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Women in Context.Indb WOMEN INCONTEXT WOMEN Women in Context ed. by Tiziano Tosolini Women in Context Th e present publication of the Asian Study Centre focuses on Tosolini Tiziano women in the diff erent contexts of Bangladesh, Japan, the Philip- pines, and China-Taiwan. In a time in which the “woman question” is forcibly taken up by government and non-government organizations alike, the four authors felt that there is a lack of attention concerning this topic in missionary refl ection. It is not, however, just a matter of catching up with present-day trends; the choice of the topic was determined by the simple realization that in Asia, if not everywhere in the world, the face of Christianity is mainly a woman’s face. In the countries under study, Christian Churches exist and prosper because of the untiring dedication and work of Christian women, both lay and religious. When all is said and done, to examine the place of women in Christianity is to study the place of Christianity in society, and vice versa. Asian Study Centre Study Asian tudy S C n en ia t s r e A Xaverian Missionaries – Japan women in context Asian Study Centre Series FABRIZIO TOSOLINI. Esperienza Missionaria in Paolo. 2002. Sergio Targa, Fabrizio Tosolini, Tiziano Tosolini. To What Needs are Our Cultures Responding? 2003. Sergio Targa, Fabrizio Tosolini, Tiziano Tosolini. Culture and Alterity. 2004. Sergio Targa, Fabrizio Tosolini, Tiziano Tosolini. Experiences of Conversion. 2005. Fabrizio Tosolini. Th e Letter to the Romans and St. Paul’s Grace and Apostleship:Towards a New Interpretation. In collaboration with Fu Jen Catholic University Press, Taipei, Taiwan. 2005. Tiziano Tosolini. Controstorie dal Giappone. 2006. Sergio Targa, Fabrizio Tosolini, Tiziano Tosolini. Faith and Money. 2006. Published by Asian Study Centre Ichiba Higashi 1–103–1 598–0005 Izumisano (Osaka), Japan Private edition, 2007 Printed in Taipei (Taiwan roc) Women in Context edited by Tiziano Tosolini tudy S C n en ia t s r e A Xaverian Missionaries – Japan Contents Introduction 1 Women and Society Bangladesh – Sergio Targa 9 Japan – Tiziano Tosolini 21 Philippines – Eugenio Pulcini 30 Taiwan – Fabrizio Tosolini 48 Women and Religions Bangladesh – Sergio Targa 61 Japan – Tiziano Tosolini 71 Philippines – Eugenio Pulcini 79 Taiwan – Fabrizio Tosolini 94 Women and Christianity Bangladesh – Sergio Targa 109 Japan – Tiziano Tosolini 119 Philippines – Eugenio Pulcini 126 Taiwan – Fabrizio Tosolini 138 Conclusion 147 Cumulative Index 153 Introduction Sergio Targa . he present publication of the Asian Study Centre focuses on women in the diff erent contexts of TBangladesh, Japan, the Philippines and China- Taiwan. In a time in which the “woman question” is forcibly taken up by government and non-government organizations alike, the four authors felt that there is a lack of attention con- cerning this topic in missionary refl ection. Far from pretending to fi ll up this knowledge and/or bibliographical gap, the pres- ent study wishes only to initiate a debate on a question which eventually has turned out to be very complex. However, it is not just a matter of catching up with the present modern trend; the choice of the topic was determined by the simple realisation that in Asia, if not everywhere in the world, Christianity has mainly a woman’s face. In the countries under study, Christian Churches do exist and prosper because of the untiring dedication and work of Christian women, both religious and lay. Somehow it thus 4 | Women in Context becomes a truism that to study the situation of women means to study the situation of Christianity and vice versa. While it is diffi cult to overemphasize this role of women in the day to day life of the diff erent churches, church authorities oft en misrecognise it as a matter of fact. Obviously, the “woman question” goes beyond the Christian realm and actually gets entangled in socio-cultural constructs whose origins are lost in the beginning of societies and polities and in their transformations over time. From time immemorial, in fact, women because of their biological constitution have been recognised in one way or another as privileged vehicles of the divine, the sacred and of life in general. Th is however has ambiguously determined their liminal position vis a vis ancient and not so ancient societies. Attraction and repulsion, love and hatred, praise and fear have been the content of relationships between women and their male counter- parts or society in general. More oft en than not, women throughout history have been used as tools for male supremacy, a sacrifi ce on the altar of power and patriarchy which it embodied. To talk about women today, in the here and now, is thus also to acknowledge a history of suff ering, oppression and marginalization which for many women of Asia, is as yet unfi nished. Th is book wishes then to be a vehicle through which women’s voices, too oft en silenced or unheard, may resound loudly in their cry for human dignity and respect. Th e authors are aware that their desire to listen to and allow women’s voices to be heard passes through their own foreign and male fi lters. Th is fact which is an unavoidable shortcoming of the endeavour may somehow be off set by considering that to rediscover the human dignity of women, too oft en denied in the name of tradition, culture and reli- gion, i.e. the diff erent guises in which power reveals itself, is to enhance, accomplish and fulfi l the human dignity of men as well. Patriarchy and all its defi ciencies, in fact, do not only degrade or lessen women, but also men. Th e book’s basic approach is phenomenological without at the same time shying away from proposing inputs of a more theoretical and academic nature where the authors so deemed it necessary. Tending to be a realistic and organic research on the situation of women in Bangladesh, Japan, the Philippines and China-Taiwan, the reader should nevertheless be aware that the authors, more than detached academicians are life-long witnesses of the reality in which they live. It is hoped that their eff ort will be successful if at least some women could recognise themselves in the refl ections and narrations here proposed. Th e book is neatly organised in three main sections, each of which collects articles from the countries under study. Th e fi rst section, Women and Society, proposes, in historical perspective, to collocate women within the wider socio-cultural context of their respective countries. Th e authors endeavour to position women within a wider scheme of patriarchy teasing out the diff er- ent positions which consistently deny and negate women’s voices. Th is denial is disturb- Introduction | 5 ingly striking in the situation of systemic violence in which Bangladeshi women fi nd themselves. Th e second section, Women and Religions, attempts a reading of the roles and collo- cation of women within religious traditions of peoples’ of other faiths. Th e diff erential nuanced dynamics of exclusion-inclusion and marginalization-absorption are high- lighted as a consequence of women's liminal nature. Institutional and historical religions are here found to be less woman-friendly than traditional, decentralised Asian natural or animist religious traditions. Th e third section, Women and Christianity, looks into women’s role vis a vis Christianity, analyzing particularly the Catholic denomination. Apart from the more positive histori- cal experience in China-Taiwan and Japan, the authors underline the hypothesis that the encounter with Christianity has not always been liberating for women. In particular, Christianity’s introduction in tandem with the entry of colonial political power has been traumatic for some (Th e Philippines) and its a-critical acculturation in and absorption of local cultural setups have emptied Christianity of its liberating novelty for others (Bangladesh). Th e four authors wish to thank several friends—James Heisig, Maria Villar, Archie Casey and John Fagan—who in diff erent countries have helped by correcting and editing the draft s for publication. Th eir discrete and unimposing work is gratefully acknowl- edged. Th e authors would also like to thank the Xaverian Missionaries who supported and encouraged the completion of this work. Women and Society Bangladesh Sergio Targa Man sees women as slaves and creates them as such. Sometimes because of self-interest and fear he may even glorify them as goddesses… but he is certainly a cheater and a liar in his lauds. Humayun Azad 1 n the light of the above quote, to address women as goddesses may be a cruel lie indeed in the context of IBangladesh. Th e Daily Star, a widely circulated English newspaper, reported that in the year 2006, 6,054 women were tortured or killed all over Bangladesh. 967 women were raped and brutally tortured. Among them 248 were victims of gang 1. A. Humayun, Nari (Dhaka: Agami Prokashoni.Tritio Sonskoron, 2004), 13. In Bengali, my translation. Prof. Humayun Azad (1947–2004), a prolifi c writer and a scholar, was famous for his liberal socio-politic critique. A freethinker and an atheist, he was victim of an assassination attempt at the hands of Islamic radicals on February 27, 2004. His book, Nari, was banned in 1995 by the then Bangladeshi Government. Th e ban, following a decision of the High Court, was eventually lift ed in 2000. He died in mysterious circumstances while in Germany for research work on August 11, 2004. 10 | Women in Context rape and 170 were killed aft er being raped. 478 other women committed suicide.2 Th ese numbers are however defective. Th ey have been evinced by an article counting only the cases which during the year interfaced with 12 national newspapers.
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