[A SHORTCUT] FROM PIE TO SERBIAN ALEKSANDRA TOMIC HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, 2018 4/19/2018 "2 PRESENTATION FOCUS • What makes Serbian – Serbian? What makes Polish – Polish? • Differences between Slavic languages and other Indo-European (IE) languages • Differences among South, West and East Slavic languages • Differences within the South Slavic language group 4/19/2018 "3 CONTEMPORARY SLAVIC LANGUAGES 4/19/2018 "4 SERBIAN IN RELATION TO OTHER SLAVIC LANGUAGES 4/19/2018 "5 SERBIAN LANGUAGE • 30 phonemes, 25 consonants, 5 vowels (no diphthongs) • Interesting features: • Plenty of palatal affricates, with softness and hardness (laminality) distinctions • /r/ trill • pitch accent: short-falling, short-rising, long-falling, long-rising • 7-case system (nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) • 4 verb conjugation classes • synthetic language (prefixation, suffixation, infixation) • free word order • agreement: • Determiner-adjective-noun agreement in number, gender, case • Subject-verb agreement in case, number, gender 4/19/2018 "6 SERBIAN PHONOLOGY • Vowels, short and long Front Central Back Close i u Mid e o Open a 4/19/2018 "7 SERBIAN PHONOLOGY • Pitch accent Slavicist! IPA! Description symbol symbol ȅ ê short vowel with falling tone ȇ ê# long vowel with falling tone è $ short vowel with rising tone é $# long vowel with rising tone e e non-tonic short vowel ē e# non-tonic long vowel 4/19/2018 "8 SERBIAN PHONOLOGY • Consonants Many palatal sounds Many affricates Today’s presentation might help you figure out why! 4/19/2018 "9 CONTEMPORARY DIFFERENCES AMONG SLAVIC LANGUAGES • Proto-Slavic: *golvà, ‘head’: • Serbian (South Slavic) – Lat. gláva; Cyr. глав( а • Russian (East Slavic) – Cyr. голова ( /golova/ Where do the differences come from? • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. g+owa /glova/ We will revisit! • Proto-Slavic: *dьnь, ‘day’: • Serbian (South Slavic, western group) – Lat. dan; Cyr. глав( а • Bulgarian (South Slavic, eastern group) – Cyr. ден; Lat. den • Russian (East Slavic) – Lan. день (den0) • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. dzie1 • PIE *23eluna, ‘fir’: • Serbian (South Slavic, western group) – Lat. jela; • Polish (West Slavic) – Lat. jod+a • Czech (West Slavic) – Lat. jedle • Russian (East Slavic) – Cyr. ель /yel’/ 4/19/2018 "10 PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN URHEIMAT • Kurgan Hypothesis (Gimbutas, 1956): • Original PIE speakers, members of the Kurgan culture, originated from the Pontic steppe, to the North and between the Black Sea and the Caspian Lake (kurgan (Rus.) – burial mound) • Magenta – PIE homeland, Samara culture (5000 BC), Sredny Stog culture (hunter-gatherers, people and animal sacrificers) Spread: • Red – inhabited by PIE speakers up to 2500 BC • Orange - inhabited by PIE speakers up to 1000 BC 4/19/2018 "11 PROTO-SLAVIC LANGUAGE (* RECONSTRUCTED) • Proto-Balto-Slavic • Proto-Slavic (developed c. 1500 BC) • Pre-Slavic period (till 4 AD) • Late Proto-Slavic, Proto-Slavic proper, Common Slavic (5th to ~ 9th AD) • South Slavic (Sclaveni): • Serbian, Macedonian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Montenegrin, etc. • East Slavic (Antes): • Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian • West Slavic (Veneti): • Polish, Sorbian, Czech, Slovak Red dots – Proto-Slavic hydronyms White – names of cultures Black –tribes 4/19/2018 "12 GREAT MIGRATIONS • Proto-Slavic homeland: • Ukraine marshes, between the Bug and the Dnieper • Migration Period: 5th to 9th century AD (Late Proto-Slavic, i.e. Common Slavic) • Comparative method shows that the dialectal diversification occurred before the migrations (South Slavs - to the Balkan peninsula) 4/19/2018 "13 LATE PROTO-SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION • 5th to end of 9th century AD: time of rapid changes • Nevertheless, Late Proto-Slavic/Common-Slavic still functioned as a single mutually intelligible language, with dialectal changes usually spreading to all dialects 4/19/2018 "14 OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC IN RELATION TO OTHER SLAVIC LANGUAGES Old Church Slavonic semi-artificial language and the first written language of the Slavs 4/19/2018 "15 FIRST SLAVIC WRITTEN LANGUAGE – ! OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC • Great Moravia (now the territory of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary) • West Slav territory • nevertheless, West and South Slavs spoke Common Slavic at the time • king Rastislav in 863 AD invited St. Cyril and St. Methodius from Greece to (continue) spreading Christianity 4/19/2018 "16 FIRST SLAVIC WRITTEN LANGUAGE – ! OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC • St. Cyril and St. Methodius: • contacted Byzantine Slavs from Thessalonica, Greece to help them create the written language Old Church Slavonic (OCS) and the alphabet • OCS thus based on the variant of the Common Slavic spoken north of Thessalonica • created glogoloca or glagoljica alphabet (Proto-Slavic glagolati – to speak) • OCS valuable for the reconstruction of Proto-Slavic since it is the closest written relative • their students created Cyrillic alphabet, prized script of predominantly Orthodox Christian countries 4/19/2018 "17 GLAGOLITIC SCRIPT, GLAGOLITSA, ⰃⰎⰀⰃⰑⰎⰉⰜⰀ • Glagolitsa used to translate Bible and other Ancient Greek church texts • Picture: page from Zoograf codex with text of the Gospel of Luke, illuminated cannon manuscript from 10th or 11th cent. AD 4/19/2018 "18 MAIN PHONOTACTIC PRINCIPLES DRIVING CHANGES DURING THE COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD (5-9 AD) • Law of open syllables • All syllables have to be open, resulted in: • Monophthongization • Nazalization of vowels preceding *N in coda • Elimination of consonant clusters • Metathesis • Intrasyllabic synharmony • Syllables have to internally agree in “softness” or “hardness” (place of articulation) 4/19/2018 "19 PROCESSES OPERATING DURING EARLY PROTO-SLAVIC AND COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD Consonant changes • Satem sound changes: • PIE *4, *2, *23 → PSl. *5, *6, *63 (→ CS *s, *z, *z) • PIE *k7, *g7, *g73 → PSl. *k, *g, *g3 • Loss of voiced aspirates: PIE *b3, *d3, *g3 → PSl. *b, *d, *g • Ruki rule: • PIE *s → PSl. *8 / *r, *u, *k, *i _ (Ljubivoje R8umovi9) 4/19/2018 "20 PROCESSES OPERATING DURING EARLY PROTO-SLAVIC AND COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD Vowel changes • Prothesis: • #V → #jV or #wV • PIE *h:éb;l ‘apple’ > PSl. *ablъko (-ko - dim. suffix) > Serbian jabuka, Polish jab+ko • Merger of *o and *a: PIE *a/*o, *=/*; → PSl. *a, *= (→ CS *o, *a) • Monophthongization (due to Law of open syllables): • PIE *oi/*ai, *ou/*au, (PBalto-Sl. *ai, *au), *ai, *au, *ei, *eu → PSl. *>, *?, *@, *j? 4/19/2018 "21 PROCESSES OPERATING DURING EARLY PROTO-SLAVIC AND COMMON SLAVIC PERIOD • Slavic first regressive palatalization, 400 – 475 AD (Lemprecht): • Intrasyllabic synharmony (Jacobson, 1929) – syllables internally agree in “hardness” and “softness” (place of articulation) • Velar sounds pronounced in the back, front vowels pronounced in the front create disharmony, resolved by palatalization: • *k *g *x > *A *B *8 / _ {*e/>, *i/@, palatal semivowel *j}: • *k > *kD > *A • *g > *gD > *dB > *B _ • *x > *xD > *8 • *x absent in PIE, arose from *s by Ruki law (*s > *8C/ {*r, *w, *K, *y} _) • Compare: • PIE *wEkF 7e 'wolf!' (vocative singular of *wEkF 7os) > PSl. *wilke > OCS vlьAe, Pol. wilcze, SCr. vGAe • PIE *g7eneh: 'woman' > PSl. *Ben= > OCS Bena, Russ. Bená, Pol. Hona • PIE *muHs 'mouse' > PSl. *m?si > *m?xi > m?8i > OCS myšь, Russ. my8', Pol. mysz 4/19/2018 "22 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION • Second Slavic regressive palatalization, or sibiliantization: • Caused by monophthongization, : • Proto-Slavic diphthong *aj/=j (< PIE *oy, *h:ey/ay) > > • Then *kaj *gaj *xaj > *k> *g> *x> violation of intrasyllabic synharmony! • *k *g *x > c z s / _ > • *k > *t' > c PIE *koylo- > PSl. *kajlu 'whole, healthy' > OCS cělъ, Russ. célyj, Pol. cały • *g > *d' > dz > z • *x > *5 > s/8 • East and South Slavic > s, West Slavic 8 4/19/2018 "23 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION • Second Slavic regressive palatalization, or sibiliantization: • Caused by monophthongization, : • Proto-Slavic diphthong *aj/=j (< PIE *oy, *h:ey/ay) > > • Then *kaj *gaj *xaj > *k> *g> *x> violation of intrasyllabic synharmony! • *k *g *x > c z s / _ > • *k > *t' > c • *g > *d' > dz > z • *x > *5 > s/8 • Other differences: • South Slavic allows palatalization across *w (> OCS *v), East and West Slavic do not • Compare: • PSl. *kwajtu 'flower' > OCS cv$tъ, Serbian cvet, but Pol. kwiat, Cz. kv$t, Ukr. kvitka, Belarus. kvetka, Russ. dial. Kvet • PSl. *gwajzd= 'star' > OCS zv$zda, Serbian zvezda, but Pol. gwiazda, Cz. hv$zda 4/19/2018 "24 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION • Liquid Metathesis: • Elimination of liquid diphthongs (e.g. *or, *ol, *er, *er) due to the Law of open syllables, second half of 8th century, early evidence of diversification among West, East, and South Slavic; • Word-medially: C *or, *ol, *er, *el C → C *ro, *lo, *re, *le C, in West Slavic C *or, *ol, *er, *el C → C *oro, *olo, *ere, *olo C, in East Slavic C *or, *ol, *er, *el C → C *r=, *l=, *re, *le C, in South Slavic • PIE *b3ard3eh: > PSl. *borda > Serbian brada, Russian boroda, Polish broda • Liquid metathesis still in effect by the end of the 8th century, Charlemagne adapted as: • Old High German Karl > PSl. *karlju > Common Slavic *korljь > Russian korólI, Polish król, Slovak kráJ, Serbo-Croatian krKlj 4/19/2018 "25 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN LATE PROTO-SLAVIC OR COMMON SLAVIC DIALECTAL DIVERSIFICATION • Liquid Metathesis • Word-initially, dependent on accent and phon. environment: Proto-Slavic South Slavic, Czech and Slovak North Slavic Accent reconstructio OC Serbo- Bulgaria Macedo Belarusi Ukrainia Low. Upp. Slovene Czech Slovak Russian Polish n S Croatian n nian an n Sorbian Sorbian PSl. *ardla > rMlo / рал( о рало рал( о рал( а рал( о Acute CS *Lrdlo"plo ralo rálo rádlo radlo rad+o rad+o rad+o ралO о (rálo) (ralo) (rálo) (rála) (rálo) ugh" PSl. *arstu rast rKst / ръст раст рост рост Circmflx > CS *orstъ rKst rUst rast ріст (rist) wzrost róst P растQ (rTst) (rast) (rost) (rost) "growth" If the accent was circumflex, the metathesis in South Slavic + Czech and Slovak occurred with lengthening, in West and East Slavic occurred without the lengthening so Early Proto-Sl. *a retains its short quantity and yields /o/; compare EPSl.