A Measurement of the Proton Structure Function F2(X;

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Measurement of the Proton Structure Function F2(X; DESY ISSN January A Measurement of the Proton Structure Function F x Q H Collab oration Abstract 2 A measurement of the proton structure function F x Q is rep orted for mo 2 2 2 2 mentum transfers squared Q b etween GeV and GeV and for Bjorken 4 x b etween and using data collected by the HERA exp eriment H in It is observed that F increases signicantly with decreasing x conrming 2 our previous measurement made with one tenth of the data available in this analy 2 sis The Q dep endence is approximately logarithmic over the full kinematic range covered The subsample of deep inelastic events with a large pseudorapidity gap in the hadronic energy ow close to the proton remnant is used to measure the diractive contribution to F 2 submitted to Nucl Phys B H Collab oration 3 13 3540 24 28 11 T Ahmed S Aid A Akhundov V Andreev B Andrieu RD Appuhn 36 26 35 17 24 29 11 M Arpagaus A Babaev J Baehr J Ban P Baranov E Barrelet W Bartel 4 29 37 11 24 1 M Barth U Bassler HP Beck HJ Behrend A Belousov Ch Berger 1 29 36 4 9 H Bergstein G Bernardi R Bernet G BertrandCoremans M Besancon 11 22 27 13 8 4 R Beyer P Biddulph JC Bizot V Blob el K Borras F Botterweck 28 14 11 1 27 17 V Boudry A Braemer F Brasse W Braunschweig V Brisson D Bruncko 15 11 13 11 13 1139 C Brune RBuchholz L Bungener J Burger FW Busser A Buniatian 18 26 11 26 11 5 S Burke G Buschhorn AJ Campb ell T Carli F Charles D Clarke 18 4 8 8 19 5 AB Clegg B Clerbaux M Colomb o JG Contreras C Cormack JA Coughlan 27 9 9 11 5 30 A Courau Ch Coutures G Cozzika L Criegee DG Cussans J Cvach 29 19 23 16 34 9 S Dagoret JB Dainton M Danilov WD Dau K Daum M David 11 27 29 11 4 32 E Deur B Delcourt L Del Buono A De Ro eck EA De Wolf P Di Nezza 37 3 2 23 29 13 C Dollfus JD Dowell HB Dreis V Droutskoi J Dub o c D Dullmann 13 12 34 19 11 23 37 O Dunger H Duhm J Eb ert TR Eb ert G Eckerlin V Efremenko S Egli 35 37 36 14 20 H Ehrlichmann S Eichenb erger R Eichler F Eisele E Eisenhandler 22 11 14 36 4 4 RJ Ellison E Elsen M Erdmann W Erdmann E Evrard L Favart 23 13 11 9 15 32 A Fedotov D Feeken R Felst J Feltesse J Ferencei F Ferrarotto 11 11 26 2 24 23 K Flamm M Fleischer M Flieser G Flugge A Fomenko B Fominykh 7 31 22 11 12 19 M Forbush J Formanek JM Foster G Franke E Fretwurst E Gabathuler 33 26 3 11 8 11 K Gabathuler K Gamerdinger J Garvey J Gayler M Gebauer A Gellrich 1 11 11 6 24 29 H Genzel R Gerhards U Go erlach L Go erlich N Gogitidze M Goldb erg 8 29 23 23 36 2 D Goldner B GonzalezPineiro I Gorelov P Goritchev C Grab H Grassler 2 19 26 26 16 35 R Grassler T Greenshaw G Grindhammer A Grub er C Grub er J Haack 11 6 29 1 18 11 D Haidt L Ha jduk O Hamon M Hamp el EM Hanlon M Hapke 5 20 13 18 35 WJ Haynes J Heatherington G Heinzelmann RCW Henderson H Henschel 1 30 26 11 5 35 R Herma I Herynek MF Hess W Hildesheim P Hill KH Hiller 22 30 22 8 33 3 CD Hilton J Hladk y KC Ho eger M Hoppner R Horisb erger VL Hudgson 4 8 14 22 1 9 Ph Huet M Hutte H Hufnagel M Ibb otson H Itterb eck MA Jabiol 27 21 27 15 11 21 A Jacholkowska C Jacobsson M Jare J Janoth T Jansen L Jonsson 13 4 18 29 20 20 K Johannsen DP Johnson L Johnson H Jung PIP Kalmus D Kant 2 12 16 14 35 R Kaschowitz P Kasselmann U Kathage J Katzy HH Kaufmann 11 3 25 1 26 35 S Kazarian IR Kenyon S Kermiche C Keuker C Kiesling M Klein 13 11 7 1 26 8 7 C Kleinwort G Knies W Ko T Kohler J Kohne H Kolanoski F Kole 22 11 8 35 24 8 SD Kolya V Korb el M Korn P Kostka SK Kotelnikov T Kramerkamp er 629 11 2 11 11 MW Krasny H Krehbiel D Kruc ker U Kruger U KrunerMarquis 26 2 26 17 8 34 JP Kub enka H Kuster M Kuhlen T Kurca J Kurzhofer B Kuznik 29 28 7 20 35 26 D Lacour F Lamarche R Lander MPJ Landon W Lange P Lanius 9 24 11 1124 2 8 JF Lap orte A Leb edev C Leverenz S Levonian Ch Ley A Lindner 12 11 13 11 27 21 G Lindstrom F Linsel J Lipinski B List P Lo ch H Lohmander 20 23 811 34 24 7 GC Lop ez V Lubimov D Luk e N Magnussen E Malinovski S Mani 17 4 25 22 34 11 R Maracek P Marage J Marks R Marshall J Martens R Martin 1 6 2 20 19 HU Martyn J Martyniak S Masson T Mavroidis SJ Maxeld 19 22 15 22 11 37 SJ McMahon A Mehta K Meier D Mercer T Merz CA Meyer 34 11 6 19 28 5 6 H Meyer J Meyer S Miko cki D Milstead F Moreau JV Morris E Mro czko 11 37 17 23 35 13 G Muller K Muller P Murn V Nagovizin R Nahnhauer B Naroska 35 3 18 29 29 3 Th Naumann PR Newman D Newton D Neyret HK Nguyen TC Nicholls 13 11 1 6 5 21 F Nieb ergall C Niebuhr R Nisius G Nowak GW Noyes M Nyb ergWerther 19 26 8 11 12 4 M Oakden H Ob erlack U Obro ck JE Olsson E Panaro A Panitch 27 19 35 9 22 12 36 C Pascaud GD Patel E Pepp el E Perez JP Phillips Ch Pichler D Pitzl 7 11 11 11 1 30 11 G Pop e S Prell R Prosi G Radel F Raupach P Reimer S Reinshagen 26 8 12 36 13 2 20 P Ribarics HRick V Riech J Riedlb erger S Riess M Rietz E Rizvi 3 37 35 4 1 SM Rob ertson P Robmann HE Rolo R Ro osen K Rosenbauer 23 7 9 26 24 6 20 A Rostovtsev F Rouse C Royon K Ruter S Rusakov K Rybicki R Rylko 2 26 5 23 26 11 N Sahlmann E Sanchez DPC Sankey M Savitsky P Schacht S Schiek 14 20 11 34 13 11 P Schlep er W von Schlipp e C Schmidt D Schmidt G Schmidt A Schoning 11 26 14 35 13 11 V Schroder E Schuhmann B Schwab A Schwind U Seehausen F Sefkow 12 11 23 23 24 26 M Seidel R Sell A Semenov V Shekelyan I Sheviakov H Sho oshtari 24 16 16 28 10 24 LN Shtarkov G Siegmon U Siewert Y Sirois IO Skillicorn P Smirnov 7 24 8 13 1 13 JR Smith Y Soloviev J Spiekermann H Spitzer R Starosta M Steenb o ck 11 2 32 22 11 15 35 P Steen R Steinb erg B Stella K Stephens J Stier J Stiewe U Stosslein 30 37 2 3 15 J Strachota U Straumann W Struczinski JP Sutton S Tapprogge 3827 23 28 20 37 6 RE Taylor V Tchernyshov C Thiebaux G Thompson P Truol J Turnau 14 2 24 31 31 25 4 J Tutas P Uelkes A Usik S Valkar A Valkarova C Vallee P Van Esch 4 1139 24 30 9 9 P Van Mechelen A Vartap etian Y Vazdik M Vecko P Verrecchia G Villet 8 2 33 18 8 13 K Wacker A Wagener M Wagener IW Walker A Walther G Web er 11 8 11 26 3 7 M Web er D Wegener A Wegner HP Wellisch LR West S Willard 35 11 22 11 11 29 M Winde GG Winter AE Wright E Wunsc h N Wul TP Yiou 31 12 27 23 11 11 J Zacek D Zarb o ck Z Zhang A Zhokin M Zimmer W Zimmermann 27 15 F Zomer and K Zub er 1 a I Physikalisches Institut der RWTH Aachen Germany 2 a III Physikalisches Institut der RWTH Aachen Germany 3 b School of Physics and Space Research University of Birmingham Birmingham UK 4 InterUniversity Institute for High Energies ULBVUB Brussels Universitaire Instel ling c Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium 5 b Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot UK 6 d Institute for Nuclear Physics Cracow Poland 7 e Physics Department and IIRPA University of California Davis California USA 8 a Institut fur Physik Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany 9 CEA DSMDAPNIA CESaclay GifsurYvette France 10 b Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Glasgow Glasgow UK 11 a DESY Hamburg Germany 12 a I Institut fur Experimentalphysik Universitat Hamburg Hamburg Germany 13 a II Institut fur Experimentalphysik Universitat Hamburg Hamburg Germany 14 a Physikalisches Institut Universitat Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany 15 a Institut fur Hochenergiephysik Universitat Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany 16 a Institut fur Reine und Angewandte Kernphysik Universitat Kiel Kiel Germany 17 f Institute of Experimental Physics Slovak Academy of Sciences Kosice Slovak Republic 18 b School of Physics and Materials University of Lancaster Lancaster UK 19 b Department of Physics University of Liverpool Liverpool UK 20 b Queen Mary and Westeld Col lege London UK 21 g Physics Department University of Lund Lund Sweden 22 b Physics Department University of Manchester Manchester UK 23 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Moscow Russia 24 f Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow Russia 25 CPPM Universite dAixMarseil le II INPCNRS Marseil le France 26 a MaxPlanckInstitut fur Physik Munchen Germany 27 LAL Universite de ParisSud INPCNRS Orsay France 28 LPNHE Ecole Polytechnique INPCNRS Palaiseau France 29 LPNHE Universites Paris VI and VII INPCNRS Paris France 30 f h Institute of Physics Czech Academy of Sciences Praha Czech Republic 31 f h Nuclear Center Charles University Praha Czech Republic 32 INFN Roma and Dipartimento di Fisica Universita La Sapienza Roma Italy 33 Paul Scherrer Institut Vil ligen Switzerland 34 Fachbereich Physik Bergische Universitat Gesamthochschule Wuppertal Wuppertal a Germany 35 a DESY Institut fur Hochenergiephysik Zeuthen Germany 36 i Institut fur Teilchenphysik ETH Zurich Switzerland 37 i PhysikInstitut der Universitat Zurich Zurich Switzerland 38 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford California USA 39 Visitor from Yerevan PhysInst Armenia 40 a Visitor from Institute of Physics Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences Baku Azerbaijan Supported by the Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Technologie FRG under contract numbers ACP ACP DOI HHP HHI HDI HDI KIP MPI and WTP b Supported by the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council and formerly by the UK Science and Engineering Research Council c Supported by FNRSNFWO IISNIIKW d Supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientic Research grant No e Supported in part by USDOE grant DE F ER f Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Recommended publications
  • 7. Gamma and X-Ray Interactions in Matter
    Photon interactions in matter Gamma- and X-Ray • Compton effect • Photoelectric effect Interactions in Matter • Pair production • Rayleigh (coherent) scattering Chapter 7 • Photonuclear interactions F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Kinematics Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Interaction cross sections Energy-transfer cross sections Mass attenuation coefficients 1 2 Compton interaction A.H. Compton • Inelastic photon scattering by an electron • Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) • Main assumption: the electron struck by the • Received Nobel prize in physics 1927 for incoming photon is unbound and stationary his discovery of the Compton effect – The largest contribution from binding is under • Was a key figure in the Manhattan Project, condition of high Z, low energy and creation of first nuclear reactor, which went critical in December 1942 – Under these conditions photoelectric effect is dominant Born and buried in • Consider two aspects: kinematics and cross Wooster, OH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton sections http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22551 3 4 Compton interaction: Kinematics Compton interaction: Kinematics • An earlier theory of -ray scattering by Thomson, based on observations only at low energies, predicted that the scattered photon should always have the same energy as the incident one, regardless of h or • The failure of the Thomson theory to describe high-energy photon scattering necessitated the • Inelastic collision • After the collision the electron departs
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Inelastic Scattering
    Particle Physics Michaelmas Term 2011 Prof Mark Thomson e– p Handout 6 : Deep Inelastic Scattering Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 176 e– p Elastic Scattering at Very High q2 ,At high q2 the Rosenbluth expression for elastic scattering becomes •From e– p elastic scattering, the proton magnetic form factor is at high q2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 23 (1969) 935 •Due to the finite proton size, elastic scattering M.Breidenbach et al., at high q2 is unlikely and inelastic reactions where the proton breaks up dominate. e– e– q p X Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 177 Kinematics of Inelastic Scattering e– •For inelastic scattering the mass of the final state hadronic system is no longer the proton mass, M e– •The final state hadronic system must q contain at least one baryon which implies the final state invariant mass MX > M p X For inelastic scattering introduce four new kinematic variables: ,Define: Bjorken x (Lorentz Invariant) where •Here Note: in many text books W is often used in place of MX Proton intact hence inelastic elastic Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 178 ,Define: e– (Lorentz Invariant) e– •In the Lab. Frame: q p X So y is the fractional energy loss of the incoming particle •In the C.o.M. Frame (neglecting the electron and proton masses): for ,Finally Define: (Lorentz Invariant) •In the Lab. Frame: is the energy lost by the incoming particle Prof. M.A. Thomson Michaelmas 2011 179 Relationships between Kinematic Variables •Can rewrite the new kinematic variables in terms of the squared centre-of-mass energy, s, for the electron-proton collision e– p Neglect mass of electron •For a fixed centre-of-mass energy, it can then be shown that the four kinematic variables are not independent.
    [Show full text]
  • Electro-Weak Interactions
    Electro-weak interactions Marcello Fanti Physics Dept. | University of Milan M. Fanti (Physics Dep., UniMi) Fundamental Interactions 1 / 36 The ElectroWeak model M. Fanti (Physics Dep., UniMi) Fundamental Interactions 2 / 36 Electromagnetic vs weak interaction Electromagnetic interactions mediated by a photon, treat left/right fermions in the same way g M = [¯u (eγµ)u ] − µν [¯u (eγν)u ] 3 1 q2 4 2 1 − γ5 Weak charged interactions only apply to left-handed component: = L 2 Fermi theory (effective low-energy theory): GF µ 5 ν 5 M = p u¯3γ (1 − γ )u1 gµν u¯4γ (1 − γ )u2 2 Complete theory with a vector boson W mediator: g 1 − γ5 g g 1 − γ5 p µ µν p ν M = u¯3 γ u1 − 2 2 u¯4 γ u2 2 2 q − MW 2 2 2 g µ 5 ν 5 −−−! u¯3γ (1 − γ )u1 gµν u¯4γ (1 − γ )u2 2 2 low q 8 MW p 2 2 g −5 −2 ) GF = | and from weak decays GF = (1:1663787 ± 0:0000006) · 10 GeV 8 MW M. Fanti (Physics Dep., UniMi) Fundamental Interactions 3 / 36 Experimental facts e e Electromagnetic interactions γ Conserves charge along fermion lines ¡ Perfectly left/right symmetric e e Long-range interaction electromagnetic µ ) neutral mass-less mediator field A (the photon, γ) currents eL νL Weak charged current interactions Produces charge variation in the fermions, ∆Q = ±1 W ± Acts only on left-handed component, !! ¡ L u Short-range interaction L dL ) charged massive mediator field (W ±)µ weak charged − − − currents E.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Flavour Physics
    Introduction to flavour physics Y. Grossman Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Abstract In this set of lectures we cover the very basics of flavour physics. The lec- tures are aimed to be an entry point to the subject of flavour physics. A lot of problems are provided in the hope of making the manuscript a self-study guide. 1 Welcome statement My plan for these lectures is to introduce you to the very basics of flavour physics. After the lectures I hope you will have enough knowledge and, more importantly, enough curiosity, and you will go on and learn more about the subject. These are lecture notes and are not meant to be a review. In the lectures, I try to talk about the basic ideas, hoping to give a clear picture of the physics. Thus many details are omitted, implicit assumptions are made, and no references are given. Yet details are important: after you go over the current lecture notes once or twice, I hope you will feel the need for more. Then it will be the time to turn to the many reviews [1–10] and books [11, 12] on the subject. I try to include many homework problems for the reader to solve, much more than what I gave in the actual lectures. If you would like to learn the material, I think that the problems provided are the way to start. They force you to fully understand the issues and apply your knowledge to new situations. The problems are given at the end of each section.
    [Show full text]
  • Using the Emission of Muonic X-Rays As a Spectroscopic Tool for the Investigation of the Local Chemistry of Elements
    nanomaterials Article Using the Emission of Muonic X-rays as a Spectroscopic Tool for the Investigation of the Local Chemistry of Elements Matteo Aramini 1, Chiara Milanese 2,* , Adrian D. Hillier 1, Alessandro Girella 2, Christian Horstmann 3, Thomas Klassen 3,4, Katsuo Ishida 1,5, Martin Dornheim 3 and Claudio Pistidda 3,* 1 UKRI Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Facility, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (A.D.H.); [email protected] (K.I.) 2 Pavia Hydrogen Lab, Chemistry Department, Physical Chemistry Section, C.S.G.I. and Pavia University, Viale Taramelli, 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (M.D.) 4 Institute of Materials Technology, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany 5 RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Nishina Bldg., 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (C.P.) Received: 4 June 2020; Accepted: 25 June 2020; Published: 28 June 2020 Abstract: There are several techniques providing quantitative elemental analysis, but very few capable of identifying both the concentration and chemical state of elements. This study presents a systematic investigation of the properties of the X-rays emitted after the atomic capture of negatively charged muons. The probability rates of the muonic transitions possess sensitivity to the electronic structure of materials, thus making the muonic X-ray Emission Spectroscopy complementary to the X-ray Absorption and Emission techniques for the study of the chemistry of elements, and able of unparalleled analysis in case of elements bearing low atomic numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taste of New Physics: Flavour Violation from Tev-Scale Phenomenology to Grand Unification Björn Herrmann
    The taste of new physics: Flavour violation from TeV-scale phenomenology to Grand Unification Björn Herrmann To cite this version: Björn Herrmann. The taste of new physics: Flavour violation from TeV-scale phenomenology to Grand Unification. High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph]. Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes, 2019. tel-02181811 HAL Id: tel-02181811 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02181811 Submitted on 12 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The taste of new physics: Flavour violation from TeV-scale phenomenology to Grand Unification Habilitation thesis presented by Dr. BJÖRN HERRMANN Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes Université Savoie Mont Blanc – CNRS and publicly defended on JUNE 12, 2019 before the examination committee composed of Dr. GENEVIÈVE BÉLANGER CNRS Annecy President Dr. SACHA DAVIDSON CNRS Montpellier Examiner Prof. ALDO DEANDREA Univ. Lyon Referee Prof. ULRICH ELLWANGER Univ. Paris-Saclay Referee Dr. SABINE KRAML CNRS Grenoble Examiner Prof. FABIO MALTONI Univ. Catholique de Louvain Referee July 12, 2019 ii “We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time.” T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories
    The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories John Huerta Department of Mathematics UC Riverside Oral Exam Presentation The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction This talk is an introduction to the representation theory used in I The Standard Model of Particle Physics (SM); I Certain extensions of the SM, called Grand Unified Theories (GUTs). The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction There’s a lot I won’t talk about: I quantum field theory; I spontaneous symmetry breaking; I any sort of dynamics. This stuff is essential to particle physics. What I discuss here is just one small piece. I Particles → basis vectors in a representation V of a Lie group G. I Classification of particles → decomposition into irreps. I Unification → G ,→ H; particles are “unified” into fewer irreps. I Grand Unification → as above, but H is simple. I The Standard Model → a particular representation VSM of a particular Lie group GSM. The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction There’s a loose correspondence between particle physics and representation theory: The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Introduction There’s a loose correspondence between particle physics and representation theory: I Particles → basis vectors in a representation V of a Lie group G. I Classification of particles → decomposition into irreps. I Unification → G ,→ H; particles are “unified” into fewer irreps. I Grand Unification → as above, but H is simple. I The Standard Model → a particular representation VSM of a particular Lie group GSM. I The factor U(1) × SU(2) corresponds to the electroweak force. It represents a unification of electromagnetism and the weak force.
    [Show full text]
  • Neutrino Masses-How to Add Them to the Standard Model
    he Oscillating Neutrino The Oscillating Neutrino of spatial coordinates) has the property of interchanging the two states eR and eL. Neutrino Masses What about the neutrino? The right-handed neutrino has never been observed, How to add them to the Standard Model and it is not known whether that particle state and the left-handed antineutrino c exist. In the Standard Model, the field ne , which would create those states, is not Stuart Raby and Richard Slansky included. Instead, the neutrino is associated with only two types of ripples (particle states) and is defined by a single field ne: n annihilates a left-handed electron neutrino n or creates a right-handed he Standard Model includes a set of particles—the quarks and leptons e eL electron antineutrino n . —and their interactions. The quarks and leptons are spin-1/2 particles, or weR fermions. They fall into three families that differ only in the masses of the T The left-handed electron neutrino has fermion number N = +1, and the right- member particles. The origin of those masses is one of the greatest unsolved handed electron antineutrino has fermion number N = 21. This description of the mysteries of particle physics. The greatest success of the Standard Model is the neutrino is not invariant under the parity operation. Parity interchanges left-handed description of the forces of nature in terms of local symmetries. The three families and right-handed particles, but we just said that, in the Standard Model, the right- of quarks and leptons transform identically under these local symmetries, and thus handed neutrino does not exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterile Neutrinos As Dark Matter
    Sterile neutrinos as dark matter Alexey Boyarsky October 23, 2018 1 / 36 Neutrino dark matter Neutrino seems to be a perfect dark matter candidate: neutral, long-lived, massive, abundantly produced in the early Universe Cosmic neutrinos I We know how neutrinos interact and we can compute their 3 primordial number density nν = 112 cm− (per flavour) I To give correct dark matter abundance the sum of neutrino masses, P m , should be P m 11 eV ν ν ∼ Tremaine-Gunn bound (1979) I Such light neutrinos cannot form small galaxies { one would have to put too many of them and violated Pauli exclusion principle I Minimal mass for fermion dark matter 300 400 eV ∼ − I If particles with such mass were weakly interacting (like neutrino) { they would overclose the Universe 2 / 36 "Between friends" I The final blow to neutrino as dark matter came in mid-80s when M. Davis, G. Efstathiou, C. Frenk, S. White, et al. \Clustering in a neutrino-dominated universe" I They argued that structure formation in the neutrino dominated Universe (with masses around 100 eV would be incompatible with the observations) http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...274L...1W Abstract The nonlinear growth of structure in a universe dominated by massive neutrinos using initial conditions derived from detailed linear calculations of earlier evolution has been simulated The conventional neutrino-dominated picture appears to be ruled out. 3 / 36 Two generalizations of neutrino DM I Dark matter cannot be both light and weakly interacting at the same time I To satisfy Tremaine-Gunn
    [Show full text]
  • GRAND UNIFIED THEORIES Paul Langacker Department of Physics
    GRAND UNIFIED THEORIES Paul Langacker Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-3859, U.S.A. I. Introduction One of the most exciting advances in particle physics in recent years has been the develcpment of grand unified theories l of the strong, weak, and electro­ magnetic interactions. In this talk I discuss the present status of these theo­ 2 ries and of thei.r observational and experimenta1 implications. In section 11,1 briefly review the standard Su c x SU x U model of the 3 2 l strong and electroweak interactions. Although phenomenologically successful, the standard model leaves many questions unanswered. Some of these questions are ad­ dressed by grand unified theories, which are defined and discussed in Section III. 2 The Georgi-Glashow SU mode1 is described, as are theories based on larger groups 5 such as SOlO' E , or S016. It is emphasized that there are many possible grand 6 unified theories and that it is an experimental problem not onlv to test the basic ideas but to discriminate between models. Therefore, the experimental implications are described in Section IV. The topics discussed include: (a) the predictions for coupling constants, such as 2 sin sw, and for the neutral current strength parameter p. A large class of models involving an Su c x SU x U invariant desert are extremely successful in these 3 2 l predictions, while grand unified theories incorporating a low energy left-right symmetric weak interaction subgroup are most likely ruled out. (b) Predictions for baryon number violating processes, such as proton decay or neutron-antineutnon 3 oscillations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Intensity Fluctuations on Sequential X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy at the X-Ray Free Electron Laser Facilities
    crystals Article The Effect of Intensity Fluctuations on Sequential X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy at the X-ray Free Electron Laser Facilities Yue Cao 1,* , Dina Sheyfer 1 , Zhang Jiang 2, Siddharth Maddali 1 , Hoydoo You 1 , Bi-Xia Wang 1,3 , Zuo-Guang Ye 3 , Eric M. Dufresne 2 , Hua Zhou 2, G. Brian Stephenson 1 and Stephan O. Hruszkewycz 1 1 Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (H.Y.); [email protected] (B.-X.W.); [email protected] (G.B.S.); [email protected] (S.O.H.) 2 Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; [email protected] (Z.J.); [email protected] (E.M.D.); [email protected] (H.Z.) 3 Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 November 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020 ; Published: 4 December 2020 Abstract: How materials evolve at thermal equilibrium and under external excitations at small length and time scales is crucial to the understanding and control of material properties. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) at X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facilities can in principle capture dynamics of materials that are substantially faster than a millisecond. However, the analysis and interpretation of XPCS data is hindered by the strongly fluctuating X-ray intensity from XFELs. Here we examine the impact of pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations on sequential XPCS analysis. We show that the conventional XPCS analysis can still faithfully capture the characteristic time scales, but with substantial decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the g2 function and increase in the uncertainties of the extracted time constants.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Unified Theory
    Grand Unified Theory Manuel Br¨andli [email protected] ETH Z¨urich May 29, 2018 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Gauge symmetries 2 2.1 Abelian gauge group U(1) . .2 2.2 Non-Abelian gauge group SU(N) . .3 3 The Standard Model of particle physics 4 3.1 Electroweak interaction . .6 3.2 Strong interaction and color symmetry . .7 3.3 General transformation of matter fields . .8 4 Unification of Standard Model Forces: GUT 8 4.1 Motivation of Unification . .8 4.2 Finding the Subgroups . .9 4.2.1 Example: SU(2) U(1) SU(3) . .9 4.3 Branching rules . .× . .⊂ . 10 4.3.1 Example: 3 representation of SU(3) . 11 4.4 Georgi-Glashow model with gauge group SU(5) . 14 4.5 SO(10) . 15 5 Implications of unification 16 5.1 Advantages of Grand Unified Theories . 16 5.2 Proton decay . 16 6 Conclusion 17 Abstract In this article we show how matter fields transform under gauge group symmetries and motivate the idea of Grand Unified Theories. We discuss the implications of Grand Unified Theories in particular for proton decay, which gives us a tool to test Grand Unified Theories. 1 1 Introduction In the 50s and 60s a lot of new particles were discovered. The quark model was a first successful attempt to categorize this particle zoo. It was based on the so-called flavor symmetry, which is an approximate symmetry. This motivated the use of group theory in particle physics [10]. In this article we will make use of gauge symmetries, which are local symmetries, to explain the existence of interaction particles and show how the matter fields transform under these symmetries, section 2.
    [Show full text]