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Czech Language and Literature Old Church Slavonic Declension From Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of Czech language Czech Language and Literature Radek Johannes Kopečný Old Church Slavonic declension from the perspective of paradigm geometry Bachelor’s Thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Pavel Caha, Ph. D. 2019 Hereby I declare that this paper is my own work, and all sources and literature used during my work are properly listed and cited. Radek Johannes Kopečný I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Mgr. Pavel Caha, Ph.D., for his boundless patience and guidance, invaluable advice and time spent on my bachelor’s thesis. I would also like to thank my friends who were always there to discuss. Last but not least, I thank God for the opportunity to study. Annotation This thesis deals with syncretisms of cases in Old Church Slavonic. The first part is devoted to a brief introduction to the language and its declensions. The second part is the main one – a successive analysis of all syncretisms in a systematic fashion with presenting relevant forms of nouns, pronouns and adjectives. In addition to that, the thesis also tries to arrive at a geometrical order of cases which would represent all paradigms with regards to found syncretisms. In the last part, the facts are compared with other proposals to see how the modeled order of cases for Old Church Slavonic interacts with other models. Keywords Old Church Slavonic, order of cases, syncretism of cases, paradigm Anotace Tato práce se zabývá synkretismy pádů ve staroslověnštině. První část je věnována stručnému úvodu do samotného jazyka a jeho deklinací. Druhá část je hlavní – postupná a systematická analýza všech synkretismů s prezentováním relevantních podob substantiv, pronomin a adjektiv. Nadto se práce ještě pokusí dopracovat ke geometrickému uspořádání pádů, jež by reprezentovalo všechna paradigmata s ohledem na nalezené synkretismy. V poslední části jsou fakta srovnána s dalšími návrhy, aby se zjistilo, jak navržené uspořádání pádů pro staroslověnštinu interaguje s dalšími modely. Klíčová slova Staroslověnština, uspořádání pádů, synkretismus pádů, paradigma Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 7 2 The Old Church Slavonic language .................................................................................... 7 3 The description of Old Church Slavonic nouns, pronouns and adjectives ......................... 8 3.1 Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 Vocalic stem classes ........................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Consonantal stem classes ................................................................................... 12 3.2 Pronouns .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Genderless pronouns .......................................................................................... 13 3.2.2 Pronouns with gender ......................................................................................... 14 3.2.3 Mixed declensions .............................................................................................. 15 3.3 Adjectives .................................................................................................................. 16 3.3.1 Nominal adjectives ............................................................................................. 16 3.3.2 Pronominal adjectives ........................................................................................ 17 4 The analysis of syncretisms .............................................................................................. 18 4.1 Nominative=accusative ............................................................................................. 18 4.1.1 Nominative=accusative=vocative ...................................................................... 23 4.2 Nominative=vocative ................................................................................................. 25 4.3 Accusative=vocative .................................................................................................. 28 4.4 Nominative=instrumental .......................................................................................... 31 4.4.1 Nominative=vocative=instrumental ................................................................... 32 4.5 Vocative=instrumental ............................................................................................... 33 4.6 Genitive=accusative ................................................................................................... 34 4.6.1 Genitive=accusative=locative ............................................................................ 36 4.7 Genitive=locative ....................................................................................................... 36 4.7.1 Genitive=locative=dative=vocative ................................................................... 41 4.8 Genitive=dative ......................................................................................................... 42 4.8.1 Genitive=dative=vocative .................................................................................. 43 4.9 Dative=vocative ......................................................................................................... 43 4.10 Genitive=vocative ...................................................................................................... 44 4.10.1 Genitive=vocative=locative ............................................................................... 45 4.11 Vocative=locative ...................................................................................................... 46 4.12 Dative=locative .......................................................................................................... 47 4.13 Dative=instrumental .................................................................................................. 50 4.14 Accusative=instrumental ........................................................................................... 53 4.15 Locative=instrumental ............................................................................................... 54 4.16 Summary of the possible syncretisms ....................................................................... 55 4.16.1 Illustrative picture of syncretisms ...................................................................... 57 4.16.2 Linear sequence of syncretisms .......................................................................... 59 5 Comparing the sequence with other proposals ................................................................. 60 5.1 The proposal by Jakobson ......................................................................................... 60 5.2 The proposal by McCreight and Chvany ................................................................... 62 5.3 The proposal by Caha ................................................................................................ 64 6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 67 7 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 69 7 1 Introduction In this thesis, we are going to look at syncretisms in Old Church Slavonic declensions. Our goal will be to order the cells of a paradigm in a way that syncretisms are graphically captured by placing syncretic cells next to each other. This is trivially possible for each individual paradigm if looked upon in isolation. Our goal will be, however, to order all the paradigms in the same way. The ordering of cells in paradigms will be therefore of utmost importance for this work. This contrasts with traditional approaches, where paradigms, which subdivide the word classes of a language into further subclasses according to their surface morphology, were long ignored as superficial. At the same time, for instance, historical changes, attributed long ago to “paradigm pressure”, have not found alternative explanations (McCreight and Chvany, 1991). This thesis therefore joins relatively recent work by linguists who have been challenging classical orders of cases across languages (no matter whether it is Czech or Greek), proposing orders which connect adjacent cases on the basis of possible syncretism. We will analyze in detail all syncretisms of Old Church Slavonic nouns, pronouns and adjectives and try to arrive at a possible order (or a geometrical representation) of cases with regards to the syncretisms. We will also try to compare our result with other theories. Our analysis will be challenged by the fact that Old Church Slavonic has a vocative case which is not taken into account in those theories. We will be using two primary literary sources by Radoslav Večerka (2006) and Horace G. Lunt (2001) which describe the grammar of Old Church Slavonic. 2 The Old Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic belongs to Slavic languages, particularly to the South Slavic group. To classify the period from Proto-Indo-European to the development of Slavic languages, we may use hypotheses (1) of A. Erhart and A. Lamprecht (Večerka, 2006). (1) Proto-Indo-European period 3000 – 1500 BC Proto-Balto-Slavic period 1500 – 700 or 500 BC 8 Pre-Proto-Slavic
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