DOCSLIB.ORG

The Influence of Personal Values on Legal Judgments Rachel Cahill-O

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Influence of Personal Values on Legal Judgments Rachel Cahill-O The Influence of Personal Values on Legal Judgments Rachel Cahill-O’Callaghan PhD Thesis Cardiff University 2015 1 DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed …Rachel Cahill-O’Callaghan Date 11/5/16 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed Rachel Cahill-O’Callaghan Date 11/5/16 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed Rachel Cahill-O’Callaghan Date 11/5/16 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed …Rachel Cahill-O’Callaghan Date 11/5/16 STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ……Rachel Cahill-O’Callaghan Date 11/5/16 2 SUMMARY The law, as laid down in a code, or in a statute or in a thousand eloquently reasoned opinions, is no more than capable of providing all the answers than a piano is capable of providing music. The piano needs the pianist, and any two pianists, even with the same score, may produce very different music.1 Cases that reach the Supreme Court are ‘hard cases’ where the result is not clearly dictated by statute or precedent. To reach a decision in these cases, a judge must exercise discretion and the non-legal factors that influence discretion have been the subject of extensive debate. Theoretical and empirical studies examining the influences on judicial discretion have focused on demographic characteristics and facets of the judicial personality including political ideology and attitudes. Personal values are related to these factors and have been demonstrated to play a role in decision making. This thesis demonstrates a relationship between personal values and judicial decision making in the Supreme Court. This thesis translates theories and techniques used in psychological research to examine the role of personal values in judicial decision making. A novel method of assessment of value expression in judgments was developed. This method revealed a different pattern of values expressed in the majority and minority judgments of cases that divided the Supreme Court, demonstrating a relationship between values and judicial decisions (value: decision paradigm). This was confirmed by an empirical study of legal academics. Drawing on this novel method, a series of Supreme Court cases were analysed to develop a theory of 1 Lord McCluskey, Law, Justice and Democracy. The Reith Lectures 1986 (Sweet and Maxwell Ltd 1987) 3 discretion, division, uncertainty, and values, suggesting that the influence of values is mediated through largely subconscious instinctive responses in cases where the outcome is perceived as uncertain. The role of values has significant implications in the debates surrounding judicial diversity, which have centred on overt characteristics, how the judiciary are seen. The study of judicial values has revealed tacit diversity in the Supreme Court which is associated with judicial decision making. The value: decision paradigm provides a new framework to analyse judicial decision making, judicial division, and the exercise of judicial discretion and the subconscious influences on these processes. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to Cardiff University for affording me this opportunity and to Cardiff Law School for the scholarship that launched this work. I would like to thank those who have contributed to the supervision of this PhD; Prof. Richard Moorhead (UCL), Prof. Jiri Přibáň and Annette Morris. I would like to thank my colleagues and friends in Cardiff School of Law and Politics who offered encouragement, support and guidance and the PhD student community, past and present, for their companionship, particularly my office partners who started with me on this journey, Eric Hou and Rohit Roy. I would also like to thank those in the wider legal community who have offered information, advice, encouragement, support and guidance including members of the judiciary both in the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court and the academy of the SLS and SLSA. I would like to Prof. Shalom Schwartz (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) who developed the model on which my research is based, answered every e-mail and provided the tools for my analysis and Prof. Gregory Maio (Department of Psychology, Cardiff University) who directed me to Prof. Schwartz. I would also like to thank Ben Wilson, Head of Communications at the Supreme Court, who answered my questions as did Cordelia Jervis a friend and a psychologist who provided guidance when requested over coffee. Most of all I would like to thank my family who have survived the experience, Jennifer and Faye who have grown up with the book and especially Peter who had been through it all before yet encouraged me to do another. This is the last one. *** The law and analysis is stated as of October 2014. 5 PUBLICATIONS Cahill‐O'Callaghan, Rachel J. ‘Reframing the judicial diversity debate: personal values and tacit diversity’ Legal Studies 35.1 (2015): 1-29 won the SLS Best Paper Prize (2014). Cahill‐O'Callaghan, Rachel J. ‘The Influence of Personal Values on Legal Judgments’ Journal of Law and Society 40.4 (2013): 596-623. One of three papers short listed for the SLSA Best Paper Prize (2015). Components were also published as posters: ‘Do Personal Values Tip the Scales of Justice?’ awarded the SLS Poster Prize 2013 ‘Personal Values: An Important Element in the Diversity Debate.’ awarded the SLSA Poster Prize 2013 6 CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 5 Publications from this thesis ...................................................................................................... 6 Table of cases ........................................................................................................................... 13 Table of legislation .................................................................................................................. 16 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 17 Preface ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 1 Judicial Decision Making 1.1 Judicial discretion ...................................................................................................... 26 1.2 Hard cases and close calls ......................................................................................... 28 1.3 Discretion and division.............................................................................................. 29 1.1 Factors which influence judicial discretion. .............................................................. 31 1.1.1 Role orientation and judicial activism ............................................................... 32 1.1.2 Attitudes and ideology........................................................................................ 35 1.1.3 Morals ................................................................................................................ 38 1.1.4 Demographics .................................................................................................... 39 1.2 Judicial discretion and subconscious influences. ...................................................... 41 1.3 The psychology of decision making.......................................................................... 43 1.3.1 System 1 - Heuristics and subconscious or implicit bias ................................... 47 1.4 How do psychological models of decision making relate to judicial decision making? ……………………………………………………………………………………...49 1.4.1 Instinct-override and judicial values ................................................................. 53 1.5 Values and judicial decisions .................................................................................... 54 1.5.1 What are personal values?................................................................................. 56 1.5.2 The influence of values on decision making ...................................................... 57 7 1.6 Values and the exercise of judicial discretion. .......................................................... 60 1.7 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 2 Content Analysis: A Method for the Empirical Study of Values in Legal Judgments 2.1 Psychological models of personal values .................................................................. 68 2.1.1 Defining values .................................................................................................. 68 2.1.2 The psychological models of values. Why Schwartz? ....................................... 70 2.2 Schwartz model of values ........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • O C E a N O C E a N C T I C P a C I F I C O C E a N a T L a N T I C O C E a N P a C I F I C N O R T H a T L a N T I C a T L
    Nagurskoye Thule (Qanaq) Longyearbyen AR CTIC OCE AN Thule Air Base LAPTEV GR EENLA ND SEA EAST Resolute KARA BAFFIN BAY Dikson SIBERIAN BARENTS SEA SEA SEA Barrow SEA BEAUFORT Tiksi Prudhoe Bay Vardo Vadso Tromso Kirbey Mys Shmidta Tuktoyaktuk Narvik Murmansk Norilsk Ivalo Verkhoyansk Bodo Vorkuta Srednekolymsk Kiruna NORWEGIAN Urengoy Salekhard SEA Alaska Oulu ICELA Anadyr Fairbanks ND Arkhangelsk Pechora Cape Dorset Godthab Tura Kitchan Umea Severodvinsk Reykjavik Trondheim SW EDEN Vaasa Kuopio Yellowknife Alesund Lieksa FINLAND Plesetsk Torshavn R U S S Yakutsk BERING Anchorage Surgut I A NORWAY Podkamennaya Tungusk Whitehorse HUDSON Nurssarssuaq Bergen Turku Khanty-Mansiysk Apuka Helsinki Olekminsk Oslo Leningrad Magadan Yurya Churchill Tallin Stockholm Okhotsk SEA Juneau Kirkwall ESTONIA Perm Labrador Sea Goteborg Yedrovo Kostroma Kirov Verkhnaya Salda Aldan BAY UNITED KINGDOM Aluksne Yaroslavl Nizhniy Tagil Aberdeen Alborg Riga Ivanovo SEA Kalinin Izhevsk Sverdlovsk Itatka Yoshkar Ola Tyumen NORTH LATVIA Teykovo Gladkaya Edinburgh DENMARK Shadrinsk Tomsk Copenhagen Moscow Gorky Kazan OF BALTIC SEA Cheboksary Krasnoyarsk Bratsk Glasgow LITHUANIA Uzhur SEA Esbjerg Malmo Kaunas Smolensk Kaliningrad Kurgan Novosibirsk Kemerovo Belfast Vilnius Chelyabinsk OKHOTSK Kolobrzeg RUSSIA Ulyanovsk Omsk Douglas Tula Ufa C AN Leeds Minsk Kozelsk Ryazan AD A Gdansk Novokuznetsk Manchester Hamburg Tolyatti Magnitogorsk Magdagachi Dublin Groningen Penza Barnaul Shefeld Bremen POLAND Edmonton Liverpool BELARU S Goose Bay NORTH Norwich Assen Berlin
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Resolution Plan
    2021 Resolution Plan Public Section July 1, 2021 2 STATE STREET 2021 RESOLUTION PLAN – PUBLIC SECTION Contents 4 1. Introduction and Our Business 12 2. Our Integrated Approach to Resolution Planning 12 2.1 Our Resolution Planning Priorities 14 2.2 Overview of Resolution Planning 22 2.3 Post-Resolution Size and Operational Capabilities 22 2.4 Our Continued Focus on Resolvability 39 2.5 Our Resolution Governance Structure and Risk Management Processes 44 2.6 Actions to Address the Shortcoming on Governance Mechanisms 44 2.7 Targeted Information Request 46 3. Additional Information 46 3.1 Description of Core Lines of Business 50 3.2 Material Entities 67 3.3 Financial Information 74 3.4 Memberships in Material Payment, Clearing and Settlement Systems 76 3.5 Description of Derivative and Hedging Activities 77 3.6 Material Supervisory Authorities 79 3.7 Principal Officers 80 3.8 Description of Material Management Information Systems 80 3.9 Conclusion 81 3.10 Glossary 3 STATE STREET 2021 RESOLUTION PLAN – PUBLIC SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION AND OUR BUSINESS State Street views prudent management and the operation of our business as a core institutional responsibility. We understand the importance of (FDIC) (collectively, the “Agencies”). actively managing risk and being A thoughtfully designed resolution plan prepared to weather unexpected can serve to minimize disruption to US events that could place tremendous and global financial markets, protect stress on our financial well-being. client assets and deposits, and avoid One aspect of our commitment to the need for extraordinary government prudent management is our resolution or taxpayer support.
    [Show full text]
  • The Yard Town Walk
    RITAG E E H The Yard O N TAP town walk Explore the history of St Helier with this guided walk which starts and ends at The Yard at Jersey Museum & Art Gallery. Approximately 30 to 40 minutes. Leave the Museum by the side gate and exit into Ordnance Yard. Ordnance Yard Ordnance Yard is one of the few remaining cobbled lanes and yards that were typical of St Helier around 1800. ‘The Yard’ occupies space within a 19th century warehouse built to serve the historic harbour of St Helier. At one time, ships would have been moored in the area in front of the Museum but the land was reclaimed in the 19th Jersey Museum century and a new harbour was built in the current location. Walk around the back of the Museum and pause at the bottom of the long flight of granite steps. High above you can just see the top of the Fort Regent signal station where a series of flags and symbols were used to signal the arrival and departure of vessels and also to warn of storms. This is a reminder of a time when the Island was completely dependent on the sea for the movement of people and goods. Climb the steps to Pier Road. On 9 May 1945 a party of British liberating soldiers climbed these steps to reach Fort Regent where they took down the Nazi flag of the defeated German occupying force and replaced it with the Union flag. Turn left at the top of the steps and walk down Pier Road.
    [Show full text]
  • International Currency Codes
    Country Capital Currency Name Code Afghanistan Kabul Afghanistan Afghani AFN Albania Tirana Albanian Lek ALL Algeria Algiers Algerian Dinar DZD American Samoa Pago Pago US Dollar USD Andorra Andorra Euro EUR Angola Luanda Angolan Kwanza AOA Anguilla The Valley East Caribbean Dollar XCD Antarctica None East Caribbean Dollar XCD Antigua and Barbuda St. Johns East Caribbean Dollar XCD Argentina Buenos Aires Argentine Peso ARS Armenia Yerevan Armenian Dram AMD Aruba Oranjestad Aruban Guilder AWG Australia Canberra Australian Dollar AUD Austria Vienna Euro EUR Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijan New Manat AZN Bahamas Nassau Bahamian Dollar BSD Bahrain Al-Manamah Bahraini Dinar BHD Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladeshi Taka BDT Barbados Bridgetown Barbados Dollar BBD Belarus Minsk Belarussian Ruble BYR Belgium Brussels Euro EUR Belize Belmopan Belize Dollar BZD Benin Porto-Novo CFA Franc BCEAO XOF Bermuda Hamilton Bermudian Dollar BMD Bhutan Thimphu Bhutan Ngultrum BTN Bolivia La Paz Boliviano BOB Bosnia-Herzegovina Sarajevo Marka BAM Botswana Gaborone Botswana Pula BWP Bouvet Island None Norwegian Krone NOK Brazil Brasilia Brazilian Real BRL British Indian Ocean Territory None US Dollar USD Bandar Seri Brunei Darussalam Begawan Brunei Dollar BND Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian Lev BGN Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA Franc BCEAO XOF Burundi Bujumbura Burundi Franc BIF Cambodia Phnom Penh Kampuchean Riel KHR Cameroon Yaounde CFA Franc BEAC XAF Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar CAD Cape Verde Praia Cape Verde Escudo CVE Cayman Islands Georgetown Cayman Islands Dollar KYD _____________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Lista De Capitalele Naționale
    SNo Capitală Țară Note Coasta de 1 Abidjan Capitală administrativă Fildeș Emiratele 2 Abu Dhabi Arabe Unite 3 Abuja Nigeria 4 Accra Ghana Insulele 5 Adamstown Teritoriu britanic de peste mări Pitcairn 6 Addis Abeba Etiopia 7 Alger Algeria 8 Alofi Niue Stat în asociație liberă cu Noua Zeelandă 9 Amman Iordania 10 Amsterdam Olanda Capitală de jure 11 Andorra la Vella Andorra 12 Ankara Turcia 13 Antananarivo Madagascar 14 Apia Samoa 15 Așgabat Turkmenistan 16 Asmara Eritreea 17 Astana Kazahstan 18 Asunción Paraguay 19 Atena Grecia Insulele 20 Avarua Stat în asociație liberă cu Noua Zeelandă Cook 21 Bagdad Irak 22 Baku Azerbaidjan 23 Bamako Mali Bandar Seri 24 Brunei Numele oficial al statului este Brunei Darussalam Begawan 25 Bangkok Thailanda Republica 26 Bangui Centrafricană 27 Banjul Gambia 28 Basse-Terre Guadelupa Departament ultramarin francez Sfântul Kitts 29 Basseterre și Nevis 30 Beijing China 31 Beirut Liban 32 Belgrad Serbia 33 Belmopan Belize 34 Berlin Germania 35 Bern Elveția 36 Bișkek Kârgâzstan Guineea- 37 Bissau Bissau Africa de 38 Bloemfontein Capitală juridică Sud 39 Bogotá Columbia Capitală de facto (Plymouth a fost abandonat în 1997 după erupția vulcanului 40 Brades Montserrat Soufriere Hills, clădirile guvernului fiind mutate la Brades care este capitala de facto); Teritoriu britanic de peste mări 41 Brasília Brazilia 42 Bratislava Slovacia Republica 43 Brazzaville Congo 44 Bridgetown Barbados 45 Bruxelles Belgia 46 București România 47 Budapesta Ungaria 48 Buenos Aires Argentina 49 Bujumbura Burundi 50 Cairo Egipt 51
    [Show full text]
  • Visit Jersey Trade Itinerary Template
    Little island. Big story. Start your day of discovery at one of the most important Ice Age sites in Europe, but this walk can't be tackled on an empty stomach. Tucked away with views across Ouaisne Bay, Kismet Cabana is a culinary celebration of beach culture and street food cuisine from around the world. What better way to start our adventure then with some proper flavoursome fuel? Kismet are proud to work with local suppliers to create a delicious menu catering to different tastes, including a creative vegetarian and vegan selection. Kismetcabana.com +44(0)7700 809863 Palaeolithic cave-living hunter gatherers were Jersey’s earliest residents (250,000 BC). Jersey Heritage have carefully curated their Ice Age Island Trail which weaves its way from Ouaisne Bay to St. Aubin’s Village via the hunting grounds of La Cotte De St Brelade. The walk takes about 2 hours in total and will pass through Portelet Bay and the heavily fortified Noirmont point. Discover the Jersey Heritage Trail here. Once in the enchanting village of St. Aubin, why not grab a bite to eat at one of the many restaurants and cafés. Jerseyheritage.tv/ice-age-jersey With a name derived from the Old Norse of the Vikings – haugr meaning a mound and byr - that’s bound up with a medieval legend of a dragon and a knight, it’s no surprise that La Hougue Bie is a magical and truly memorable experience. Home to one of the ten oldest buildings in the world. During the Neolithic period (4000 BC), many communities settled in Jersey, the island’s many standing stones and burial chambers date from these times.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Gears?
    NOVEMBER 2020 THE SERVICED APARTMENT SECTOR IN EUROPE CHANGING GEARS? Maria Coll Consulting & Valuation Analyst Arlett Hoff, MRICS Director HVS.com HVS London | 7-10 Chandos St, London W1G 9DQ YEAR IN REVIEW 2020 will undeniably be a year to remember. Unfortunately, not for great reasons. The hospitality industry is going through arguably the worst crisis it has experienced in a generation. Every day we are inundated with news about COVID-19: case numbers, vaccine trials, lockdown restrictions and its impact on travel, tourism and the wider economy. So far, the picture has been quite discouraging, despite some green shoots during the summer months. This article is certainly not the place for a detailed recap and a minute-by-minute report of the evolution of the pandemic. However, we highlight that the serviced apartment sector, despite suffering alongside the traditional hotel sector, has been weathering the storm better owing to a few key factors that show a stronger resilience to a sudden and fundamental shift in demand in the current context. Self-contained product. The serviced Lean operating structure. The underlying apartment product is geared towards business model of the serviced apartment longer-staying guests and thus lends itself to sector is characterised by limited staffing comply easily with COVID restrictions by offering more and services owing to a longer average stay, translating spacious, self-contained units including the ability to into a very lean operating structure and hence an cook or prepare meals (kitchen or kitchenette) as well attractive gross operating profit margin (usually as appliances such as washers and dryers.
    [Show full text]
  • Jersey's Population -A History
    Jersey's Population -A History Mark Boleat Jersey's Population -A History Mark Boleat Published in 2015 by Societe Jersiaise 7 Pier Road St Helier Jersey JE24XW Origination by Seaflower Books www.ex -librisbooks.co. uk Printed by Park Lane Press Corsham, Wiltshire © 2015 Mark Boleat ISBN 978-0-901897-56-5 CONTENTS Preface V List of Tables and Figures vi Introduction Summary 2 Theoretical Issues 5 2 Population Statistics 7 3 French Refugees 16 4 Economic Boom in the First Half of the 19h Century 17 5 Agricultural Workers from France 25 6 Decline and Recovery, 1850 to 1950 29 7 Rapid Growth. 1950 to 1990 33 8 Recent Years 36 9 Housing 38 10 Ocupations 39 11 The Parishes 42 12 Jersey Emigres 44 13 Population Policy 48 Appendix 1 Alternative Total Population Statistics 55 Appendix 2 Population by Place of Birth 57 Appendix 3 Population by Sex 58 Appendix 4 Jersey-Born Non-Residents 59 Appendix 5 Population Trends in Guernsey 64 References 69 Further Reading 71 Annex 1 The 1906 States Report on Immigration into Jersey 73 Annex 2 New evidence for the population of Jersey in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by Jason St John N icoll e 103 iii Preface lthough a Jersey 'exile' in London I have long maintained an interest in Jersey Ahistory and politics, starting in 1971 with a thesis on the Jersey economy and the European Community. That, and my work in the area of public policy in the UK, led to an invitation in 1996 to chair a States Working Party on immigration.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth Castle Conservation Report
    A CONSERVATION PLAN for ELIZABETHCASTLE, JERSEY Prepared for the JERSEY HERITAGE TRUST MAY 2006 A CONSERVATION PLAN for ELIZABETH CASTLE, JERSEY CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ………………. ……. 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………… PART ONE : SIGNIFICANCE 1.0 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE 1.0.1 Historical Development Period 1 : 1594-1603 Period 2 : Seventeenth century Period 3 : Eighteenth century Period 4 : Nineteenth century Period 5 : Twentieth century 1.0.2 Description Upper Ward Lower Ward Charles Fort Outer Ward Hermitage Rock 1.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1.2 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 1.2.1 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 1.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS PART TWO : CONSERVATION POLICY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 VULNERABILITY 2.3 ISSUES 2.4 CONSERVATION PLAN POLICIES 2.5 IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW SUPPORTING INFORMATION References and bibliography Appendix 1 : Archival sources in the Jersey Archives Appendix 2 : Archival sources in the library of the Société Jersiaise Appendix 3 : Archival sources in The National Archives Appendix 4 : Archival sources in The British Library Figures 1-19 Prepared for the JERSEY HERITAGE TRUST MAY 2006 PART ONE : SIGNIFICANCE _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE n order to obtain a clear understanding of the heritage significance of IElizabeth Castle, Hermitage Rock, and the breakwater linking the two it is proposed to first review their historical development (Section 1.0.1) and then provide a description of the surviving structures in some detail (Section 1.0.2).1 Whilst the primary purpose of the Conservation Plan is to inform and advise discussions and decisions concerning the preservation and use of the standing structures, it is recognised that some buildings have been demolished but their remains, or parts of them, may well survive under the surface.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Factbook Appendix F :: Cross-Reference
    The World Factbook Appendix F :: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names Entry in The World Latitude Longitude Name Factbook (deg min) (deg min) Abidjan (capital) Cote d'Ivoire 5 19 N 4 02 W Abkhazia (region) Georgia 43 00 N 41 00 E Abu Dhabi (capital) United Arab Emirates 24 28 N 54 22 E Abu Musa (island) Iran 25 52 N 55 03 E Abuja (capital) Nigeria 9 12 N 7 11 E Abyssinia (former name for Ethiopia) Ethiopia 8 00 N 38 00 E Acapulco (city) Mexico 16 51 N 99 55 W Accra (capital) Ghana 5 33 N 0 13 W Adamstown (capital) Pitcairn Islands 25 04 S 130 05 W Addis Ababa (capital) Ethiopia 9 02 N 38 42 E Adelie Land (claimed by France; also Terre Antarctica 66 30 S 139 00 E Adelie) Aden (city) Yemen 12 46 N 45 01 E Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean 12 30 N 48 00 E Admiralty Island United States (Alaska) 57 44 N 134 20 W Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea 2 10 S 147 00 E Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean 42 30 N 16 00 E Adygey (region) Russia 44 30 N 40 10 E Aegean Islands Greece 38 00 N 25 00 E Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean 38 30 N 25 00 E Afars and Issas, French Territory of the (or Djibouti 11 30 N 43 00 E FTAI; former name for Djibouti) Afghanestan (local name for Afghanistan) Afghanistan 33 00 N 65 00 E Agalega Islands Mauritius 10 25 S 56 40 E Agana (city; former name for Hagatna) Guam 13 28 N 144 45 E Ajaccio (city) France (Corsica) 41 55 N 8 44 E Ajaria (region) Georgia 41 45 N 42 10 E Akmola (city; former name for Astana) Kazakhstan 51 10 N 71 30 E Aksai Chin (region) China (de facto), India (claimed) 35 00 N 79 00 E Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah (local name
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 69 My De Carteret Ancestors in Jersey
    Chapter 69 My De Carteret Ancestors in Jersey [the Jersey in the Channel Isles, that is] [Originally written 27 October 2020] Introduction I have started using the Geni.com website to expand my knowledge of my family tree. A key feature of this website is its “World Family Tree”. Unlike Ancestry.com, where everyone has their own complete (or incomplete) family tree, Geni.com is having its users collaboratively build just a single family tree. On Ancestry.com, there can be one thousand or more duplicate entries for the same person – and these entries often have conflicting information. On Geni.com, there should only be one entry on the entire website for any given person. Individual users on Geni.com can add their ancestral lines until they connect with people already in the World Family Tree. And then their lines immediately become part of this enormous family tree. As of late October 2020, there are almost 150 million individuals in the World Family Tree – see: https://www.geni.com/worldfamilytree A number of my ancestral lines in the World Family Tree on Geni.com go back twenty or thirty generations into the past. This chapter is about one particular ancestral line, which goes back to the de Carteret family in Normandy and Jersey in the Middle Ages. Going Back Many Generations on an Ancestral Line I previously have written about my ancestral lines going back from Lucy Ann Eunice Darling (1804-1884) – Lucy was one of my 2nd-great grandmothers. Here is my line back to Lucy Darling: This past week, I randomly picked an ancestral line going back from her; it seemed to lead to some interesting people, which prompted additional research, as well as the writing of this narrative.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Countries, Capital & Its Currency
    www.gradeup.co List of Countries, Capital & its Currency North America Sr. Country Capital Currency No. 1 Antigua and Barbuda St. John’s East Caribbean dollar 2 Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar 3 Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian dollar 4 Belize Belmopan Belize dollar 5 Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar 6 Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rican colon 7 Cuba Havana Cuban peso 8 Dominica Roseau East Caribbean dollar 9 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican peso 10 El Salvador San Salvador United States dollar 11 Grenada St. George’s East Caribbean dollar 12 Guatemala Guatemala city Guatemalan Quetzal 13 Haiti Port-au-Prince Haitian gourde 14 Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduran Lempira 15 Jamaica Kingston Jamaican dollar 16 Mexico Mexico city Mexican peso 17 Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan Cordoba 18 Panama Panama City Panamanian Balboa 19 Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre East Caribbean dollar 20 Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean dollar 21 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown East Caribbean dollar Trinidad and Tobago 22 Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain dollar 23 United States Washington, D.C. United States dollar South America Country Capital Currency 1 Argentina Buenos Aires Argentine peso 2 Bolivia Sucre Bolivian Boliviano 3 Brazil Brasilia Brazilian real 4 Chile Santiago Chilean peso 5 Colombia Bogota Colombian peso 6 Ecuador Quito United states dollar 7 Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar 8 Paraguay Asuncion Paraguayan guarani www.gradeup.co 9 Peru Lima Peruvian Nuevo sol 10 Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar 11 Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso 12
    [Show full text]