Electroweak and Higgs
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of the Higgs Mechanism in the Standard Model and Beyond Alessandra Edda Baas University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2010 Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of the Higgs Mechanism in the Standard Model and Beyond Alessandra Edda Baas University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Part of the Physics Commons Baas, Alessandra Edda, "Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of the Higgs Mechanism in the Standard Model and Beyond" (2010). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 503. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/503 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE HIGGS MECHANISM IN THE STANDARD MODEL AND BEYOND A Thesis Presented by ALESSANDRA EDDA BAAS Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE September 2010 Department of Physics © Copyright by Alessandra Edda Baas 2010 All Rights Reserved THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE HIGGS MECHANISM IN THE STANDARD MODEL AND BEYOND A Thesis Presented by ALESSANDRA EDDA BAAS Approved as to style and content by: Eugene Golowich, Chair Benjamin Brau, Member Donald Candela, Department Chair Department of Physics To my loving parents. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a Thesis is never possible without the help of many people. The greatest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Prof. Eugene Golowich who gave my the opportunity of working with him this year. -
Physics at the Tevatron
Top Physics at Hadron Colliders Sandra Leone INFN Pisa Gottingen HASCO School 2018 1 Outline . Motivations for studying top . A brief history t . Top production and decay b ucds . Identification of final states . Cross section measurements . Mass determination . Single top production . Study of top properties 2 Motivations for Studying Top . Only known fermion with a mass at the natural electroweak scale. Similar mass to tungsten atomic # 74, 35 times heavier than b quark. Why is Top so heavy? Is top involved in EWSB? -1/2 (Does (2 2 GF) Mtop mean anything?) Special role in precision electroweak physics? Is top, or the third generation, special? . New physics BSM may appear in production (e.g. topcolor) or in decay (e.g. Charged Higgs). b t ucds 3 Pre-history of the Top quark 1964 Quarks (u,d,s) were postulated by Gell-Mann and Zweig, and discovered in 1968 (in electron – proton scattering using a 20 GeV electron beam from the Stanford Linear Accelerator) 1973: M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa predict the existence of a third generation of quarks to accommodate the observed violation of CP invariance in K0 decays. 1974: Discovery of the J/ψ and the fourth (GIM) “charm” quark at both BNL and SLAC, and the τ lepton (also at SLAC), with the τ providing major support for a third generation of fermions. 1975: Haim Harari names the quarks of the third generation "top" and "bottom" to match the "up" and "down" quarks of the first generation, reflecting their "spin up" and "spin down" membership in a new weak-isospin doublet that also restores the numerical quark/ lepton symmetry of the current version of the standard model. -
7. Gamma and X-Ray Interactions in Matter
Photon interactions in matter Gamma- and X-Ray • Compton effect • Photoelectric effect Interactions in Matter • Pair production • Rayleigh (coherent) scattering Chapter 7 • Photonuclear interactions F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Kinematics Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Interaction cross sections Energy-transfer cross sections Mass attenuation coefficients 1 2 Compton interaction A.H. Compton • Inelastic photon scattering by an electron • Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) • Main assumption: the electron struck by the • Received Nobel prize in physics 1927 for incoming photon is unbound and stationary his discovery of the Compton effect – The largest contribution from binding is under • Was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, condition of high Z, low energy and creation of first nuclear reactor, which went critical in December 1942 – Under these conditions photoelectric effect is dominant Born and buried in • Consider two aspects: kinematics and cross Wooster, OH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton sections http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22551 3 4 Compton interaction: Kinematics Compton interaction: Kinematics • An earlier theory of -ray scattering by Thomson, based on observations only at low energies, predicted that the scattered photon should always have the same energy as the incident one, regardless of h or • The failure of the Thomson theory to describe high-energy photon scattering necessitated the • Inelastic collision • After the collision the electron departs -
The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories
The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories John Baez and John Huerta Department of Mathematics University of California Riverside, CA 92521 USA May 4, 2010 Abstract The Standard Model is the best tested and most widely accepted theory of elementary particles we have today. It may seem complicated and arbitrary, but it has hidden patterns that are revealed by the relationship between three ‘grand unified theories’: theories that unify forces and particles by extend- ing the Standard Model symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) to a larger group. These three are Georgi and Glashow’s SU(5) theory, Georgi’s theory based on the group Spin(10), and the Pati–Salam model based on the group SU(2)×SU(2)×SU(4). In this expository account for mathematicians, we ex- plain only the portion of these theories that involves finite-dimensional group representations. This allows us to reduce the prerequisites to a bare minimum while still giving a taste of the profound puzzles that physicists are struggling to solve. 1 Introduction The Standard Model of particle physics is one of the greatest triumphs of physics. This theory is our best attempt to describe all the particles and all the forces of nature... except gravity. It does a great job of fitting experiments we can do in the lab. But physicists are dissatisfied with it. There are three main reasons. First, it leaves out gravity: that force is described by Einstein’s theory of general relativity, arXiv:0904.1556v2 [hep-th] 1 May 2010 which has not yet been reconciled with the Standard Model. -
– 1– LEPTOQUARK QUANTUM NUMBERS Revised September
{1{ LEPTOQUARK QUANTUM NUMBERS Revised September 2005 by M. Tanabashi (Tohoku University). Leptoquarks are particles carrying both baryon number (B) and lepton number (L). They are expected to exist in various extensions of the Standard Model (SM). The possible quantum numbers of leptoquark states can be restricted by assuming that their direct interactions with the ordinary SM fermions are dimensionless and invariant under the SM gauge group. Table 1 shows the list of all possible quantum numbers with this assumption [1]. The columns of SU(3)C,SU(2)W,andU(1)Y in Table 1 indicate the QCD representation, the weak isospin representation, and the weak hypercharge, respectively. The spin of a leptoquark state is taken to be 1 (vector leptoquark) or 0 (scalar leptoquark). Table 1: Possible leptoquarks and their quan- tum numbers. Spin 3B + L SU(3)c SU(2)W U(1)Y Allowed coupling c c 0 −2 311¯ /3¯qL`Loru ¯ReR c 0 −2 314¯ /3 d¯ReR c 0−2331¯ /3¯qL`L cµ c µ 1−2325¯ /6¯qLγeRor d¯Rγ `L cµ 1 −2 32¯ −1/6¯uRγ`L 00327/6¯qLeRoru ¯R`L 00321/6 d¯R`L µ µ 10312/3¯qLγ`Lor d¯Rγ eR µ 10315/3¯uRγeR µ 10332/3¯qLγ`L If we do not require leptoquark states to couple directly with SM fermions, different assignments of quantum numbers become possible [2,3]. The Pati-Salam model [4] is an example predicting the existence of a leptoquark state. In this model a vector lepto- quark appears at the scale where the Pati-Salam SU(4) “color” gauge group breaks into the familiar QCD SU(3)C group (or CITATION: S. -
Deep Inelastic Scattering
Particle Physics Michaelmas Term 2011 Prof Mark Thomson e– p Handout 6 : Deep Inelastic Scattering Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 176 e– p Elastic Scattering at Very High q2 ,At high q2 the Rosenbluth expression for elastic scattering becomes •From e– p elastic scattering, the proton magnetic form factor is at high q2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 23 (1969) 935 •Due to the finite proton size, elastic scattering M.Breidenbach et al., at high q2 is unlikely and inelastic reactions where the proton breaks up dominate. e– e– q p X Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 177 Kinematics of Inelastic Scattering e– •For inelastic scattering the mass of the final state hadronic system is no longer the proton mass, M e– •The final state hadronic system must q contain at least one baryon which implies the final state invariant mass MX > M p X For inelastic scattering introduce four new kinematic variables: ,Define: Bjorken x (Lorentz Invariant) where •Here Note: in many text books W is often used in place of MX Proton intact hence inelastic elastic Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 178 ,Define: e– (Lorentz Invariant) e– •In the Lab. Frame: q p X So y is the fractional energy loss of the incoming particle •In the C.o.M. Frame (neglecting the electron and proton masses): for ,Finally Define: (Lorentz Invariant) •In the Lab. Frame: is the energy lost by the incoming particle Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 179 Relationships between Kinematic Variables •Can rewrite the new kinematic variables in terms of the squared centre-of-mass energy, s, for the electron-proton collision e– p Neglect mass of electron •For a fixed centre-of-mass energy, it can then be shown that the four kinematic variables are not independent. -
Electro-Weak Interactions
Electro-weak interactions Marcello Fanti Physics Dept. | University of Milan M. Fanti (Physics Dep., UniMi) Fundamental Interactions 1 / 36 The ElectroWeak model M. Fanti (Physics Dep., UniMi) Fundamental Interactions 2 / 36 Electromagnetic vs weak interaction Electromagnetic interactions mediated by a photon, treat left/right fermions in the same way g M = [¯u (eγµ)u ] − µν [¯u (eγν)u ] 3 1 q2 4 2 1 − γ5 Weak charged interactions only apply to left-handed component: = L 2 Fermi theory (effective low-energy theory): GF µ 5 ν 5 M = p u¯3γ (1 − γ )u1 gµν u¯4γ (1 − γ )u2 2 Complete theory with a vector boson W mediator: g 1 − γ5 g g 1 − γ5 p µ µν p ν M = u¯3 γ u1 − 2 2 u¯4 γ u2 2 2 q − MW 2 2 2 g µ 5 ν 5 −−−! u¯3γ (1 − γ )u1 gµν u¯4γ (1 − γ )u2 2 2 low q 8 MW p 2 2 g −5 −2 ) GF = | and from weak decays GF = (1:1663787 ± 0:0000006) · 10 GeV 8 MW M. Fanti (Physics Dep., UniMi) Fundamental Interactions 3 / 36 Experimental facts e e Electromagnetic interactions γ Conserves charge along fermion lines ¡ Perfectly left/right symmetric e e Long-range interaction electromagnetic µ ) neutral mass-less mediator field A (the photon, γ) currents eL νL Weak charged current interactions Produces charge variation in the fermions, ∆Q = ±1 W ± Acts only on left-handed component, !! ¡ L u Short-range interaction L dL ) charged massive mediator field (W ±)µ weak charged − − − currents E.g. -
Introduction to Flavour Physics
Introduction to flavour physics Y. Grossman Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Abstract In this set of lectures we cover the very basics of flavour physics. The lec- tures are aimed to be an entry point to the subject of flavour physics. A lot of problems are provided in the hope of making the manuscript a self-study guide. 1 Welcome statement My plan for these lectures is to introduce you to the very basics of flavour physics. After the lectures I hope you will have enough knowledge and, more importantly, enough curiosity, and you will go on and learn more about the subject. These are lecture notes and are not meant to be a review. In the lectures, I try to talk about the basic ideas, hoping to give a clear picture of the physics. Thus many details are omitted, implicit assumptions are made, and no references are given. Yet details are important: after you go over the current lecture notes once or twice, I hope you will feel the need for more. Then it will be the time to turn to the many reviews [1–10] and books [11, 12] on the subject. I try to include many homework problems for the reader to solve, much more than what I gave in the actual lectures. If you would like to learn the material, I think that the problems provided are the way to start. They force you to fully understand the issues and apply your knowledge to new situations. The problems are given at the end of each section. -
Physics 231A Problem Set Number 8 Due Wednesday, November 24, 2004 Note: Some Problems May Be “Review” for Some of You. I Am
Physics 231a Problem Set Number 8 Due Wednesday, November 24, 2004 Note: Some problems may be “review” for some of you. I am deliberately including problems which are potentially in this category. If the material of the problem is already well-known to you, such that doing the problem would not be instructive, just write “been there, done that”, or suitable equivalent, for that problem, and I’ll give you credit. 40. Standard Model Review(?): Last week you considered the mass matrix and Z coupling for the neutral gauge bosons in the electroweak theory. Let us discuss a little more completely the couplings of the electroweak gauge bosons to fermions. Again, we’ll work in the standard model where the physical Z and photon (A) states are mixtures of neutral gauge bosons. We start with gauge groups “SU(2)L”and“U(1)Y ”. The gauge bosons of SU(2)L are the W1,W2,W3, all with only left-handed coupling to fermions. The U(1)Y gauge boson is denoted B. The Z and A fields are the mixtures: A = B cos θW + W3 sin θW (48) Z = −B sin θW + W3 cos θW , (49) where θW is the “weak mixing angle”. The Lagrangian contains interaction terms with fermions of the form: 1 1 L = −gf¯ γµ τ · W f − g0f¯ YB ψ, (50) int L 2 µ L 2 µ ≡ 1 − 5 · ≡ 3 where fL 2 (1 γ )ψ, τ Wµ Pi=1 τiWµi, τ are the Pauli matrices acting on weak SU(2)L fermion doublets, Y is the weak hypercharge 0 operator, and g and g are the interaction strengths for the SU(2)L and U(1)Y components, respectively. -
Using the Emission of Muonic X-Rays As a Spectroscopic Tool for the Investigation of the Local Chemistry of Elements
nanomaterials Article Using the Emission of Muonic X-rays as a Spectroscopic Tool for the Investigation of the Local Chemistry of Elements Matteo Aramini 1, Chiara Milanese 2,* , Adrian D. Hillier 1, Alessandro Girella 2, Christian Horstmann 3, Thomas Klassen 3,4, Katsuo Ishida 1,5, Martin Dornheim 3 and Claudio Pistidda 3,* 1 UKRI Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Facility, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (A.D.H.); [email protected] (K.I.) 2 Pavia Hydrogen Lab, Chemistry Department, Physical Chemistry Section, C.S.G.I. and Pavia University, Viale Taramelli, 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (M.D.) 4 Institute of Materials Technology, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany 5 RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Nishina Bldg., 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (C.P.) Received: 4 June 2020; Accepted: 25 June 2020; Published: 28 June 2020 Abstract: There are several techniques providing quantitative elemental analysis, but very few capable of identifying both the concentration and chemical state of elements. This study presents a systematic investigation of the properties of the X-rays emitted after the atomic capture of negatively charged muons. The probability rates of the muonic transitions possess sensitivity to the electronic structure of materials, thus making the muonic X-ray Emission Spectroscopy complementary to the X-ray Absorption and Emission techniques for the study of the chemistry of elements, and able of unparalleled analysis in case of elements bearing low atomic numbers. -
The Taste of New Physics: Flavour Violation from Tev-Scale Phenomenology to Grand Unification Björn Herrmann
The taste of new physics: Flavour violation from TeV-scale phenomenology to Grand Unification Björn Herrmann To cite this version: Björn Herrmann. The taste of new physics: Flavour violation from TeV-scale phenomenology to Grand Unification. High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph]. Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes, 2019. tel-02181811 HAL Id: tel-02181811 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02181811 Submitted on 12 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The taste of new physics: Flavour violation from TeV-scale phenomenology to Grand Unification Habilitation thesis presented by Dr. BJÖRN HERRMANN Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes Université Savoie Mont Blanc – CNRS and publicly defended on JUNE 12, 2019 before the examination committee composed of Dr. GENEVIÈVE BÉLANGER CNRS Annecy President Dr. SACHA DAVIDSON CNRS Montpellier Examiner Prof. ALDO DEANDREA Univ. Lyon Referee Prof. ULRICH ELLWANGER Univ. Paris-Saclay Referee Dr. SABINE KRAML CNRS Grenoble Examiner Prof. FABIO MALTONI Univ. Catholique de Louvain Referee July 12, 2019 ii “We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time.” T. -
The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories
The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories John Huerta Department of Mathematics UC Riverside Oral Exam Presentation The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction This talk is an introduction to the representation theory used in I The Standard Model of Particle Physics (SM); I Certain extensions of the SM, called Grand Unified Theories (GUTs). The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction There’s a lot I won’t talk about: I quantum field theory; I spontaneous symmetry breaking; I any sort of dynamics. This stuff is essential to particle physics. What I discuss here is just one small piece. I Particles → basis vectors in a representation V of a Lie group G. I Classification of particles → decomposition into irreps. I Unification → G ,→ H; particles are “unified” into fewer irreps. I Grand Unification → as above, but H is simple. I The Standard Model → a particular representation VSM of a particular Lie group GSM. The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction There’s a loose correspondence between particle physics and representation theory: The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction There’s a loose correspondence between particle physics and representation theory: I Particles → basis vectors in a representation V of a Lie group G. I Classification of particles → decomposition into irreps. I Unification → G ,→ H; particles are “unified” into fewer irreps. I Grand Unification → as above, but H is simple. I The Standard Model → a particular representation VSM of a particular Lie group GSM. I The factor U(1) × SU(2) corresponds to the electroweak force. It represents a unification of electromagnetism and the weak force.