From Pie to Serbian

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[A SHORTCUT] FROM PIE TO SERBIAN

ALEKSANDRA TOMIC HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, 2018 4/19/2018 2 PRESENTATION FOCUS

• What makes Serbian – Serbian? What makes Polish – Polish?

• Differences between Slavic languages and other Indo-European (IE) languages • Differences among South, West and East Slavic languages • Differences within the South Slavic language group 4/19/2018 3 CONTEMPORARY SLAVIC LANGUAGES 4/19/2018 4 SERBIAN IN RELATION TO OTHER SLAVIC LANGUAGES 4/19/2018 5 SERBIAN LANGUAGE

• 30 phonemes, 25 consonants, 5 vowels (no diphthongs) • Interesting features: • Plenty of palatal affricates, with softness and hardness (laminality) distinctions • /r/ trill • pitch accent: short-falling, short-rising, long-falling, long-rising • 7-case system (nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) • 4 verb conjugation classes • synthetic language (prefixation, suffixation, infixation) • free word order • agreement: • Determiner-adjective-noun agreement in number, gender, case • Subject-verb agreement in case, number, gender 4/19/2018 6 SERBIAN PHONOLOGY

• Vowels, short and long

Front Central Back Close i u Mid e o Open a 4/19/2018 7 SERBIAN PHONOLOGY

• Pitch accent

Slavicist IPA Description symbol symbol ȅ ê short vowel with falling tone ȇ êː long vowel with falling tone è ě short vowel with rising tone é ěː long vowel with rising tone e e non-tonic short vowel ē eː non-tonic long vowel 4/19/2018 8 SERBIAN PHONOLOGY

• Consonants

Many palatal sounds Many affricates

Today’s presentation might help you figure out why! 4/19/2018 9 CONTEMPORARY DIFFERENCES AMONG SLAVIC LANGUAGES

• Proto-Slavic: *golvà, ‘head’: • Serbian (South Slavic) – Lat. gláva; Cyr. глав́ а • Russian (East Slavic) – Cyr. голова ́ /golova/ Where do the differences come from? • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. głowa /glova/ We will revisit! • Proto-Slavic: *dьnь, ‘day’: • Serbian (South Slavic, western group) – Lat. dan; Cyr. глав́ а • Bulgarian (South Slavic, eastern group) – Cyr. ден; Lat. den • Russian (East Slavic) – Lan. день (denʹ) • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. dzień • PIE *ǵʰeluna, ‘fir’: • Serbian (South Slavic, western group) – Lat. jela; • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. jodła • Czech (West Slavic) – Lat. jedle • Russian (East Slavic) – Cyr. ель /yel’/ 4/19/2018 10 PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN URHEIMAT

• Kurgan Hypothesis (Gimbutas, 1956): • Original PIE speakers, members of the Kurgan culture, originated from the Pontic steppe, to the North and between the Black Sea and the Caspian Lake (kurgan (Rus.) – burial mound) • Magenta – PIE homeland, Samara culture (5000 BC), Sredny Stog culture (hunter-gatherers, people and animal sacrificers) Spread: • Red – inhabited by PIE speakers up to 2500 BC • Orange - inhabited by PIE speakers up to 1000 BC

4/19/2018 11 PROTO-SLAVIC LANGUAGE (* RECONSTRUCTED)

• Proto-Balto-Slavic • Proto-Slavic (developed c. 1500 BC) • Pre-Slavic period (till 4 AD) • Late Proto-Slavic, Proto-Slavic proper, Common Slavic (5th to ~ 9th AD) • South Slavic (Sclaveni): • Serbian, Macedonian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Montenegrin, etc. • East Slavic (Antes): • Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian • West Slavic (Veneti): • Polish, Sorbian, Czech, Slovak

Red dots – Proto-Slavic hydronyms White – names of cultures Black –tribes 4/19/2018 12 GREAT MIGRATIONS

• Proto-Slavic homeland: • Ukraine marshes, between the Bug and the Dnieper • Migration Period: 5th to 9th century AD (Late Proto-Slavic, i.e. Common Slavic) • Comparative method shows that the dialectal diversification occurred before the migrations (South Slavs - to the Balkan peninsula) 4/19/2018 13 LATE PROTO-SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• 5th to end of 9th century AD: time of rapid changes • Nevertheless, Late Proto-Slavic/Common-Slavic still functioned as a single mutually intelligible language, with dialectal changes usually spreading to all dialects 4/19/2018 14 OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC IN RELATION TO OTHER SLAVIC LANGUAGES Old Church Slavonic semi-artificial language and the first written language of the Slavs 4/19/2018 15 FIRST SLAVIC WRITTEN LANGUAGE – OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC

• Great Moravia (now the territory of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary) • West Slav territory • nevertheless, West and South Slavs spoke Common Slavic at the time • king Rastislav in 863 AD invited St. Cyril and St. Methodius from Greece to (continue) spreading Christianity 4/19/2018 16 FIRST SLAVIC WRITTEN LANGUAGE – OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC

• St. Cyril and St. Methodius: • contacted Byzantine Slavs from Thessalonica, Greece to help them create the written language Old Church Slavonic (OCS) and the alphabet • OCS thus based on the variant of the Common Slavic spoken north of Thessalonica • created glogoloca or glagoljica alphabet (Proto-Slavic glagolati – to speak) • OCS valuable for the reconstruction of Proto-Slavic since it is the closest written relative • their students created Cyrillic alphabet, prized script of predominantly Orthodox Christian countries 4/19/2018 17 GLAGOLITIC SCRIPT, GLAGOLITSA, ⰃⰎⰀⰃⰑⰎⰉⰜⰀ

• Glagolitsa used to translate Bible and other Ancient Greek church texts • Picture: page from Zoograf codex with text of the Gospel of Luke, illuminated cannon manuscript from 10th or 11th cent. AD 4/19/2018

18 MAIN PHONOTACTIC PRINCIPLES DRIVING CHANGES DURING THE COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD (5-9 AD)

• Law of open syllables • All syllables have to be open, resulted in: • Monophthongization • Nazalization of vowels preceding *N in coda • Elimination of consonant clusters • Metathesis • Intrasyllabic synharmony • Syllables have to internally agree in “softness” or “hardness” (place of articulation) 4/19/2018 19 PROCESSES OPERATING DURING EARLY PROTO-SLAVIC AND COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD

Consonant changes • Satem sound changes: • PIE *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ → PSl. *ś, *ź, *źʰ (→ CS *s, *z, *z) • PIE *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ → PSl. *k, *g, *gʰ • Loss of voiced aspirates: PIE *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ → PSl. *b, *d, *g • Ruki rule: • PIE *s → PSl. *š / *r, *u, *k, *i _ (Ljubivoje Ršumović) 4/19/2018 20 PROCESSES OPERATING DURING EARLY PROTO-SLAVIC AND COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD

Vowel changes • Prothesis: • #V → #jV or #wV • PIE *h₂ébōl ‘apple’ > PSl. *ablъko (-ko - dim. suffix) > Serbian jabuka, Polish jabłko • Merger of *o and *a: PIE *a/*o, *ā/*ō → PSl. *a, *ā (→ CS *o, *a) • Monophthongization (due to Law of open syllables): • PIE *oi/*ai, *ou/*au, (PBalto-Sl. *ai, *au), *ai, *au, *ei, *eu → PSl. *ē, *ū, *ī, *jū 4/19/2018 21 PROCESSES OPERATING DURING EARLY PROTO-SLAVIC AND COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD

• Slavic first regressive palatalization, 400 – 475 AD (Lemprecht): • Intrasyllabic synharmony (Jacobson, 1929) – syllables internally agree in “hardness” and “softness” (place of articulation) • Velar sounds pronounced in the back, front vowels pronounced in the front create disharmony, resolved by palatalization: • *k *g *x > *č *ž *š / _ {*e/ē, *i/ī, palatal semivowel *j}: • *k > *kʲ > *č • *g > *gʲ > *dž > *ž _ • *x > *xʲ > *š • *x absent in PIE, arose from *s by Ruki law (*s > *š / {*r, *w, *K, *y} _) • Compare: • PIE *wĺk̥ ʷe 'wolf!' (vocative singular of *wĺk̥ ʷos) > PSl. *wilke > OCS vlьče, Pol. wilcze, SCr. vȗče • PIE *gʷeneh₂ 'woman' > PSl. *ženā > OCS žena, Russ. žená, Pol. żona • PIE *muHs 'mouse' > PSl. *mūsi > *mūxi > mūši > OCS myšь, Russ. myš', Pol. mysz 4/19/2018 22 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• East and South Slavic > s, West Slavic š

4/19/2018 23 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• Second Slavic regressive palatalization, or sibiliantization: • Caused by monophthongization, : • Proto-Slavic diphthong *aj/āj (< PIE *oy, *h₂ey/ay) > ē • Then *kaj *gaj *xaj > *kē *gē *xē violation of intrasyllabic synharmony! • *k *g *x > c z s / _ ē • *k > *t' > c • *g > *d' > dz > z • *x > *ś > s/š • Other differences: • South Slavic allows palatalization across *w (> OCS *v), East and West Slavic do not • Compare: • PSl. *kwajtu 'flower' > OCS cvětъ, Serbian cvet, but Pol. kwiat, Cz. květ, Ukr. kvitka, Belarus. kvetka, Russ. dial. Kvet • PSl. *gwajzdā 'star' > OCS zvězda, Serbian zvezda, but Pol. gwiazda, Cz. hvězda 4/19/2018 24 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• Liquid Metathesis: • Elimination of liquid diphthongs (e.g. *or, *ol, *er, *er) due to the Law of open syllables, second half of 8th century, early evidence of diversification among West, East, and South Slavic; • Word-medially: C *or, *ol, *er, *el C → C *ro, *lo, *re, *le C, in West Slavic C *or, *ol, *er, *el C → C *oro, *olo, *ere, *olo C, in East Slavic C *or, *ol, *er, *el C → C *rā, *lā, *re, *le C, in South Slavic • PIE *bʰardʰeh₂ > PSl. *borda > Serbian brada, Russian boroda, Polish broda • Liquid metathesis still in effect by the end of the 8th century, Charlemagne adapted as: • Old High German Karl > PSl. *karlju > Common Slavic *korljь > Russian koról′, Polish król, Slovak kráľ, Serbo-Croatian krȃlj 4/19/2018 25 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• Liquid Metathesis • Word-initially, dependent on accent and phon. environment:

Proto-Slavic South Slavic, Czech and Slovak North Slavic Accent reconstructio OC Serbo- Bulgaria Macedo Belarusi Ukrainia Low. Upp. Slovene Czech Slovak Russian Polish n S Croatian n nian an n Sorbian Sorbian PSl. *ardla > rȁlo / рал́ о рало рал́ о рал́ а рал́ о Acute CS *őrdlo"plo ralo rálo rádlo radlo radło radło radło рал̏ о (rálo) (ralo) (rálo) (rála) (rálo) ugh" PSl. *arstu rast rȃst / ръст раст рост рост Circmflx > CS *orstъ rȃst růst rast ріст (rist) wzrost róst ŭ раст̑ (răst) (rast) (rost) (rost) "growth"

If the accent was circumflex, the metathesis in South Slavic + Czech and Slovak occurred with lengthening, in West and East Slavic occurred without the lengthening so Early Proto-Sl. *a retains its short quantity and yields /o/; compare EPSl. *ȃlkuti ('elbow') > Serbo-Croatian lȃkat, but Czech loket. 4/19/2018 26 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• Loss of *t and *d, only in East and South Slavic languages, motivated by the Law of open syllables: • PSl. *d, *t → Ø / _ *l

• Red: South Slavic and East Slavic • Blue: West Slavic

Proto-Slavic Accent reconstructio OC Serbo- Bulgaria Macedo Belarusi Ukrainia Low. Upp. Slovene Czech Slovak Russian Polish n S Croatian n nian an n Sorbian Sorbian PSl. *ardla > rȁlo / рал́ о рало рал́ о рал́ а рал́ о Acute CS *őrdlo"plo ralo rálo rádlo radlo radło radło radło рал̏ о (rálo) (ralo) (rálo) (rála) (rálo) ugh" 4/19/2018 27 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• Yers: • ь and ъ, front and back yer, short high lax vowels, disagreement between features high and lax • Havlík's law (1889), Division of yers to strong and weak: • Rhythmic law, every odd yer in a row is strong, every even weak: • Nom. sg. ‘father’ /otəts-ə/ [otats] • Gen. pl. ‘of fathers’ /otəts-əa/ [otats-a] • Gen. pl. with intervening suffix /-ev-/ /otəts-ev-əa/ [otʃ-ev-a] 4/19/2018 28 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

ONLY STRONG ONES SURVIVE BUT HOW? 4/19/2018 29 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION

• Yers: • ь and ъ, front and back yer, short high lax vowels, disagreement between features high and lax

• Yer Lowering:

PSl. OCS Bulg Mac S-C Slvn Cze Slvk Pol USrb LSrb Bel Russ Ukr

strong e ь e, ă e a ǝ,a e 'e e e 'e 'e e *ь (a,á,o) strong o ъ ă o a ǝ,a e e e e o o o *ъ (e,a,á) 4/19/2018 30 CONTEMPORARY DIFFERENCES AMONG SLAVIC LANGUAGES

• Proto-Slavic: *golvà, ‘head’: • Serbian (South Slavic) – Lat. gláva; Cyr. глав́ а • Russian (East Slavic) – Cyr. голова ́ /golova/ • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. głowa /glova/ What processes and differences • Proto-Slavic: *dьnь, ‘day’: do you recognize? • Serbian (South Slavic, western group) – Lat. dan; Cyr. глав́ а • Bulgarian (South Slavic, eastern group) – Cyr. ден; Lat. den • Russian (East Slavic) – Lan. день (denʹ) • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. dzień • Proto-Slavic • Serbian (South Slavic, western group) – Lat. jela; • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. jodła (=fir) • Russian (East Slavic) – Cyr. ель /yel’/ 4/19/2018 31 SOUTH SLAVS

• Sclaveni - proto-tribe of the South Slavs • Raided, invaded, and settled in the Balkans in early Middle Ages (5-6th cent. AD) • Accepted Byzantine rule [“Sclaveni” (Lat.) – slaves] • First military mention, 537 AD: • Byzantine Emperor Justinian I sent Sclaveni and Antes cavalry to Italy to save general Belisarius

Sclaveni between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains 4/19/2018 32 DIVISION IN SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES

• South Slavic languages create a dialect continuum, yet are divided into: • Eastern group: • Bulgarian (magenta) • Macedonian (bordeaux) • Transitional (around country borders: Torlakian, Prizren-Timok) • Western group: • Serbian (blue), Croatian (yellow), Montenegrin (dark blue), Bosnian (green) • Slovenian (yellow) 4/19/2018 33 SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN, MONTENEGRIN LANGUAGE – ANOTHER DIALECT CONTINUUM

• Dialectal division based on the reflex of Proto-Slavic yat sound: • Ijekavian • Ekavian • Ikavian • Dialectal division based on the form of the interrogative adverb “why” (reflects different sounds changes): • Chakavian • Kajkavian • Shtokavian 4/19/2018 34 DIFFERENCES WITHIN SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES – NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY

EASTERN GROUP OF SLAVIC WESTERN GROUP OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES LANGUAGES • existence of a definite article (e.g. книга, book – • No articles, definiteness indicated by word order and книгата, the book, време, time – времето, the determiners time) • 7 cases • near complete lack of noun cases • formation of comparative forms of adjectives formed • formation of comparative forms of adjectives with the suffix –iji formed with the prefix по- (e.g. добър, по-добър (Bulg.)/добар, подобар (Maced.) – good, better) 4/19/2018 35 DIFFERENCES WITHIN SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES – VERBAL MORPHOLOGY

EASTERN GROUP OF SLAVIC WESTERN GROUP OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES LANGUAGES • lack of a verb infinitive • verb infinitive alive and well

• future tense formed by the present form of the • Future tense formed analytically with auxiliary hteti verb preceded by ще/ќе (will) (will) + infinitive, or synthetically with base form + • existence of a renarrative mood (e.g. Той ме abbreviated form of hteti видял. (Bulg.)/Тој ме видел. (Maced.) – He • Aorist, imperfect, and plusquamperfect almost lost supposedly saw me. Compare with Той ме видя./Тој ме виде. – He saw me.) • strong use of aspectual forms aorist and imperfect 4/19/2018 36 SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN, MONTENEGRIN, LANGUAGE TODAY

• Language planning and language nationalism • After nationalistic (civil) wars (’80s and ‘90s) in former Yugoslavia, every new-born nation wanted its own language • Serbo-Croatian became Serbian and Croatian, with further languages sprouting: Montenegrin, Bosnian-Herzegovinian, etc. • Standard Croatian: yat reflex ije (dijete – ‘child’), script Latin, Kajkavian dialect • Standard Serbian: yat reflex e (dete – ‘child’), both Latin and Cyrillic script, Shtokavian dialect

• Croatian borrowing type: calques using Slavic roots (zrako-plov - ‘airplane’, ‘air’ + ‘boat’) • Serbian borrowing type: foreign (mostly phonetically and morphologically adapted) borrowings (avion (from Fr.) - ‘airplane’)