Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | June 2021

CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE

THE ORIGINALITY OF CASE FORMS IN RUSSIAN Khamraeva Mavlyuda Juraevna Teacher of Uzbek language and literature department Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino [email protected]

Received 22ndMay 2021, Accepted 25th May 2021, Online 10thJune 2021

Abstract: A case category is a grammatical category of a noun that expresses the relation of the II. Literature review object it denotes to other objects, actions, features. It The declension (change of nouns in cases in represents "... an inflectional category, thanks to the singular and plural) of Russian nouns, adjectives which word forms, devoid of any informal - semantic and numerals is striking in the variety of and" connecting "differences can be opposed." representations. It, due to the specifics of the Key words: word order, cases, nouns, language, is based on the case change of nouns. It is adjectives, pronouns, numerals, nominative, the reliance on the cases of the substantive that helps accusative, prepositional, genitive, dative, to streamline the declension system of adjectives and instrumental. numbers. Presently, it is especially difficult for I. INTRODUCTION secondary school teachers to submit grammatical material on cases. "The semantic value of this category arises as Despite the variety of techniques, techniques, a result of the interaction of the noun form with the the use of information technologies that help to word form" subordinating "to it". The change in parts present the case system in an accessible and colorful of speech (names) in cases was called declension. way, junior and middle schoolchildren often The circle of the declension form, case inflection experience difficulties in determining declensions, inherent in different types of names is limited. writing case endings in nouns, adjectives and The very concept of "case" and the naming of numbers, and verbs. cases originate from antiquity. The connection It is obvious that the formation of spelling between the case system of the Russian language and and grammatical norms of writing and shaping of the systems of Indo-European languages emphasizes words among the younger generation falls on the its universality, but in no way diminishes the shoulders of teachers of primary and V-VIII grades, significance of this category.

© 2021, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 36 CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | June 2021, ISSN: 2660-6828 since literacy is laid, according to K.D. Ushinsky, up The meaning and use of cases in Russian to 12 - 13 years old. A case category is a grammatical category of III. Analysis a noun that expresses the relation of the object it Purpose of the work (article): to describe the denotes to other objects, actions, features. peculiarities of the case system of the Russian This terminology is associated with the language, to identify the specifics of the ways of ancient concept of "declinatio" as "deviations", presenting this grammatical material in the lessons of "deviations" from the correct, "direct" form of the the Russian language in primary and secondary word, and was supported by associations with a dice schools. game (where with each throw one or another side The goal determined the following tasks: falls out - in this case, one "direct" and several 1. to trace the development of the case system "indirect"). in the history of the modern Russian language and Due to the historical relationship of Indo- describe the existing approaches to its definition; European languages, the case system of the Russian 2. to analyze the features of the design of the language has a number of similarities with the case category of case in the nominal parts of speech of the system of other Indo-European languages (see: Table Russian language; 1). But against the background of this community, 3. to identify the features of the presentation their originality clearly stands out, which is of material about the cases of the Russian language manifested both in the number of cases and in the in primary and secondary school; range of meanings of the use of each case. 4. to study the specifics of teaching spelling as the basis for the study of grammatical knowledge Table 1. Correspondence of Russian cases to in middle grades; cases in world languages

5. to illustrate with examples of methodological developments the possibilities of a

used

Russian

modern teacher when presenting material about the Function

case name case

which is it

Latin name

Characterizi

ngquestions Examples of languages in

case system. Almost all Subject of research is identification and agglutinating subjective Who! description of the case system of the Russian Subject and case What? language from a theoretical and methodological Nominative inflectional languages point of view. The main research methods in this Arabic, Slavic, work are the analysis method, the comparative Finnish, Georgian, method, the comparative historical method. Affiliation German, , The practical significance of the thesis lies in (Ancient)

compositi the description and analysis of the concept of "case", Greek, Whom? on, Genitive Icelandic, the identification of the peculiarities of the What? participati

Genetic Irish, Latin, on, origin, presentation of the case system of the Russian Lithuanian, definition, language, the originality of the methodological Sanskrit, denial presentation of material to junior and middle Turkic languages, schoolchildren, taking into account developmental Japanese psychology.

© 2021, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 37 CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | June 2021, ISSN: 2660-6828 Can be The action separated from moves

genitive in: Partial case What? only to a

Possessive Affiliation English, Partitive part of the Whose? case only Quechua, Altai object

Possessive and Finno-

Ugric languages Vocal case Appeal

From the early Vocative Indo-European languages

Transmiss survived in the Which ion object, Being in

one? Balto-Slavic, any state Who? speech Essive Dative Romance and How? What? addressee, Dative Germanic

experimen languages; What? ter Change of Finno-Ugric Who / state or languages, what has location

Japanese Translative become?

Almost all agglutinating Whom? Action Accusative languages, IV. Discussion What? object most Case is a form of a name that expresses its Accusative inflectional relationship to other words in a sentence or phrase. For example: to unlock a door with a key, a key to a Who! Subject of Ergative Nominative What? action languages door, a bunch of keys, to acquire keys - the four case Ergative forms of the word key express different attitudes towards the words unlock, from the door, bunch,

Who! Action or acquire. These relationships can be very diverse, and Nominative Whom? state What? object therefore the form of each case can have several

Absolute meanings. A subject who The modern school grammatical tradition

perceives identifies 6 cases. Who! something Dative Russian name Latin name Characterizing Who? or question Affective experienc Nominative Nominative Who! What? es any Genitive Genitive Whom? What? feelings Dative Dative Who? What? Accusative Accusative Whom? What? With Secondary Finnish,

whom? actors Basque Instrumental Ablative By whom? Than?

or Social (combines

Comitative instrumental,

locative and The By instrument ablative) Instrumental whom? of action; Mongolian Prepositional Preposition About whom? case Than? sometimes About what?

Instrumentalis the actor

© 2021, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 38 CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | June 2021, ISSN: 2660-6828 Modern European terminology related to Vocative forms of the vocative case declension is a fragment of the ancient one. The (vocative) are used when referring to a person (im. nominative (onomastikz, nominativus) as the "initial" Case: Anya - vocative: An!) (An, will you go case was called orthz - direct, unlike others who home?). However, at present, instead of the extinct deviated, declined (klisis, declinatio - declension), old vocative case, the so-called new vocative case is which is why they were considered oblique, indirect used, which is formed by truncating the final vowel (plagiai, ptfseis). Parent (geniks, genetivus - generic) of the noun. The vocative case was considered the got its name from the fact that it sometimes denoted seventh Russian case in grammars published before a genus, affiliation, origin. The dative (dotikз, 1918 (in the closely related Belarusian and Ukrainian dativus) by its name expressed one of its functions languages, it stands out as the 7th case to this day). (compare the use of the dative case with the verb Words in the form of this archaic vocative give - let). case can be found in old literature, especially church The term of Greek grammar, corresponding literature (for example, the words "father", "God", to the accusative case (aitiatikз), was very narrowly "Lord", "elder", which are archaisms in modern translated into Latin - accuativus (literally: Russian). accusative), or rather it would be causativus. "We The vocal case does not express the would have been more suitable for the name of the relationship between words and is necessary to subject case." The instrumental (instrumentalis - express the dependence of words in a sentence: instrumental) case was introduced into Russian (who?) Ivan gave birth to (whom?) A girl grammar by Lavrentiy Zizaniy (Grammar of The noun "Ivan" is used in the form of the Slovenska, 1596). Meletius Smotritsky in his nominative case, "girl" - in the form of the "Grammar" (1619) supplemented the Russian case accusative. From here we understand that it was Ivan terminology with a legendary case (compare to speak who gave birth to the girl, and not vice versa. - to say something), which was later renamed by The third vocative case that existed in the Lomonosov as a prefix, due to the exclusive use of Russian language was preserved in the words this case only with prepositions. For the Old Russian "grandfather", "docha", etc. and Old Slavonic languages, this case is called However, some linguists interpret these forms "local" (according to one of the main meanings); it not as the vocative case, but as the vocative form, was originally used without a preposition, like all since only some residual forms of the ancient other indirect cases: Novgorod'b meant "in vocative case have survived in the modern language, Novgorod". while not all names have a vocative form. This is due However, there is an opinion that in the to the definition of the case, which should express Russian language, in addition to these six cases, it is syntactic relations. The appeals, meanwhile, are not possible to distinguish several more word forms- members of the sentence and do not participate in cases that are not mentioned when teaching at school syntactic relations. (see: Table 1), but can be used by the teacher as The quantitative-separative (partitive, or additional language material. These cases include: second genitive) case was used when using a noun vocative, quantitative-separative, local and original meaning whole in relation to some part also cases. mentioned. We can hear this case in two equivalent forms of some phrases: for example, "head of garlic",

© 2021, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 39 CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | June 2021, ISSN: 2660-6828 but also "head of garlic"; it is especially noticeable in 3. Rakhmonova D.М. Introducing innovations in relation to uncountable nouns: sugar, sand (not to be The Preschool Education System With Talented confused with the dative), etc. There is an opinion Children. Middle European Scientific Bulletin that this case is one of two that can be a direct ISSN 2694-9970. complement to a verb. Moreover, verbs can have as a 4. Rakhmonova D.М. Psychological basis of direct object both only a noun in the portative, and in working with talented children 2/101. Actual the accusative. (This often depends on the animate problems of modern science, education and and countable noun.) training V. Conclusion 5. Raxmonova D.M. Technology of preparing Thus, all case forms of the three declensions children for school "Improving the quality of in singular and plural have a total of only fifteen education: problems, solutions and prospects" different inflections (morphophonemic notation). (Bukhara experience) Republican scientific- The concept of "case" and the names of cases practical conference VXTB and Bukhara State originate from antiquity. The case system of the University in May 2020 Page 454. Russian language has a number of common features 6. Raxmonova D.M. Interdisciplinary consistency with the case system of other Indo-European and connection is an important factor in the languages, but it has specific features: the number of development of cognitive processes of students cases, the range of meanings of the use of each case. Republican scientific-practical conference Some researchers distinguish such word forms-cases "Educational innovations, the use of foreign as vocative, quantitative-separative, local and experience and assessment systems in improving original cases. The meanings of the cases are diverse. pedagogical skills: problems and solutions" The transfer of these meanings is entrusted to BVXTXQTMOHM April 24, 2020 p.120. inflections, which help to navigate in the semantic 7. Russia-Uzbekistan International educational, variety of meanings. scientific and socio-cultural technologies: vectors of development: Distance education as an innovative form of teaching students with References: disabilities 1/353 110 pp. ISSN: 2249-7137 Vol. 10, Issue 11, November 2020 Impact Factor: 1. Gafurov B.Z. Study of advertising texts in SJIF 2020 = Russian on the topic of medical terminology. 8. Rakhmonova D.М. Academicia: ISSN: 2249- International Journal of Progressive Sciences 7137 vol. 10, issue 11, November 2020 impact and Technologies (IJPSAT). – Indonesia. Vol. factor: SJIF 2020 = 7.13 ways to determine 26, №1, April 2021.– Pp. 586-590. talented children in preschool education 2. Gafurov B.Z. Analysis of the relationship of 10.5958/2249-7137.2020.01534.7 medical terminology with segment 9. Akhmedova Mehrinigor Bahodirovna, phonostylistics of the noun in Russian, Uzbek “PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING THE and English languages // Theoretical & Applied CONCEPT OF "SPIRITUALITY" ”, IEJRD - Science. International Scientific Journal. – International Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 6, Philadelphia, USA, 2020. –№1 (81). –Рp.464- no. TITFL, pp. 290-295, Apr. 2021. 466. http://T-Science.org.

© 2021, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 40 CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | June 2021, ISSN: 2660-6828 10. https://pen4pals.com/en/russian-cases-simple- words-visual-sheets-chatrs-video 11. Bakhronova, M. A. (2020). Representation of disease namesin the literature. ISJTheoretical & Applied Science, 06 (86), 141-144. 12. J.I.Mizrabova and M.A.Baxronova, “IN THE WORK OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S ‘HAMLET’ THE TRANSFER OF THE NAMES OF THE DISEASE IN DIFFERENT TRANSLATIONS”, IEJRD - International Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 6, no. TITFL, pp. 95-98, Apr. 2021.