions along three Union veterans. Confederate graves Museum housed in the 1930s American the railroad and in the depot, and were

include those of Robert W. Davis, who Legion Hall and the 1867 Matheson driven out by the Confederate forces. It is was a veteran of the 5th Georgia Infantry, House. The museum contains permanent one of only three known surviving Florida a U.S. Congressman from Florida and and temporary exhibits on Alachua Civil War railroad depots, the other two Mayor of Gainesville in the postwar County history, including a Civil War being located on the Pensacola &c Georgia exhibit with documents, photographs period, and Brigadier General Jesse J. and Railroad line. Finley, who commanded Florida troops in the Army of Tennessee in the western theater and was also a U.S. Congressman from Florida in the postwar period. A State Historical Marker for "Jesse Johnson

Finley" is located in the cemetery. JACKSONVILLE.! Haile Homestead at Kanapaha Plantation 8500 SW Archer Road ywvx. D0LLAF 352.336.9096 www.hailehomestead.org The Thomas Evans Haile family moved Florida railroad Currency note, 1863. {Image courtesyol the State Archives ol Florida) from Camden, South Carolina to this

site in 1854 to establish a 1,500-acre Railroads state government authorized the

Sea Island cotton plantation which they At the time of the Civil War, major taking up of iron from David Levy

named Kanapaha. Built by enslaved railroads in the state included the Yulee's Florida Railroad to use for black craftsmen, the main house was Florida Railroad, which ran from the Lawton to Live Oak connector. completed in 1856. During the Civil Fernandina on the Atlantic to Cedar Yulee mounted a protracted legal War, Thomas E. Haile served as a Key on the Gulf; the Florida, Atlantic campaign to protect his company's lieutenant in the 2nd Florida Cavalry and Gulf Central, which ran from property. The Confederate government and his oldest son, John, enlisted as a Jacksonville to Lake City; and the ultimately prevailed and the iron was private. In May 1865, a month after the Pensacola and Georgia, which in 1861 removed from Yulee's line and used

capture of Richmond by Union forces, completed a line from near Quincy in the connector. The various delays, the baggage train of President Jefferson to Lake City. Railroad mileage for however, prevented completion until Davis reached Alachua County. Upon the entire state totaled just 433, and March 1865, just one month before hearing that Davis had been captured in important stretches had not yet been the surrender at Appomattox and far

Georgia earlier in the month, members built. Also, the main Florida lines in too late for the railroad to have an of the small baggage train guard hid its the east had no direct connection with economic or military impact.

contents at David Levy Yulee's Cotton railroads in Georgia to the north. To learn more, see: "The Florida

Wood Plantation at Archer and sought In 1861, construction began on Railroad Company in the Civil War" by

parole from Union forces. Two of these a connecting line between Lawton, Robert L. Clarke, The Journal of Southern

men, Sid Winder and Francis Trench Georgia, and Live Oak, Florida. The History.Vol 19, No. 2, May 1953. Tilghman, who left a diary of the events,

23 NORTH CENTRAL REGION P.K. Yonge Library of James Patton Anderson, his military Micanopy/Rochelle Florida History, command in the West, Georgia, and Florida, and the fate of his family before, Oak Ridge Cemetery during, and after the war. Holdings also Smathers Library (Library East) County Road 234 include his family papers and Civil War 352.273.2755 Between Micanopy and Rochelle letters related to Florida and Floridians. lirrp: web.ufUb.ufl.edu/spec/pkyonge/indexiitm] This cemetery contains the remains of several The Library also contains numerous other The P.K. Yonge Library, in the George Confederate veterans, including Madison letters, correspondence, diaries, papers A. Smathers Libraries' Department of Starke Perry, Governor of Florida from and miscellaneous documents relating to Special and Area Studies, is the state's October 1857 to October 1861. Perry was the Civil War in Florida, including the preeminent Floridiana collection. It a prosperous Alachua County plantation letters of Confederate Secretary of the includes a diverse array of primary owner and staunch proponent of states Navy Stephen R. Mallory, the David Levy sources, and is the most comprehensive rights. After the election of Abraham Yulee Papers, and collections of letters repository for early Florida newspapers. Lincoln as President in November 1 860, from soldiers both Confederate and A core collection consists of the J. Patton Governor Perry urged the immediate Union. The Library's Florida Historical Anderson Papers, which document the withdrawal of Florida from the Union and Map Collection contains over 30 maps of career of Confederate Major General called for a convention to consider secession. Civil War Florida. With the secession of Florida in January 1861, Governor Perry's administration Women oversaw the mobilization of Florida military While thousands of Florida units and authorized the seizure of Federal

men served on battlefields across forts and arsenals in the state. After leaving the South, Florida's women office, Perry served as a colonel in the 7th performed a variety of roles on the Florida Infantry until illness forced his

home front. At the beginning of the resignation in 1863. Perry died in March conflict, they sewed uniforms and 1865 at his plantation home near Rochelle. flags, prepared farewell suppers, A State Historical Marker for "Madison

and gave parties for departing Starke Perry" is located at the cemetery. troops. The state's female population also performed various Newberry activities to raise money for the war effort, and worked as nurses and Dudley Farm matrons in hospitals established Historic State Park both in and outside the state. 18730 West Newberry Road They dealt with shortages of most 352.472.1142 civilian products, both essential and www.floridastateparks.org/dudleyfarm luxury. The price of available items This historic state park is a unique remaining rose dramatically and the use of example of a historic Florida farm from substitutes became commonplace. Ladies Soldiers Friend Sewing Society, the mid- 1800s. Located on a 333-acre site, With so many men serving Tallahassee, 1861. this typical early Florida farm is comprised

in the Confederate armies, C Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) of 18 original buildings that served women played a greater role in three generations of the Dudley family. the operation and administration of triumphs. . . . Unidentified remains The patriarch, Philip Benjamin Dudley, farms and plantations, undertaking and unknown graves tormented many Sr., acquired this property in 1859 and many activities formerly considered grieving families. Mourning clothes constructed a double-pen, dog-trot log the responsibility of men. Many were increasingly in short supply, [and] house before the Civil War. Dudley served female Floridians also endured the women comforted each other, urging as a captain in the Alachua Rangers, 7th occupation of their towns and farms widows and orphans to accept death as Florida Infantry beginning in 1862, and by Union soldiers. the will of God." The war's end brought likely saw service in Tennessee during this Women corresponded with sadness and despair for many white period. Discharged from the Confederate their loved ones in military service, Florida women, but undoubtedly for army in 1863 for health conditions, and faced the possibility that their some a sense of relief. Dudley returned to Florida to operate husbands, fathers, sons, and brothers To learn more, see: Grander in Her his farm property. Artifacts on display in might never return. "Bereavement", Daughters: Florida's Women During the the park include the 1835 family Bible, writes historian Tracy Revels, "stripped Civil Warby Tracy Revels, University which Dudley reportedly carried with him away the illusions of rapid, heroic Press of South Carolina, 2004. throughout his Civil War service.

24 NORTH CENTRAL REGION Waldo Lake City- Columbia County Historical Museum 157 SE Hernando Avenue J. J. Dickison and Davis Baggage Train State 386.755.9096 This museum is housed in the restored ! Historical Marker c.1870 May Vinzant Perkins House. The State Road 24 in front ofCaboose in City Park house was the postwar residence ol John State Historical Marker for "Dickison I A Vinzant who served as a sergeant in the and His Men/Jefferson Davis Baggage" is 1st Florida Cavalry which fought in the located in a city park in Waldo. Captain western theater. At the Third Battle ol John Dickison of the 2nd Florida J. Murfreesboro, Tennessee in December | Calvary was known as the "Swamp 1 864, Vinzant was so badly wounded that Fox of the Confederacy" for his skill in his right leg had to be amputated and he defending the interior of Florida from later spent several months as a prisoner

I Union raids and attacks. His forces often of war at a Union camp at Louisville, bivouacked at Camp Baker south of | . After the war, Vinzant returned Waldo during the war. At the war's end to Lake City and served as the Columbia in May 1865, Dickison and his men were County Clerk of the Circuit Court and paroled by Union forces and mustered out Confederate Captain Richard Bradford. County Tax Collector. In 1983, the house (Image courtesy ol the State Archives ot Florida) i of service at Waldo. Also in May 1865, was acquired by the Historic Preservation I after the contents ofJefferson Davis' near Pensacola. Governor John Milton Board of Lake City and Columbia County baggage train had been hidden on David delivered the eulogy at his funeral in Inc. and the Blue-Grey Army Inc. to serve-

. Levy Yulee's Cotton Wood Plantation at Tallahassee and, in December 1861, as their headquarters and as a museum ol Archer, Yulee had the chests and trunks signed legislation changing the name ol local history. The museum features Civil containing the personal effects and papers New River County to Bradford County War uniforms, weapons, and other period

i sent to the railroad agent at Waldo, M. A. in his honor. artifacts and contains a research library I Williams, for safekeeping. In June 1865, relating to the history of Lake City.

. Union troops of the 34th U.S. Colored Infantry under the command of Captain — Columbia County — O. E. Bryant found them at Waldo. Captain Bryant confiscated the contents Lake City and sent them to Jacksonville where

I they were examined and then sent on to During the Civil War, Lake City served as Washington, D.C. an important Confederate transportation and supply depot center. The community terminus ol the Pensacola Bradford County was the eastern & Georgia Railroad from Tallahassee and the western terminus ol the Florida, Starke Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad from February 1864 Captain Richard Jacksonville. After the Battle of Olustee, 1 3 miles to the east, Bradford State scores of the more severely wounded, Historical Marker both Confederate and Union, were

West Call and North Temple Streets treated in Lake < lit) hospitals and In March 1861, 15 days before private dwellings. Union prisoners were Confederate batteries began firing on Fort kept there before being sent to other Sumter in Charleston Harbor, Richard locations and eventually to the prison Bradford enlisted in the Confederate camp at Andersoin ille, Georgia. A large

army at Madison. Less than seven monument to the C lonfederatc soldiers

months later, Bradford became the first killed at the Battle ot Olustee, erected Confederate officer from Florida to die in 1928, is located in the square in trout in the Civil War. Captain Bradford was of the Columbia County Courthouse in killed in October 1861 while leading dow mown lake ( itv.

his men of the 1st Florida Infantry Battle of Olustee Monument, Lake City. during the Battle of Santa Rosa Island ftrnpsaMtoyorMMMiLMi ftMtPvbt mho b mm

25 2

NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Oaklawn Cemetery the Apalachicola River which killed or NW Matthew Street severely scalded many of her crew and disabled the ship. The dead sailors were This cemetery contains an Unknown taken to Chattahoochee where they were Confederate Soldiers Area with the buried near the arsenal while the vessel was graves of 1 55 soldiers who were killed taken to Columbus, Georgia for repairs. in the Battle of Olustee or who died During the Wilsons Raid campaign, when in the Confederate hospital in 1864- Union cavalry approached Columbus in 1865, following the battle. The United April 1865, the ship was scuttled by the Daughters of the Confederacy erected a Chattahoochee Arsenal building, Chattahoochee. Confederates to prevent her capture. In to large obelisk monument the unknown (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) the early 1960s, a 30-foot section of the soldiers at the site in 1901, and a small inches thick. In early January 1861, as stern hull and the steam engines were stone commemorative marker to the the Secession Convention was meeting recovered and are now on display at the Confederate dead is located nearby. in Tallahassee, Governor Madison S. National Civil War Naval Museum in A small obelisk monument for Nena Perry ordered the seizure of the arsenal in Columbus. In 1994, the United Daughters Moseley Feagle, the "Last Confederate Chattahoochee. On January 6, 1861, the of the Confederacy erected a monument War Widow of Florida" who died in 1985, local Gadsden County military unit, the at the sailors' burial site in Chattahoochei is also located here. A memorial service Quincy Guards, seized the arsenal from a which lists the names of the 17 sailors who is held at the cemetery in conjunction U.S. Army ordnance sergeant and his three perished in the explosion. with the annual Olustee Battle Festival in man garrison without violence. At the February to honor those who died, both time of its capture, the arsenal contained Confederate and Union. over 5,000 pounds of gunpowder, over Quincy 173,000 small arms cartridges, 57 Gadsden County and one six-pounder cannon with over 300 shot and canisters. Throughout Chattahoochee the Civil War, the arsenal was a center of Confederate military activity for Chattahoochee Arsenal regimental musters and training, as well as 100 North Main Street an arms depot. Following the Civil War, 850.663.7001 the arsenal was used by the Freedmen's \vww.dcf.state.fl.us/facilities/fsh/about.shtrnl Bureau from 1865 to 1868, and then as

Also known as the Mt. Vernon Arsenal the states first penitentiary until 1877 (the community's early name) and when it became the Florida Asylum for the Apalachicola Arsenal (for the the Indigent Insane. In 1919, it received its

nearby river), the construction of the present name, the Florida State Hospital, Chattahoochee Arsenal was authorized by and continues to this day in use as a state Congress in 1832. Completed in 1839, the mental institution. Two of the original arsenal consisted of 17 buildings including arsenal buildings remain. The officers officers quarters, barracks, quarters is now used as the administration magazines, business offices and building for the hospital, and a magazine Confederate Monument, Quincy. Archaeology Network) a barn. With the exception building is being rehabilitated for use as a (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public of the magazines, the museum and conference center. During the Civil War, Quincy was the buildings were location of the Confederate military enclosed by a Chattahoochee CSS headquarters for the Middle Florida brick wall 1 Monument District. Quincy also served as a feet high South Main Street Confederate commissary depot and id 30 The CSS Chattahoochee was a twin- hospital station with the Episcopal screw steam gunboat which was built at church, county courthouse, Quincy Saffold, Georgia, and entered service in Academy and private homes used as the Confederate navy in February 1863. make-shift medical centers after the The vessel patrolled the Chattahoochee Battles of Olustee and Natural Bridge. Union and Apalachicola Rivers and often docked In 1884, a Confederate monument (Maple Leal collection. Image courtesy of the Florida Bureau at the Chattahoochee Arsenal wharf. In was erected in Quincy by the Gadsden of Archaeological Research) May 1863, the ship suffered a horrific County Ladies Memorial Association on Gunpowder flask for small . (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History) boiler explosion near Blountstown on the Gadsden County Courthouse Square.

26 .

NORTH CENTRAL REGION

A.K. Allison House were brought to Qumcy following the West Florida. Also buried here is Edward 215 North Madison Street Battles of Olustee and Natural Bridge. C. Love, who was a delegate to the 850.875.2511 or toll-free 1.888.904.2511 The house is currently used as a church Florida Secession Convention and one of www.allisonhouseinn.com parsonage and is not open for tours. five commissioners (the most prominent

Constructed in 1843, this house was the being David Levy Yulee) appointed by residence of Abraham K. Allison, the Acting Governor Allison to negotiate President who became with Federal authorities on behalf of ^nt^^?^^- the war. acting governor on April 1, 1865, after Florida at the end of Among Governor John Milton committed the Confederate veterans buried here is - colonel suicide. Allison resigned the office on 1 William T. Stockton, a lieutenant May 19, 1865, was arrested by Federal in the 1st Florida Cavalry. Stockton was authorities, and in June was sent to captured at the 1863 Battle of Missionary Fort Pulaski, Georgia where he was Ridge in Tennessee and spent the the war as a Union prisoner imprisoned for several months along Jof remainder of at Island in until with other Confederate officials. Allison Ml of war Johnson's his release in August 1865. was also a delegate to the 1861 Florida it rT-H*rWSl Secession Convention and participated IMr.J"' I in the Battle of Natural Bridge with the Soldiers Cemetery, Quincy. Hamilton County (Image courtesy ol William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) state militia. The house is now operated as a bed and breakfast inn. Soldiers Cemetery in White Springs

Eastern Cemetery After the Union occupation of northeast Smallwood-White House 344 East Jefferson Street Florida coastal regions in 1862, many State Historical Marker This cemetery was established early in residents of coastal communities fled Corner of West King the Civil War for Confederate soldiers inland to Confederate-held areas of the and North Madison Streets who had no family in Quincy and were state. A number of these refugees came A doubled-sided State Historical Marker too far from home for their bodies to to White Springs, and the community for "The White House/Pleasants be returned to their families. Located in became known as the "Rebel Refuge." Woodson White" contains details on the cemetery, a State Historical Marker this house which was constructed in for the "Soldiers Cemetery" provides

1843 and remodeled to its present information on the Civil War in Quincy, appearance in 1856. During the Civil as well as the cemetery. War, this house was the residence of Pleasants W White who served as a The Quincy Academy major in the Confederate army and State Historical Marker as the Chief Commissary Officer for 303 North Adams Street Florida. It was in the latter role that A State Historical Marker is located he issued the "White Circular" in at the building constructed in 1 85 1 to 1863 appealing for desperately needed house the Qumcy Academy, a private foodstuffs for the Confederate army. The educational institution for children of Lieutenant Robert W. Adams depth of need for Florida foodstuffs and Confederate Gadsden and surrounding counties. of White Springs. other supplies felt by the Confederate During the Civil War, the building was (Image courtesy ol the State Archives ot Florida) army was revealed to Union authorities used as a Confederate military hospital. Riverside Cemetery when the circular found its way into The building is now used as a church Adams Memorial Drive their hands. Some contemporaries and community outreach facility. lhis cemetery contains the remains oi historians believed that it influenced local soldiers, including the Union's decision to mount a major Confederate Cemetery Robert W. Adams who served as a first expedition in Florida in 1864, which Western King Street lieutenant with the 5th Florida Intantrv culminated in the Battle of Olustee. contains the remains ol in eastern theater including the Battle The house also served as the meeting lhis cemetery the soldiers and officials, ot .\nd spent six months place for the Ladies Aid Society which local ( Confederate Gettysburg, later

1 as a war a Union supported the Confederate cause including 1 )r. Thomas Y. lenry, the prisoner oi in facility. War patriot Atui the war, Adams returned to White with Mrs. Emily White as the chief grandson of Revolutionary a delegate to the Florida Springs became a prosperous organizer and president. Among their Patrick Henry, where he

and the 1 Hre< toi Mick ham and leader, and activities, this group of women tended Secession Convention communit) foi sei the Florida Senate. to the injured and dying soldiers who of Confederate Medical Sei vices ved in

27 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Jefferson County community, the cotton mill was known as the Bailey Cotton Mill for William Lloyd Bailey, a Jefferson County planter and the major organizer and investor in the

During the Civil War, Lloyd was an mill. It provided cloth, yarn, and thread important stop on the Pensacola & to the Confederate commissary. During Georgia Railroad, which ran from Lake the war, Bailey refused to profiteer from City to Gee's Turnout near Quincy, for the inflated prices caused by the Union the transportation of Confederate soldiers blockade, and materials produced in and war materials as well as cotton and the mill were sold to the Confederate foodstuffs from Middle Florida's rich government at the lowest possible rates. agricultural lands. After the February As a result, in the summer of 1864, Bailey 1864 Battle of Olustee, some wounded and Florida Governor John Milton were Confederate soldiers were unloaded at able to convince the central Confederate the Lloyd Railroad Depot and treated in government not to seize the cotton mill a make-shift hospital by local women in and its products as they had done with at least one private residence, the c.1855 other manufacturing facilities. A spur Llovd-Bond House. Two of their patients Confederate soldier William Denham of the Pensacola & Georgia Railroad died and are buried on nearby Bond of Monticello. was extended to Monticello in 1861. family land. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) A Confederate monument was erected Monticello in Monticello by the Ladies Memorial Lloyd Railroad Depot Association in 1899 on the north lawn of State Road 59 and Lester Lawrence Road During the Civil War, Monticello's the Jefferson County Courthouse. http://gulfwindnrhs.org/Lloyd%20Depot.htm function as a supply center was based One of the stations on the Pensacola on the rich Middle Florida agricultural Old City and Roseland & Georgia Railroad, the c.1858 Lloyd lands ofJefferson County which Cemeteries Depot was a center for trade and produced cotton and foodstuffs, and North Waukeenah and East Madison Streets transportation in Jefferson County, on its manufacturing facilities. It was Established in 1827, the Old City including military usage for Confederate the site of a small shoe factory, a small Cemetery is the oldest of Monticello's soldiers and war materials. It is one of woolen factory, and the Southern Rights cemeteries, while the adjacent Roseland only three known surviving Florida Civil Manufacturing Association's cotton mill cemetery was established about 1850. War railroad depots. which was the state's only cloth mill. These cemeteries contain the remains Located a little over a mile east of the of local Confederate soldiers and officials, as well as some soldiers who were brought to Monticello and died there after being wounded at the Battle of Olustee. Among the Confederate

veterans buried here is William S. Dilworth, a prominent Monticello attorney who was a delegate to the i. Florida Secession Convention and served as a colonel in the 3rd Florida Infantry. P?^^^2^^^B At one point early in the war, Colonel Dilworth commanded all troops in the Military District of East and Middle Florida. In May 1862, Colonel Dilworth and his unit were transferred out of ^ Florida and the regiment served in the US? western theater until the end of the war, although Dilworth himself returned to Monticello in July 1864 on extended PP'^iBBPf sick leave. Another Confederate

veteran buried here is , TT* ^»l,.^_ who served in the 3rd Florida Infantry

Lloyd Railroad Depot, Lloyd. (Image courtesy of David Ferro, GuliWind Chapter, National Railway Historical Society) and was captured at the 1863 Battle

28 NORTH CENTRAL REGION of Missionary Ridge in Tennessee. He surgeon to the 2nd Florida Infantry. In terminus of the Tallahassee Railroad, spent the remainder of the war in a 1862, he was appointed by Governor • the state's first rail line, which ran to Union prison camp in before Milton as superintendent and director of St. Marks and the western terminus of being paroled in 1865 as a sergeant. In the new Florida Hospital established in the Pensacola & Georgia Railroad which the postwar period, Pasco was a state an old tobacco warehouse in Richmond, ran to Lake City. During the Civil War, legislator and United States Senator; Virginia. At the end of 1863, the Florida the Pensacola & Georgia Railroad was Pasco County, Florida was named in his Hospital was closed and Florida military extended westward to four miles east of honor in 1887. Also buried here is Smith patients were assigned to Florida wards Quincy at Gee's Turnout. Tallahassee Simkins, a lawyer and the first sheriff of at Howard's Grove Hospital near was threatened with invasion in March Jefferson County, who manufactured salt Richmond, where Palmer served as 1865 when a Union force landed for the Confederacy at various points surgeon-in-charge until the end of the near the St. Marks Lighthouse and along the county's Gulf Coast. Simkins war. The house was most recently used as proceeded north toward the city. The was also one of the four members of the a bed and breakfast inn. initial objective was the capture of the Florida Executive Council which met in blockade running port of St. Marks 1862 to develop the state's war policies. Leon County to the south, but Union commanders believed that a victory there could Palmer Family Tallahassee lead to the subsequent capture of Tallahassee and perhaps Thomasville, Graveyard and After Florida was ceded by to Georgia. The Union advance was Palmer-Perkins House the United States in 1821, Tallahassee halted at the Battle of Natural Bridge 625 West Palmer Mill Road was designated the capital of the new near Woodville about ten miles south Owned by the City of Monticello, territory in 1824. Florida became a state of Tallahassee. In one of the last this cemetery is located adjacent to in 1845 and, by the beginning of the Confederate victories of the war, the the c.1836 Palmer- Perkins House. Civil War, Tallahassee was a small but Union force was compelled to retreat Among those buried here is Dr. Thomas prosperous city in the center of Middle back to the coast. Tallahassee remained M. Palmer who was a delegate to the Florida's cotton plantation system, and the only Southern state capital east of Florida Secession Convention and an important transportation center. the Mississippi River not to be captured was appointed by Governor Milton as The communitv was the northern by the Union during the Civil War.

Militia and Home Guard in state service. At this stage of the ad hoc organizations. Nonetheless, war, however, it appears unlikely that they fought and sometimes died in During the Civil War, Florida militia any formal organization of these men defense of their state. and home guard companies, comprised took place. Consequently, at late-war To learn more, see: Florida's Army: primarily of individuals either too old or engagements like Marianna and Natural Militia/State Troops/National Guard. too young, or otherwise unable to serve in Bridge, the militia and home guard 1565-1 985 by Robert Hawk, Pineapple the regular military, took an active role in companies that took part were informal, Press, Inc. ,1986. a number of battles and campaigns.

The origins of the militia in Florida date from the Spanish period, making

it the oldest in the present-day United

States. When Florida left the Union, volunteer units occupied Federal

installations in the state. Most of these volunteers were eventually mustered into Confederate units, leaving the state militia

system in a shambles and, in early 1862,

it was disbanded.

In 1864, the Confederate Congress authorized a new reserve force that

led to the formation of the 1 st Florida

Reserves, which served until the war's

end. In December, the state legislature

passed the first militia law in two years, "Cow Cavalry" Florida Home Guard skirmish with Union cattle raiders.

placing all males between 16 and 65 (Artist: Jackson Walker. Image courtesy ol the Legendary Florida CollecHon)

29 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

businessman and signifying Florida's official surrender. political leader A new capitol building was built in the who served as the 1970s, and the restored Old State Capitol captain of a local building opened in 1982 as a museum.

militia unit, the Leon It is now home to the Florida Legislative Cavalry. A supporter Research Center & Museum. Exhibits of secession, feature images, documents and military Brokaw led his artifacts from the Civil War including troops in torchlight an 1863 Union mountain demonstrations with a , and a replica of the during the January flag believed to have been raised at the

Bellevue (Murat House), Tallahassee Museum. 1861 Florida Capitol by General McCook. In 1881, a (Image courtesy of the Tallahassee Museum) Secession Convention, and served as a monument to Leon County Confederate Bellevue (Murat House) captain in the 2nd Florida Cavalry during soldiers was erected on the west side of the 3945 Museum Drive the Civil War. Capitol by a group of local women. In 1923, 850.576.1636 the monument was moved to its present www.tallahasseemuseum.org Florida Historic Capitol location at the building's northeast corner. Now located at the Tallahassee Museum, 400 South Monroe Street the c.1840 Bellevue plantation house was 850.487.1902 www. flhistoriccapitol.gov moved in 1967 from its original location Libraries Special on Jackson Bluff Road in Tallahassee. From Restored to its 1902 appearance Collections and Archives, 1854 until 1867, Bellevue was the home in 1978-1982, the Old State Capitol Strozier Library of Catherine Murat, great grandniece building still retains at its core the 116 Honors Way of George Washington and the widow original 1845 brick building. The Florida 850.644.5211 of French prince Achille Murat, who Secession Convention convened at this www.lib.fsu.edu/specialcollections was a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. location and, on January 10, 1861, voted The University Libraries' Special Murat was an ardent supporter of the to secede from the Union. As Florida's Collections Department contains Confederacy. Local tradition holds that, Civil War capitol, Governor John Milton a variety of manuscript material in January 1861, from the grounds of the maintained his office at this site, and the relating to Florida in the Civil War. Capitol building, she fired a cannon which building saw service as soldiers' quarters The collections include period letters, announced that Florida had seceded from and an armory. On May 20, 1865, Union diaries, memoirs, family papers, official the Union. She was an active participant Brigadier General Edward McCook's documents and correspondence, in the local Soldiers Aid Society which forces formally raised the United States Confederate paper money, and other supported the Confederate cause. flag over the Florida Capitol building, miscellaneous related items. An important part of the war's home front, these societies often met several days a week in members' homes to sew Fort Houstoun Old Fort Drive clothing for soldiers, and received official Fort, this recognition from the state government Also known as the Old through legislative appropriations to earthen fortification is the only remnant of a number ofearthworks constructed to purchase materials. Murat is reported to have provided food from her plantation for protect Florida's capital during the Civil wounded Confederate soldiers receiving War. Probably constructed beginning in care in Tallahassee. The Bellevue Plantation late 1 864, the fort was sited on a hill in the southeast portion of the city on plantation exhibit at the Tallahassee Museum also contains the reconstructed kitchen house property belonging to Edward Houstoun, and a reconstructed slave cabin. and later by his son Patrick who commanded a Confederate artillery battery at the Battle Brokaw-McDougall of Natural Bridge. Due to their defeat at House Natural Bridge, Union soldiers failed to reach Tallahassee to test this bulwark. In 329 North Meridian Street 1943, the property was donated to the City 850.891.3900 of Tallahassee. A State Historical Marker for www.calgov.com/parks/cc/brokaw.cfm "Old Fort Park" marks this good example of Constructed in c.1856, this house was the Florida Historic Capitol, Tallahassee. Civil War earthworks. residence of Peres B. Brokaw, a Tallahassee (Image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network)

30 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Jacksonville, Pensacola railroad depots. In 1869, the Pensacola Army of Tennessee in April 1865, Union & Mobile Railroad & Georgia Railroad was purchased by, • troops arrived in Tallahassee on May 10. and consolidated with, the Jacksonville, Brigadier General Edward M. McCook,

; Company Freight Depot Pensacola & Mobile Railroad. commander of the Union force, briefly 918 Railroad Avenue used this home as his headquarters. On www. trainwcb.org 'usarail/ tallahassee.htm Knott House Museum May 20, 1865, McCook announced Constructed in c.1858, a second story 301 East Park Avenue President Lincoln's Emancipation was added to the building by 1885. This 850.922.2459 Proclamation from the house, declaring depot was one of the stations on the www.museumoffloridahistory.coin/abouc/sites freedom for all slaves in the Pensacola & Georgia Railroad and a First occupied by Tallahassee attorney area. This event is commemorated each center for trade and transportation in Thomas Hagner and wife Catherine May 20 with a reenactment ceremony at Leon County, including the transport of Gamble, evidence suggests that free black the Knott House Museum. The house is Confederate soldiers and war materials. George Proctor constructed this house interpreted to the period of the Knott Local tradition holds that the depot in 1843. With the surrender of General family occupancy, 1928-1965, and a basement was used for the storage of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern replica of McCook's headquarters flag is Confederate munitions. It is one of only Virginia and General Joseph E.Johnston's on display. three known surviving Florida Civil War

After leaving the governorship, Perry state's finances, conscription, a growing

helped organize the 7th Florida Infantry Unionist sentiment in some areas, and the Regiment and, despite the fact that he had impressment of supplies by Confederate no prior military training or experience, authorities. Though an ardent Southern

was elected its colonel. The unit served in nationalist, Milton criticized this seizure East Tennessee throughout Perry's tenure of property. Worn down by his duties and

in command, though it experienced little despondent over the imminent collapse of

combat until later in the war. The former the Confederacy, Milton committed suicide

governor resigned in June 1863 and on April 1,1865. returned home to Alachua County. He took With Milton's death, Senate President

no further active role in the war and died at Abraham K. Allison of Quincy assumed the

his plantation in March 1865. office of governor and presided over the

For most of the Civil War, the state during the Confederacy's collapse. Governor Madison Starke Perry. (Image courtesy ol the Museum ol Florida History) governor of Florida was John Milton of He resigned the office on May 1 9, 1 865,

the Democratic Party. Milton was born in was arrested by Federal authorities Florida Governors in the Georgia in 1807 and moved to Florida in shortly afterward, and in June 1865 Civil War the 1 840s, where he operated a plantation was imprisoned at Fort Pulaski, Georgia

As the Civil War began, the governor in Jackson County. He also became active for several months along with other

of Florida was Madison Starke Perry of in politics, serving in the state legislature Confederate officials. Upon his release, he

the Democratic Party. A South Carolina and leading the Florida delegation at the returned to Quincy, where he died in 1893.

native, Perry settled in Alachua County in 1860 Democratic convention. Later that To learn more, see: The Florida the 1840s, where he operated a plantation year, Milton defeated his Constitutional Handbook, 2009-2010 by Allen Morris, and became active in politics. In 1857, he Unionist opponent in the gubernatorial Peninsular Publishing Company, 2009. ran against the American Party candidate election, and remained governor-elect for a

for governor and won. Following President full year. When finally assuming the duties

Lincoln's election, Perry asked the of governor in October 1861 , Milton faced a

legislature to convene a secession variety of problems arising from the war.

convention, which in early January 1 861 Early in his term, Milton's political voted overwhelmingly for disunion. Perry opponents moved to limit the governor's guided the state during the critical period authority, establishing an executive council

in which it left the Union and joined the to share power with the governor. He also

new Confederate States of America. His faced a crisis when Confederate authorities primary goals were the occupation of withdrew most of the troops defending

U.S. government facilities in the state, the Florida, leading to the abandonment of establishment of relations with the central parts of the state. Other issues facing government, and organization of the Milton included the depletion of the Governor John Milton. state's defenses. llmage courtesy ot the Museum ol Ffcv«; NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Meginnis-Munroe House the folding desk used by a Florida Union marks his gravesite. At least 72 Union 125 North Gadsden Street unit commander, a Conrederate-made soldiers, both black and white, are buried 850.222.8800 cavalry saber from Olustee, surgeons here, with at least 37 buried in the Union www.lemoyne.org kits, a Union revolver found hidden in soldiers section, and the rest buried

a wall of an old St. Augustine inn, and throughout the cemetery. It is said that Constructed in 1854, this house was the flag of the 5th Florida Regiment some casualties from the 1865 Battle of moved southward on logs in 1903 to carried at the Battle of Gettysburg. Natural Bridge are buried in the Union its present location, and is currently the More information about the Civil War section, although at least some of their home of the LeMoyne Center for the in Florida is found in the permanent remains appear to have been moved Visual Arts. During the Civil War, the exhibits section of the Museum's website. and reinterred in 1 868 in the National house was used as a temporary hospital Cemetery at Beaufort, South Carolina. for Confederate soldiers wounded at the the Union veterans buried in this February 1864 Battle of Olustee. Old City Cemetery Among

Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard between cemetery is Major Edmund C. Weeks Museum of Call Street and Park Avenue who commanded the 2nd Florida Union Florida History 850.891.8711 Cavalry, a regiment of Florida Unionists www.talgov.com/pm/occhist.cfm and Confederate deserters which operated R.A. Gray Building Established by the Florida Territorial out of Fort Myers and Cedar Key. 500 South Bronough Street Council in 1829, this is the oldest 850.245.6400 www.museumoffloridahistory.com public cemetery in Tallahassee, and was State Archives of acquired by the City of Tallahassee in The Museum of Florida History collects, Florida/State Library 1840. The cemetery contains both a preserves, exhibits, and interprets of Florida Confederate soldiers section in the eastern evidence of past and present cultures in R.A. Gray Building half and a Union and Reconstruction 500 South Bronough Street Florida. As the state history museum, it soldiers section in the western half. 850.245.6600 focuses on artifacts unique to the role At least 186 Confederate soldiers are http://dlis.dos.state.fl.us/library Florida has played in America's history. buried in the cemetery with at least 55 the State Library A permanent Civil War exhibit includes The Florida Collection in in the Confederate section, and the contains the comprehensive selected military arms, soldier's personal one of most rest throughout the cemetery in family holdings of Floridiana in the state. items, home front artifacts, and original plots. Notable among the Confederate Books, manuscripts, maps, memorabilia, Florida unit flags. Highlights include: veterans is Colonel , who periodicals are the flag of the Apalachicola Guards made newspaper articles, and commanded the Florida Brigade at the the items in the collection. by women early in the war, uniforms among 60,000 Battle of Gettysburg and the surrender State Archives of Florida is the worn by Florida officers, the sword from The at Appomattox. In the postwar period, central repository for state government a Floridian killed at the Battle of Shiloh, he served as the Adjutant General of the documents. It is by state law to a slave impressment document from mandated Florida State Militia. A State Historical collect, preserve, and available for Alachua Countv, a howitzer and , make Marker for "Major General David Lang" research the historically significant records

of the state, as well as private manuscripts, local government records, photographs, and other materials that complement the official state records. Found in this collection are Confederate Pension

Application Files, the Ordinance of Secession, correspondence, family papers and other valuable resources related to the Civil War in Florida. An online "Guide to Civil War Records at the State Archives of Florida" identifies and describes the many

state, federal, and private Civil War records housed at the State Archives of Florida. The State Library's Florida Photographic Collection contains many images related to this period of Florida history, and are available to view through their website.

Museum Of Florida History, Tallahassee. (Image courtesy ol the Museum ol Florida History)

32 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

St. Johns Episcopal positions at Natural Bridge. This timely State of Florida, the property is undergoing Church Cemetery arrival of men played a crucial role in restoration, and is scheduled to open to the Confederate defeat of the invading public as an educational center and history M.L. King Boulevard and West Call Street the Union force. In the 1980s, the rail line was museum in late 20 1 2. Established in 1840, this cemetery abandoned and purchased by the State is the burial place for many of Leon of Florida. The segment between Capital County's most prominent families. Union Bank Circle and St. Marks became Florida's first 219 Apalachee Parkway Among those buried here is Theodore state rail trail. 850.599.3020 W. Brevard, who raised a Partisan www.cis.famu.edu/BlackArchives Ranger Battalion at the beginning of BlackArchivesAtUnionBank/'indcx.html the war that became part of the 1 1th The Grove 100 West 1st Avenue Completed in 1841, the Union Bank is Florida Infantry. In March 1865, 850.245.6300 Florida's oldest surviving bank building. Brevard was commissioned a brigadier http: flheritage.com, grove- Chartered in 1833 as a planter's bank from general, the last general officer of Constructed in the 1830s, this house was the which plantation owners could borrow . the war appointed by Confederate residence of Richard Keith Call, two-time against their land and slave holdings, President Jefferson Davis. He was Florida Territorial Governor and an ardent it served as Florida's major Territorial captured at the Battle of Sailor's Unionist who openly and strongly opposed Period bank. Crop failures, the Second Creek, Virginia in April 1865 with secession. When informed in January 1861 War, and unsound banking half of the remnants of the Florida by jubilant secessionists that Florida had practices led to the failure of the bank in Brigade. Also buried here is Captain withdrawn from the Union, Call is said to 1843. The building reopened in 1868 as Patrick Houstoun, who commanded have prophetically replied, "You have opened the National Freedman's Saving and Trust a Confederate artillery battery at the the gates of Hell, from which shall flow Company, serving emancipated slaves Battle of Natural Bridge; William D. curses of the damned which shall sink and refugees until 1874. Relocated to its Bloxham, who organized an infantry the you to perdition!" Call died in 1862 at The present site from its original location near company from Leon County in 1862, Grove and was buried in the family cemetery the southwest corner of Adams Street commanded it throughout the Civil behind the house. His daughter, Ellen and Park Avenue in 1971, the restored War and served two separate terms as Call Long, remained at The Grove during building opened in 1984 as a museum. Governor of Florida in the postwar the Civil War while her son, Richard Call Now operated by Florida AcvM University period; and David S. Walker, who was Long, served in the Confederate 2nd and as a satellite facility of the Southeastern appointed Governor of Florida by 5th Florida Cavalry. In 1883, she published Regional Black Archives Research Center President Andrew Johnson in 1865 and her historical memoir, Florida Breezes, which and Museum, the collection includes governed the state during the first three provides unique details of antebellum and slavery-related artifacts and a rare State of years of Reconstruction. Civil War events in Florida. Owned bv the Florida Civil War bond. Tallahassee- St. Marks Historic Railroad State Trail 850.245.2052

I www.dep.state.fl.us/gwt/guide/ regions

I panhandleeast//tallahassee_stmarks.htm

' The first railroad chartered by the Florida territorial government in 1831, the Leon Railway Company became the Tallahassee Railroad Company in 1834, and was

the first rail line to begin construction

in the state. In 1837, the route between

Tallahassee and the port of St. Marks was completed. The railroad served the Confederacy during the Civil War in the transportation of troops, supplies, and munitions between Tallahassee, Camp

Leon, Camp Simkins, and St. Marks.

Perhaps its greatest contribution came in March 1865, with the quick transport of troops from Tallahassee south to defensive The Call-Collins House. "The Grove", Tallahassee.

33 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Woodville Union advance was halted at the Battle of Natural Bridge near Woodville, about Natural Bridge 10 miles south of Tallahassee, by a hastily Battlefield Historic assembled Confederate force of some State Park 1,000 men. The Confederate troops were a mixture of active duty troops and state 7502 Natural Bridge Road 850.922.6007 militia, under the overall command of

w \va\-. floridastaceparks.org/naturalbridge Major General Samuel Jones and on the battlefield by Brigadier General William In March 1865, a Union force of Miller. Included among the Confederate approximately 1,000 troops, including troops was a small company of cadets two regiments of U.S. Colored Troops, from the West Florida Seminary, the under the command of Brigadier General predecessor to today's Florida State , landed in the vicinity University. After their repulse by the of the St. Marks Lighthouse for an Confederates, the Union troops retreated expedition against the blockade running back to the coast for evacuation to port of St. Marks and which their vessels. (See the "Battle of Natural protected it. Union commanders likely Bridge" sidebar for more information.) hoped that a victory there would lead Battle of Natural Bridge Monument, In 191 1, the United Daughters of the in turn to the capture of Tallahassee Natural Bridge Battlefield. Confederacy (UDC) established a (Image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) and possibly Thomasville, Georgia. The

skirmished with Confederates at East set up their troops in a large crescent- Battle of River Bridge and at Newport Bridge, shaped line with converging fields

Natural where they hoped to cross the St. Marks of fire aimed at the crossing. The Bridge River. Confederate Major General Samuel Southerners had a six-to-three Jones had sent what troops he could advantage in cannons and held the In February muster under Brigadier General William high ground. During the the 1865, Brigadier day General John Miller to resist the invasion. Federals made several attempts to Newton, Union Unable to cross at Newport, Newton cross Natural Bridge, but were driven commander learned of another point located over back by Confederate fire. Newton then six miles to the north at Natural Bridge. withdrew his troops a short distance, of the District Leaving the 2nd Florida Union Cavalry at where they repulsed an ill-advised but of Key West Newport, he marched the black regiments limited Confederate counterattack. and Tortugas, Union Brigadier General St. Marks, proposed an John Newton. to Natural Bridge. But the Confederates, Unable to cross the he (Image courtesy of using cavalry scouts, had anticipated the ordered a retreat back to the coast. The operation to the State Archives of Florida) arrived before navy, also capture the move. When the Federals Union meanwhile, had been daybreak on March 6, they found rebel unsuccessful in its efforts to ascend the small port of St. Marks, located on the forces already in position, with additional St. Marks River. The Navy did, however, Gulf coast south of Tallahassee. The reinforcements steadily arriving. The award Medals of Honor to the six white plan was to land Union forces near the Confederate defenders included infantry sailors who manned their St. Marks Lighthouse, while a naval reserves, at Natural Bridge while serving with force ascended the St. Marks River to regular artillery the Army expedition. Union casualties attack Fort Ward, a small Confederate and cavalry totaled 21 killed, 89 wounded and fortification located there. If successful, units, and 38 captured or missing, while the it might have led to a movement to assorted militia, Confederates suffered 3 killed and at capture the Florida capital itself. along with a least 23 wounded. The victory at Natural The expedition consisted of detachment of Bridge kept St. Marks and Tallahassee in nine blockading ships, a number of cadets from the Confederate hands until the conclusion of transport vessels, and approximately I West Florida the war two months later. 1 ,000 soldiers. The land forces were Seminary made up of elements of the 2nd and To learn more, see: The Battle (present-day 99th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiments, of Natural Bridge, Florida: The Florida State and the dismounted 2nd Florida Union Confederate Defense of Tallahassee onfed Br| 9 ac er Cavalry. University). The S ?S® J by Dale Cox, Published by the author, The troops began landing General Wllliam Mlller UUMieUtJrdltibCnnfpdpratps on March 4, 1865. The next day they (Image courtesy of Expanded Edition, 2010. the State Archives of Florida)

34 NORTH CENTRAL REGION committee to acquire title to the Natural Bridge Battlefield, and a land survey was commissioned. A portion of the battlefield was subsequently donated to the UDC which constituted the initial area of the present-day Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park. In 1921, the appropriated funding to assist the UDC in the construction of a monument at the site, and in 1922 a dedication ceremony was held at the completed monument. In

2000, a granite marker was installed Civil War-era cannon at Cedar Key Museum State Park. , image counesy ot the Fionda Park service) behind the monument which lists the reports differed, with Major Weeks Confederate and Union soldiers who Levy County reporting that he had lost 5 killed, 18 were killed in the battle or later died from wounded and 3 taken prisoner and that the their wounds. The UDC managed the Cedar Key Confederates suffered at least 2 dead, while- property until 1950, when title to the Captain Dickison reported total Union six-acre site was transferred to the State At the beginning of the Civil War, Cedar casualties of 70 and Confederate losses of of Florida. In 1970, the state acquired Key was an important transportation just 5 men wounded. adjacent property of three more acres, and center as a Gulf port city, and as the western in 2009 an additional 55-acre parcel of terminus of the Florida Railroad from the battlefield was acquired. Interpretive Fernandina. During the war, the Cedar Cedar Key Historical signage at the site describes the battle Keys area was an active center for blockade Society Museum events. The Battle of Natural Bridge running and salt production. In January 609 2nd Street Reenactment, one of the largest such 1862, a Union landing party from the USS 352.543.5549 www.cedarke) nuiscuni.org events in Florida, is held annually at the Hatteros entered the town and destroyed park in early March. the railroad depot and other buildings, the Located in the clS^l Lutterloh

railroad wharf, railroad cars, several vessels, Building, this museum contains an and the abandoned Confederate defenses. extensive collection of historic Cedar Most of the Confederate troops stationed at Kevs photographs, documents and area Cedar Key had been sent to Fernandina just artifacts. Displavs include Civil War

days before in anticipation of a Union attack objects such as an inscribed wooden grave there. A small force of 23 men from the 4th marker from Seahorse Key ot a Union

Florida Infantry was left to defend the sailor who was killed in action in the area.

town, and 1 5 of them were taken prisoner while attempting to flee in a ferryboat; Cedar Key Museum the remainder escaped. The town was State Park blockaded bv Union naval vessels of the 12231 S\V 166th Court East Gulf Blockading Squadron for the 352.5-43.5350

next two years. Bv 1 86-4, Union forces had www.floridastateparks.org cedarkeymuseum established a permanent military presence This state park contains the relocated

it base for in the town and became a 1 890s St Clair Whitman House and a conducting raids into the interior. During museum building with exhibits featuring

a return from one such raid in February historic images .u\d period artifacts

1865, a Union force of nearly 400 men on the histoi \ ot the C ed.u kc\ s area.

from the 2nd U.S. Colored Infantn and including a Civil War exhibit, [wo Civil Florida under the the 2nd Union Cavalry W.ii 2 i pounda cannons, originalr) from

command of Major Edmund C . Weeks Seahorse kev. and a Confederate salt kettle

was attacked In a ( lonfederate force used for boiling sea w .iter to prodlK C salt

of 1 i5 men from several Florida units are displayed ^n the museum grounds. Prioi at commanded by Captain J.J. Dickison to its destruction during a Union raid in

Station loin on the outskirts oi ( \ d.u Octobej 1862, the ( edai Keys saltworks Union regiment reenactors, Key. Alter a daylong light, the I fnion force had 60 kettles thai could produce 1^0 Natural Bridge Battlefield. into ko.t asualty (Image courtesy of Bruce Gtaetz, Museum ot Florida History) withdrew back Cedai bushels of salt pa day.

35 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Old Island Hotel watch lor any Confederate shipping in Confederate camps for the mustering and 373 2nd Street the area. Seahorse Key was also used training of soldiers were located in the 352.543.5111 to house Confederate prisoners and vicinity of Madison. In 1852, the Madison www.islandhotel-cedarkey.com Unionist refugees fleeing Confederate Shoe Factory was constructed 10 miles

This building was constructed just prior control during the remainder of the war. west of the town. It was the state's largest to the Civil War in c. 1859- 1860 as the The lighthouse is currently used by the leather factory and annually produced Parsons and Hale General Store. During University of Florida as a Marine Science 1 1,000 pairs of shoes, as well as wagon the Civil War, one of the store owners, Laboratory, but is open to the public harnesses and other leather goods, for the Captain John Parsons who had large when the Cedar Keys National Wildlife Confederate government. property holdings at Bayport, raised and Refuge holds open houses on Seahorse commanded two independent Home Key. Associated with the lighthouse is a Four Freedoms Park Guard companies from Hernando small cemetery where four Union sailors Range and Base Streets are buried, two of were killed in County for the defense of the region whom Erected in 1909 by the United Daughters action while the others died from illness against Union raids. By the time of the of the Confederacy, a Confederate and an accident. The remains of the gun Union occupation of Cedar Key, both monument is located in Confederate battery are next to the graveyard in a store owners, Parsons and Francis Hale, Square in Four Freedoms Park. A plaque small wooded area, and a brick powder had fled the city and the building is placed on the monument by the Sons of magazine built during the Civil War is believed to have been confiscated for use Confederate Veterans around 2005 lists still standing adjacent to the lighthouse. as a Union barracks and warehouse. The the names or soldiers in units formed in building is now operated as a bed and Madison County who were "Killed in breakfast inn. Madison County Action" and "Died in Service." The park also includes a monument erected in 1996

Seahorse Key which is dedicated to the former slaves of Madison Cedar Keys Lighthouse Madison County. Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge 352.493.0238 Oakland Cemetery http://cedarkeys.fws.gov County Road 1 58 The Cedar Keys Lighthouse was This cemetery contains the remains of

1 veterans constructed in 1854 on Seahorse Key at least 5 Confederate and under the supervision of Lieutenant one Union veteran. Also buried here is a George G. Meade, who, in 1863, would John C. McGehee, prosperous command the Union Army of the Madison County plantation owner and states rights Potomac at the Battle of Gettysburg. staunch proponent of who a delegate to the Florida Secession After the start of the Civil War in 1861, was Confederate troops from the 4th Florida Convention in January 1861. He was as of the Convention Infantry established a gun battery of chosen president three cannons on Seahorse Key, and and presided over its passage of the Secession. State the lighthouse lens was removed by Ordinance of A r for C. Confederate authorities. In January 1862, Historical Marker "John McGehee is cemetery. the USS Hatteras was sent from the Union located at the fleet at Key West to conduct a raid on the Cedar Keys. In addition to attacking Oak Ridge Cemetery Cedar Key and Depot Key, the raiders 601 NW Washington Street landed at Seahorse Key, which had been This cemetery contains the remains of evacuated by the Confederate troops, and at least 105 Confederate soldiers and disabled the guns there to render them veterans. This includes the Confederate useless. In February 1862, a second Union Section of the cemetery, which contains Confederate Monument, Madison. warship, the USS Tahoma, returned to (Image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) 3 1 graves with markers but no names. A the area, shelled the gun emplacements on State Historical Marker at the site for the During the Civil War, Madison was Seahorse Key, and sent ashore a landing "Madison Oak Ridge Cemetery" and a an important stop on the Pensacola & party, which found the island again plaque on the cemetery's brick speaker's Georgia Railroad for the transportation of abandoned. In March 1863, Union sailors platform state that these 31 graves are the Confederate soldiers and war materials as from the USS Fort Henry established a remains of Confederate soldiers killed at well as cotton and foodstuffs from Middle signal station at the lighthouse to keep the Battle of Olustee. Florida's rich agricultural lands. Several

36 NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Treasures of Madison — Suwannee County — Taylor County County Museum and Madison County Live Oak Perry Genealogical Library Suwannee River Taylor County 200 SW Range Avenue 850.973.3661 State Park Saltworks State ww.treasuresofmadisoncounty.com 20815 County Road 132 Historical Marker 386.362.2746 US Highway 19 and County Road 361 Located in the restored 1890s W.T. www.floridastateparks.org/suwanneeriver Five miles south of"Perry Davis Building, these organizations In 1863, Confederate troops promote the cultural heritage of With its 50-mile coastline and shallow constructed earthenwork fortifications Madison County through artifact, coastal waters, Taylor Countv was a major on a high bluff overlooking the photographic, and genealogical center for Confederate salt production junction where the Withlacoochee collections. In their collections are during the Civil War. Locations for River joins the Suwannee River, a copies or historic photographs, Civil saltworks in the region included portion of which is preserved in this War letters, and a journal from Madison Jonesville (present-dav Adams Beach), the state park. These earthworks were County Confederate veterans. mouth of Blue Creek, the Aucilla River constructed to protect the railroad Slough, the mouth of the Fenhollowav bridge crossing the Suwannee River at Wardlaw-Smith- River, and Horseshoe Bay. The rugged the town of Columbus, a vital link in terrain and sparse population of Taylor Goza House the cross-state transportation of troops County made it a haven for Florida and 103 North Washington Street and supplies. Destruction of this key Georgia Unionists and Confederate 850.973.9432 bridge was one objective of the Union www.nrcc.edu/community-programs/ deserters who often joined together in expedition into Florida in February wardlaw-smith-goza-conf-center armed bands and assisted Union forces in 1864, which culminated in their defeat raiding the saltworks. During one such raid Prominent Madison County at the Battle of Olustee. The bridge was in February 1 864, Union sailors from the citizen, Benjamin F. Wardlaw, began not threatened again for the duration USS Takoma were assisted bv nearly 100 construction of this house in 1860. of the war. The only extant remnant of of these men in destroying large saltworks The home served as a temporary the town of Columbus is the Columbus described as being seven miles in extent. hospital for Confederate and Union is also Cemetery which located within The raiders destroyed 6,000 bushels of salt, wounded following the Battle of the park boundaries. The Confederate 390 salt kettles, over 280 buildings, and Olustee in February 1864. In May 1865, earthworks in the park can be viewed numerous other salt-making equipment Confederate Secretary of War John C. from a wooden walkway along the and supplies. Additionally, over 1,000 Breckenridge is reported to have spent fortification. Interpretive signage cattle, mules, horses and wagons were the night here during his successful provides information on historic sites captured and given to the Unionist and escape to Cuba while fleeing from Union within the park. deserter band bv the Union commander forces at the end of the war. This historic- as the sailors returned to their ship. house is presently used as a conference Despite the Union raids, salt-making center by North Florida Community operations continued in Taylor County College. Tours are available. for the duration of the war.

Confederate earthworks, Suwannee River State Park, fimjg Arctmoiogy Neimxk)

37 NORTH CENTRAL REGION Wakulla County seceded from the Union in Crawfordville January 1861, the Confederates Wakulla History continued to Museum & Archives operate the ghthouse until 24 High Drive 850.926.1110 mid- 1861, when www.rootsweb.anccstry.com/~flwchs authorities determined that Operated by the Wakulla County it could not be Historical Society, the museum and Ochlockonee River skirmish, 1863. (image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) secured against the archives are located in the 1949 protection for both the small blockade Union navy, and removed the lens for Old Wakulla County Jail building. safekeeping. In 1861, Confederate The museum contains an exhibit on running port of St. Marks and the town June Roderick Donald McLeod, who served of Newport, which contained a foundry forces erected a small artillery battery about 50 yards from the lighthouse in the Confederate army's 7th Infantry and several mills. A small Confederate which they Regiment, Georgia Reserves and steamer equipped with two cannons, the named Fort Williams, and used the lighthouse for lookout moved to Wakulla County after the CSS Spray, assisted in the area's defense. purposes. In June 1862, Union navy war. McLeod became very active in the Throughout the Civil War, the region ships shelled the lighthouse and sent United Confederate Veterans (UCV), was an active area for blockade running ashore a landing party, which destroyed the largest organization of Confederate and salt production, and the Union navy the evacuated Fort Williams and burned veterans of the Civil War. The exhibit had blockaded St. Marks since 1861. In a expedition in the lighthouse keeper's quarters. No contains his Florida UCV memorabilia, July 1863, Union navy casualties were reported for either side. documents, and memorabilia belonging small boats had attempted to move up In July 1863, the Union navy shelled to his daughter Martha McLeod who the St. Marks River to capture Fort Ward the lighthouse again, and a landing was very active in the United Daughters and the CSS Spray, but withdrew when party set fire to the wooden stairs of of the Confederacy. spotted by Confederate pickets. In March 1865, a much larger Union expedition the lighthouse to prevent it from being with a major objective of capturing St. used as a lookout post. In March 1865, St. Marks Marks and Fort Ward met with defeat approximately 1,000 Union troops at the Battle of Natural Bridge. Fort landed in the vicinity of the lighthouse Fort Ward, San Marcos Ward remained in Confederate control for an expedition against Newport, St. de Apalache Historic until the end of: the war when in May Marks and Fort Ward, which culminated State Park 1865 both the fort and the CSS Spray in the Battle of Natural Bridge. After being repulsed by the Confederate 148 Old Fort Road surrendered to a Union officer. The 850.925.6216 property was acquired by the State of forces, the Union troops retreated www.noridastateparks.org/sanmarcos Florida in 1964 for use as a park facility. back to the lighthouse area where they reboarded their transport vessels. The Beginning in 1678, the Spanish built two A visitor center and museum, constructed the foundation the marine lighthouse was relit with a new fourth- wooden forts at the confluence of the St. on of 1850s order Fresnel lens in January 1867. Marks and Wakulla Rivers. In 1739, they hospital, provides interpretation with began the construction of the permanent exhibits and artifacts. An interpretive stone fort of San Marcos de Apalache. trail includes the Confederate earthworks After General Andrew Jackson captured and the highest point on the site, the the Spanish strong point in 1818 and Confederate powder magazine. Spain subsequently ceded Florida to the United States in 1821, American troops St. Marks Lighthouse intermittently occupied the fort, which St. Marks Wildlife Refuge they called Fort St. Marks. In 1857-1858, County Road 59 850.925.6121 a federal marine hospital was constructed www.fws.gov/saintmarks/lighthouse.html for the care of yellow fever victims. By the in to replace earlier time of the Civil War, the fort had been Constructed 1842 an structure abandoned. Confederate forces occupied 1831 which was threatened by erosion, the St. Marks Lighthouse is the site in 1861, strengthened it with at the the St. earthworks and artillery batteries, and located mouth of Marks River on Apalachee Bay. After Florida renamed it Fort Ward. The fort provided St. Marks LighthOUSe. (Image courtesy oUVMarani)

38 Battle Of OlUStee ReenaCtment. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)

Baker County State of Florida, making it the oldest unit part of the Olustee Battlefield Historic in the current Florida State Parks system. State Park. The park's visitor center Olustee In 1912, with state funding assistance, a contains exhibits with Civil War artifacts large monument was constructed at the and interpretive panels that tell the Olustee Battlefield site. The dedication ceremony drew over story of the Battle of Olustee. A mile- Historic State Park 4,000 participants, including many Civil long hiking trail through the battlefield veterans. were contains interpretive signs that describe U.S. Highway 90 War Smaller monuments 386.758.0400 later erected near the main monument by the events of the battle. The annual Battle www.floridastatcparks.org/olusteebattlefield the United Daughters of the Confederacy of Olustee Reenactment, the largest Civil http://battIeorolustee.org for Confederate Brigadier Generals War reenactment in the state, is held during the second weekend in February At the Battle of Olustee on February 20, Joseph Finegan, probably in the 1930s, at the park. A Civil War Expo also takes 1864, Confederate soldiers turned back and Alfred H. Colquitt in 1936. In a large granite cross monument place here annually in September. a Union thrust through Florida in the 1991, at state's largest Civil War battle. Union was erected Brigadier General Truman Seymour, the battlefield in with a force of approximately 5,000 cemetery honor soldiers, including a large number of of the Union dead U.S. Colored Troops, moved west from of Olustee. The Battlefield Jacksonville in mid-February with the Olustee aim of disrupting supplies from Florida Memorial was to the Confederate armies and returning administered Florida to the Union in time for the by the United 1864 Presidential election. Confederate Daughters of the Brigadier General Joseph Finegan, with Confederacy until reinforcements sent from Georgia by 1949 when the General Pierre G. T. Beauregard, met the Florida Board of Historic invading force with an approximately Parks and equal number of troops east of Olustee. Memorials, the The ensuing bloody engagement was a forerunner of today's Park clear Confederate victory, with Union Florida Service, assumed soldiers retreating back to Jacksonville. for (See the "Battle of Olustee" sidebar for responsibility more information.) it. The Florida Park Service manages In 1899, the Florida Legislature an additional 688 authorized the erection of a monument adjacent acres oi at Olustee in recognition of the 186 I the battlefield Confederate victory. In 1909, three acres owned b) the l IS. Battle of Olustee Monument, Olustee Battlefield of the battlefield were donated to the Forest Service as (Image courti . yida Pvbtc Aicnaeoiogy Nefmoni

39 NORTHEAST REGION

Battle of Olustee

Fought on February 20, 1864, the Battle of Olustee (also known as the Battle of Ocean Pond) was the largest

Civil War engagement in Florida. Political and military considerations both played a role in the campaign's origins. Republican leaders hoped to see a loyal Florida government returned to the Union under the terms of President Lincoln's 1863 Reconstruction Proclamation, and to send delegates to the 1864 Republican presidential convention. Major General Quincy Gillmore, commanding the Union

Army's , hoped 1 894 Lithograph of the Battle of Olustee. (image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) to prevent the flow of supplies to the Gillmore ordered that defensive works be towards an untried black regiment, which Confederate armies and obtain recruits constructed and that no advance be made occupied the Union left. It held the line for for the Union army's black regiments. westward without his consent. He then a time, suffering more than 300 casualties About 6,000 troops were selected for the left Florida, returning to his headquarters before retreating. With the destruction operation, with Brigadier General Truman in South Carolina. Seymour's confidence of Hawley's Brigade, Brigadier General Seymour in direct command. They soon returned; he wrote that he now Alfred Colquitt, in direct command of the occupied Jacksonville on February 7, and intended to advance to the Suwannee Confederate attack, ordered a general over the next several days mounted raids River to destroy a railroad bridge there. advance. Seymour deployed another into the interior. Gillmore dispatched an officer to stop brigade to stop it, which stabilized the of the The Confederate commander the movement, but the Battle of Olustee lines for a time. District of was Brigadier occurred before he arrived. The fighting during this phase of General Joseph Finegan, with only Early on February 20, Seymour's army the battle was particularly severe. The about 1 ,500 troops. He called for left Barbers Station for Lake City. When Confederates captured several Union reinforcements, which eventually brought Finegan learned of the enemy's approach, artillery pieces and threatened to flank the number of defenders to more than he ordered his cavalry to draw the Federals the Federal infantry. By late afternoon, 5,000, and built a strong defensive towards his defenses. The fighting to the Seymour realized the battle was lost position east of Lake City at Olustee. east intensified, however, and Finegan sent and sent forward his last reserves, the While the Confederates prepared, the out additional troops to assist those already 35th U.S. Colored Infantry and the 54th Federal commanders bickered over deployed. By mid-afternoon the skirmishing Massachusetts, to protect a withdrawal. their next movement. Seymour was had escalated into a major battle. While Many wounded and a large amount pessimistic, believing that an advance Union Colonel Joseph Hawley positioned of equipment had to be abandoned. on Lake City was not possible and that his brigade, a wrong command was given In the battle's aftermath, bands of Unionist sentiment in Florida was less and one unit fell into confusion and quickly Southern troops killed or mistreated than the Federals had been led to believe. fell apart. This directed Southern attention some of the black Union soldiers left on OCEAN l'i)\n the field. Fortunately for the Federals, the Confederate pursuit was poorly conducted, enabling most of their force

to escape. The Federals suffered 1 ,861

killed, wounded, and missing in the battle, while rebel casualties numbered 946. The Olustee defeat ended Union efforts to organize a loyal Florida government

in time for the 1 864 election, though they did maintain their presence around Jacksonville for the remainder of the war.

To learn more, see: Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee by William H. Nulty, University of Alabama Press, 1990. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)

40 NORTHEAST REGION Sanderson raiding party and routed them with month. The second occupation by Union heavy casualties in a skirmish known - troops lasted four days in October Sanderson Camp State as the "Battle of Big Gum Creek." The 1862 and a third occupation lasted Historical Marker Union forces reported losses of 29 for 19 days in March 1863. The final killed, wounded and captured, while occupation began in February U.S. Highway 90 Union the Confederate report claimed slightly 1864, when Jacksonville was seized for The text of the State Historical Marker higher Union casualties of 33 to 35. use as the base for a major expedition for the "Camp at Sanderson" reads: The Confederate report stated that they into Florida which culminated in the This site was used by both Union and had suffered no casualties but only lost Battle of Olustee. After their defeat, Confederate soldiers as a camp during several horses. the Union forces retreated back to the campaign of 1864. The camp was Jacksonville where they fortified the city used as a Confederate supply depot but and remained until the end of the war it was abandoned on February 9, 1864. Clark- Chalker House 3891 Main Street in 1865. During this final occupation, From the 9th to the 13th, it was held by Jacksonville was used as a base for Federals and used as a base for raids on Signage in front of this house notes conducting numerous Union raids along Lake City and Gainesville. On February that it is the oldest extant residence in the St. Johns River and into East Florida. 20 the site was used by Federals attacking Clay County. Built in c.1835 for U.S. Olustee. In the retreat from Olustee the Army Captain Michael Clark, the house camp again fell into Confederate hands. was purchased in 1859 by William S. Bardin, who served as a sergeant with the Confederate 1st Florida Reserves during Clay County the Civil War. His son, George N. Bardin,

is reported to have served in a Home Green Cove Springs Guard unit. The Clark-Chalker House Magnolia Springs was looted during the October 1864 Union raid on Middleburg but was not Cemetery burned as many other buildings were. The Haven Avenue house was the post-war home of Albert S. In 1864, Union forces established Chalker, who married Bardin's daughter a strongpoint at Magnolia, a small in December 1865. During the Civil War, community on the west bank of the St. Chalker served in the 2nd Florida Cavalry

River, and used it as a base for Johns under Captain J.J. Dickison, and at one conducting raids into the surrounding point in the war served under Brigadier countryside. This cemetery contains the General Joseph Finegan as a courier remains of at least 10 Union soldiers, between Middle Florida and the mouth of including casualties from an October the St. Johns River. The house is privately

1864 skirmish following a raid on owned and is not open for tours.

Middleburg. In 201 1, a 6-foot tall obelisk monument honoring Civil War soldiers - was dedicated at the cemetery. Duval County Middleburg Jacksonville

In October 1864, a small Union force By the time of the Civil War, Jacksonville of 55 men of the 4th Massachusetts was an important port city which Cavalry conducted a raid on Middleburg dominated the St. Johns River route from their strongpoint at Magnolia into the interior of East Florida. It was near Green Cove Springs. The raiders also the eastern terminus of the Florida, burned warehouses and other buildings, Atlantic cv Gulf Central Railroad which and looted the remaining houses and ran to Lake C lity, and was a CCntei fol businesses. mills. As such, Captain J.J. Dickison, commercial lumbering commander or Confederate forces in the it quickly became a locus for Union area, was notified or the raid and rushed military activities and was occupied on to intercept them on their return ro four separate occasions. The first Union Magnolia. Near Halsey's Plantation, the occupation occurred in March 1862, Confederate force engaged the Union but the forces withdrew the following Union Signal Tower at Jacksonville. 1864

41 NORTHEAST REGION

Camp Milton Historic skirmishes were fought in the vicinity of Preserve Camp Milton and, in June 1864, a Union force from Jacksonville of some 2,500 men 1 175 Halsema Road South 904.630.3516 temporarily occupied Camp Milton after www.campmilton.com the outnumbered Confederate troops had withdrawn. After destroying much of the Designed and constructed in early camp, the Union force withdrew back to 1 864 at the direction of Confederate Jacksonville, and Camp Milton was again General Pierre G. T. Beauregard after occupied by Confederate troops. Camp the Battle of Olustee, Camp Milton Milton has been described as "one of the served as the eastern headquarters for most significant [preserved earthworks] sites Confederate forces in Florida. With the associated with the Civil War in Florida." construction of three miles of earthen and Managed by the City ofJacksonville, the wood breastworks along the west bank Milton Historic Preserve provides of McGirts Creek, Beauregard planned Camp educational programming through the this to prevent Union advances site s Learning Center, which displays Civil from Jacksonville to the west toward the War artifacts found on and around Camp Confederate supply center and railhead at Milton. Numerous interpretive panels Baldwin. This camp, named lor Florida's throughout the site explain its history. Civil War Governor John Milton, housed The Road to Olustee Living History as many as 6,000 Confederate infantry Weekend is an annual event held at the site and 1,500 cavalry troops in early 1864, in advance of the annual February Olustee but many of them were soon transferred Battle Reenactment. to other theaters of the war. Several

Confederate Monument, Jacksonville. Confederate artillery battery on St. Johns Bluff, 1 862. (Image courtesy of the Slate Archives of Florida) (Image courtesy ot William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) St. Johns Bluff with his officers and then ordered the abandonment of the position. During Confederate In early September 1862, Monument the hasty withdrawal the Confederates 117 West Duval Street Confederate Brigadier General Joseph abandoned much equipment, including Finegan ordered the construction Located in Hemming Plaza, the the bluff's artillery and ammunition. erected in of an artillery battery at St. Johns monument was 1898 and In the aftermath, Federal forces a Bluff, downriver from Jacksonville. paid for by Charles C. Hemming, occupied Jacksonville for a short period. veteran. The Federals quickly learned of the wealthy banker and Confederate It also opened the St. Johns River to joined the Jacksonville Confederate presence and their Hemming had incursions by Union . A court Light Infantry in 1861, fought in the gunboats engaged in several artillery of inquiry exonerated Hopkins, stating duels with the Confederate defenders. western theater, and was captured at that the force at his disposal had been in 1863. On September 30, four Union transports the Battle of Missionary Ridge inadequate to defend the position. Still, escaped to Canada from where he left their base in South Carolina for He the events reflected no credit on the participated in spying expeditions on the St. Johns River with about 1 ,500 Confederacy, and opened northeast in the Midwest, and troops. Union gunboats moved upriver Union fortifications Florida to future Union occupations. eventually returned to the 3rd Florida in support of the land forces, which were to attack the Confederate To learn more, see: "Military Infantry in North Carolina where he Operations on the St. Johns, the war as a sergeant-major. To positions from the rear. The advance ended

1 I donation, the of this powerful force unnerved the September-October 862 (Parts & honor Hemming for his Confederate defenders. Lieutenant II)" by Edwin C. Bearss, The Florida City ofJacksonville changed the name of Vol. site St. Park to Colonel Charles Hopkins, commander Historical Quarterly, 42, Nos. 3 & 4, the monument from James April 1964. Park in 1899. at St. Johns Bluff, held a meeting Januarys Hemming

42 NORTHEAST REGION

Evergreen Cemetery Florida and for whom the Town of is the Maple Leafexhibit. Leased to 4535 Main Street Baldwin in Duval County is named; - the Union Army by private investors, 904.353.3649 Union Captain John F. Bartholf, an this 181-foot side-wheel paddle Brww.evergreenjax.com officer with the 2nd U.S. Colored steamer served the Union occupiers of This cemetery contains the remains Infantry during their Florida service; Jacksonville as a transport vessel on the of over 250 Civil War veterans, both and Ossian B. Hart, a prominent St. Johns River. It was during one such Confederate and Union. Among Unionist who openly opposed Florida's trip on April 1, 1864, after delivering the notable Floridians are Captain secession and was Governor of Florida men and horses to Palatka, that the from 1873 to 1874. About vessel blew up and sunk off Mandarin John J. Dickison of the 2nd Florida 1905, Cavalry, who was known as the the United Confederate Veterans Point, the victim of a Confederate "Swamp Fox of the Confederacy" for erected a granite marker in the mine. Many years of archaeological his skill in defending the interior of cemetery in honor of Dickison. Also work has yielded numerous artifacts Florida from Union raids and attacks; in the cemetery, and very unusual which serve to depict the everyday Lieutenant Colonel William Baya, who for a Southern cemetery, is a large life of Civil War soldiers. Exhibits commanded the 8th Florida Infantry sculptured monument of a Civil War include artifacts from the Maple Leaf, at the Battle of Gettysburg; James M. Union soldier erected in 1891 by the a scale model of the vessel, video of Baker, who served as a Senator from Grand Army of the Republic, a Union the salvage operations, and other Civil Florida in the Confederate Congress veteran's organization. War objects. Edwin C. Bearss, Chief from 1862 to 1865 and for whom Historian Emeritus of the National Service, described this wreck Baker County is named; Dr. Abel S. Jacksonville Historical Park Baldwin, the chief surgeon for the Society Archives as "unsurpassed as a source for Civil War material culture" and "the most Confederate Military District of East Jacksonville University Civil 2800 University Boulevard North important repository of War 904.256.7271 artifacts ever found and probably will www.jaxhistory.com remain so." The Mandarin Museum is located at the Walter Historical Incorporated in 1929, the Jacksonville Jones Park, a site that represents a typical Historical Society's purpose is to household and foster and promote appreciation 1800s Mandarin of the history of Jacksonville and features a restored 1875 farmhouse and an barn. northeast Florida. To this end, the 1876 society promotes the collection, preservation and presentation of materials pertaining to the area's history. The society maintains archives at the Swisher Library of Jacksonville University, with a collection that includes letters, diaries, and photographs related to the Civil War, as well as historical minutes of the Mary Martha Reid Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Florida's first UDC Chapter. Access CO

the collection is by appointment. Mandarin Museum and Historical Society 11964 Mandarin Road 904.268.0784

w v< w.mandarinmuscum.nci www.mapleleafshipwreck.com The mission of the Mandarin Museum

& Historical Society is to preserve buildings, artifacts and sites related Union Soldier Monument, Evergreen Cemetery, Maple Leal exhibit. Mandarin Museum, to the <>i and us Jacksonville. histon Mandarin Jacksonville (Image courtesy ol William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) residents. A highlight of the collection MQpOOfMQ'MSMAMhl ' '.''\i.i ''.;.'>'! MlMOftQ VMM '

43 NORTHEAST REGION Museum of Science and History 1025 Museum Circle 904.396.7062 uww.themosh.org www.mapleleafshipwreck.com The Museum of Science and History strives to increase the knowledge and understanding of the natural environment and history ofJacksonville as well as northeast Florida. An exhibit on the Union transport Maple Leaffeatmes an informational video/slide show, artilacts

recovered from the vessel s wreckage, and Mary Martha Reid. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) an accurate scale model of the ship. The explosion of a Confederate torpedo (as Mary Martha Reid underwater mines were referred to at the Mary Martha Reid became known time) sank this 181-foot paddle-wheel during the Civil War for her work vessel in the St. Johns River at Mandarin as matron of the Florida Hospital in Monument to the Women of the Confederacy, Point on April 1, 1864. Archaeological Richmond. Soon after the outbreak Jacksonville. the in 1988. (Image courtesy ot William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) work began on Maple Leaf of the war, Reid's son was serving in More than 3,000 individual artifacts a Florida regiment in Virginia. While Monument to the Women have been recovered since that time. A his presence undoubtedly contributed of the Confederacy State Historical Marker for the "Sinking to Reid's decision to assist in the 956 Hubbard Street of the Maple Leaf is located across the establishment of a hospital for the It was during a 1900 Florida reunion of St. Johns River from the museum at the Florida troops in Virginia, the need for the United Confederate Veterans (UCV) Northbank Riverwalk. such a facility had become evident as that serious discussion of the possibility the large number of sick and wounded of a memorial to the Women of the Museum of flooded the Confederate capital during the Confederacy developed, and in 1901 the Southern History first year of the war. Florid ians donated Florida Division of the UCV formally 4304 Herschel Street money and material to supply the resolved to build such a monument. 904.388.3574 hospital, and the state provided additional Dignan Park in the City ofJacksonville www.museumsouthernhistory.com funding. its first year, it During treated was selected as the monument site and This museum, established in 1975 by more than 1 ,000 patients and maintained members raised $12,000, almost UCV the Kirby Smith Camp 1209, Sons of a remarkably low death rate. half the purchase price, with the Florida Confederate Veterans, displays and Confederate officials closed the legislature providing the balance. The interprets artifacts relating to the Civil Florida Hospital in December 1863. project got underway with the contracting War era. Visitors will find exhibits on Reid subsequently worked at Howard's of one of the nation's leading sculptors, military and civilian life during the Grove Hospital near Richmond. In Allen Newman. Construction on the Civil War. A 6,000 volume research 1 864, her son fell mortally wounded at 45-foot high rotunda began in July 1912. library includes both period and later the , and the The installation of Newman's sculptures publications on the subject of the grieving mother supervised his burial. took place in mid- 1 9 1 and the formal 5, American Civil War. Reid continued her work until the end of dedication occurred in October 1915. the war, fleeing the capital on the same Also in the park is a historical marker Old City Cemetery train that carried President Jefferson erected by the Sons of Confederate East Union Street between Washington & Davis from the city. In recognition of her Veterans commemorating the May Cemetery Streets work, the Florida legislature passed an 1914 national reunion of Confederate www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2007- act in 1866 granting her $600 annually. veterans which drew an estimated 70,000 apr-a-walk-through-history-old-city-cemetery She died in Fernandina in 1894. visitors to Jacksonville, including 8,000 This cemetery contains the remains of To learn more, see: "Mary Martha veterans, many of whom camped in tents approximately 220 Confederate veterans, Reid (1812-1894)" by David J. Coles, in Dignan Park. To commemorate the including Brigadier General Joseph in Women in the American Civil War, event, the City ofJacksonville changed Finegan who commanded Confederate edited by Lisa Tendrich Frank, ABC- the park name to Confederate Park in forces at the Battle of Olustee and later CLIO, Inc., 2008. October 1914. commanded the Florida Brigade in

44 NORTHEAST REGION

of abandoned property owned by Florida In October 1862, a major Federal rebels for nonpayment of taxes. In April expedition against Jacksonville of more 1864, Sammis was one of the Florida than 1,500 soldiers, backed by several delegates to the Republican Convention gunboats, resulted in Union troops

in Baltimore which renominated occupying both Yellow Bluff and St. Abraham Lincoln for President. The Johns Bluff, after the forced evacuation

house is privately owned and is not open of the sites bv the outnumbered for tours. Confederates. (See the "St. Johns Bluff" sidebar for more information.) As the Yellow Bluff Fort Union troops evacuated Jacksonville Historic State Park after several days, and then returned again in 1863 and 1864, the Yellow New Berlin Road Bluff fort changed hands several times. 904.251.2320 www.floridastateparks.org/yellowblufF During the final Union occupation of

Jacksonville beginning in February 1 86-+, Construction of a Confederate and lasting until the end of the war, a fortification at this site began in the Old City Cemetery, Jacksonville. signal tower was erected bv the U.S. Army (Image courtesy ot William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) summer of 1862 as part of General Signal Corps at the Yellow Bluff tort Robert E. Lee's coastal defense network the Army of Northern Virginia; and and various regiments of U.S. Colored for the Confederacy. The Yellow BlufT Captain Francis P. Fleming of the 2nd Troops prepared the site against possible fort served a key role in defending Florida Infantry and 1st Florida Cavalry Confederate attack. A commemorative Jacksonville from Union forces, as did who commanded a volunteer company monument to the Confederate defenders the fortification at St. Johns Bluff across at the Battle of Natural Bridge and ofJacksonville, erected by the United the St. Johns River (near present-day was governor of Florida from 1889 to Daughters of the Confederacy in 1950, is National Memorial). The 1893. One section of the Confederate located at the site. fortifications at Yellow Bluff consisted plot contains the remains of those of earthworks and an artillery battery. who resided at the Jacksonville Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home, and contains a historical marker with information about the home erected by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. The Jacksonville home for aged and disabled Confederate veterans was in operation between 1893 and 1938, when the last veteran died.

Sammis Plantation Historical Marker 200 Garrison Avenue

Erected by Old , Inc., this

marker is located a short distance from the c.1850 Sammis House. The house was the residence ofJohn S. Sammis,

a prominent Unionist who, in 1862,

was forced to flee Jacksonville until February 1864 when Union forces occupied the city for the fourth and final

time. In 1863, Sammis was appointed a member of the Direct Tax Commission for Florida and took up his post in Fernandina. The Commission was created to implement the Direct Tix law lor the assessment and taxing of all real properties in areas tinder Federal Civil War earthworks at Yellow Bluff Fort, Jacksonville control and, in some instances, the sale (Image courtesy ot William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Neto/oik)

• IS NORTHEAST REGION Nassau County Fernandina Beach

By the time of the Civil War, Fernandina (the word Beach was added to the city's name in 1947) on Amelia Island was Florida's principal east coast port with a deep-water harbor and the eastern terminus of the Florida Railroad which ran across the state to Cedar Key. In March 1 862, a Union boat attacked by Confederate snipers near Fernandina. (image courtesy oi the state Archives of Florida) Union fleet ofsome 26 vessels under the command ofNavy Flag Officer Samuel F. Amelia Island Lighthouse from the U.S. Coast Guard to the City DuPont arrived at Fernandina from its base 215Vi Lighthouse Circle of Fernandina Beach, which offers public at Port Royal, South Carolina. Confederate 904.277.7350 tours of the site. troops had been withdrawn in the face of www.fbfl.us/index.aspx ?NID=-T4 this overwhelming Union force and both Constructed in 1839 using materials Amelia Island Museum Fernandina and nearby Fort Clinch were taken from the former 1820 Cumberland of History captured without violence. Most ofthe Island Lighthouse in Georgia, the 233 South 3rd Street community's residents also fled the island for Amelia Island Lighthouse is the oldest 904.261.7378 Confederate held areas in the interior. For existing lighthouse in Florida. In June www.ameliamuseum.oig the remainder of the war, Fernandina was a 1861, Confederate authorities ordered Founded in 1975, the Amelia Island center of operations for the Union navy's the lighthouse to be darkened and its Museum of History is located in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, a lighting apparatus removed. The lens and restored 1938 Old County Jail building. rest center for Union troops, and a base other lighthouse equipment was shipped The museum contains exhibits on the for Union raiding expeditions into the in November 1861 on the Florida history of Nassau County including a adjacent areas of Florida and Georgia. Railroad to Waldo for safekeeping dual exhibit that examines the Civil War Various Union regiments and detachments and then, in October 1864, moved to on Amelia Island, as well as the impact of troops were stationed on Amelia Madison. After the Union occupation on Florida of David Levy Yulee and his Island through the course of the war, and of Amelia Island in March 1862, Federal Florida Railroad. The Jaccard Research occupied abandoned homes and other military authorities recommended that Library, a repository of images, letters, buildings in Fernandina. Fernandina also the lighthouse be relit and, in 1864, maps and other documents relating to became a haven for Unionist refugees and the lighthouse was again operational. Nassau County history, is available for escaped slaves from Florida and Georgia. In 2001, the lighthouse was transferred research purposes.

Fernandina, partnering with David Yulee resulted in a resounding Confederate

in the operation of the Florida Railroad, victory with the Union force retreating which linked Fernandina with Cedar back to Jacksonville. Key. Finegan attended the Secession In May 1864, Finegan took Convention and, when the war began, reinforcements to Virginia and assumed commanded the Fernandina Volunteers. command of the Army of Northern

In April 1862, Finegan was promoted Virginia's Florida Brigade. In March to brigadier general, and assumed 1865, suffering from exhaustion, he command of the District of Middle and resigned and returned to Florida. After East Florida. Later the district was divided, the war, Finegan spent one term in the

Confederate Brigadier General with Finegan exercising authority over the Florida legislature, and then moved to Joseph Finegan. area east of the Suwannee River. Early in Savannah before returning to Florida, (Image courtesy ot the State Archives of Florida) February 1 864, Federal forces mounted where he died in 1885.

Joseph Finegan their largest invasion of Florida. To meet To learn more, see: "Joseph Joseph Finegan was one of six this threat, Finegan consolidated his Finegan: Fernandina's Confederate Irish-born generals in the Confederate scattered troops and, with reinforcements General" by Charles Litrico, Amelia Army. Little is known of his early from Georgia, constructed entrenchments Now, Fall 1998. (Also available

life, or when he arrived in America, near Olustee, east of Lake City. The online at: www.amelianow.com/ though he eventually settled in ensuing Battle of Olustee on February 20 fall98finegan.htm)

46 NORTHEAST REGION

Bosque Bello Fort Clinch and the fort Cemetery served as a safe haven for 1320 North 14th Street blockade runners. In late 1861, General Robert E. This cemetery contains The Peninsula. Lee, then commanding the remains of both FERNANDINA, Fl.A the Department of South Confederate and Union Carolina, Georgia and Civil War veterans, Florida, personally inspected including Confederate navy Confederate defenses Lieutenant Edward J.K. on Amelia Island, and in Johnston, who died of illness February 1862 authorized while in a Union prisoner their evacuation because of of war (POW) camp at Fort the Union's superior naval Warren, Massachusetts in forces. The withdrawal 1863. Due to post closings, had not been completed the Federal government when, in March 1862, moved his grave three times a large Union invasion in New with his flotilla approached Amelia last resting place at Fort The Peninsula Newspaper printed in Union-occupied Fernandina, 1864. Island and forced a hasty Devens, Massachusetts. In (Image courtesy of the Stale Archives of Florida) evacuation of Fort Clinch 2002, he was reinterred

by the remaining ; Confederate troops. in the Bosque Bello Cemetery in Union forces occupied the fort from his hometown. It is believed that 2601 Atlantic Avenue that point until the end of the Civil Lieutenant Johnston was the last 904.277.7274 War, and at least 14 different Union Confederate POW buried in New www.floridastateparks.org/fortclinch regiments were stationed there during the England to be returned to the South. Construction of Fort Clinch began in war. Fort Clinch was declared surplus 1847, and today it is considered one of government property and sold to local First Presbyterian Church the best preserved 19th century forts Fernandina developers in 1926. In 1935, 19 North 6th Street in the nation. Sited on the northern the property was purchased by the State 904.261.3837 tip of Amelia Island, this fort provided of Florida. Visitor center exhibits tell the Www. 1 stpres-fb.com/history.htm protection for the deep-water port of fort's history, and Fort Clinch park staff Constructed in 1859, this church was Fernandina. In January 1861, as Florida and volunteers in Civil War uniforms used as a military barracks for Union prepared to secede from the Union, provide living history programming troops during the Federal occupation of Florida militia seized Fort Clinch from on a daily basis. Larger reenuctments Fernandina and later as a primary school its lone Federal fort keeper and two occur on the first full weekend of each operated by the Freedmen's Bureau for laborers. While under Confederate month during the "First Weekend teaching freed slaves. It is reported that control, additional cannons from Fort Union Garrisons", and also during Union troops planned to confiscate Marion in St. Augustine were sent to "Confederate Garrison" events. the church bell to melt it down for armaments, but that a Union officer, Major W.B.C. Duryee, intervened and prevented its dismantling.

Florida House Inn 22 South 3rd Street 904.491.3322 or toll-free 1.800.258.3301 imw.floridahouscinn.com

Constructed in 1857 by the Florida

Railroad Company, it is among the states oldest surviving tourist hotels. During the Federal occupation of Fernandina, the house was occupied by Union troops for officers quarters. The house is now operated as a bed and breakfast inn.

Fort Clinch, Fernandina Beach. ,m

47 NORTHEAST REGION

Merrick- Simmons House Colored Troops was repulsed by the 2nd 102 South 10th Street Florida Cavalry under the command of Captain Dickison. Dickison reported After the Union occupation of J.J. that the Union force suffered Fernandina in 1862, this c.1860 house had 20 to 30 casualties of dead and was used as a hospital lor Union wounded while the Confederates suffered one troops. In June 1863, the property wounded. In a strong passed to the ownership of Chloe man March 1864, Union force Colonel Merrick in a tax sale of abandoned commanded by Confederate properties and she William Barton occupied Palatka where they moved into deserted buildings and owned it until 1865. Merrick had erected earthworks surrounding the arrived in Fernandina from Syracuse, town. Several skirmishes were fought New York in late 1862 as the agent between Union pickets for the National Freedman's Relief and Confederate Association of New York, and had forces around Palatka until April 1864 when the Federal force evacuated the helped establish a Freedman's School city. In 1 864, Palatka was again in Fernandina's Episcopal Church, July occupied by a strong Union force where she taught freed slaves. In 1863, skirmished with Confederate she also established and organized which troops until August 1864, when the the Fernandina orphanage in the abandoned home of Confederate Federal troops abandoned Palatka for duration of the war. In a Brigadier General Joseph Finegan, the 1924, Confederate was erected in which was also purchased in a tax monument Palatka by the United Daughters of the sale. After the war, Merrick married Harrison Reed, who was Governor of Confederate Monument, Palatka. Confederacy on the Putnam County (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) Courthouse lawn. Florida from 1869 to 1873. A Great Floridian 2000 plaque for Chloe Putnam County- Merrick is located on this house. The Bronson-Mulholland house was most recently used for Palatka House commercial offices and is not open 100 Madison Street 386.329.0140 for tours. During the Civil War, several www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~flpchs/ Confederate military camps were located virtual_tour.htm Williams House in the Palatka area, including a number The Bronson-Mulholland House was 103 South 9th Street in the vicinity of present-day Ravine constructed in 1854 by United States 904.277.2328 or toll-free 1.800.414.9258 Gardens State Park. However, after District Isaac Bronson. After his www.williamshouse.com Union gunboats gained control of the Judge death in 1855, his widow Sophronia Confederate President Jefferson Davis St. Johns River in 1862, most residents Bronson remained at the house until was a friend of the Williams family of Palatka abandoned the city and the outbreak of the Civil War when she and was a guest in this c.1856 house. resettled in nearby Orange Springs and returned to her former home in New It is reported that some of his personal Florahome. Throughout 1862, while York. During the war, the vacant house effects were stored in the raiding plantations along was occupied by Confederate soldiers Williams House during he St. Johns River, Union and, during the Federal occupations the Civil War. After the unboats periodically of Palatka, used as quarters by Union Federal occupation of the inded at Palatka, which troops. After the war, in 1866, a city in 1862, the Williams they found mostly Freedman's School, supported by the family fled to Waldo, and deserted. However, York branch of the Freedmen's the house was used by n March 1863, an New Union Commission for teaching freed Union troops as officers attempted landing slaves, was opened in the house by quarters. The adjacent at Palatka by Union Charlotte Henry, a friend of Sophronia c. 1859 Hearthstone soldiers from two J. Bronson. Acquired by the City of building on the Williams regiments of U.S. House property was used Palatka in 1965, the house is operated by Historical Society as as an infirmary for Union the Putnam County a museum of local history. troops. The house is now operated as a bed and Union army officer's vest and Civil War-era telescope. breakfast inn. (Images courtesy of the Museum of Florida History)

48 NORTHEAST REGION Fort Shannon Officers Quarters 110 Madison Street 386.329.0140

Believed to have been constructed in c.1842 as a part of the Seminole War era Fort Shannon, the building was in private ownership by the time of the Civil

War. It was used as a military barracks by Union troops during their occupations of Palatka. Originally located at 224 North

1st Street, the building was relocated to

its current site adjacent to the Bronson- Mulholland House in 1984 as part of the Putnam County Historical Society's historic museum complex. Operated Skirmish at Braddock's Farm near Welaka in 1865, from Dickison and His Men. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) by the Society as the Putnam Historic Museum, this building contains exhibit cases of Civil War period objects. Unionism While most Floridians supported

St. Mark's secession in 1 860-1 861 , a number Episcopal Church still exhibited a lingering loyalty to the United States. As the war progressed, 200 North Main Street 386.328.1474 anti-war and pro-Union sentiment in http://stmarkspahuka.net/history.aspx the state increased. Some may have originally opposed secession, while Constructed in 1854, this is the oldest others became demoralized and church in Palatka. During the Federal disenchanted with Confederate policies. occupations of Palatka, the church was used Conscription alienated many, as did the as a military barracks for Union troops. A Impressment Act, which authorized the State Historical Marker at the site provides government's seizure of food and other information on the church's history. goods. Widespread shortages and long Westview Cemetery casualty lists added to the discontent. As anti-war and pro-Union Crill Avenue and Street sentiment increased, some Unionists This cemetery contains the remains of at least fled to the protection of Federal military 49 Confederate veterans, including Captain forces. Others hid in remote areas of Ml Winston J.T. Stephens of the 2nd Florida the state, their numbers augmented Cavalry who was killed during a skirmish by deserters who grew in number at Cedar Creek west ofJacksonville in as the war progressed. In addition to 1864, and Colonel Hubbard L. Hart, an the white population, large numbers assistant quartermaster and the owner of eutenant Frederick Jc of Florida slaves, with no loyalty to . two steamboats which were used by the nion Cavalry. the Confederacy, likewise fled to the nage courtesy ol the Museum 01 Flonda Historyj Confederacy to transport supplies. Also protection of Union forces. buried here is James O. Devall, a delegate The strongest example of militant r 3mained loyal to their new nation to the Florida Secession Convention and Unionism in Florida was the formation u ntil the final surrender, others had the owner of the General Sumpter, the of the 1 st and 2nd Florida Union kjng since abandoned the cause first steamboat built in Palatka. In March Cavalry Regiments, which served in and looked to the Union victory with 1864, the General Sumpter was captured the Federal army. These units took part s atisfaction or relief. by the Union gunboat USS Columbine in numerous skirmishes during 1864- To learn more, see: "Deprivation, in Lake George south of Palatka with all 1 865. Though not all Florida Unionists C isaffection, and in its officers and crew. The cemetery also demonstrated their opposition to the C onfederate Florida" by John F. Reiger. contains the remains of at least 20 Union Confederacy to that extent, it appears 7'he Flonda Historical Quarterly. Vol.

veterans including at least 1 1 soldiers of obvious that, while many Floridians 4 8, No. 3. January 1970. the U.S. Colored Troops.

49 ,

NORTHEAST REGION

St. Johns County Union control and was used mainly to be darkened. Arnau oversaw its as a rest center for Union troops. St. darkening, and the later removal of its St. Augustine Augustine also became a haven for lighting apparatus. Arnau also ordered Unionist refugees and escaped slaves. that the lighting apparatus at the Cape Founded by the Spanish in 1565, Nearly 150 local African Americans Canaveral Lighthouse be removed,

St. Augustine is the nation's oldest were recruited for service in the 21st, and is believed to have organized the continuously occupied European city 33rd, and 34th U.S. Colored Infantry group that, in August 1861, removed and port. Between 1672 and 1695, the regiments. Although the Confederates the lenses and machinery from the Spanish constructed a massive never directly attacked the garrison Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse and wrecked fort at St. Augustine, the Castillo at Fort Marion, Confederate forces the lighting mechanism on the Cape de San Marcos, which was renamed under the command of Captain J.J. Florida Lighthouse. Elected mayor of Fort Marion by the Americans after Dickison occasionally skirmished on St. Augustine in November 1861, Arnau Spain ceded Florida to the United the outskirts of the city with Union resigned that post in March 1862 rather States in 1821. On the eve of Florida's troops sent out to gather firewood. than surrender the city to the Union withdrawal from the Union in early One such skirmish in March 1863 navy. After the Union occupation of January 1861, under orders from resulted in the capture of five Union the city, Arnau was arrested and taken Governor Madison S. Perry, state soldiers. A second and larger skirmish aboard the USS Isaac Smith. He was militia seized the fort without violence. in December 1863 resulted in six released after lighting mechanisms from During the first year of the Civil Union soldiers killed or wounded the St. Augustine and War, several Confederate blockade and 24 taken prisoner, while the Lighthouses, as well as other lighthouse runners operated out of the port of Confederates reported no casualties. equipment which he had stored at his St. Augustine. Confederate forces house, were returned to the Union navy. occupied St. Augustine until March Arrivas House 1862 when they withdrew from the 46 St. George Street Dummett House city to prevent civilian casualties as 904.825.5033 (St. Francis Inn) Union warships approached. Many htcp://staugustinegovernment.com/your_ 279 St. George Street of the city's residents also fled to government/PurposeofHT.cfm 904.824.6068 or toll-free 1.800.824.6062 Confederate held areas in the state's Constructed in c.1740, this house was www.stfrancisinn.com interior. Union forces occupied St. the residence of Paul Arnau, the St. Owned by Confederate Lieutenant Augustine, and strengthened the Augustine Collector of Customs and General William J. Hardee, this c.1791 defenses at Fort Marion and other Lighthouses. In Superintendent of house was the residence of his sister-in-law areas around the city. For the duration January 1861, Confederate authorities Anna Dummett, an ardent Confederate of the war, St. Augustine was under ordered the St. Augustine Lighthouse

and placed in command of the vast Edmund Kirby Smith Department of the Trans-Mississippi, The highest ranking Floridian in the region west of the Mississippi River. Confederate military service was He was criticized by some for inaction Edmund Kirby Smith. Born in St. during the , and for Augustine in 1824, he graduated overemphasizing operations in Arkansas from West Point and fought in the and at the expense of Louisiana.

Mexican War. In 1 , Smith resigned 861 Nonetheless, President Davis promoted his commission and joined the Smith to full general and, as the war Confederate army. Quickly rising to progressed, he maintained such autonomy the rank of brigadier general, Smith that the region became known as "Kirby was wounded at the First Battle of Bull Smithdom." He went into exile in Mexico Run (Manassas). In the fall of 1861 at the war's end before returning to the he earned promotion to major general United States. When Smith died in 1893, and the following spring was put in he was the last surviving full general of command of East Tennessee and took the Confederacy. part in the invasion of Kentucky. To learn more, see: General Edmund Despite a relatively undistinguished Kirby Smith, C.S.A. by Joseph H. Parks, career to this point, Smith was Louisiana State University Press, 1 954, promoted to Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith. reprint 1982 Southern Biography Series. (Image courtesy of the Library of Congress)

50 NORTHEAST REGION

Fort Marion, National Monument, St. Augustine. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) supporter, who raised the widowed nearby , the fort is the of the war. No Confederate attempt was Hardee's four children there while he only surviving 17th century military made to retake the fort. In 1933, Fort served as Commandant of Cadets at West structure in the United States. After Marion was transferred from the War Point and then later as a Confederate Spain ceded Florida to the United States Department to the National Park Service, corps commander in the western theater. in 1821, the Americans changed the and, in 1942, the fort's name was restored In 1864, Hardee was placed in command name of the Castillo to Fort Marion in to Castillo de San Marcos. of the Military Department of South 1825. On the eve of the Civil War, the Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, where U.S. military presence had largely been Government House he opposed Sherman's March to the Sea. withdrawn from St. Augustine and Fort 48 King Street After the war, in 1866, Anna Dummett Marion's caretaker garrison consisted of 904.825.5079 became the first president of the St. one ordnance sergeant. As the Secession ww w.staugustinegovcmmcnt.com \ isitors Augustine Ladies Memorial Association Convention was meeting in Tallahassee in go> house.cfrn and led the effort to raise funds for early January 1861, Governor Madison S. On March 11, 1862, a small Union the erection of the city's Confederate Perry ordered the seizure of Fort Marion. landing party under the command of monument. The house is now operated as On January 7, 1861, state militia horn Naval Commander C. R. P. Rogers a bed and breakfast inn. St. Augustine and Fernandina seized proceeded to the Government House, the fort without violence. During the the seat of local government constructed

of 1 , a of Fort Marion, remainder 86 1 number artillery in the early 1700s. There, Commander Castillo de San Marcos pieces were removed from Fort Marion Rogers informed the St. Augustine t u\ National Monument to reinforce Confederate troops at Fort Council of the terms of surrender for the Clinch near Fernandina, the St. Johns city. Aiu i the Federal occupation oi the 1 South Castillo Avenue Bluff, and outside the state. Confederate city, the building was used as a military 904.829.6506 forces occupied Fort Marion until March barracks, a hospital and a theater for www.nps.gov/casa 1862, when they evacuated St. Augustine. Union troops. Ihe building contains For protection of their interests in Id Union forces occupied the abandoned a museum with a Civil War exhibit Florida, the Spanish began construction Fon Marion, strengthened its defenses, containing period artifacts and historic of Castillo de San Marcos in 1672. and Kin. lined at the fori fol the duration photographs oi St. Augustin< Constructed of coquina quarried on

51 NORTHEAST REGION

— 1 : Llambias House 1 Loring Memorial 31 St. Francis Street 48 King Street 904.825.2333 This monument was erected in 1920 on www.staugustinehistoricalsociety.org Vi the Government House grounds by the THELfflgHHP t 4 Constructed in c.1763, this house United Daughters of the Confederacy was the residence or the Llambias in honor of Confederate Major General family, whose three sons served in William Wing Loring. Loring spent the St. Augustine Blues, 3rd Florida his childhood in St. Augustine, and his Infantry and whose father was briefly ashes are imbedded in the foundation imprisoned in Fort Marion for of the monument. refusing to take a after Union troops occupied St. Augustine. Markland The Llambias family was eventually (Anderson House) permitted through the Federal lines *TT' ^- 102 King Street and settled in the Confederate-held 904.829.6481 area of the state until the end of the ^1 r^d www.flagler.edu war. Returning after the war, they Constructed in 1839-1842, this house found the house had been stripped of was the residence of Dr. Andrew Anderson its furniture and woodwork, and that II who enlisted in the local Confederate the ground floor had been used as a Loring Monument, St. Augustine. military unit, the St. Augustine Blues, at stable by Union troops. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) the outbreak of the war. In early 1862, he paid lor a substitute to take his place in the Blues unit (as allowed by Confederate Most Southern Hispanics gave policy) and left Florida to return to their support to the Confederacy medical school at the College of Physicians following secession. One roster and Surgeons in . In 1 864, for the entire Confederacy lists he provided medical services to Union more than 6,000 soldiers, sailors, soldiers at Fredericksburg, Virginia field and marines of Hispanic ancestry, hospitals by treating those who were along with civil officials, blockade wounded during General Ulysses S. runners, and even a few female Grant's campaign that year. His mother, spies. Of those listed in this roster, Clarissa Anderson, a staunch Unionist, the great majority came from Texas remained at Markland during the war and Louisiana, but Florida appears and tended to sick and wounded soldiers to rank third, with more than 300 at the Union army hospital. This historic Hispanics who served in Florida house is presently used for special events units or with some connection to by Flagler College, as well as for faculty the state. Every Florida Confederate Llambias House (center left), St. Augustine, and staff" offices. Special sponsored tours post Civil War. military unit had at least one are occasionally available. (Image courtesy of Charles Tingley. St. Augustine member with a Hispanic name on its Historical Society) roll, but the two Florida units with Hispanics the largest number of Hispanics Plaza de la Constitucion Between Cathedral Place and King Street With its long history as a appear to have been the 3rd and the in Spanish colony, it is not surprising 8th Infantry Regiments. The Florida Established accordance with the that Florida maintained a vibrant Independent Blues, later Company Spanish Royal Ordinance of 1573 Hispanic population at the time of B of the 3rd Florida Infantry, was for town plans, the Plaza, or Public the Civil War. Centered primarily probably the most ethnically diverse Square, in the center of the colonial in Pensacola and St. Augustine, unit from the state. Many of St. city contains several monuments and with smaller numbers scattered Augustine's established Hispanic historic objects, including: throughout the peninsula, the families joined its ranks. Confederate Monument Hispanic population of Civil War era To learn more, see: "Ancient City Originally erected in 1872 on private

Florida was descended from the Defenders: The St. Augustine Blues" property on St. George Street by the St.

colonists who had remained there by David J. Coles, El Escribano, Augustine Ladies Memorial Association, following the American acquisition Vol.23, 1986. the monument was rebuilt in the of the territory. Plaza in 1879 reusing material from

52 NORTHEAST REGION the original monument. The names she relocated to Madison. A research search lor theJefferson Davis, a Confedetate of 46 Confederate war dead from St. library, which includes Civil War which captured nine Northern Augustine are listed on the monument. period archives, is now maintained at merchant vessels off the coast of New

this site by the St. Augustine Historical England before wrecking on St. Augustine's Civil War Ordnance Society. The collection is open to the inlet bar in August 1861. Mounted in the Plaza are two Civil public for research and is composed War 32-pounder rifled cannons and of files and books on Florida history, two Civil War 8-inch Columbiad St. Augustine including those on the Civil War cannons from Fort Marion. The National Cemetery period and the Kirbv Smith family. cannons were presented to the city by 104 Marine Street There are two bronze statues in the the U.S. War Department in 1900. In 352.793.7740 garden of General Kirby Smith and the adjacent Anderson Circle, there www.cem.va.gov/cems/nchp/staugustine.asp a plaque inside commemorating its is a Civil War seacoast mortar from This cemetery contains at least 33 famous former resident. Fort Marion also given to the city by Union troops and veterans, including the U.S. War Department at about the Union sailors who died while on duty same time. St. Augustine at Egmont Key and whose remains Historical Society were relocated here in 1909 as part of San Lorenzo Cemetery 14 St. Francis Street the nationwide effort to consolidate 904.825.2333 military burials. The highest ranking 1635 US Highway 1 South www.staugustinehistoricaIsociety.org Union officer interred here is Brigadier This cemetery contains the remains of at In addition to the Research Library at the General Martin D. Hardin ol , least 93 Confederate soldiers and sailors Segui-Kirby Smith House, the Society who served during the war in the Army including 3 black Confederate veterans operates the Oldest House Museum of the Potomac and was a personal friend who served as musicians in the 3rd Complex, which includes the Manucy of President Abraham Lincoln. The Florida Infantry, as well as 7 black Union Museum in the 1924 Webb Building. This cemetery also contains the remains of at soldiers of the U.S. Colored Troops. museum contains exhibits on local and least two Confederate veterans. history, including a Civil War Segui-Kirby Smith House regional exhibit with period artifacts. St. 12 Aviles Street Francis Barracks 82 Marine Street 904.825.2333 904.823.0364 \v\\Av.staugustinehistoricalsociety.org/libraryJitml St. Augustine www.floriclaguard.army.mil Constructed in the late 1700s by Lighthouse and Museum Originally constructed in the early to mid- Bernardo Segui, this was the childhood 8 1 Lighthouse Avenue 904.829.0745 1700s, this building was used as a military home of Edmund Kirby Smith, a West www.staugustineIighthouse.coni barracks first lor Confederate troops, and Point graduate and the last Confederate then for Union troops after the Federal general to surrender his command, The existing St. Augustine Lighthouse was occupation of St. Augustine in 1862. Now who was born here in May 1824. In constructed in 1874 to replace an earlier during the the headquarters of the Florida National early 1863, Union authorities exiled 1824 lighthouse which had stood Guard, the Barracks contains a small the general's mother, Frances Kirby Civil War and was threatened by erosion. museum on the military histor) ol Florida, Smith, from the city lor spying, and Located about 500 yards northeast of the the is present lighthouse, it collapsed including Civil War. The museum

in 1880. A State Historical open by appointment. Marker for "Sentinels of the Coast" is located near its site. Tolomato Cemetery

Exhibits in the restored L876 l-l Cordova Street

Keeper's 1 louse tell the storj oi www.tolomatocemetery.com lighthouse the original and the This cemetery contains the remains oi Augustine during port of St. Union veterans and at least 17 Confederate the Civil War. The Lighthouse veterans. Also buried here is Florida <- Catholic Archaeological Maritime Bishop Augusrin Verot, known as the "Rebel

Program (LAMP), the research Bishop" for his defense of the c Confederate of the lighthouse and arm cause. Attei the ( Civil W.u. Bishop Verot ater Museum, conducts undent became .\w advocate for the rights oi heed work St. archaeological in slaves and oversaw the establishment ol a anient [ohns ( ount) waters. A school for then education in St. Augustine involves Segui-Kirby Smith House, St. Augustine. LAMP project the bj the Sisters ol St Joseph. (Image courtesy ol Charles Tingley. Si Augustine Historical Society)

!>;< NORTHWEST REGION Bradford County (PAGES 9-21) • Captain Richard Bradford State Historical Marker Bay County Columbia County • Soldier Union Monument • Battle of Olustee Monument • Confederate Salt Kettle • Lake City-Columbia County Historical Museum • St. Andrew Saltworks State Historical Marker Bay • Oaklawn Cemetery 'ensacola • St. Andrew Skirmish State Historical Marker Gadsden County Escambia County • Chattahoochee Arsenal • Barrancas National Cemetery • CSS Chattahoochee Monument • Fort Barrancas • Confederate Monument • Fort Pickens • A.K. Allison House Clay County • Historic Pensacola Village • Smallwood-White House State Historical Marker Magnolia Springs Cemetery • Hyer-Knowles Planing Mill • Soldiers Cemetery in Eastern Cemetery Clark-Chalker House • Confederate Monument, Lee Square • The Quincy Academy State Historical Marker • Pensacola Lighthouse Duval County • Western Cemetery • Pensacola Navy Yard Camp Milton Historic Preserve

• St. Johns Cemetery Hamilton County Confederate Monument • St. Michael's Cemetery • Riverside Cemetery Evergreen Cemetery Jacksonville Historical Society Archives Franklin County Jefferson County Mandarin Museum and Historical Society • Lloyd Railroad Depot • Chestnut Street Cemetery Monument to the Women of the Confederacy • Confederate Monument • Orman House Historic State Park Museum of Science and History • Old City and Roseland Cemeteries • Raney House Museum of Southern History • Palmer Family Graveyard and Palmer-Perkins • Trinity Episcopal Church House Old City Cemetery • Cape St. George Lighthouse Leon County Sammis Plantation Historical Marker • Fort Gadsden • Bellevue (Murat House) Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park Gulf County • Brokaw-McDougall House Nassau County • Florida Historic Capitol Amelia Island Lighthouse • St. Joseph Saltworks State Historical Marker • Confederate Monument Amelia Island Museum of History Jackson County • Florida State University Libraries Special Bosque Bello Cemetery • Battle of Marianna Historical Markers Collections and Archives, Strozier Library First Presbyterian Church • Confederate Monument • Fort Houstoun Florida House Inn • Battle of Marianna Monument • Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Fort Clinch State Park • Davis-West House Railroad Company Freight Depot Merrick-Simmons House • Ely-Criglar House Historical Marker • Knott House Museum Williams House • Holden Historical • Meginnis-Munroe House House Marker Putnam County • Riverside Cemetery • Museum of Florida History Confederate Monument • St. Luke's Cemetery • Old City Cemetery Bronson-Mulholland House • State Archives of Florida/State Library of Florida Liberty County Fort Shannon Officers Quarters • St. Johns Episcopal Church Cemetery • Torreya State Park St. Mark's Episcopal Church • Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad State Trail Westview Cemetery Okaloosa County • The Grove • Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park • Union Bank St. Johns County & Cultural Center • Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park Arrivas House Santa Rosa County Levy County Dummett House (St. Francis Inn) Fort Marion, Castillo de San Marcos • Bagdad Cemetery • Cedar Key Historical Society Museum National Monument • Bagdad Village Museum & Complex • Cedar Key Museum State Park Government House • Thompson House and Civil War Skirmish . Old Island Hotel Llambias House State Historical Marker • Cedar Keys Lighthouse Loring Memorial • Arcadia Mill Site Madison County Markland (Anderson House) Walton County • Confederate Monument, Four Freedoms Park Confederate Monument, Plaza de la Constitucion • Confederate Monument • Oakland Cemetery San Lorenzo Cemetery Washington County • Oak Ridge Cemetery Segui-Kirby Smith House • Treasures of Madison County Museum and St. Augustine Historical Society • Moss Hill United Methodist Church Madison County Genealogical Library St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum NORTH CENTRAL REGION • Wardlaw-Smith-Goza House St. Augustine National Cemetery Suwannee County St. Francis Barracks (PAGES 22-38) Tolomato Cemetery • Suwannee River State Park Alachua County Taylor County CENTRAL REGION • Cotton Wood Plantation State Historical Marker • Taylor County Saltworks State Historical Marker (PAGES 56-58) • Battle of Gainesville State Historical Marker • Confederate Monument Wakulla County Marion County • Bailey House State Historical Marker • Wakulla History Museum & Archives • Confederate Monument • Evergreen Cemetery • Fort Ward, San Marcos de Apalache • Marshall Plantation State Historical Marker • Haile Homestead at Kanapaha Plantation Historic State Park • Museum & Environmental

• Matheson Museum Complex • St. Marks Lighthouse Education Center • Old Gainesville Depot • Orange Springs Community Church and Cemetery • P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History, NORTHEAST REGION Orange County University of Florida (PAGES 39-53) • Confederate Monument • Oak Ridge Cemetery • Greenwood Cemetery • Dudley Farm Historic State Park Baker County

• J.J. Dickison and Davis Baggage Train • Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park Osceola County State Historical Marker • Sanderson Camp State Historical Marker • St. Cloud Heritage Museum

54 "VApatechicola Polk County • Oak Hill Cemetery • Polk County Historical Museum • Fort Meade Historical Museum • Confederate Monument Seminole County • Geneva Cemetery CENTRAL EAST REGION (PAGE 59) Brevard County • The Florida Historical Society Volusia County • De Leon Springs State Park • New Smyrna Museum of History • Old Fort Park CENTRAL WEST REGION (PACES 60-65)

Citrus County St. Petersb • Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park • The Old Courthouse Heritage Museum Hernando County Braden • Confederate Monument • May-Stringer House • Bayport Park Hillsborough County • Egmont Key Lighthouse • East Hillsborough Historical Society Museum • Confederate Monument upiter • Fort Brooke Battery • Oaklawn Cemetery • Tampa Blockade Runners and Battle of Ballast Point Historical Markers • Woodlawn Cemetery Pinellas County SOUTHEAST REGION (PAGES 7(1 7«») • Greenwood Cemetery • Miranda Home State Historical Marker -Dade County

• Cape Florida Lighthouse SOUTHWEST REGION • City of Miami Cemetery (pages 66-69) • Union Monument Hendry County Monroe County • Fort Thompson State Historical Marker •

• I 'moil Monuments Lee ( )ounty • I .isi and West Martello Towers • Fort Myers Attack State Historical Market • I on /.uli.n\ Tayloi I listork State I'.uk • Monument to U. S. Colored Troops • I lemingwa) I louse • Museum ol History • kc\ West Cemetery Manatee County • Kej West Lighthouse • Confederate Monument . "Key West Oldesi I louse"

• Curry Settlement I lomes • Malloryl lomesite Historical Market ( • First Manatee 'ountv ( lourthouSC . Naval Base Key West • Manatee Burying Ground C lemeter] • Manatee County Historical Records Library Palm Beach ( lount) • Museum • [upitei Inlet Lighthouse Key West ».>V- • Gamble Plantation I listorii State I'.uk . Woodlawn ( emeterj 55 CENTRAL REGION Marion County Ocala Confederate Monument 2601 SE Fort King Street

This monument was erected in 1908 by the United Daughters of the Confederacy beside the Marion County Courthouse in the downtown Ocala Public Square. Although a new larger county courthouse was constructed in 1965 and then expanded in 1991, the monument remained in front of the courthouse until 2007 when another expansion resulted in

its relocation to a nook on the building's south side. In August 2010, it was moved to the Ocala-Marion County Veterans Memorial Park.

Marshall Plantation State Historical Marker Sharpe's Ferry Road at Ocklawaha River Bridge Unveiling of Confederate Monument at Ocala, 1 908. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida)

East of Ocala st colonel in Orr's 1 South Carolina , Marion County to raid area plantations. A State Historical Marker for the "Marshall and was killed at the Battle of Second Bull The Marshall Plantation and sugar mill

Plantation Site" is located a short distance Run (Second Manassas) in August 1862. were destroyed. The Ocala Home Guard south of the sugar plantation ofJehu Foster Under the supervision of his widow, the militia attacked the raiding force as they Marshall. From South Carolina, Marshall plantation continued to supply syrup and were leaving the plantation, and a running established his Florida plantation in 1855. sugar to the Confederacy. Ln March 1865, skirmish was fought to the Ocklawaha At the outbreak of the war, Marshall an expedition of U.S. Colored Troops River. The Union force withdrew across returned to his native state to serve as from Jacksonville moved south into the river and set fire to the bridge, blocking

John Jackson Dickison cavalry force that had briefly occupied

The most prominent Confederate Gainesville, inflicting nearly 200

partisan leader in Florida, the legendary casualties. Early in 1865, Dickison

Captain J.J. Dickison helped maintain skirmished with Federal forces at Confederate control over north-central Braddock's Farm, where he shot and Florida during the war's later years. mortally wounded the commander of

When the war began, Dickison served in the enemy detachment. He then moved the Marion Artillery before recruiting a his force to the Gulf coast to meet mounted company that became part of another Federal threat, skirmishing

the 2nd Florida Cavalry. From 1 863 until with the Federals at Station Number 4. the war's end, Dickison defended Florida's While Dickison's efforts ensured that interior against attacks from the Union- the interior of Florida remained in occupied coast. To loyal Confederates his Confederate hands, he could do nothing exploits reached near mythic proportions. to delay the inexorable collapse of the

In the spring of 1864, Dickison Confederacy, and he surrendered his captured the Union outposts at Welaka command at Waldo on May 20, 1865. and Saunders, and then ambushed and To learn more, see: J.J. Dickison: forced the surrender of the Union gunboat Swamp Fox of the Confederacy by John USS Columbine at Horse Landing. J. Koblas, North Star Press of St. Cloud, Captain J.J. Dickison, 2nd Florida Cavalry. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) In August 1864, he drove off a Union Inc., 2000.

56 CENTRAL REGION the pursuit by the Home Guard. The military. While serving as lieutenant contains both Confederate and Union skirmish resulted in the death of two of colonel, Pearson was severely wounded sections. Over 100 Confederate veterans the Home Guard and two others mortally at the Battle of Globe Tavern, Virginia and nearly 100 Union veterans are interred wounded. The Union force suffered two in August 1864. While en route back to in the cemetery. Among the Confederate dead and tour wounded. Once across Orange Springs the following month, he veterans is William H.Jewell, who served the river, the Union force attacked the died in Georgia from his wounds, and in the 21 st Mississippi Infantry and later Holly Plantation and then headed for was buried there. Local tradition holds on the staff of Lieutenant General Wade the Federal garrison at St. Augustine. that the Orange Springs Community Hampton, and, in the postwar period, as The 2nd Florida Cavalry, under the Church served as a Confederate hospital a Florida legislator and Mayor of Orlando command of Captain J.J. Dickison, during the war. The cemetery contains the from 1907" to 1910. The Union section of pursued the Union force to St. Augustine remains of both Confederate and Union the cemetery contains a monument erected forcing them to abandon the property soldiers, and a memorial monument for by the Grand Army of the Republic, a they had seized during the raid. Each fall, Pearson is located there. Union veterans organization. the Ocklawaha River Raid Reenactment, including battle reenactments and other activities, commemorates the event at Orange County Osceola County the Florida Carriage Museum & Resort in Weirsdale. Orlando St. Cloud Confederate Monument St. Cloud Lake Eola Park Heritage Museum & Environmental 195 North Rosalind Avenue 1012 Massachusetts Avenue Education Center Dedicated in 1911 by the United 407.957.7587 1445 NE 58th Avenue Daughters of the Confederacy, this www.stcIoudheritagemuseum.com 352.236.5401 Georgia marble monument was erected Located in the 1922 Veterans Memorial vvvvvv.marion.kl2.fl.us/district/srm/index.cfrn in memory of the soldiers, sailors, and Library, the museum contains exhibits This museum is located within the statesmen of the Confederacy. The ladies on the history and founding of this

Silver River State Park and is operated of the local UDC chapter amassed $2,500 community. St. Cloud's historv is linked by the Marion County School District for this memorial by sponsoring many closely with the Grand Armv of the in cooperation with the park. The strawberry and ice cream festivals. Florida Republic (GAR), the largest organization "American Civil War in Marion County" Attorney General , who of Union veterans of the Civil War. While exhibit case features period objects, later became governor, was the speaker for searching for a setting in which to locate including a small iron cannon and a the dedication. a Union veteran's retirement colony, the number of artillery , along with Originally Seminole Land and Investment Companv soldiers' equipment. placed at the acquired 35,000 acres of land here in intersection 1909. Lured by the favorable climate. Orange Springs of Central GAR members purchased 25 x 150' lots Boulevard for sight unseen. Sleeping on cots Orange Springs S50, and Magnolia in old army tents while they built their Community Church Avenue, it was homes, the community had a population and Cemetery moved to its of more than 2,000 within a few years,

State Road 3 1 5 and Church Street present location and in 1911 the Florida legislature

352.546.5952 in 191" ro granted a charter ofincorporation. In a Constructed in c.1852, the land for resolve traffic 191 i. the Grand Army of the Republic ha/. issue. the church and cemetery was donated mi Memorial Hall was constructed ai 1 101 by local businessman John W. Pearson, Massachusetts Avenue as a memorial who also donated the materials for the to Union army veterans, and lodav is church's construction. During the Civil considered one ot the lust preserved Confederate Monument, Orlando. War, Pearson organized, equipped and (Image courtesy ol William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) ( IAR halls in the country. The museum's commanded the "Ocklawaha Rangers", collections include earl) colon) records, a unit of local residents, which fought at Greenwood Cemetery names and obituaries toi the more than 1603 Street the Battle of OlustCC and later became Greenwood J50 Union veterans interred in Mt Peace

1 407.246.2616 9' ' a company in the Florida Infantry. ( emetery, and GAR memorabilia, as well www.cicyofbrlando.nei greenwood Pearson's machine shop in Orange as numerous images ami objects from the Established m 1880 and purchased In the Springs also manufactured artillery and i itv s earh Instoi v.

t ii \ ol Orlando in 1892, thiscemeterj refurbished lor the ( diitederate

57 CENTRAL REGION Polk County Lakeland Bartow Confederate Monument Munn Park Oak Hill Cemetery Tennessee Avenue and Main Street 300 Block of West Parker Street Located in the center of downtown This cemetery contains the remains of Lakeland's main public space, this nearly 60 Confederate veterans including monument made of Georgia marble Jacob Summerlin and Evander Mclver was erected in 1910. The local United Law. Jacob Summerlin was a successful Daughters of the Confederacy chapter cattle businessman who was known as raised the $1,750 for the construction of the "Cattle King" of South Florida, and the 24-foot tall structure by holding cake as the "King of the Crackers", a term and lemonade sales. applied to Florida cowmen. During Confederate Monument, Lakeland. the Civil War, Summerlin served (Image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) Seminole County- as Chief Beef Quartermaster in the Commissary Department, and was Historical & Genealogical Library, Geneva the primary supplier of Florida beef to located in the east wing of the building, the Confederacy. His cracker cowmen is one of the largest such collections in Geneva Cemetery drove the cattle north to holding pens the state. On the building's grounds is 240 1st Street th at Baldwin in Duval County and other a monument for Company E of the 7 \v\vw.usgennet.org/usa/fl/county/seminole/ railheads for eventual transport to the Florida Infantry erected in 1982 by the Geneva/Cemteries.htm Confederate armies. A native of South Sons of Confederate Veterans. Known as Convicted Lincoln conspirator and Carolina, Evander Mclver Law was in the "South Florida Bulldogs", this unit of Alabama native, Lewis Thornton Alabama at the outbreak of the Civil local men served in the western theater Powell enlisted in the Hamilton War and served as a captain with the from 1862 to 1865. The names of the Blues Company, 2 nd Florida Infantry Alabama troops that assisted in the many engagements that they participated in May, 1861. Wounded at the seizure of the Pensacola Navy Yard and in are listed on the monument. Battle of Gettysburg on July 2, 1863, adjacent forts in early 1861. By 1865, Union soldiers hospitalized Powell Law had been promoted to major Fort Meade in Baltimore. Escaping from there in general and had led his troops in many Fort Meade early September, Powell found his way of the major battles of the war in the to Virginia where he joined up with eastern theater. After the Civil War, Law Historical Museum Mosby's Raiders. In early 1865, Powell eventually moved to Bartow in 1893 1 North Tecumseh Avenue relocated to Baltimore where he met 863.285.7474 to establish the South Florida Military . Powell's role in the Institute. Hundreds of mourners attended Located in the restored c.1885 Old Fort Lincoln Conspiracy was significant. Law's funeral procession to Oak Hill Meade School House, this museum He severely wounded Secretary of State Cemetery on November 2, 1920, and all features an extensive collection of area William Seward in an assassination of Polk County's businesses and schools artifacts. During the Civil War, Fort attempt on April 14, 1865. Arrested closed early on that day. A small stone Meade was an important Confederate on April 17, Powell received a guilty monument in downtown Bartow marks cattle-driving center. In 1864, several sentence from the Military Commission at Fort the site of Law's home. Union raids from their post and was hung on July 7, 1 865. Originally Myers were directed at Fort Meade. One buried near the gallows, Smithsonian Polk County raid led to a skirmish at Bowlegs Creek Institution employees found Powell's south Fort Meade in April 1864. Historical Museum of skull in their collection in 1992. Family One Confederate soldier was killed and members interred the skull in the 100 East Main Street another was wounded. While the Union Cemetery in 1994 near the 863.534.4386 Geneva troops suffered no casualties, they did not grave his mother, Patience Caroline or toll free 1.800.780.5346 ext. 4386 of their advance on Fort Meade. www.polkcountymuseum.org continue Powell. Seventeen Civil War soldiers, In May 1864, a larger Union force of one of whom served with the Union, are Located in the restored 1908 Old Polk over 200 men burned and sacked Fort buried in the Geneva Cemetery. Powell's County Courthouse, the museum Meade. They captured seven Confederate grave in the cemetery is on the right, contains exhibits on local and regional prisoners and confiscated more than 1,000 approximately one-third of the way to history, including a Civil War exhibit cattle. Nearly 100 Unionist refugees also the back. with period objects. The Polk County returned with them to Fort Myers.

58 CENTRAL EAST REGION

Brevard County where three cotton gins and a gristmill New Smyrna with four grinding stones lor producing Museum of History corn meal had been constructed. The Cocoa 1 20 Sams Avenue mill and gins were all powered by 386.478.0052 an undershot water wheel supplied The Florida Located in the restored 1925 Old by a large natural spring. The Union Historical Society Post Office building, the museum's soldiers destroyed the plantation and 435 Brevard Avenue Perimeter Gallery contains exhibits on the gristmill machinery was thrown 321.690.1971 local history, and includes Civil War www.myfloridahistory.org into the spring. The water wheel was artifacts. The museum also contains the reconstructed in 1999 and is now part of Founded in 1856 in St. Augustine, the Sheldon Research Library consisting of a restaurant at the park. primary mission of the Florida Historical documents, books, periodicals, maps, Society is to collect, preserve, and and photographs relating to the history publish materials relating to the history New Smyrna Beach of New Smyrna Beach. of Florida and its peoples. After a period During the Civil War, New Smyrna (the of inactivity during the Civil War and word Beach was added to the city's name Old Fort Park Reconstruction, it resumed operation in in 1947) was an active area for blockade 200 Block of Sams Avenue 1902. society publishes the Florida The running and salt production. Several 386.424.2175 Historical Quarterly and maintains the military actions took place there. In March www.cityofhsb.com indcx.aspx?nid=129 Library of Florida History, an extensive 1862, a Union navy raiding lorce from the This city park contains massive collection of historical documents, maps, USS Penguin and the USS Henry Andrew coquina stone ruins known locally and photographs. The collection contains was attacked at the Old Stone Wharf by as the "Old Fort" but which arc- Civil numerous War documents, including Confederate soldiers of the 3rd Florida most likely the remnants of an 18th the papers of Captain Francis P. Fleming Infantry. The Union force suffered eight century British period residential of the Florida Infantry and 1st Florida 2nd killed, several wounded and three taken or commercial structure. In the Cavalry and Florida governor from 1889 prisoner. The Confederate force reported 1850s, a large wooden hotel with to the papers 1893, and of Mary Martha no casualties. An escaped slave who had about 60 rooms was constructed bv Reid served as the matron the who of guided the Union force was also captured John and Jane Sheldon on top ol Florida Hospital in Richmond, Virginia. and hanged. In July 1863, the Union the old coquina foundation. During navy returned to New Smyrna when the the Union navy's bombardment of Volusia County USS Oleander and the USS Beauregard the community in July 1S63, the quietly slipped into the Indian River and Sheldon Hotel was destroyed by DeLeon Springs anchored opposite the town. In what the explosion of gunpowder that the Confederates considered retaliation had been stored in the cellar. After De Leon Springs for the earlier Union defeat, the Union the Civil War, the Sheldon family State Park ships shelled the community and then returned to New Smyrna and rebuilt sent a landing lorce ashore to burn those their hotel on top of the ruins. 601 Ponce de Leon Boulevard The 386.985.4212 buildings which had escaped the shelling. hotel remained standing until 1896 wnvw.floridastateparks.org/deleonsprings After destroying large quantities of cotton when it was torn down. and several vessels to prevent their capture, In April 1864, a Union army expedition the community's residents Hed to the of almost 1,000 men from the 17th nearby woods. In May 1864, a column Infantry, the 75th Ohio ol Union troops under the command ot Mounted Infantry, and the 35th U.S. Brigadier General William Birne) entered Colored Infantry, under the command New during an expedition into of Brigadier General , Smyrna . Ihev captured two moved into Volusia County to disrupt schooners there, the Fannie and the Shell, Confederate supply lines and destroy loaded with cotton and ready to run supply sources. One of the objectives the blockade. of Birney's Raid was Spring Garden Plantation (now De Leon Springs State Park)

Imported European-made and Confederate canteen. (Images courtesy ol the Museum ol Fiona. \H Union brass spurs. (U^pkLm/ootiaton iirutgeammsy ol the Florida Bureau ol Aitiat\>iogical Research and the US Army

59 .

CENTRAL WEST REGION

Citrus County machinery shipped down from New at the end of the war for his support York, the Yulee Sugar Mill operated of the Confederacy, upon his release Homosassa until 1864, supplying sugar, syrup and Yulee returned to his Florida railroad molasses to Confederate troops during interests. The park contains the ruins Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins the Civil War. After Florida seceded of the once-thriving sugar plantation, Historic State Park from the Union, Yulee resigned his including the steam boiler, crushing State Road 490 Senate seat and remained in Florida machinery, and large cooking kettles. 352.795.3817 until the end of the war. In May www.floridastateparks.org/yuleesugarmill 1864, Union troops destroyed Yulee's Inverness Margarita Plantation home and his David Levy Yulee, one of Florida's first The Old Courthouse United States Senators and the first stockpile of supplies at Homosassa, but Jewish member of that body, operated failed to locate and destroy the mill. Heritage Museum 1 Courthouse Square a 5,100-acre plantation on this site. The mill, however, was abandoned and 352.341.6488 Constructed in 1851 using expensive did not resume operations. Imprisoned www .cccourthouse.org

Formed in 1963, the Citrus County Historical Society, Inc. exists to "preserve and further the knowledge of the history and pre-history of Citrus County and nearby areas" and, since 1985, has been located in the restored 1912 Old Citrus County Courthouse. In the local history gallery, the museum contains an exhibit on the role of Citrus County in the Civil War. The exhibit includes interpretation of Florida in the Civil War, local Home Guard units, blockade runners, David Levy Yulee's sugar mill, and the burning of the Yulee plantation home by Union troops.

Yulee Sugar Mill, Homosassa. (Image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network)

century Florida. Born David Levy in Confederacy until May 1864, when "^ B the Virgin Islands in 1 810, his family Union forces burned his Margarita eventually settled in Florida. He served Plantation home and the mill ceased gjLp*% 1 in the Florida Territorial Legislative production. He held no political office Council, was a delegate to the 1838 in the Confederacy, and spent much Constitutional Convention, and served time and effort fighting the state ^^L as territorial delegate to the U.S. and Confederate governments over ^i^^y^a Congress. In 1845, he became one the impressment of his agricultural of the new state's first senators. His products and the seizure of iron from

marriage in 1846 probably contributed his rail line. Imprisoned by Union x Hj^^^L ^§L ^H to his conversion to Christianity and authorities at Fort Pulaski, Georgia for Bffc^i ^3 surname change to Yulee. In addition a time after the war, he returned to David Levy Yulee, U.S. Senator to politics, Yulee operated a sugar Florida and attempted to rebuild his from Florida. plantation, and became active in economic interests. He died in 1886. (Image courtesy of the State Archives ot Florida) railroad development, particularly the To learn more, see: "David L David Levy Yulee building of the Florida Railroad. Yulee, Florida's First Senator" by Leon

The first Jewish member of he Yulee resigned from the Senate Huhner, in In the South, edited

in 1 Dale , David Lev / following Florida's secession 861 by Leonard Dinnerstein and Mary Yulee was a major political and His sugar mill at Homosassa supplied Palsson, Louisiana State University

economic figure in mid-nineteen th sugar, syrup and molasses to the Press, 1973. 1

CENTRAL WEST REGION Hernando County — — Hillsborough County — Brooksville Egmont Key

In July 1864, a Union force of 240 Egmont Key Lighthouse soldiers from the 2nd U.S. Colored Egmont Kev State Park Infantry and 2nd Florida Union ^27.893.2627 Cavalry landed near Bayport and www.floridastateparks.org/egmontkey advanced towards Brooksville to destroy The present Egmont Key Lighthouse Confederate supplies. For a week, the was constructed in 1858 to replace Union force raided Hernando County the earlier 1848 lighthouse. Early in plantations in the area surrounding the Civil War, Confederate authorities Brooksville, skirmishing on several ordered that the lighthouse lens and occasions with other equipment be removed for troops, before falling back on Bayport. safekeeping. In August 1861, they were There, the Union troops boarded naval removed to Tampa, and then, in April vessels for the return trip to their post 1862, to Brooksville. In November at Fort Myers with several Confederate 1861, Union naval forces occupied prisoners, contraband slaves, and captured Egmont Key and, for the remainder cotton and livestock. In 1916, the United of the war, used the island as a base of Daughters of the Confederacy erected a operations for the East Gulf Blockading Confederate monument in Brooksville Squadron. They constructed several Confederate Monument, Brooksville. on the lawn of the Hernando County (Image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network) structures near the lighthouse and a Courthouse. gun battery on the shore facing Tampa. where six blockade runners were in port. The lighthouse was used by Union Four of these vessels fled into the bayou forces as a watchtower for locating May-Stringer House where they grounded on the banks while 601 Museum Court Confederate blockade runners. In a fifth vessel, the Helen, was burned by 352.799.0129 1864, a hospital for 30 patients was the raiding force. As the Union boats www.hernandohistoricalmuseiimassoc.com also constructed. Throughout the armed with howitzers headed for the sixth Constructed in 1856, the May-Stringer war, Egmont Key served as a staging vessel, a schooner loaded with cotton, House was the postwar residence or Frank area for Union raids and attacks they exchanged fire with the Confederate E. Saxon who served in the "Hernando on Tampa and present-day Pinellas batterv of two cannons at Bayport and Wildcats" unit of the 3rd Florida Infantry County. By February 1862, Egmont Confederate riflemen along the shore. and was badly wounded at the Battle or Key was also being used as a refuge for Before they reached the Confederate Perry ville, Kentucky in October 1862. runaway slaves and Florida Unionists vessel, it burst into flames, presumably to Today, the house is the home of the fleeing Confederate persecution, and prevent its capture, and the Union force Hernando Heritage Museum, which for housing Confederate prisoners. withdrew. The Union force suffered one refugees contains over 1 1,000 Hernando County Nearly 200 reportedly stayed wounded while the Confederate losses artifacts. Artifacts in the museum's "War on the island in 1863 while awaiting were one killed and three wounded. In Room" include items from the Civil transport to Union-held areas. A September 1863, a Union force of several War. The Hernando Historical Museum cemetery was established |tist south of ships returned to Bayport to destroy a Association sponsors the annual Civil the lighthouse for the Union sailors , but the Confederates set War Brooksville Raid Reenactment on who died while on duty there, the great fire to it and to a cotton warehouse before the third weekend of January, one of the majority from yellow fever. In 1909, the Union navv could attack. A historical largest such events in Florida. their remains were moved to the St marker at Bayport Park discusses the Civil Augustine National (. enutei\ as part War history ofBayport. The Conred< rat< Hill of the nationwide efrbn to consolidate Spring cannon batters site can still be seen on military burials. During World War 11. .1 wooded point north ol the pier at .is Bayport Park i Ik top poi non ol the lighthouse w Bayport Park. In 2009, the Florida Public 4140 Cortez Road u mOV< d and upl.u i d u nil a model n Archaeology Network began a projt 1 1 hiring the Civil War, the port bca< on on a < on< r< te deck. to documew and map ( onfi derate community of Bayport was an active area shipwrecks at Bayport. 1 lernando Past, a for blockade running. In April 186 V local historic preservation society, plans ail expedition of Union sailors in seven to install interpretive kiosks on thi ( ivil launches and cutters entered the harbor W'.ii .it Bayport Park.

61 CENTRAL WEST REGION

Plant City sides, withdrew to their vessels. Before Confederate Monument leaving the area, the Union navy sent Pierce Street another raiding party destroy a East Hillsborough to Originally located on the grounds large salt making facility at Historical Society Museum the head of the Old Hillsborough County of Tampa Bay near the east of 605 North Collins Street end Courthouse, the monument was the present-day Courtney Campbell 813.757.9226 erected in 1911 by the United

w\\A\'.nx)rs\\cb. 1UKcscn.a)m/~flqgbac/ehlisJia"nl Causeway. May 6-7, 1864, a Union On Daughters of the Confederacy. In force of several hundred men from Located in the restored 1914 Plant 1952, the monument was moved to its the 2nd U.S. Colored Infantry, City High School building, the East 2nd current location upon the completion Florida Union Cavalry, and Union Hillsborough Historical Society is of the new courthouse building. A navy occupied Tampa after most of the dedicated to the preservation of the City Historical Marker for "Memoria Confederate defenders were withdrawn historical and cultural heritage of Plant in Aeterna, 191 1 - Hillsborough City and eastern Hillsborough County. to reinforce the hard-pressed army in County's Confederate Monument" Virginia. After taking some prisoners, The Society maintains a museum and is located a few steps away from the the Quintilla Geer Bruton Archives capturing a sloop loaded with cotton, monument and provides information and destroying the Fort Brooke battery, Center which contains an extensive on its history. collection of books, census records, the Union forces returned to their newspapers and other documents, as ships. Union forces continued to raid Fort Brooke Battery Tampa Bay area saltworks throughout well as historic photographs. On the University of Tampa the remainder of the war. building's grounds is a Confederate 813.253.3333 "Cow Cavalry" unit monument erected www.ut.edu/history in the 2007 by United Daughters of the Mounted in Plant Park are two Civil Confederacy. Formed to defend Florida War 24-pounder cannons, which cattle raiders, herds from Union the were originally part of a Confederate area residents names of who served in battery at Fort Brooke. In 1891, while the unit are listed on the monument. constructing the Tampa Bay Hotel, Henry B. Plant had the cannons Tampa salvaged from the Fort Brooke site and relocated to the hotel grounds. During the Civil War, Tampa was an Originally established in 1824, active area for Confederate blockade Fort Brooke was located on the east running and salt production, and bank of the Hillsborough River was blockaded by Union vessels it flows into throughout the war. Several military where Hillsborough Bay. At the beginning of the Civil actions also took place there. On War, Confederate troops occupied June 30-July 1, 1862, Tampa was Fort Brooke to protect Tampa and shelled by the Union gunboat USS the surrounding areas from Union Sagamore after Confederate forces invasion and to facilitate the blockade refused an ultimatum to surrender. runners departing and entering The Confederates returned fire from Tampa. The fort was bombarded by their battery at Fort Brooke but the Union warships in 1862 Union gunboat was out of range. June-July and in October 1863. In May 1864, Little damage was done to Tampa or Union forces temporarily occupied Fort Brooke, and no casualties were Tampa and captured Fort Brooke. reported. On October 16-17, 1863, Before departing, they destroyed the Tampa and Fort Brooke were again fort, disabled its 24-pounder cannons, shelled by the Union gunboats USS and hauled away its smaller cannons. Tahoma and USS Adela as a cover for a Today, nothing remains of Fort Union raiding force which burned two Brooke, the main area of which is blockade runners in the Hillsborough under the Tampa Convention Center. River. As the raiders attempted to return to their ships on October 18, they were attacked at Ballast Point by a Confederate force and, after a sharp skirmish with casualties on both Confederate Monument, Tampa. {image courtesy of William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network)

62 CENTRAL WEST REGION

Cattle and Cow Cavalry

In the years prior to the Civil War, cattle raising had developed into a

signiticant industry in southern Florida

and, by 1 862, it was estimated that Florida had more than 650,000 head

of cattle. In 1863, Pleasants Woodson White was appointed the commissary officer for the state. One of his goals was the acquisition of cattle to feed the Confederacy's armies, especially after

the capture of Vicksburg cut off the

supply of cattle from Texas. In an effort to protect the Florida herds against Union forces, the Confederate government formed the 1st Florida Special Cavalry USS Sagamore Shell Monument, Oaklawn Cemetery, Tampa. Battalion, popularly known as the Cow (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) Cavalry, in 1864. Oaklawn Cemetery That year, small-scale Union raids to disrupt cattle supplies became common 606 East Harrison Street in south Florida, and expeditions were This cemetery contains the remains of launched to the Peace River Valley and over 60 Confederate veterans, including Jacob Summerlin, Confederate "Cattle King." the cattle-driving center of Fort Meade. (Image courtesy ol the State Archives ol Florida) Major John T. Lesley who organized the Emboldened, Union forces also attacked and the war was nearly over. The hope local Confederate company, the "Sunny Tampa and Fort Brooke. In February of Florida beef feeding large numbers of South Guards", at the outbreak of the 1865, the Cow Cavalry launched an Confederates had not been fulfilled. war. Lesley later served as a company attack on the Union post at Fort Myers. To learn more, see: "Cow Cavalry: commander of the "Cow Cavalry" While unsuccessful, the attack did lead Munnerlyn's Battalion in Florida, 1864- which defended Florida cattle herds to the post's evacuation the following 1 865" by Robert A. Taylor, The Florida from Union raids. Also buried in the month. By then, however, the cattle Historical Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2, cemetery is businessman James McKay, driving season had ended for the year October 1986. Sr. who was Tampa's most active Civil War blockade runner. He also served as commissary officer of the Fifth Florida Tampa Blockade Runners District responsible for supplying the by James McKay, Sr. The Scottish Chief Confederate armies with South Florida and Battle of Ballast and the Kate Dale were burned by

cattle. His son, James McKay, Jr., served Point Historical Markers the Union raiders, along with the 167 as a captain in the Florida "Cow Cavalry" 1101 West Sligh Avenue, and Corner of bales of cotton on them. They also

and is also buried in this cemetery. The Bayshore and Candy Boulevards took seven Confederate prisoners. cemetery contains several small Civil War A City Historical Marker for "Union The Confederates set a third vessel, monuments. A small marble marker at Raiders Burn Tampa Blockade the .LB. Noyes, on fire to prevent its the grave of Darwin B.Givens states that, Runners" and a County Historical capture. The raiders then proceeded as a small boy, he alerted Tampa of the Marker for "Battlefield" tell the story to Ballast Point where they were 1864 Union invasion with the cry "the of the Hillsborough River Raid and attacked by 40 Confederate troops devils are coming." A small stone marker the ensuing Battle of Ballast Point. commanded by Captain John Westcoti notes that an 8-inch shell landed in the In October 1863, as the Union of the 2nd Florida Infantry Battalion cemetery during the bombardment of vessels and USS as they embarked to return to then f USS Tahoma Adela Tampa by the USS Sagamore on June bombarded Fort Brooke and Tampa, a ships. In the ensuing skirmish, the

30-July 1, 1862. Another small stone raiding party of 106 sailors with two Union force suffered three de.\d. ten marker was erected in 1975 by the United local Unionist guides commanded In wounded. .\\\d (i\i taken prisoner while lost six Daughters of the Confederacy in memory Acting Master Thomas I [arris landed the ( onfederates killed and an of the Confederate soldiers and sailors at Gadsden Point and made their way undetermined number ol wounded. In interred here, and another was placed here northward. In the Hillsborough River 2008, underwatei archaeologists from

for Union soldiers by the Daughters "I near present <\.\\ 1 own Park, the\ the 1 lorida Aquarium in Hunpa located Union Veterans. located two blockade runners owned the remains of the Kate Ili/e in the CENTRAL WEST REGION

Hillsborough River near Lowry Park, and in 2009 the remains of the Scottish Chief'were located further down river. An exhibit at the Florida Aquarium on local Civil War shipwrecks is in the planning stages.

Colt Navy Revolver with Florida and Confederate currency. (Image courtesy ol the Museum ol Florida History)

Woodlawn Cemetery monument was erected by the Grand 3412 Ola Avenue Army of the Republic's Woman's

This cemetery contains side by side plots Relief Corps, and is surrounded by 21 of Confederate and Union veterans marked veterans' graves. Among the each with their own monument. The Union veterans buried elsewhere in Confederate monument was erected this cemetery are two in 1913 by the United Confederate recipients, one from the Battle of Union Monument and Union graves, Veterans and lists the names of the Gettysburg and the other from the Woodlawn Cemetery, Tampa. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network) 30 veterans buried there. The Union of Vicksburg.

Florida Brigade in the after which they participated in the Siege http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/ etd-08232008-1 04040/ (Pending Western Theater of Jackson. In September 1863, the Florida troops publication, University of Alabama In April 1862, the 1st Florida fought with the Army of Tennessee in Press, 201 2) Battalion fought in the Battle of Shiloh, inflicting a severe defeat on the Federals at it suffered heavy casualties. where the Battle of Chickamauga. After this battle, In the of that battle, aftermath a new the various Florida units were merged 1st Florida Regiment was established, into a single Florida Brigade, commanded consisting of the survivors of the Florida by Brigadier General Jesse Finley. They Battalion and six new companies. then took part in the unsuccessful siege Soon other Florida regiments were of Chattanooga and the Confederate sent to reinforce the Confederate army defeat at the Battle of Missionary Ridge. in Tennessee, including the 3rd, 4th, In 1864, they defended Atlanta and 6th, and 7th Florida Infantry and the participated in the Tennessee Campaign 1st Florida Cavalry. They took part and the disastrous Battles of Franklin and in the 1862 Confederate invasion Nashville. The remnants ended the war of Kentucky, with the 1st and 3rd in North Carolina in the spring of 1865, Regiments being heavily at engaged surrendering just 351 survivors. the in October. After To learn more, see: "By the Noble Perryville, the 1st and 3rd Regiments Daring of Her Sons: The Florida Brigade were consolidated together and, along of the Army of Tennessee" by Jonathan with the 4th Regiment, suffered heavy Sheppard, Ph.D. dissertation, Florida casualties in the subsequent Battle of Corporal Seaborn Tiller. 6th Florida Infantry. State University, 2008. Available online at: Stones River (Second Murfreesboro), (Image courtesy ol the Museum ot Florida History)

64 CENTRAL WEST REGION

- Pinellas County - was erected by "Confederate Veterans to put a halt to the persecution of and Friends", while the Union monument Union svmpathizers in the area, a force St. Petersburg was erected by the Grand Army of the of Union naw sailors from their base Republic, a Union veteran's organization. at Egmont Key, guided bv local civilian Greenwood Cemetery Unionists, raided the area in February Dr. Martin Luther Kingjr. Street South Miranda Home State 1862. Miranda's home was first shelled and 1 1th Avenue South Historical Marker by the Union navy, and then the raiding \v\\ w. h istoricgreenwood.com force sacked and burned the house. 4th Street South and Oakdale Street South Often called the "Veteran's Cemetery" The Confederates' boats were seized, A State Historical Marker for the due to the number of Civil War soldiers their farm animals were killed, and "Miranda Home" is located in the vicinity and sailors buried here, this cemetery their gardens and orange groves were of the home of Abel Miranda who, with contains the remains of at least 100 destroyed. There were no casualties. his brothers-in-law John and William Confederate and Union veterans. In Following this destruction, Miranda and Bethell, ran a successful fishing operation 1900, two monuments were constructed the Bethells fled to Tampa where John in Big Bayou. Miranda and the Bethells at the center of the cemetery in honor of Bethell joined the ~th Florida Infantry as were prominent Confederate supporters each side. The Confederate monument a lieutenant. who harassed local Unionists. In order

Florida Brigade in the Pickett's Charge and suffered heavy losses. by Brigadier General Joseph Finegan The following year the brigade took part reached the Army of Northern Virginia Eastern Theater in the , losing Perry to and joined their fellow Floridians. The The 2nd Florida Infantry Regiment a wound at the Battle of the Wilderness. additional troops were organized as the

Virginia in July 1 , barely reached 861 By the end of the Overland Campaign, 9th, 10th, and 1 1th Florida Regiments, missing the Battle of First Bull Run reinforcements from Florida commanded and Finegan assumed command of (First Manassas). It fought in the the Florida Brigade. At the /Seven Days Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia

Battles in front of Richmond in the in June 1864, the Floridians late spring and summer of 1 862 again performed heroically, as part of the newly-organized driving back a Union attack Army of Northern Virginia. At the that had briefly penetrated the

Battle of Seven Pines, Virginia in Confederate lines.

May 1862, the unit performed For the remainder of 1 864 heroically in capturing a Union and early 1865, the Floridians

artillery battery but suffered heavy suffered in the siege lines around

casualties. The Floridians fought Petersburg. In March 1865, at the Battles of Second Bull Run Finegan returned to Florida, and (Second Manassas) and Antietam Brigadier General Theodore (Sharpsburg) in that summer and Brevard commanded the fall, as well as at the Battle of brigade during the evacuation Fredericksburg in December. of Richmond and Petersburg In the summer of 1862 they and the subsequent retreat were joined by the 5th and 8th westward until his capture

Florida Regiments, and before the at Sailor's Creek on April 6. end of the year a unified Florida Colonel Lang commanded the Brigade was created under the survivors who surrendered at

command of Brigadier General Appomattox three days later. Edward Perry. The unit fought To learn more, see: A at the Battle of Chancellorsville Small but Spartan Band: in April-May 1863 and at the The Florida Brigade in Lee's Battle of Gettysburg that summer. Army of Northern Virginia by With Perry sidelined by illness, Zack C Waters and James Colonel David Lang commanded C. Edmonds, University of the brigade during latter the Alabama Press. 2010. campaign, during which they 'The Florida Brigade at Cold Hart) 'June 3, 1864, Cold Harbor, Virginia. launched an assault in support of (Artist: Jackson Walker, Image courtesy ol th

65 SOUTHWEST REGION Hendry County LaBelle In the first 60 years of the Fort Thompson State nineteenth century, Historical Marker the Seminole Indians State Road 80 fought three wars against A State Historical Marker is located American at the site of Fort Thompson, which expansion into was constructed in the late 1830s on their territory. A the Caloosahatchee River for use as a few Seminoles, military supply post during the Second led by Tiger Tail Seminole War. During the Civil War, the and the aged Sam Confederates used this area to raise cattle Jones, remained in and, in January 1864, a Union scouting south Florida at the expedition from Fort Myers skirmished outbreak of the Civil with Confederate pickets at this site. In War. A concern at the February 1865, Fort Thompson was used time was that the as the staging area for the Confederate remaining Indians "Cow Cavalry" forces who conducted might create unrest an unsuccessful attack on Fort Myers. along the southern Captain Francis A. Hendry (center left, standing) with group of Seminole Indians, Civil War. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida) Captain Francis Asbury Hendry, who had frontier. In the latter pOSt led a company of Confederate troops in part of 1862, false the February 1865 attack on Fort Myers, rumors circulated that the Seminoles had this period was that more than 60 acquired the property after the war, in murdered several settlers in the Peace Seminoles had enlisted to serve in a 1879. He established a cattle ranch there, River Valley. Confederate company. Nothing more

heard of this unit it likely and a town soon grew along its western A state agent met with Sam Jones was and most boundary. By the early 1900's, the former in 1863 and became convinced that the never actually existed. The end of the in of fort site had become the cattle and citrus Seminoles planned to take no part in war came the spring 1865, and town of LaBelle. the fighting. At another meeting in early true to their word the Seminoles had 1864, the Indians again proclaimed a not become involved in the conflict. desire for neutrality, but at about the To learn more, see: "Unforgotten

Lee County same time another group visited Union- Threat: Florida Seminoles in the Civil occupied Fort Myers. Likely they hoped War" by Robert A. Taylor, The Florida

Fort Myers to maintain good relations with both Historical Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 3, sides. A dubious claim made during January 1991. Established by the U.S. Army in 1850 as a military supply post, Fort Myers launched from Fort Myers in 1864 and became the principal base for military Fort Myers. On February 20, 1865, a early 1865, a force of Confederate "Cow operations into the Big Cypress Swamp Confederate force of some 275 men of Cavalry" attacked the post in February during the Third Seminole War of Florida's "Cow Cavalry" commanded 1865. The attack was repulsed with light 1855-1858. With the end of the war by Major William Footman launched casualties for both sides. Despite the in 1858, the post was abandoned. In an attack with one artillery piece on Confederate failure to capture the post, December 1863, a small Union force the Union garrison at Fort Myers. The Union authorities evacuated Fort Myers occupied Useppa Island, and in January Union force, with two cannons, consisted in March 1865, and temporarily moved 1864 Union troops reoccupied Fort of approximately 250 men of the 2nd some of the troops to Punta Rassa before Myers as a base of operations for raids Florida Union Cavalry and the 2nd completely withdrawing from the area. into the interior to disrupt Confederate U.S. Colored Infantry commanded by cattle supplies and to provide a refuge Captain James Doyle. After surprising for escaped slaves, Confederate deserters, Fort Myers Attack and attacking Union pickets and a and Unionist refugees. In response, the State Historical Marker laundry detail outside the fort, Major Confederate government established Between Southwest Florida Museum of Footman demanded the surrender of Library a military unit to defend Florida cattle History & Lee County the fort. The demand was refused and, herds composed of South Florida A State Historical Marker for "The after a lengthy skirmish, the Confederate residents, known as the "Cow Cavalry." Attack On Fort Myers" contains details forces withdrew under cover of darkness. After a series of destructive Union raids on the Confederate attempt to capture Casualties on both sides were light. SOUTHWEST REGION Monument to Union Manhattan Pocket Revolver. U. S. Colored Troops (Image courtesy of the 2100 Edwards Drive Museum of Florida History)

Installed in 2000, the Civil War's "2nd Southwest

Regiment Infantry, U. S. Colored Florida Museum Troops" monument is dedicated to the of History black Union soldiers who defended the 2301 Jackson Street Federal post at Fort Myers against the 239.321.7430 Confederate attack in February 1865. www.s wflmuseiimomistory.com A single black soldier standing at ease Housed in the former 1924 Atlantic with his before a wall with a gate Coastline Railroad Depot, the Museum represents the gateway to freedom from contains exhibits on the history of slavery. Also known as the "Sgt. Clayton" Fort Myers and Southwest Florida, an statue for the ton of clay required to extensive local artifact collection, and is interpreted through exhibits featuring sculpt the bronze figure, the monument is an archival collection with photos, period artifacts and a scale model of the located in Fort Myers' Centennial Park. maps, and other documents available lor February 1865 Confederate attack on the researchers. Civil War activity in the area Federal post at Fort Myers.

African American expedition of March 1865, in which the 2nd and the 99th U.S. Colored Military Units in Florida Infantry played a major role in the During the Union occupations engagement at Natural Bridge. of Jacksonville, Florida slaves and To learn more, see: "They Fought

free blacks flocked to the protection Like Devils: Black Troops in Florida of the Northern military. Many were During the Civil War" by David Carolina, sent to Beaufort, South J. Coles, in Florida's Heritage of where three black regiments were Diversity: Essays in Honor of Samuel eventually organized, with more Proctor, Sentry Press, 1997.

than 1 ,000 recruits coming from Florida. Abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson led the 1st South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiment on a raid up

the St. Mary's River in January 1863,

the first use of black troops in Florida.

Two months later, the 1st and 2nd South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiments

landed at Jacksonville, occupying the town for several weeks.

In the 1864 Olustee campaign, black regiments, including the 8th and the 35th U.S. Colored Infantry, and the famed 54th Massachusetts Infantry, comprised a large percentage of the Union force, with the latter two units protecting

the defeated Union army as it retreated to Jacksonville. Black units

participated in subsequent military

operations in Florida, including the the skirmish expedition to Marianna, Private Robert J. Jones, 54th Massachusetts at Station No. 4, and the defense Infantry Regiment. Reported as wounded of Fort Myers. The last operation and missing at the Battle of Olustee and presumably died while a prisoner. of significance was the St. Marks (image courtesy of the Stale Archives of Florida) Union Black Soldiers Monument, Fort Myers. (Image courtesy of William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network!

67 SOUTHWEST REGION

their 1864 occupation of Manatee, Manatee Burying while the infantry encamped on the Ground Cemetery Curry property. At the end of the war, 15th Street East Curry played a major role in assisting This cemetery contains the remains of Confederate Secretary of State Judah at least ten Confederate veterans and P. Benjamin during his flight through officials including three delegates to the the area to England. Two of the Curry Florida Secession Convention - Ezekiel Settlement Homes are in the process of Glazier, James G. Cooper, and Dr. John being restored for public interpretation. C. Pelot, as well as at least three Union veterans including Brigadier General John First Manatee Riggin who served as an aide to General

County Courthouse Ulysses S. Grant. Also buried here is 1404 Manatee Avenue East blockade runner Captain Frederick Tresca 941.749.7165 First Manatee County Courthouse. Bradenton. who, after the fall of the Confederacy, (Image courtesy ol the Manatee County Historical Commission) www. manateeclerk.com/historical/ played a major role in aiding Confederate ManateeVillage.aspx Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin Constructed in this small Manatee County 1860, wood evade capture and escape through framed building is believed to be the southwest Florida to and oldest remaining county courthouse Bradenton then to England in 1865. Another built for that purpose in Florida. blockade runner who assisted Benjamin In August 1864, naval forces Union During the Civil War, the courthouse in his escape, Archibald McNeill, is raided the Village of Manatee (now served as the political and judicial believed to be buried here in an unmarked known as Bradenton) and destroyed center of Manatee County which at grave. A State Historical Marker for the a large saw and grist mill owned by that time also included present-day cemetery is located at the site. John Curry and others. Later that Charlotte, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, same month, Union soldiers the of Highlands, and Sarasota Counties. Manatee County 2nd U.S. Colored Infantry landed at Throughout the war, the Manatee the Village of Manatee and occupied Historical Records County Commission met at the the town for several weeks. In 1924, a courthouse in emergency sessions to Library Confederate was erected in monument distribute available food and money 1405 4th Avenue West Bradenton by the United Daughters 941.741.4070 of to families whose male members were the Confederacy on the grounds of the www.manateeclerk.com/historical/ serving in the Confederate military Manatee County Courthouse. HistoricalLibrary.aspx or who had died while in the service. Located in the restored 1918 Carnegie In 1975, the courthouse building Library building, the library contains Curry Settlement Homes was relocated to the Manatee Village governmental records dating back to 1855. 1300 Block of 4th Avenue East Historical Park where it was restored and County historical records, some of the 941.746.2035 opened as part of the Park's exhibition www.reflectionsofmanatee.com Civil War era, are available to researchers, on Manatee County pioneer life. Originally from Key West, John W. including deed books, marriage licenses, Curry relocated his family to Manatee probate files, court records, County in 1860 and constructed several houses Commission minute books, maps, soldiers close to the Manatee Mineral Spring and sailors discharge books, and records before and following the Civil War. regarding the marks, brands and During the Civil War, Curry sold a numbers of cattle shipped number of vessels to the Confederacy and sold in the area. for use as blockade runners, and he and other family members served in the local Home Guard militia. One of his sons, Samuel G. Curry, served in the 7th Florida Infantry and the Confederate navy, including service on the gunboat CSS Chattahoochee

on the Apalachicola River. One of Pocketwatch carried by a Confederate soldier. the Curry houses was used by Union (Image courtesy ol the Museum ol Florida History) Union Sunglasses. (Maple leal collection, Image courtesy ol troops as officers quarters during the Flonda Bureau ol Archaeological Research and the U. S. Army) SOUTHWEST REGION

Civil War exhibit at South Florida Museum, Bradenton. (image courtesy ot the south Florida Museum) South Florida Museum Ellenton Louisiana-based owners. Blockade runner 201 10th Street West Captain Archibald McNeill became the 941.746.4131 Gamble Plantation caretaker of the plantation, and lived in www.southfloridamusciim.org Historic State Park the mansion until 1873. In August 1864, a Union navy raiding force destroyed the The museum's "River Heritage Hall" 3708 Patten Avenue presents information about the 19th 941.723.4536 Gamble Plantation sugar mill but left the century history of the region. An www. floridast.ucparks.org/gambleplantation mansion untouched. With the collapse of the Confederacy, Confederate Secretary of exhibit case of Civil War artifacts Major Robert Gamble began a 3,500-acre State Judah P. Benjamin Bed to Manatee features an Enfield rifle-musket and a sugar plantation on this site in 1844, and County in May 1865 during his eventual Union naval . A separate exhibit constructed the Gamble Mansion and escape to England. Captain McNeill on medical history includes an ivory- a sugar mill or brick and tabby between assisted Benjamin in eluding the Federal handled Civil War period surgeon's kit 1845 and 1856. The Gamble family sold troops, and Benjamin was hidden briefly that was found in the attic of an old the plantation in 1858, and in the spring at the Mansion before escaping house in Tallahassee in 1929. of 1862 the Confederate government Gamble Florida by boar. In 1925, the United expropriated the plantation from its new Daughters of the Confederacy purchased the Gamble Mansion, which had fallen into a state of neglect aiu\ disrepair, along with 16 acres. In 1926, the\ donated the Gamble Mansion to the State of

Florida for use as the Judah P. Benjamin

C Confederate Memorial, but continued to

manage it until 1949. Twenty additional acres including the sugar mill ruins were purchased by the state in 2002. The only surviving antebellum plantation house

in South Florida, the Gamble Mansion

is decorated with period furnishings. A

separate \ isitoi center museum contains

exhibit materials on the Imtoi \ oi the plantation. The park also contains a

I niteJ 1 ).iught cis oi the t lonfederac) (UD( records and archives building, a

small granite monument to (. onlcdci.iu veterans erected bj thcUDCin 1937,

.\nd the c. 1 SS5 Patten I louse operated In theUD<

Gamble Plantation, Ellenton. (Image courtesy ol William Lees. Florida Public Archaeology Network!

69 SOUTHEAST REGION Miami City of Miami Cemetery 1800 NE 2nd Avenue 305.579.6938 www.miaiTiigov.com/Parks/pages/park_ listings/cemetery.asp

Founded in 1897, Miami's oldest cemetery contains the remains of at least 66 Confederate veterans and 27 Union veterans. A Confederate monument erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and

surrounded by Confederate graves is n fib &z2i$:yk*'~ ? ??• located in a traffic circle near the center of the cemetery. Originally erected in 1913 at the Dade County Courthouse grounds and dedicated the following year, the monument was relocated to this cemetery when a new county courthouse was constructed in 1927. The monument was heavily damaged in a subsequent hurricane, most likely

in 1935, when its spire portion was broken off and never replaced. A State Historical Marker for the "Miami City

Cemetery" is located at the site and

provides information on its history.

* wKM • Cape Florida Lighthouse, Key Biscayne. (Image courtesy of the Florida Park Service)

— Miami-Dade County — , the Union commander at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. Key Biscayne With the advent of the Civil War, Confederate sympathizers overwhelmed Cape Florida Lighthouse the lighthouse keeper in August 1861, Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park damaged the central prism, and removed 305.361.5811 the reflector, rendering the lamp too www.floridastateparks.org/capeflorida dim for visibility by ships. In April 1862, protect To shipping in the hazardous a group of carpenters accompanied by Straits of Florida, Congress authorized troops of the 47 th Pennsylvania Infantry the construction of the Cape Florida were sent to repair the lighthouse by Lighthouse in 1822. The first lighting Union authorities. With their limited occurred on December 17, 1825. In resources, they found the damage to be July 1836, an Indian attack in the too extensive to repair, and the lighthouse early months of the Second Seminole remained darkened for the duration of the War resulted in heavy damage to the war. Lighthouse service was restored on tower. Rebuilt in 1846, the tower was April 15, 1866. Service was discontinued to heightened 95 feet in 1855 under the in 1878. Confederate Monument, Miami City Cemetery. direction of Lieutenant, later General, (Image courtesy ol William Lees, Florida Public Archaeology Network)

70 SOUTHEAST REGION

Flags

During the Civil War, flags served as important symbols of the two

warring political entities, but also had the practical application of marking the

positions of units on the battlefield. When Florida seceded from the Union, "The Ladies Of Broward's Neck" from Duval County presented a secession flag they had made for the occasion that proclaimed: THE RIGHTS OF THE SOUTH AT ALL HAZARDS!

Another secession-era flag, raised over Fort Barrancas and the Pensacola Navy 5th Florida Infantry Regiment flag. Yard, was a copy of the United States (Image courtesy of the Museum ot Florida History) flag, except that the canton contained a

single large star. Later in 1861 , Governor field. Most Florida regiments carried Perry chose a new state flag design, but various examples of this banner,

it does not appear to have been flown usually square-shaped but sometimes and no example survives. rectangular, and some emblazoned

In its short history, the Confederate with the unit's number and battle States of America adopted a number of honors. Regiments at times had to

flags. The First National flag, or Stars and replace their flags; some were battle-

Bars, was adopted in 1 861 . Early in the damaged, retired from service and Union Soldier Monument, Woodlawn Park war, flags of this design were presented sent to the governor, while others Cemetery, Miami. by women to local companies of Florida were captured. At Gettysburg, two (Image courtesy ol Sarah Nohe, Florida Public Archaeology Network) volunteers. Some companies, however, Florida regiments lost their colors, Union Monument received unique banners. Perhaps the with the 2nd Florida Infantry's silk 3260 SW 8th Street most well-known example is that of presentation flag being captured St. Augustine's Florida the unit in of Located in Woodlawn Park Cemetery, Independent as advanced support Blues, defiantly inscribed: FATE Pickett's Charge. this sculptured monument of a Union ANY BUT SUBMISSION. As companies were In 1863 the Confederate Congress soldier, which is very unusual for a Southern cemetery, was dedicated by the organized into regiments and sent adopted the "Stainless Banner". Only Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), outside the state to fight, the company one Florida unit flag of this Second flags regimental flags. National pattern is to exist, an a Union were replaced by known Desiring a distinctive emblem inscribed banner of the consolidated

organization, for the use of troops in the field, the 1st and 4th Florida Regiment. Confederate military adopted the In March 1865, the Confederate in 1939. It famous battle flag bearing stars on government adopted the Third greeting* fvom is believed National flag. of to be the a blue St. Andrews Cross on a red One known example this pattern is that of the 5th GRAND ARMY OK THE REPUR1 southernmost C«p€. C Row, N-' J Florida Cavalry Battalion, location Bl.nth, Ffai mt Ub, inscribed with battle honors a a.. of GAR for the Battles of Olustee monument in Natural Bridge. the country. and To learn more, see: "Battle

Flags of Florida Troops in Confederate Service" by Daisy Parker, Apalachee,

No .3. 1948-1950.

1 st and 4th Florida Regiment Union veterans reunion ribbon and (consolidated) Hag. Miami Union Monument medal, 1930s ftmige counesy of the Museum or Ronda Htetoryi (Images courtesy ol Frederick Gaske, Historic Preservation Services) .

SOUTHEAST REGION

from , and the fort was secured for the Union. In May 1861, Meigs was promoted to brigadier general and served as the Quartermaster General of the Union Army during the Civil War. For the remainder of the Civil War, Fort Jefferson served as an important Union military post and a military prison. At one point,

it was home to some 2,000 occupants, including soldiers, their families, laborers, and prisoners. Injulv 1865, Fort Jefferson

received its most infamous prisoners when four men convicted for conspiracy in the Fort Jefferson. (Image courtesy of the State Archives ol Florida) assassination of President Lincoln were Monroe County 30 years until after the advent of rifled imprisoned there, including Dr. Samuel cannon made the 8-foot thick walls Mudd, the Maryland physician who had Garden Key obsolete. With the threat of Florida's set the broken leg ofJohn Wilkes Booth. secession from the Union in late 1860, the During a yellow fever outbreak in 1867, Fort Jefferson superintending engineer for construction after the prison doctor died, Dr. Mudd National Park at Fort Jefferson, Captain Montgomery risked his life to provide treatment to his 305.242.7700 C. Meigs, called for reinforcements to jailers and the soldiers of the fort. Due

WWW.nps.gov/drtO prevent its seizure by Southern militia. In largely in part to this life-saving service, Construction on the "Gibraltar of the response, the gunboat USS Mohawk was President Andrew Johnson pardoned

Gulf?' Fort Jefferson, began in 1846 at sent from Key West in November 1 860 Mudd in 1869. As one of the most remote the western end of the to to discourage any seizure attempts. In parks in the national parks system, Fort protect the Florida Straits. The largest all- January 1861, after Florida had seceded Jefferson is accessible only by boat and masonry fort in the Western Hemisphere, from the Union, a force of 66 men of the seaplane which depart from Key West, 70 construction on the fort continued for 2nd U.S. Artillerv arrived at Fort Jefferson miles awav.

Blockade the sugar and salt-making industries Bahamas. The squadron headquarters along the Florida coast, provided haven was at Key West, which was also home Adapting an element of General for Unionist refugees and escaped slaves, to the prize court where captured 's "" for conducted raids, and participated in blockade runners were condemned and a Federal victory, President Abraham combined operations with Union army sold at auction. Lincoln declared a blockade of the forces. EGBS vessels were generally To learn more, see: Blockaders, Confederate states in April 1861 stationed at St. Andrew Bay, St. Joseph's Refugees & Contrabands: Civil War Secretary of the Navy Bay, Apalachicola, St. Marks, Cedar Key, on Florida 's Gulf Coast, 1861-1865 by established several squadrons to Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Jupiter Inlet, George Buker, University of Alabama blockade the Confederate coastline. and Indian River. Some also patrolled the Press, 1993. Created in early 1 862, the East Gulf northern coast of Cuba and the northern Blockading Squadron (EGBS) had responsibility for the blockade of the Florida peninsula from Cape Canaveral

on the Atlantic coast to St. Andrew

Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. In northeast Florida, Femandina became a center of operations for the South Atlantic

Blockading Squadron after its capture

by Union forces in March 1 862. After its

recapture in May 1862, the Pensacola Navy Yard served as an important depot for the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. The EGBS captured or destroyed over 280 blockade-runners valued at more than $7 million, heavily damaged

72 SOUTHEAST REGION Key West had maintained a presence on the island command of Major William H. French since 1822. In 1845, construction began arrived in March 1861, and, in May 1861, By the time of the Civil War, Key West on a massive brick fortification to protect Major French placed Key West under was Florida's second largest city with the harbor. It was named Fort Zachary martial law. Key West had been secured an economy based largely on maritime Taylor in 1850. In January 1861, after and remained in Union possession activities including wrecking, or marine receiving word that Florida had seceded throughout the Civil War. It served as salvage activity, on ships wrecked on the from the Union, the small U.S. Army an important supply base and naval nearby . Due to its strategic force stationed in Key West under the fueling depot. The headquarters of both location astride the and deep command of Captain James M. Brannan the U.S. Navy's East Gulf Blockading channels which provided protected moved into Fort Taylor and strengthened Squadron and the U.S. Armv's District anchorage, the United States military its defenses. Reinforcements under the of Kev West and Tortugas were located in Kev West during the war. Nearly 300 captured Confederate blockade runner to proceed from Macon, Georgia to ships were brought before the Kev West occupy Tallahassee and receive the prize court to be condemned for sale at surrender there. McCook arrived in the auction. To bolster the city's defenses, capital on May 10, with a final transfer construction was begun on two additional of power ceremony taking place on fortifications, the East and West Martello May 20. Not until June did the final Towers, in 1862. Confederates in the southern part of the peninsula capitulate. Another aspect of the war's end Civil War Monuments Union was the escape of various Confederate Monument Greene and Whitehead Streets officials who hoped to reach safety in this in Cuba or the Bahamas by traveling Located Clinton Square Park, through Florida. Secretary of State obelisk monument was erected in 1866 of West, in Judah P. Benjamin eluded his pursuers by the Navy Club Key honor by traveling down the Florida Gulf coast of the Union troops who died while and staying at the Gamble Mansion on stationed at Key West during the war. It is Secretary of Confederate State the Manatee River before reaching Cuba. believed to be the oldest extant Civil War Judah P. Benjamin. Meanwhile another group, including monument in the state, and one or the (Image courtesy of the Stale Archives of Florida) Confederate Secretary of War John C. oldest in the country. End of War and Escape Breckinridge, likewise reached safety Union Yellow Fever Monument of Confederate Officials in Cuba. Confederate Attorney General 1500 Block ol Truman Avenue

The surrender of General Robert George Davis hid out in the state for Located in Bavvicw Park, the monument E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia on several months before attempting was erected bv the State ot New York April 9, 1865 set in motion events that passage to the Bahamas in a small boat. following the Civil War, in memory ot led to the conflict's conclusion. News Unsuccessful, he was forced into Key the men ot the 90th and 91st New York surrendered. reached Florida about a week later, West, where he Infantry who perished in Key West in followed shortly by word of President To learn more, see: "The Surrender 1862, mainly from yellow (ever. Lincoln's assassination. Shocking as of Tallahassee" by James P. Jones and these events were, Lee's capitulation William Warren Rogers, Apalachee, No. East and West had not included Confederate units 6, 1963-1967. And: Flight Into Oblivion Martello Towers in Florida. Major General Sam Jones, by Alfred East Martello Tower who commanded Confederate forces in Jackson Hanna, 350 1 South Roosevelt Boulevard the state, initially called for continued Louisiana State 305.296.391 I University Press, resistance. He soon learned, however, m w w.kw ahs.com mai tdlchtm that General Joseph E. Johnston was 1999 (reprint of West Martello I out) negotiating the surrender of his Army 1938 edition, l loo Atlantic Boulevard of Tennessee as well. The provisions of with forward by 105.294.3210 William C. Davis). Johnston's April 26 surrender included w u vv.lccywcstgardcnclub.com the capitulation of Confederate troops In 1862, the Union military began in Florida. Union Major General James construction on two fortifications, Wilson ordered Brigadier General as the 1 ast Union Brigadier General Edward M McCook. known and Wcsi Martello Edward McCook of his command lowers, on the south short ot kev Woi

73 SOUTHEAST REGION

Fort , Key West, (image courtesy ot the Florida Park Service) to provide defensive support to Fort modified by the military during the items included numerous cannons, Zachary Taylor. The West Martello Spanish American War and later periods. gun cradles, carriages, a desalinization Tower was built about one and one-half plant, and more than 1,000 cannonballs miles east of Fort Taylor, and the East Fort Zachary Taylor and projectiles. Today, Fort Taylor is Martello Tower is located two miles Historic State Park considered to have the largest collection east of the West Tower. Construction of Civil War era cannons in the United Southard Street continued throughout the Civil War 305.292.6713 States, with others still buried in the years. The masonry work was substantially www.floridastateparks.org/forttaylor casements. In 1976, the U.S. Department completed by the end of the war, but the www.forttaylor.org of the Interior transferred Fort Taylor to outer works were never finished and no Sited to protect the strategic harbor at the State of Florida for use as a state park armament was installed. The wartime Key West, construction of Fort Zachary facility. The park is the site of the annual development of rifled artillery rendered Taylor began in 1845 some 1,200 feet Key West Civil War Heritage Days such masonry fortifications obsolete, offshore from the city. After Florida festival in February, with Confederate and by 1866 construction of the original seceded from the Union in January and Union reenactors participating in plans was suspended. In 1947, the 1861, U.S. Army Captain James Brannan public events and activities, including a structures were declared surplus by the moved his troops from the city into the sea battle with schooners. sold U.S. Army and to Monroe County, fort to prevent its seizure by Florida which later leased East Martello to the militia. For the remainder of the war, Hemingway House Key West Art & Historical Society and Fort Taylor served as an important 907 Whitehead Street West Martello to the Key West Garden Union military post, and by 1865 was 305.294.1136 Club. East Martello is operated as a armed with approximately 150 cannons www-.hemingwayhome.com museum with a large collection of Key of varying sizes. Fort Taylor continued Constructed in c.1850, this house was the West artifacts, historical records, and in service as an army post until 1947 residence of prosperous businessman Asa military memorabilia including Civil War when it was decommissioned by the F. Tift, a delegate to the Florida Secession objects. At West Martello, a permanent U.S. Army, and was then utilized by the Convention who fled to Georgia after the horticultural exhibit on the grounds U.S. Navy as a storage facility. In the occupation of Key West by Union forces is maintained by the Garden Club. Of mid 1960s, the US. Navy deposited in 1861. With his brother Nelson Tift of the two fortifications, the East Martello dredging fill at the fort, connecting it to Albany, Georgia, Asa Tift designed and Tower has retained more of its Civil War the mainland. In 1968, excavations of the financed the construction of Confederate appearance and has essentially survived casements unearthed many of the original ironclads during the Civil War including in the form of its original construction, armaments from the fort. Recovered the CSS Mississippi at New Orleans and while the West Martello Tower was the CSS Atlanta at Savannah, Georgia.

74 SOUTHEAST REGION

Key West Cemetery Navy Squadron at Mobile, Alabama, Civil War, Mallory, Jr. served in both the 701 Passover Lane including service on the gunboat CSS Confederate army and navy. The property 305.292.8177 Gaines and the ironclad ram CSS was acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1895. www.kcywcstcity.com/cgov/ Tennessee. He surrendered and was 5884961 6888.htm docs/ 11 paroled in May 1865. Naval Base Key West Founded in 1847, this cemetery contains The U.S. Navy first established a naval the remains of numerous Civil War army mallory homesite base at Key West in 1823 for the and navy veterans, both Confederate Historical Marker suppression of in the Caribbean and Union, with many buried in special Front and Whitehead Streets Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. During the veterans sections. Among the Confederate Located in Clinton Square Park, this Civil War, Key West was the headquarters veterans buried here is Captain Henry marker was erected by the Historical of the U.S. Navy's East Gulf Blockading Mulrennan who commanded "The Key Association of Southern Florida near the Squadron, which had responsibility for Avengers", West a company formed from the blockade the Florida peninsula site of where the Mallory family home of men who fled Union-held Key West. The stood from 1839 to 1895. Stephen R. from Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic unit first served in the Confederate Coast Mallory was serving as United States coast to St. Andrew Bay in the Gulf of Guard at Tampa and later in the 7th Senator when Florida seceded from the Mexico. Surviving buildings used by the Florida Infantry in the western theater. Union in 1861. He resigned his Senate Union navy during the Civil War include: After being captured and held in a Union seat and was appointed Confederate United States Marine Hospital prison camp in New York, Mulrennan Secretary of the Navy, a position he 401 Emma Street returned to Key West and was elected held until the end of the war. His son, Designed by Robert Mills, designer or the mayor in the postwar period. Stephen R. Mallory, Jr., was raised in the Washington Monument, this building

house and later owned it. During the was constructed in 1845 and was used lor treatment of Union military personnel 938 Whitehead Street 305.294.0012 www.kwahs.com/lighthouse.htm Stephen Mallory The present Key West Lighthouse was Stephen Mallory of Key West constructed in 1847 to replace the earlier served as Confederate Secretary of 1825 lighthouse destroyed by the hurricane Navy from 1861 until 1865, the only of 1846, and was an important navigational individual to serve in the same cabinet aid during the Civil War. Due to the quick position throughout the existence action o{ Union forces in securing Key of the Confederacy. A U.S. Senator West, the lighthouse did not go dark in before the war, Mallory promoted 1861 as most Florida lighthouses did, the establishment of a naval base although the 79-year-old lighthouse at Key West, introduced bills to keeper, Barbara Mabrity, was suspected of construct maritime hospitals at several being a Confederate sympathizer. In 1864, Florida locations, and supported the the 82-year-old Mabrity was removed construction of new warships. Mallory from her job, after she refused to retire, supported secession, but hoped to avoid for being disloyal to the Union. She had war. Before resigning his senate seat held the position since 1832 when she in January 1861, he helped negotiate a replaced her husband as keeper when he truce between U.S. and Southern forces Confederate Secretary of Navy Stephen Mallory. died. The lighthouse and the adjacent (Image courtesy ol the State Archives ot Florida) at Pensacola. He returned to Florida, 1886 lighthouse keeper's quarters are now but the following month Confederate president's party until early May 1865, operated as a museum by the Key West President Jefferson Davis selected him when he resigned to return to Florida. He Art & Historical Society. as Secretary of the Navy. was imprisoned by Federal authorities "Key West Oldest House" Aware that the Confederacy could until March 1866. Subsequently he not match the Union navy ship for ship, practiced law in Pensacola, never again 322 Duval Street Mallory promoted the use of commerce holding public office. He died in 1873. 305.294.9501 raiders and ironclad vessels, as well To learn more, see: Stephen Russell www.oirf.org/museum.htm as , underwater mines, Mallory, A Biography of the Confederate Constructed in c. 1829 and moved to its and heavy rifled cannon. At war's end, Navy Secretary and United States current location in c. 1836, this house was Mallory evacuated Richmond with Senator by Rodman L. Underwood. the residence of Francis Watlington, who President Davis, remaining with the McFarland & Company, 2005. served as a lieutenant in the Confederate

75 .

SOUTHEAST REGION including victims of the yellow fever West Palm Beach Daughters of the Confederacy in epidemics which swept Key West during 1941. Also buried in this cemetery the Civil War. Woodlawn Cemetery are approximately 30 Union veterans Clinton Square Market U.S. Highway 1 including Willmon Whilldin of the 6th Infantry 291 Front Street In a roundabout at its center, this who was mayor of West Palm Beach in the Constructed in 1856-1861, this building was cemetery contains a Confederate postwar period. used by the Union navy as a coal depot and monument erected by the United

storehouse for its vessels on blockading duty. Pensions Widow's Pension — Palm Beach County — In 1885, the Florida legislature UNDER THE ACT OF 1909 Jupiter passed one of the first true pension Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse laws in the South, STATE OF FLORIDA, 500 Captain Armour's Way authorizing Coootj of . 561.747.8380 payments to On tU«...j2^.

a D.1 . /fr*<. before me, ' wuw.lrhs.org Confederate append i.JT.fT.

The Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse is the veterans unfit to oldest surviving structure in Palm Beach work as a result of County. Designed by then-Lieutenant wounds. An 1887

: the is the widow ot-J/tZ££*£««<£, _>i=-ta/h^^^C. George Gordon Meade, who would later revision authorized command the Union Army at the Battle pensions to current of Gettysburg, it was completed and lit on state residents July 10, 1860, after a six year construction who had served in period. Determining the light to be of units from other Confederate states, use to Union ships and a detriment to Tint be also served. their cause, Confederate sympathizers greatly increasing took control of the lighthouse in August the number 1861. They removed lamps and burners of pensioners. from the light, and buried the equipment. The legislature Throughout most of the war, Jupiter next authorized

Inlet was an active area for Confederate pensions to the n« ». „, ^,My MWW ...... *p&^J=<&*<4L Shu*^- blockade running and, by the end of the widows of veterans -*l«* •«j*Atx4\.j&**?, *%&&** war, Union blockading ships had captured who had been or sunk over 50 Confederate boats in killed or died of and around the inlet. The Union navy wounds. Eventually, also sent numerous raiding expeditions pension rules into the area. In the summer of 1862, permitted widows Union sailors landed and broke into the who had married 1909." Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse and confiscated their husbands Florida Confederate Widow's Pension Claim, (Image courtesy ol the State Archives of Florida) journals and other lighthouse records. In decades after the February 1863, another Union raiding war to receive Confederate soldiers. The number of force uncovered the hidden lighthouse pensions. By 1910, Florida had 5,905 widows dwindled until April 1985, its of apparatus and brought it to Key West, veterans and widows on pension when Nena Feagle Columbia County but the lighthouse remained darkened rolls, and paid out $644,606 in benefits. died, marking the end of a century of for the duration of the war. The Jupiter The last surviving veteran pensioner welfare provided by Florida to Civil War Inlet Light returned to operation in June was William A. Lundy, who claimed veterans and widows.

1866. The lighthouse is now part of the service in the Alabama Home Guard. To learn more, see: "Florida Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse and Museum During the last years of his life, Lundy Confederate Pension Application complex operated by the Loxahatchee reached celebrity status as one of the Files," State Library & Archives of

River Historical Society. Located in a last Confederate veterans, although Florida. Available online at: http:// restored World War II barracks building, recent research casts strong doubt www.floridamemory.com/collections/ the museum contains exhibits on local on his service claim. His death in pensionfiles history, including the Civil War. 1 957 ended 72 years of benefits to

76 3

OUT-OF-STATE SITES

in 1954, the Florida Monument is Confederate brigade at Gettysburg. The located on former national park property Florida Monument was dedicated on which was later deeded back to the City July 3, 1963; the 100th anniversary of of Vicksburg. This granite monolith the Florida Brigade's assault to assist monument commemorates the service of Pickett's Charge. An iron marker with the three Florida regiments in General information on the Florida Brigade at Joseph E.Johnston's Army of Relief which the Battle of Gettysburg was erected was unable to break the Union siege of on West Confederate Avenue in 1902 Vicksburg in 1863. by the Gettysburg National Military Park Commission, and then replaced with a larger bronze marker in 1910. — Florida Brigade iron PENNSYLVANIA- A second marker FLORIDA Monument, was erected by the Commission on Gettysburg Emmitsburg Road. West Confederate Avenue Gettysburg National Military Park TENNESSEE 717.334.1124 www.nps.gov/gctt Florida Monument,

Florida Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield, At the Battle of Gettysburg, the Florida Franklin Georgia. (Image courtesy of the National Park Service) Brigade (comprised of the 2nd, 5th, and 1345 Carnton Lane 8th Florida Infantry Regiments), under McGavock Confederate Cemeterv GEORGIA the command of Colonel David Lang, 615.794.0903 http: canuon.org Florida Monument, participated in the heaviest fighting Maintained by the United Daughters Chickamauga ofJuly 2 and 3, 1863, including an of the Confederacy, the McGavock LaFayette Road advance in support of Pickett's Charge. Confederate is believed Chickamauga & Chattanooga National The monument states that of the 700 Cemeterv to be Military Park men in the Florida Brigade, 445 were the largest privately held Confederate 706.866.9241 killed, wounded, or captured. A more cemetery in the United States. It contains www.nps.gov/chch recent study concludes that the Florida the remains of nearlv 1,500 Confederate- Fought on September 19-20, 1863, the Brigade started with 739 men and casualties from the November 1864 Battle Battle of Chickamauga was one of the suffered 343 casualties. Either way, the of Franklin, buried by state, including bloodiest battles of the Civil War, with Florida Brigade suffered among the members of the Florida Brigade. The nearly 35,000 Union and Confederate highest percentage of casualties of any Florida section contains a monument .\nd casualties. Seven Florida units 4 gravesites. Approximated 5-foot tall, participated in the battle and suffered the Florida shaft monument was erected over 550 dead, wounded, missing or in the late 19th century. captured. The large Florida Monument at the battlefield was constructed in 1912- VIRGINIA 1 9 1 3, and was dedicated in May 1 9 1 during the twenty-third National United Florida Monument, Confederate Veterans Reunion held at Winchester nearby Chattanooga, Tennessee. 305 Fast Boscawen Street Mount Hebron C"emeter\ — 540.662.4868 MISSISSIPPI www.mthebroncemetery.org stonewalkhtml Florida Monument, Located in the Stonewall Confederate Vicksburg Cemeterv section of the Mount 1 lebron South Confederate Avenue Cemetery, the Florida plot contains Vicksburg National Military Park an obelisk monument in front of the 601.636.0583 marked graves o( )8 Florida Confederate www.nps.gov/vick/historyculcure 'florida soldiers. It was erected in 1902 by mcmorial.htm the Florida 1 h\ ision of the United

Erected by the Florida Division of the 1 )aughters of the ( Confederacy. Florida Monument tysburg Battlefield,

United Daughters of the Confcdcra< ,/ra< j Pennsylvania.

77 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Printed Resources Nulty, William H. Taylor, Robert A. Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee. Rebel Storehouse: Florida in the Brown, Canter Jr. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Confederate Economy. Tampa in Civil War and Reconstruction. Press, 1990. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Tampa, FL: University ofTampa Press, 2000. Press, 1995.

Pearce, George F. Buker, George. Pensacola During the Civil War: A Winsboro, Irvin D. S., editor. Blockaders, Refugees & Contrabands: Civil Thorn in the Side ofthe Confederacy. Florida's Civil War: Explorations into War on Florida's GulfCoast, 1861-1865. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Conflict, Interpretations and Memory. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Florida, 2000. Cocoa, FL: The Florida Historical Society Press, 1993. Press, 2007. Proctor, Samuel, editor. Davis, William W. Florida a Hundred Years Ago. Wynne, Lewis N. and Robert A. Taylor. The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State Library, Florida in the Civil War. 1913. Reprint edition. Gainesville, FL: 1960-1965. (Day by day listing of events Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2001. University of Florida Press, 1964. in Civil War Florida.) Please see sidebars Dickison, Mary Elizabeth. Revels, Tracy for additional printed sources. Dickison and His Men: Reminiscences of J. Grander in Her Daughters: Florida's the War in Florida. Women During the Civil War. Internet Web Sites 1890. Reprint edition. Gainesville, FL: Columbia, SC: University of South University of Florida Press, 1962. Carolina Press, 2004. A Guide to Civil War Records at the State Archives ofFlorida Driscoll.John K. Rivers, Larry Eugene. www.floridamemory.com/collections/ The Civil War on Pensacola Bay, 1861-1862. Slavery in Florida: Territorial Days civilwarguide Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, to Emancipation. Inc., 2007. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Civil War Florida Florida, 2000. Jim Studnicki, Webmaster Florida Humanities Council. www.civilwarflorida.com The Civil War: When Florida "Opened Up Schafer, Daniel L. the Gates ofHell." Special Issue of Forum: Thunder on the River: The Civil War in Destination: Civil War The Magazine ofthe Florida Humanities Northeast Florida. Florida Public Archaeology Network Council. Volume 34, Number 1, Spring 20 10. Gainesville, FL: University Press of www.flpublicarchaeology.org/civilwar Florida, 2010. Hartman, David W. Florida in the Civil War and David J. Coles, compilers. Schmidt, Lewis G. State Library & Archives of Florida Biographical Rosters ofFlorida's Confederate The Civil War in Florida: A Military History. www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/ and Union Soldiers, 1861-1865. 4 vols, in 6 pts. Allentown, PA: Published floridacivilwar Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot Publishing by the author, 1989-1992. Company, 1995. Florida in the Civil War, 1861-1865 Shofnerjerrell H. Museum of Florida History Holland, Keith V., Lee Manley, Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of \v\v\v.museumorfloridahistory.com/exhibits/ and James W Towart, editors. Reconstruction, 1863-1877. permanent/civilwar The Maple Leaf: An Extraordinary Civil Gainesville, FL: University Press of War Shipwreck. Florida, 1974. The Civil War in Florida Jacksonville, FL: St. Johns Archaeological Dale Cox, Author Expeditions, Inc., 1993. Soldiers ofFlorida in the Seminole \v^\wxxploresoudierrmistory.com/cwflorida.htmI Indian, Civil and Spanish -American Johns, John E. Wars. Prepared and published under the This Day in Florida History: Civil War, Florida During the Civil War. auspices of the Board of State Institutions, 1861-1865 Gainesville, FL: University of Florida 1903. Reprint edition. Macclenny, FL: Florida Historical Society Press, 1963. Richard J. Ferry, 1983. www.myfloridahistory.org/library/flahisrory/ civilwar Martin, Richard A., and Daniel L. Schafer. Taylor, Paul, editor. Jacksonville's Ordeal by Fire: A Civil Discovering the Civil War in Florida: War History. A Reader and Guide. Jacksonville, FL: Florida Publishing Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc., 2001. Company, 1984.

78 851 21

INDEX Page Archives Churches 53 Segui-Kirby Smith House 59 Florida Historical Society Library 47 First Presbyterian (Fernandina) (St. Augustine) 30 Florida State University Libraries 21 Moss Hill United Methodist (Vernon) 33 The Grove (Tallahassee) 43 Jacksonville Historical Society Archives 13 Old Christ Church (Pensacola) 37 Wardlaw-Smirh-Goza House (Madison) 68 Manatee County Historical Library 57 Orange Springs Community 48 Williams House (Fernandina) 24 R K. Yonge Library of Florida History 49 St. Mark's Episcopal (Palatka)

32 State Archives of Florida/State Library 1 5 Trinity Episcopal (Apalachicola) Historical Markers 22 Bailey House (Gainesville)

Battlefields Forts 22 Battle of Gainesville (see city text)

34 Natural Bridge Battlefield 1 Fort Barrancas and Advanced Redoubt 17 Battle of Marianna (city text) 39 Olustee Battlefield 47 Fort Clinch 25 Captain Richard Bradford (Starke) 12 Santa Rosa Island (See Fort Pickens) 16 Fort Gadsden (earthworks) 22 Cotton Wood Plantation (Archer) 30 Fort Houstoun (Old Fort, earthworks) 18 Ely-Criglar House (Marianna) Cemeteries 72 Fort Jefferson 66 Fort Myers Attack

20 Bagdad 1 Fort Pickens 66 Fort Thompson (LeBelle)

1 Barrancas National (Pensacola) 5 1 Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos) 18 Holden House (Marianna)

47 Bosque Bello (Fernandina) 73 & 74 Fort Zachary Taylor and 25 J.J. Dickison/Davis Baggage Train

1 Chestnut Street (Apalachicola) Martello Towers (Waldo) 70 City of Miami 3 8 Fort Ward (San Marcos de Apalachee, ruins) 75 Mallory Homesite (Key West) 23 Evergreen (Gainesville) 45 Yellow Bluff Fort (earthworks) 56 Marshall Plantation (Ocala)

43 Evergreen (Jacksonville) 65 Miranda Home (St. Petersburg) 58 Geneva Government Buildings (Museums) 27 Quincy Academy 57 Greenwood (Orlando) 68 First Manatee County Courthouse 45 Sammis Plantation (Jacksonville)

65 Greenwood (St. Petersburg) 30 Florida Historic Capitol 41 Sanderson Camp

75 Key West 51 Government House, St. Augustine 9 St. Andrew Bay Saltworks (Panama City)

4 Magnolia Springs (Green Cove Springs) 9 St. Andrew Skirmish (Panama City)

68 Manatee Burying Ground (Bradenton) Historic Houses 17 St. Joseph Saltworks (Port St. Joe) 58 Oak Hill (Bartow) 27 A.K. Alison House (Quincy) 63 Tampa Blockade Runners/Ballast Point 36 Oakland (Madison) 50 Arrivas House (St. Augustine) 37 Taylor Count)' Saltworks (Pern) 26 Oaklawn (Lake City) 30 Bellevue/Murat House (Tallahassee) 21 Thompson House/Skirmish on 63 Oaklawn (Tampa) 30 Brokaw-McDougall House (Tallahassee) Blackwater (Bagdad) 36 Oak Ridge (Madison) 48 Bronson-Mulholland House (Palatka) 27 White House/P.W White (Quincy) 24 Oak Ridge (Near Micanopy) 41 Clark-Chalker House (Middleburg) 44 Old City (Jacksonville) 68 Curry Settlement Homes (Bradenton) Lighthouses 32 Old City (Tallahassee) 18 Davis-West House (Marianna) 46 Amelia Island 28 Old City & Roseland (Monticello) 50 Dummett House/St. Francis Inn 70 Cape Florida

29 Palmer Family Graveyard (Monticello) (St. Augustine) 1 6 ( ape St. George

1 Riverside (Marianna) 47 Florida House Inn (Fernandina Beach) 36 Cedar Keys 27 Riverside (White Springs) 49 Fort Shannon Officers Quarters (Palatka) 61 Egmont Kcv 27 Soldiers/Eastern (Quincy) 69 Gamble Plantation (Ellenton) 76 Jupiter Inlet

53 San Lorenzo (St. Augustine) 23 Haile Homestead (Gainesville) 75 Kej West 53 St. Augustine National 74 Hemingway House (Key West) 14 Pensacola s 14 St. Johns (Pensacola) 31 Knott 1 louse Museum (Tallahassee) 53 t- Augustine 33 St. Johns (Tallahassee) 75 KeyWesi Oldest House 38 St Marks

19 St. Luke's (Marianna) 52 Llambias 1 louse (St. Augustine)

14 St. Michael's (Pensacola) 52 MarklanbVAnderson 1 louse Military Buildings

53 Tolomato (St. Augustine) (St. Augustine) J(> c lhattahooch.ee Arsenal

27 Western (Quincy) 61 May Stringer I louse (Brooksville) 75 Naval Base Ke\ WeSI

49 Westview (Pahuka) M Meginnis-Monroe 1 louse ( lallahassee) 14 Pensacola Navj Yard

64 Woodlawn (Tampa) 48 Merrick-Simmons I louse (Fernandina) 53 St. Francis Barracks 76 Woodlawn (West Palm Beach) 36 Old Island Motel (Ced.u Key)

IS Orman I louse State Park (Apalachicola)

1 I 5 Rane) louse | Vpala< hicola)

79 3

INDEX (continued}

Monuments 77 Vicksburg, MS Parks 68 Bradenton (see city text) 77 Winchester, VA 21 Arcadia Mill Site (Milton) 61 Brooksville (city text) 61 Bayport Park (Spring Hill) 7 Chickamauga, GA Museums 42 Camp Milton (Jacksonville) 26 CSS Chattahoochee 46 Amelia Island Museum of History 59 DeLeon Springs State Park 21 DeFuniak Springs 20 Bagdad Village Museum 24 Dudley Farm (Newberry)

67 Fort Myers (Black soldier) 35 Cedar Key Historical Society Museum 1 9 Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park 77 Franklin, TN 35 Cedar Key Museum State Park 13 Hyer-Knowles Planing Mill (Pensacola) 22 Gainesville (city text) 62 East Hillsborough Historical Museum 9 Oaks by the Bay (Panama City) 77 Gettysburg, PA 58 Fort Meade Historical Museum 59 Old Fort Park (New Smyrna Beach)

42 & 44 Jacksonville (2) 25 Lake City-Columbia Counry Museum 62 Plant Park/Ft. Brooke Cannons

73 Key West (2) (Union) 43 Mandarin Museum (Tampa)

25 Lake City (city text) 23 Matheson Museum 52 Plaza de la Constitucion

58 Lakeland 32 Museum of Florida History (St. Augustine) 9 Lynn Haven (Union soldier) 44 Museum of Science and History 37 Suwannee River State Park (Live Oak) 36 Madison 44 Museum of Southern History 19 Torreya State Park (Bristol)

17 Marianna (2) (city text) 59 New Smyrna Museum of History 60 Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins (Homosassa) 71 Miami (Union soldier) 60 Old Courthouse Heritage Museum 28 Monticello (city text) 13 Pensacola Historical Museum Railroads 34 Natural Bridge 58 Polk County Historical Museum 28 Lloyd Railroad Depot 56 Ocala 57 Silver River Museum 23 Old Gainesville Depot 39 Olustee 69 South Florida Museum 31 Pensacola & Georgia Depot 57 Orlando 67 Southwest Florida Museum of History (Tallahassee) 48 Palatka (city text) 53 St. Augustine Manucy Museum 33 Tallahassee-St. Marks Railroad Trail 13 Pensacola 57 St. Cloud Heritage Museum Index note: A number of these sites 26 Quincy (city text) 37 Treasures of Madison County Museum have components that could be listed 52 St. Augustine 1 T.T. Wentworth Museum (2) under more than one heading. For 30 Tallahassee (Histotic Capitol) 33 Union Bank (Black Archives) simplicity, sites are listed once under their 62 Tampa 38 Wakulla History Museum/Archives primary feature. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Artifact Photography Florida Park Service Reflections of Manatee Ray Stanyard Ellen Andrews Trudy Williams Mark Knapke Bagdad Village Research Historian Martha Robinson Preservation Association Sidney Johnston Phillip Werndli Michael Johnson State Archives of Florida City of Orlando Florida Public Archaeology Network Dr. R. Boyd Murphree William Richard Forbes Dr. Lees N. Adam Watson Donald Price Florida Supreme Court Library St. Augustine Historical Society Robinson Florida Association of Museums Erik Charles Tingley Malinda Horton Manatee County Historical Commission St. Augustine Lighthouse & Museum Florida Division of Joe Kennedy Kathy Fleming Historical Resources Cathy Slusser St. Cloud Heritage Museum David Ferro Marine Archaeological Council Roger Heiple Sharyn Heiland Steven Singer Treasures of Madison County Susanne Hunt Museum of Florida History William Bunting, Sr. Marie C. Ivory Bruce Graetz United Daughters of the Confederacy Florida Division of State Lands Kieran Orr Patricia Schnurr Dr. Joe Knetsch Orange County Regional History Center Wakulla County Historical Society Florida Historic Capitol JefFGrzelak Dr. Madeleine Hirsiger-Carr Andrew Edel

80 Federal Military Operations

Jacksonville

Union transport ship •X Santa Rosa Maple Leaf sunk ft. pickens Island Olustee I 1 * *

Sf: Augustine X ; Gainesville

New Sim

ir- # Federal occupation throughout war

11 Federal occupation during part of war

jL Federal raids or ship bombardments • Tampa ^ Confederate victory

^^ Federal victory

X Inconclusive

Major Federal Navy blockade

Ft. Myers Intermittent Federal Navy blockade

Cross country Federal raids

Adapted from the Atlas of Florida

ap of Union Military Operations in Florida during the Civil War. (image courtesy oi the Museum oiRonda History)

ick Cover: Confederate unit reenactors, Natural Bridge Battlefield. (Image courtesy of Bruce Graetz. Museum of Florida History!. Confederate Cavalry Guido Johns Rangers'. ompany B. 2nd Florida Cavalry. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History). Fort Marion. Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. St Augustine (Image courtesy of the Florida Division of storical Resources), Union regiment reenactors. Olustee Battlefield. (Image courtesy of the State Archives of Florida!. Union Army Colt Revolver (Image courtesy of the Museum of Fiona.: orida Three-Dollar Bill, 1864. (Image courtesy of the Museum of Florida History) Florida Civil War Heritage Trail

Florida Department of State Division of Historical Resources 500 South Bronough Street Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 800.847.7278 www.flheritaee.com

VV

Tallahassee,

9 "781889"030227"