GRADE EIGHT

CHURCH HISTORY

THE JOURNEY OF THE Catholic Church

Jesus’ life and mission continue through the Church, the community of believers called by God and empowered by the Holy Spirit to be the sign of the kingdom of God.

OBJECTIVES

• 4OÏDEEPENÏTHEÏYOUNGÏADOLESCENTSÏKNOWLEDGEÏOFÏTHEÏHISTORYÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCH • To lead the young adolescent to a fuller participation in the life and mission of the Church.

Grade Eight | Church History 73 I. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH FROM THE TIME OF JESUS TO AD 100

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

The Church was made manifest to the world on the day of Pentecost by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. [731-32, 737-41, 2623]

)MMEDIATELYÏAFTERÏ0ENTECOST ÏTHEÏAPOSTLESÏTRAVELEDÏTHROUGHOUTÏ0ALESTINEÏSPREADINGÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏOFÏ*ESUSÏ life, death, and resurrection to Jews and Gentiles (non-Jews). [767, 849, 858]

3MALLÏGROUPSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏFOLLOWERSÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏGATHERÏTOGETHERÏATÏTHEIRÏLOCALÏSYNAGOGUESÏ4HEYÏALSOÏBEGANÏTOÏ MEETÏINÏEACHÏOTHERSÏHOMESÏFORÏPRAYERÏANDÏhTHEÏBREAKINGÏOFÏTHEÏBREAD vÏ!CTSÏ ÏTHEÏCELEBRATIONÏOFÏTHEÏ%U- charist. [751, 949, 2178, 2624]

The apostles James and John were among the leaders of these groups, as were Paul, Barnabas, Titus, and Timo- THYÏ4HEYÏTRAVELEDÏEXTENSIVELY ÏGATHERINGÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏINTOÏSMALLÏCOMMUNITIESÏWHICHÏWEREÏTHEÏBEGINNINGSÏ OFÏLOCALÏCHURCHESÏ4HEÏEARLYÏ#HURCHÏCONSISTEDÏOFÏORDINARYÏMENÏANDÏWOMENÏWHOÏWEREÏSTRENGTHENEDÏBYÏ'ODSÏ Spirit. [777, 797-98, 833, 854, 1229, 1270]

4WOÏGREATÏCONVERTSÏOFÏTHISÏTIMEÏWEREÏ0AUL ÏAÏ*EW ÏTOÏWHOMÏ*ESUSÏREVEALEDÏHIMSELFÏINÏAÏDRAMATICÏWAYÏONÏTHEÏROADÏ to Damascus (Acts 9:1-9) and Cornelius, a Gentile, who with his whole family was baptized by Peter (Acts 10:1-48). [639, 659, 761, 1226]

There was a period of dissension and debate between the Jews and the Gentiles who were embracing Christi- ANITYÏ0AULÏARGUEDÏTHATÏ'ENTILEÏCONVERTSÏTOÏ#HRISTIANITYÏWEREÏNOTÏOBLIGEDÏTOÏFOLLOWÏCERTAINÏDIETARYÏLAWSÏANDÏRIT- ual practices (such as circumcision) prescribed by the Law of Moses. Some of the Jewish Christians disagreed. $URINGÏTHISÏPERIODÏOFÏMISUNDERSTANDING Ï0ETERÏHADÏAÏVISIONÏWHICHÏHELPEDÏHIMÏUNDERSTANDÏTHATÏ'ODÏMADEÏNOÏ distinction between Jews and Gentiles who embraced Christianity (Acts 10:9-16). [761, 791, 804]

!SÏAÏRESULTÏOFÏTHISÏCONTROVERSY ÏTHEÏlRSTÏ'ENERALÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏWASÏCALLEDÏ)NmUENCEDÏBYÏ0ETERSÏSPEECHÏ and the witness of Paul and Barnabas, the Council of Jerusalem in AD 49 decided that: • 4HEÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏWOULDÏNOTÏBEÏSUBJECTÏTOÏTHEÏRITUALÏPRACTICESÏOFÏTHEÏ-OSAICÏ,AW • !Ï'ENTILEÏCOULDÏBEÏBAPTIZEDÏWITHOUTÏHAVINGÏTOÏOBSERVEÏTHEÏRITUALÏPRACTICES

4HEÏ#OUNCILÏALSOÏCLARIlEDÏTHEÏBELIEFÏTHATÏ'ODÏSENDSÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏTOÏ*EWÏANDÏ'ENTILEÏALIKEÏ!CTSÏ Ï;  Ï 799-801]

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

3TÏ3TEPHENÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏMARTYRÏBECAUSEÏHEÏGAVEÏHISÏLIFEÏFORÏHISÏFAITHÏINÏ*ESUSÏ!CTSÏ  Ï"EFOREÏHISÏCON- VERSION Ï3AUL ÏWHOÏLATERÏBECAMEÏ3TÏ0AUL ÏISÏIDENTIlEDÏASÏONEÏOFÏTHOSEÏWHOÏAPPROVEDÏOFÏTHEÏKILLINGÏOFÏ3TEPHENÏ [2473, 2506]

#HRISTIANSÏWEREÏPERSECUTEDÏINÏNUMEROUSÏWAYSÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏlRSTÏCENTURIESÏ.EROÏWASÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏMANYÏ2O- MANÏEMPERORSÏWHOÏPERSECUTEDÏTHEÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ*ESUSÏDURINGÏTHEÏlRSTÏCENTURYÏ(EÏFALSELYÏBLAMEDÏ#HRISTIANSÏFORÏ the burning of the city of Rome in AD 64. [2472-74, 2476]

74 Grade Eight | Church History #Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • Mary, the Mother of Jesus (John 19:26-27 and Acts 1:14)Ï4HEÏMOTHERÏOFÏ*ESUSÏWASÏAÏCENTRALÏlGUREÏATÏTHEÏ HEARTÏOFÏTHEÏEARLYÏ#HRISTIANÏCOMMUNITYÏ&ROMÏTHEÏVERYÏBEGINNINGÏSHEÏHASÏBEENÏCONSIDEREDÏTHEÏ-OTHERÏOFÏ the Church. [495, 501, 726. 2673] • St. Mary Magdalene (John 20:17-18)Ï!FTERÏTHEÏRESURRECTION ÏTHEÏ2ISENÏ#HRISTÏAPPEAREDÏlRSTÏTOÏ-ARYÏ -AGDALENEÏANDÏCOMMISSIONEDÏHERÏTOÏTELLÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏOFÏHISÏRESURRECTIONÏTOÏTHEÏOTHERÏDISCIPLESÏ; Ï 660] • St. Peter and the Other Apostles (Acts 2:14-41)Ï&ROMÏTHEÏTIMEÏOFÏ0ENTECOST Ï0ETERÏANDÏTHEÏOTHERÏAPOSTLESÏ COURAGEOUSLYÏWITNESSEDÏTOÏ*ESUSÏINÏWORDÏANDÏDEEDÏ4HEYÏPROCLAIMEDÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏBROUGHTÏSALVATIONÏTOÏTHEÏ world through his life, death, and resurrection. [571, 642, 858] • St. Paul (Acts 9:1-9)Ï)NITIALLYÏAÏPERSECUTORÏOFÏTHEÏEARLYÏ#HRISTIANÏCOMMUNITY Ï0AULÏWASÏCALLEDÏBYÏTHEÏ2ISENÏ ,ORDÏINÏAÏVISIONÏTOÏBEÏANÏAPOSTLEÏANDÏANÏOUTSTANDINGÏWITNESSÏTOÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏ(ISÏLETTERS ÏINCLUDEDÏ in the New Testament, are the earliest written testimony to the faith of the early Church. [639, 659, 860] • St. Lydia (Acts 16:11-15)Ï-ANYÏWOMENÏBELIEVEDÏTHEÏh'OODÏ.EWSvÏANDÏBECAMEÏACTIVEÏMEMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ EARLYÏ#HRISTIANÏCOMMUNITYÏ,YDIA ÏAÏDEVOUTÏWOMAN ÏANDÏAÏDEALERÏINÏPURPLEÏCLOTHÏAÏVALUABLEÏCOMMODITYÏ in the ancient world), heard about Jesus through the preaching of Paul and was baptized, along with her whole household. She supported the mission of the apostles to proclaim the Gospel and welcomed them into her home. [872, 1226, 1252, 2624]

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

• Read Acts 7:55-60. • !SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏREmECTÏONÏ3TEPHENSÏSPIRITÏOFÏFORGIVENESSÏFORÏHISÏPERSECUTORS • !SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏPRAYÏINÏTHEIRÏHEARTSÏFORÏTHEÏGRACEÏTOÏFORGIVEÏSOMEONEÏWHOÏHASÏPERSECUTEDÏORÏ HURTÏTHEMÏDEEPLYÏ,EADÏTHEMÏINÏPRAYERÏTOÏASKÏFORÏFORGIVENESSÏFROMÏTHOSEÏTHEYÏHAVEÏHURT • #ONCLUDEÏTHEÏPRAYERÏEXPERIENCEÏBYÏPRAYINGÏALOUDÏTHEÏ/URÏ&ATHERÏANDÏTHEÏ#ONlTEOR I confess to almighty God and to you, my brothers and sisters, that I have greatly sinned, in my thoughts and in my words, in what I have done and in what I have failed to do, through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault; therefore I ask blessed Mary ever-Virgin, all the Angels and Saints, and you my brothers and sisters, to pray for me to the Lord our God.

Grade Eight | Church History 75 II. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 100 TO AD 500

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH )NÏTHEÏPERIODÏFROMÏ!$ÏÏTOÏ!$ÏÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏSPREADÏRAPIDLYÏANDÏHERÏDOCTRINEÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏDEVELOPÏ 4HROUGHÏ'ODSÏGRACE ÏEVIDENCEDÏINÏTHEÏFAITHÏANDÏLIFEÏOFÏHERÏMEMBERS ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏSPREADÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏ2O- man Empire. The seeds of the Gospel were sown in much of Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. #HRISTIANITYÏmOURISHEDÏINÏTHESEÏAREASÏ; = #HRISTIANSÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏPRAYÏTOGETHERÏANDÏTOÏCELEBRATEÏTHEÏ%UCHARIST ÏMOTIVATEDÏBYÏTHEIRÏPROFOUNDÏLOVEÏOFÏ*E- SUSÏ4HEYÏWEREÏALSOÏKNOWNÏFORÏTHEIRÏLOVEÏFORÏANDÏSERVICEÏTOÏOTHERSÏ)NÏlDELITYÏTOÏTHEÏ'OSPEL ÏTHEYÏREACHEDÏOUTÏ to the poor, the homeless and the unwanted. Accounts of the life of the Church in the writings of the early #HURCHÏ&ATHERS Ï$OCTORSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏANDÏHISTORIANSÏATTESTÏTOÏTHEÏGREATÏCONCERNÏOFÏTHEÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏFORÏONEÏ another. They welcomed all races and nations into their midst. [767, 852] )TÏISÏIMPORTANTÏTOÏREMEMBERÏTHAT ÏWHILEÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏISÏALWAYSÏGUIDEDÏBYÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRIT ÏITÏISÏCOMPOSEDÏOFÏIM- PERFECTÏHUMANÏBEINGSÏWHOÏCANÏMAKEÏMISTAKESÏANDÏAREÏCAPABLEÏOFÏSINNINGÏ4HEREFORE ÏCONmICTS ÏCONTROVERSIES Ï CORRUPTION ÏANDÏEVENÏWARSÏAREÏFOUNDÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏHISTORYÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ;  Ï  Ï= During this era, many heresies arose. Church councils were held especially to correct these false teachings concerning Christian beliefs. [88, 95, 884] • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ.ICAEAÏINÏ!$ÏÏDElNEDÏTHEÏ#HRISTIANÏBELIEFÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏISÏBEGOTTENÏOFÏ'OD ÏNOTÏMADEÏBYÏ 'ODÏASÏOTHERÏCREATURESÏAREÏ*ESUS ÏTHEREFORE ÏISÏNOTÏSIMPLYÏONEÏOFÏ'ODSÏCREATURES ÏBUT ÏASÏ'ODSÏOWNÏ3ON Ï SHARESÏINÏTHEÏVERYÏSUBSTANCEÏOFÏ'OD ÏCONSUBSTANTIALÏWITHÏTHEÏ&ATHERÏ4HISÏISÏWHY ÏWHENÏPRAYINGÏTHEÏ.ICENEÏ #REEDÏATÏ-ASS ÏWEÏSAYÏ*ESUSÏISÏhCONSUBSTANTIALÏWITHÏTHEÏ&ATHERvÏ;= • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ%PHESUSÏINÏ!$ÏÏDECLAREDÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏISÏTRULYÏAÏ$IVINEÏ0ERSONÏANDÏTHATÏHISÏMOTHERÏIS Ï therefore, the Mother of God. [466, 495] • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ#HALCEDONÏINÏ!$ÏÏDECLAREDÏTHATÏTHEÏ3ONÏOFÏ'ODÏISÏONEÏ$IVINEÏ0ERSONÏWITHÏTWOÏNATURES Ï ONEÏHUMANÏANDÏONEÏDIVINEÏ*ESUSÏIS ÏTHEREFORE ÏTRUEÏ'ODÏANDÏTRUEÏMANÏ;=

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

0ERSECUTIONSÏCONTINUEDÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHISÏERA ÏBECAUSEÏ#HRISTIANSÏWOULDÏNOTÏWORSHIPÏFALSEÏGODSÏORÏOBEYÏUNJUSTÏLAWSÏ Many Christians were martyred or sent into exile during the reign of the Emperor Diocletian. [309, 769, 2113]

4HEÏlRSTÏEMPERORÏTOÏBECOMEÏAÏ#HRISTIANÏWASÏ#ONSTANTINEÏ!FTERÏHISÏCONVERSION ÏHEÏISSUEDÏTHEÏ%DICTÏOFÏ-ILANÏ in AD 313. This edict ended the persecution of the Church in the Roman Empire and recognized the right of Christians to worship in accordance with their faith. As a result of this new freedom, Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire. [2104, 2108]

#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

(Throughout the study of this unit, the catechist/teacher is encouraged to consult the liturgical calendar for feast DAYSÏOFÏSAINTSÏOFÏSIGNIlCANCEÏFORÏTHEÏPARISH ÏSCHOOL ÏORÏCULTURE • St. Ignatius of Antioch (1st century)Ï4HEÏTHIRDÏBISHOPÏOFÏ!NTIOCH Ï)GNATIUSÏWASÏMARTYREDÏAROUNDÏ!$ÏÏ While a prisoner on his way to Rome to be martyred, he wrote letters to some early Christian communi- TIESÏEXPRESSINGÏHISÏPROFOUNDÏLOVEÏFORÏ*ESUSÏANDÏURGINGÏTHEMÏTOÏBEÏ*ESUSÏFAITHFULÏFOLLOWERSÏ; =

76 Grade Eight | Church History • St. Perpetua and St. Felicity, Martyrs (2nd century)Ï0ERPETUAÏANDÏ&ELICITYÏWEREÏCOURAGEOUSÏWOMENÏWHOÏ SUFFEREDÏMARTYRDOMÏINÏ!$ÏÏDURINGÏAÏPERSECUTIONÏINÏ#ARTHAGE Ï.ORTHÏ!FRICAÏ)NÏ%UCHARISTICÏ0RAYERÏ)ÏOFÏ the Mass, the Church recalls their heroism. [2471, 2473] • St. Helena (250-330): The mother of Constantine the Great, Helena was born about the middle of the THIRDÏCENTURYÏ/FÏHUMBLEÏBEGINNINGS ÏSHEÏMARRIEDÏAÏ2OMANÏGENERALÏWHOÏDIVORCEDÏHERÏ7HENÏHERÏSON Ï #ONSTANTINE ÏBECAMEÏEMPEROR Ï(ELENAÏWASÏNAMEDÏEMPRESSÏ3HEÏCONVERTEDÏTOÏ#HRISTIANITYÏANDÏPERFORMEDÏ MANYÏACTSÏOFÏCHARITYÏ/NÏAÏPILGRIMAGEÏTOÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ,AND Ï(ELENAÏDISCOVEREDÏTHEÏ4RUEÏ#ROSS • St. Monica (331-387)Ï-ONICA ÏAÏDEVOUTÏ#HRISTIANÏFROMÏ.ORTHÏ!FRICA ÏPRAYEDÏFORÏOVERÏTHIRTYÏYEARSÏFORÏTHEÏ CONVERSIONÏOFÏHERÏSON Ï!UGUSTINEÏ3HEÏISÏAÏMODELÏOFÏAÏPRAYERFULÏWOMANÏANDÏAÏVIRTUOUSÏMOTHERÏ; Ï= • St. Jerome (347-420)Ï*EROMEÏISÏBESTÏKNOWNÏFORÏHISÏDELIGHTÏINÏSTUDYINGÏ(OLYÏ3CRIPTUREÏANDÏFORÏTRANSLATINGÏ THEÏ"IBLEÏFROMÏ(EBREWÏANDÏ'REEKÏINTOÏ,ATINÏ(ISÏTRANSLATIONÏWASÏINÏUSEÏUNTILÏMODERNÏTIMESÏ(EÏDIEDÏINÏ Bethlehem in AD 420. [133] • St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430): Augustine, although he had a prestigious career and worldly success, LEDÏANÏUNSETTLEDÏANDÏRESTLESSÏLIFE ÏSEARCHINGÏFORÏTHEÏTRUTHÏ!FTERÏHISÏCONVERSION ÏHEÏBECAMEÏANÏOUTSTANDINGÏ TEACHER ÏBISHOPÏANDÏDEFENDERÏOFÏTHEÏFAITHÏ(EÏISÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏMOSTÏINmUENTIALÏTHEOLOGIANSÏINÏTHEÏ7ESTERNÏ Church. [30, 32, 300, 385]

• St. Patrick (5th century)Ï!ÏMANÏOFÏGREATÏPRAYERÏANDÏPENANCE Ï0ATRICKÏISÏFAMOUSÏFORÏHISÏMISSIONARYÏACTIVITYÏ AMONGÏTHEÏ)RISHÏDURINGÏTHEÏlFTHÏCENTURYÏ)NÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATES ÏMANYÏCHURCHES ÏINCLUDINGÏTHEÏ#ATHEDRALÏOFÏ 3TÏ0ATRICKÏINÏTHEÏ!RCHDIOCESEÏOFÏ.EWÏ9ORK ÏAREÏNAMEDÏINÏHISÏHONORÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

)NVITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏNAMEÏPLACESÏAROUNDÏTHEÏWORLDÏWHEREÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTODAYÏCONTINUESÏTOÏSUFFERÏ SUPPRESSIONÏBYÏHOSTILEÏGOVERNMENTS ÏTERRORISM ÏANDÏOTHERÏFORMSÏOFÏPERSECUTIONÏ7HENÏCONSIDERINGÏTHESEÏ REALITIES ÏHELPÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏSEEÏHOWÏTHEÏEVENTSÏOFÏTHEÏPRESENTÏDAYÏAREÏANÏIMPORTANTÏREASONÏFORÏEACHÏ one of them to pray for those suffering for their faith in Jesus Christ, recognizing this may include us or members of our own families. Lead the group in the following prayer from the Mass for Persecuted Christians: Father, in your mysterious providence, your Church must share in the sufferings of Christ your Son. Give the spirit of patience and love to those who are persecuted for their faith in you that they may always be true and faithful witnesses to your promise of eternal life. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

Grade Eight | Church History 77 III. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 500 TO AD 1000 (THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES)

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

$URINGÏTHEÏ%ARLYÏ-IDDLEÏ!GES ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏCONTINUEDÏTOÏSPREADÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏAND ÏINÏDOINGÏSO ÏITÏALSOÏPRESERVEDÏ 7ESTERNÏ#IVILIZATIONÏ(UMANÏBEINGSÏWEREÏCREATEDÏTOÏLIVEÏINÏANÏORGANIZEDÏSOCIETYÏBASEDÏONÏLAWÏANDÏORDERÏANDÏ the Church did much to ensure that. [849, 1879-80]

4HISÏPERIODÏISÏKNOWNÏFORÏTHEÏBARBARIANÏINVASIONSÏWHICHÏWEREÏDESTROYINGÏTHEÏ2OMANÏ%MPIREÏANDÏDISRUPTINGÏ THEÏLIFEÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ3OMEÏPEOPLEÏREFERÏTOÏTHISÏTIMEÏASÏTHEÏh$ARKÏ!GESvÏ.EVERTHELESS ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏREMAINEDÏ AÏLIGHTÏINÏTHEÏMIDSTÏOFÏUPHEAVALÏ; Ï  Ï=

)TÏWASÏAÏPERIODÏOFÏEXTENSIVEÏMISSIONARYÏACTIVITYÏ)NÏTHEÏSIXTHÏCENTURY Ï0OPEÏ'REGORYÏTHEÏ'REATÏSENTÏMANYÏMIS- SIONARIESÏTOÏBRINGÏTHEÏLIGHTÏOFÏFAITHÏTOÏTHEÏBARBARIANÏTRIBESÏ-ISSIONARIESÏFROMÏTHEÏ"RITISHÏ)SLESÏ%NGLAND Ï)RE- LANDÏANDÏ7ALES ÏTRAVELEDÏTOÏCONTINENTALÏ%UROPEÏTOÏRESTOREÏ#HRISTIANITYÏINÏTHOSEÏPLACESÏWHICHÏHADÏBEENÏINVADEDÏ by barbarians. [849, 927]

&ROMÏTHEÏSIXTHÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏELEVENTHÏCENTURIES ÏMONASTERIESÏFORÏWOMENÏNUNS ÏANDÏMENÏMONKS ÏWEREÏESSENTIALÏ TOÏTHEÏPRESERVATIONÏOFÏ#HRISTIANITYÏANDÏ7ESTERNÏCIVILIZATIONÏ4HEYÏWEREÏCENTERSÏOFÏLEARNINGÏANDÏOFFEREDÏHOSPI- TALITYÏFORÏTRAVELERS ÏTHEÏPOOR ÏANDÏTHEÏSICKÏ; Ï Ï=

By the end of this period, the Church and State had become so closely allied that the Church lost some of its independence and autonomy. As a result, the witness of Christianity was somewhat compromised. [770, 2245]

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

.UNSÏANDÏMONKSÏCOURAGEOUSLYÏLEFTÏTHEIRÏMONASTERIESÏINÏORDERÏTOÏSPREADÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏ4HESEÏMISSIONARIESÏLIVEDÏINÏ situations of great hardship and suffering in order to preach and teach the Gospel among the barbarian tribes. !SÏAÏRESULTÏOFÏTHEIRÏEFFORTS Ï#HRISTIANITYÏCAMEÏTOÏBEÏlRMLYÏROOTEDÏINÏ%UROPEÏ; Ï Ï=

)NÏTHEÏEARLYÏCENTURIESÏOFÏ#HRISTIANITY Ï3YRIA Ï%GYPT ÏANDÏ.ORTHÏ!FRICAÏHADÏGIVENÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏSOMEÏOFÏITSÏGREATESTÏ LEADERSÏEG Ï#LEMENTÏOFÏ!LEXANDRIAÏ4ERTULLIAN Ï)NÏTHEÏDECADESÏFOLLOWINGÏTHEÏDEATHÏOFÏ-UHAMMADÏINÏ!$ÏÏ HOWEVER Ï-USLIMSÏFROMÏ!RABIAÏCONQUEREDÏALLÏTHESEÏAREAS ÏANDÏWITHINÏAÏFEWÏCENTURIES Ï#HRISTIANSÏHADÏBECOMEÏ a minority in these lands. [769, 798, 841]

)NÏTHEÏEARLYÏEIGHTHÏCENTURY Ï3PAINÏWASÏALSOÏTAKENÏOVERÏBYÏTHEÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏ-UHAMMAD ÏANDÏTHEÏ#HRISTIANÏPOP- ULATIONSÏOFÏ&RANCEÏANDÏ#ONSTANTINOPLEÏWEREÏTHREATENEDÏBYÏ-USLIMÏCONQUESTÏASÏWELLÏ.EVERTHELESS ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ continued to grow in Europe. [769, 794, 841]

#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • St. Brigid (451-525)Ï4HEÏPIONEERÏOFÏ)RISHÏMONASTICÏLIFEÏFORÏWOMEN Ï"RIGIDÏFOUNDEDÏAÏMONASTERYÏFORÏNUNSÏ INÏ+ILDARE Ï)RELAND ÏINÏTHEÏLATEÏlFTHÏCENTURYÏ3HEÏTRAVELEDÏWIDELYÏINÏ)RELANDÏTOÏEVANGELIZEÏTHEÏPEOPLEÏANDÏ WASÏKNOWNÏFORÏHERÏCHARITYÏANDÏGENEROSITYÏTOÏTHEÏPOORÏ; Ï = • St. Benedict and St. Scholastica (480-543)Ï#ALLEDÏTHEÏh&ATHERÏOFÏ7ESTERNÏ-ONASTICISM vÏ"ENEDICTÏFOUND- EDÏTHEÏFAMOUSÏMONASTERYÏOFÏ-ONTEÏ#ASSINOÏINÏ)TALYÏABOUTÏ!$ÏÏ4HEÏRULEÏOFÏLIFEÏWHICHÏHEÏWROTEÏISÏSTILLÏ

78 Grade Eight | Church History followed today by many communities of women and men religious. Scholastica was the twin sister of St. Benedict and founded a monastery of nuns near Monte Cassino. [347, 915-16, 925-26, 2834] • St. Augustine of Canterbury (6th century)Ï!UGUSTINEÏOFÏ#ANTERBURYÏANDÏTHIRTYÏMONKSÏWEREÏSENTÏTOÏ%N- GLANDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ'REGORYÏTHEÏ'REATÏINÏ!$ÏÏTOÏEVANGELIZEÏTHEÏ!NGLO 3AXONSÏ(EÏSUCCEEDEDÏINÏPERSUADINGÏ THEÏKINGÏANDÏMANYÏOFÏHISÏSUBJECTSÏTOÏEMBRACEÏ#HRISTIANITY ÏANDÏHEÏBUILTÏ%NGLANDSÏlRSTÏCATHEDRALÏ(EÏISÏ CALLEDÏTHEÏh!POSTLEÏOFÏ%NGLANDv

• St. Dymphna (7th century)Ï$YMPHNAÏWASÏBORNÏINÏNORTHERNÏ)RELANDÏDURINGÏTHEÏTHÏCENTURYÏ(ERÏMOTHERÏ WASÏAÏ#HRISTIANÏWHILEÏHERÏFATHERÏWASÏAÏPAGANÏKINGÏ$YMPHNASÏMOTHERÏDIEDÏWHENÏSHEÏWASÏÏANDÏTHISÏ GREATLYÏDISTRESSEDÏHERÏFATHERÏ$YMPHNAÏTHENÏDEDICATEDÏHERSELFÏTOÏ'ODÏANDÏTOOKÏAÏVOWÏOFÏCELIBACYÏ(ERÏ father was determined to marry her himself and, after repeatedly refusing his demands for marriage, Dymphna was beheaded around AD 620. Because her father was mentally ill, Dymphna is the patron saint of those suffering from mental illness. • St. Boniface (675-754)Ï"ONIFACEÏISÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏh!POSTLEÏOFÏ'ERMANYvÏBECAUSEÏOFÏHISÏGREATÏMISSIONARYÏACTIVITYÏ INÏTHATÏAREAÏ$URINGÏHISÏTHIRTY TWOÏYEARSÏASÏAÏBISHOP ÏMANYÏCONVERSIONSÏTOOKÏPLACE ÏCHURCHESÏWEREÏFOUNDEDÏANDÏ DIOCESESÏWEREÏESTABLISHEDÏ(EÏWASÏMARTYREDÏWITHÏlFTY THREEÏOTHERSÏINÏ!$ÏÏ; Ï  Ï= • Charles the Great (742-814)Ï!LSOÏKNOWNÏASÏ#HARLEMAGNE ÏHEÏRULEDÏMUCHÏOFÏ7ESTERNÏ%UROPEÏFROMÏ!$ÏÏTOÏ !$ÏÏ0OPEÏ,EOÏ)))ÏCROWNEDÏ#HARLEMAGNEÏEMPERORÏOFÏTHEÏ2OMANSÏINÏ!$ÏÏAND ÏATÏTHEÏTIMEÏOFÏHISÏDEATH Ï HISÏEMPIREÏENCOMPASSEDÏMUCHÏOFÏ7ESTERNÏ%UROPE ÏTHUSÏENSURINGÏTHEÏSURVIVALÏOFÏ#HRISTIANITYÏINÏTHEÏ7EST • St. Cyril (826-869) and St. Methodius (815-885)Ï#YRILÏANDÏHISÏBROTHER Ï-ETHODIUS ÏSONSÏOFÏAÏ'REEKÏFAM- ILY ÏBROUGHTÏTHEÏGOSPELÏTOÏTHEÏ3LAVICÏPEOPLESÏ4HEYÏDEVELOPEDÏANÏALPHABETÏFORÏTHEÏ3LAVICÏLANGUAGESÏWHICHÏ ISÏSTILLÏUSEDÏTODAY ÏANDÏTRANSLATEDÏTHEÏ'OSPELSÏINTOÏ3LAVONICÏ#YRILÏDIEDÏINÏ!$ÏÏANDÏ-ETHODIUSÏINÏ!$Ï 885. [831, 849-50, 854, 831]

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EMINDÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTHATÏ'ODÏALWAYSÏCALLSÏINDIVIDUALSÏTOÏHELPÏHIMÏMEETÏTHEÏNEEDSÏOFÏHISÏPEOPLEÏ!SKÏ THEMÏTOÏREmECTÏONÏTHEÏFOLLOWINGÏQUESTIONS • 7HATÏNEEDSÏDOÏYOUÏSEEÏINÏTHEÏWORLDÏTODAY Ï)NÏYOURÏCOMMUNITY Ï)NÏYOURÏFAMILY • $OÏYOUÏKNOWÏSOMEONEÏWHOÏISÏHELPINGÏTOÏMEETÏANYÏOFÏTHESEÏNEEDS • (OWÏMIGHTÏ'ODÏBEÏASKINGÏYOUÏTOÏRESPONDÏTOÏSOMEÏOFÏTHESEÏNEEDS Conclude with this prayer from the Mass for Holy Church: O God, in the covenant of your Christ you never cease to gather to yourself from all nations a people growing together in unity through the Spirit; grant, we pray, that your Church, faithful to the mission entrusted to her, may continually go forward with the human family and always be the leaven and the soul of human society, to renew it in Christ and transform it into the family of God.

Grade Eight | Church History 79 IV. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 1000 TO AD 1500 (THE HIGH AND LATE MIDDLE AGES)

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

!TÏTHEÏBEGINNINGÏOFÏTHISÏPERIOD ÏAÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏAROSEÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ4HEREÏWASÏAÏREVIVALÏOFÏMONASTICÏLIFE Church leaders launched a campaign to assert the independence of the Church from secular society. The most FAMOUSÏLEADERÏOFÏTHISÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏWASÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ'REGORYÏ6))Ï; =

During this period, there were rapid changes in society. Towns and cities grew steadily. To meet the educa- TIONALÏNEEDSÏOFÏTOWNSPEOPLE ÏCATHEDRALÏSCHOOLSÏWEREÏESTABLISHEDÏINÏTHEÏELEVENTHÏCENTURYÏ!ÏGREATÏINTERESTÏINÏ LEARNINGÏAMONGÏ#HRISTIANSÏLEDÏTOÏTHEÏFOUNDINGÏOFÏTHEÏlRSTÏUNIVERSITIESÏSUCHÏASÏTHOSEÏATÏ"OLOGNA Ï)TALYÏ0ARIS Ï &RANCEÏ/XFORD Ï%NGLAND ÏINÏTHEÏLATEÏTWELFTHÏANDÏEARLYÏTHIRTEENTHÏCENTURIESÏ; Ï  Ï Ï=

4ECHNICALÏADVANCESÏINÏARCHITECTUREÏANDÏENGINEERINGÏMADEÏPOSSIBLEÏTHEÏCONSTRUCTIONÏOFÏTHEÏGREATÏ'OTHICÏCATHE- drals which still stand today. [1180, 1198, 2501]

Many holy men and women responded to these changes in society. Two new religious orders, the Dominicans ANDÏTHEÏ&RANCISCANS ÏWEREÏFOUNDEDÏINÏTHEÏEARLYÏTHIRTEENTHÏCENTURYÏTOÏSPREADÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏINÏTHEÏGROWINGÏCITIESÏ [927, 944]

4HEÏ"LACKÏ$EATHÏSTRUCKÏINÏ%UROPEÏTHREEÏTIMESÏDURINGÏTHEÏFOURTEENTHÏCENTURYÏAND ÏINÏSOMEÏPLACES ÏASÏMUCHÏASÏ one-third of the population died. The clergy were in particular danger due to their heroic efforts ministering TOÏTHEÏSICKÏANDÏDYINGÏ; Ï=

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

The Schism of 1054, often called the Eastern Schism, occurred because of cultural, political, and theological differences between Christians of the Eastern and Western Churches. The differences included, but were not LIMITEDÏTO ÏDISAGREEMENTSÏCONCERNINGÏTHEÏPLACEÏOFÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ3PIRITÏWITHINÏTHEÏ4RINITYÏANDÏTHEÏ"ISHOPÏOFÏ2OMESÏ CLAIMÏTOÏUNIVERSALÏJURISDICTIONÏ!SÏAÏRESULTÏOFÏLONGÏYEARSÏOFÏDISAGREEMENT ÏTHEÏ#HRISTIANSÏOFÏTHEÏ%ASTERNÏANDÏ Western world were estranged from each other. [247, 817-19, 822, 838]

4HEÏINTERMINGLINGÏOFÏ#HURCHÏANDÏ3TATEÏAFFAIRSÏALSOÏCAUSEDÏBITTERÏSTRUGGLES ÏEXAMPLESÏOFÏWHICHÏINCLUDEÏTHEÏ)N- VESTITUREÏ#ONTROVERSYÏANDÏTHEÏCONmICTÏBETWEENÏ4HOMASÏ"ECKET Ï!RCHBISHOPÏOFÏ#ANTERBURYÏANDÏ+INGÏ(ENRYÏ))Ï of England. [2245]

3TARTINGÏINÏ Ï#HRISTIANSÏEMBARKEDÏONÏSEVERALÏMILITARYÏCAMPAIGNSÏTOÏRETAKEÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ,ANDÏFROMÏTHEÏ-US- lims. These campaigns were called the Crusades. Although many who fought in the Crusades did so out of a SINCEREÏDESIREÏTOÏACHIEVEÏAÏGOODÏENDÏFORÏEXAMPLE ÏTHEÏSAFETYÏOFÏPILGRIMSÏWHOÏWISHEDÏTOÏVISITÏTHEÏHOLYÏPLACESÏINÏ *ERUSALEM ÏTHESEÏWARSÏALSOÏCAUSEDÏMUCHÏBLOODSHEDÏANDÏWEREÏUNSUCCESSFULÏINÏACHIEVINGÏTHEIRÏAIMÏ;=

,ACKÏOFÏEDUCATIONÏANDÏWIDESPREADÏIGNORANCEÏCONTRIBUTEDÏTOÏTHEÏGROWTHÏOFÏSUPERSTITIONÏANDÏCORRUPTIONÏ4OÏ COMBATÏSUPERSTITIONÏANDÏHERESY ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏESTABLISHEDÏAÏPERMANENTÏ#HURCHÏCOURTÏCALLEDÏTHEÏ)NQUISITIONÏ)NÏAÏ NUMBERÏOFÏPLACES ÏHOWEVER ÏTHEÏATTEMPTSÏOFÏTHEÏ)NQUISITIONÏTOÏREFORMÏHERETICALÏIDEASÏANDÏPRACTICESÏLEDÏTOÏSEVEREÏ ANDÏUNJUSTÏSENTENCESÏ; Ï=

80 Grade Eight | Church History #Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • St. Dominic (1170-1221): A renowned priest and preacher, Dominic established an order of men who TRAVELEDÏTHROUGHOUTÏ%UROPEÏTOÏPREACHÏANDÏTEACHÏ4HISÏWASÏVERYÏDIFFERENTÏFROMÏTHEÏCLOISTEREDÏORDERSÏINÏ WHICHÏTHEÏMENÏLIVEDÏINÏSECLUSION ÏAWAYÏFROMÏTHEÏOUTSIDEÏWORLDÏ(EÏALSOÏFOUNDEDÏANÏORDERÏOFÏWOMENÏTOÏ PRAYÏFORÏTHEÏAPOSTOLICÏWORKÏOFÏTHEÏ$OMINICANÏPREACHERSÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)Ï&RANCISÏWASÏAÏNOBLEMAN ÏPOET ÏANDÏMYSTIC ÏWHOÏGREATLYÏLOVEDÏ'ODSÏCRE- ATION ÏANDÏGAVEÏUPÏAÏLIFEÏOFÏWEALTHÏINÏORDERÏTOÏFOLLOWÏ#HRISTÏ(EÏEVENTUALLYÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ&RANCISCANÏORDER Ï which brought men together to spread the Gospel and follow a simple lifestyle. He also founded the Broth- ERSÏANDÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ0ENANCEÏTHEÏ4HIRDÏ/RDER ÏINÏÏ!ÏTHIRDÏORDERÏMAYÏBEÏDESCRIBEDÏASÏAÏMIDDLEÏSTATEÏ BETWEENÏCLOISTEREDÏLIFEÏANDÏTHEÏOUTSIDEÏWORLDÏ&ORÏTHOSEÏWHOÏWEREÏMARRIEDÏORÏHADÏOTHERÏTIESÏTOÏTHEÏWORLDÏ AND ÏTHEREFORE ÏWEREÏNOTÏINÏAÏPOSITIONÏTOÏENTERÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏORDER ÏENTERINGÏAÏTHIRDÏORDERÏENABLEDÏINDIVIDUALSÏ TOÏFOLLOWÏINÏTHEÏSAINTSÏFOOTSTEPSÏ; Ï Ï  Ï= • St. Clare (1194-1253)Ï#LAREÏWASÏAÏCLOSEÏFRIENDÏOFÏ&RANCISÏOFÏ!SSISIÏ5NDERÏHISÏDIRECTION ÏSHEÏFOUNDEDÏANÏ ORDERÏOFÏCLOISTEREDÏNUNSÏWHOÏAREÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ0OORÏ#LARESÏ4HEÏLIVESÏOFÏTHESEÏHOLYÏWOMENÏAREÏCHARACTER- ized by fasting and prayer for the world. [1434, 2565, 2687] • St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Thomas, a Dominican priest, was one of the greatest philosophers and THEOLOGIANSÏTHEÏWORLDÏHASÏEVERÏKNOWNÏ4HROUGHÏHISÏUSEÏOFÏ3CRIPTURE Ï#HURCHÏTRADITION ÏANDÏREASON ÏHEÏ PROVIDEDÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏWITHÏAÏSYSTEMATICÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ3UMMAÏ4HEOLOGICA ÏTHATÏSTILLÏ helps us today. [34, 43, 50, 94] • St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)Ï!Ï$OMINICANÏLAYÏWOMANÏWHOÏLIVEDÏINÏTHEÏFOURTEENTHÏCENTURY Ï#ATH- ERINEÏWASÏAÏCOUNSELORÏOFÏPOPESÏ#ENTURIESÏLATERÏSHEÏWASÏNAMEDÏAÏh$OCTORÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHvÏBECAUSEÏOFÏHERÏ profound spiritual writings. [313, 356, 951, 1937] • St. Frances of Rome (1384-1440)Ï!ÏWIFEÏANDÏMOTHER Ï&RANCESÏWASÏAÏCOURAGEOUSÏWOMANÏNOTEDÏFORÏHERÏ GREATÏCHARITYÏTOÏTHEÏPOORÏANDÏSICKÏINÏ2OMEÏDURINGÏTHEÏlFTEENTHÏCENTURY ÏWHICHÏWASÏAÏPARTICULARLYÏDIFlCULTÏ PERIODÏINÏ2OMESÏHISTORYÏ; Ï Ï =

Grade Eight | Church History 81 PRAYER EXPERIENCE

)NÏEVERYÏAGE Ï'ODÏCALLSÏMENÏANDÏWOMENÏTOÏSERVEÏHIM ÏSOMEÏINÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏVOCATIONÏ)NVITEÏTHEÏYOUNGÏ PEOPLEÏTOÏREmECTÏUPONÏTHEÏCALLÏTOÏSERVEÏASÏMEMBERSÏOFÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏCOMMUNITY ÏDEDICATINGÏALLÏASPECTSÏOFÏ THEIRÏLIVESÏTOÏHISÏSERVICE Lead the students in the following prayer from the Mass for Vocations: Father, You call all who believe in you to grow perfect in love by following in the footsteps of Christ, your Son. May those whom you have chosen to serve you as a religious provide by their way of life a convincing sign of your kingdom for the Church and the whole world. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen. )FÏPOSSIBLE ÏCONSIDERÏINVITINGÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏSISTER ÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏBROTHER ÏORÏAÏPRIESTÏWHOÏBELONGSÏTOÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏ ORDERÏTOÏSPEAKÏWITHÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏABOUTÏTHEIRÏVOCATIONÏANDÏCALLÏTOÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFE

V. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUES FROM AD 1500 TO AD 1800

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

4HEÏSIXTEENTHÏANDÏSEVENTEENTHÏCENTURIESÏWEREÏAÏTIMEÏOFÏRENEWALÏOFÏTHEÏFAITHÏINÏTHEÏMIDSTÏOFÏRELIGIOUSÏCONTRO- VERSIESÏANDÏWARS • 3OMEÏOFÏTHESEÏCONTROVERSIESÏLEDÏLARGEÏNUMBERSÏOFÏ#HRISTIANSÏTOÏPROTESTÏAGAINST ÏANDÏULTIMATELYÏSEPARATEÏTHEMSELVESÏ FROM ÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ#HURCHÏOFÏ2OME Ï4HISÏWIDESPREADÏMOVEMENTÏISÏCALLEDÏTHEÏ0ROTESTANTÏ2EFORMATIONÏ #HRISTIANSÏWHOÏDIDÏNOTÏSEPARATEÏFROMÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏOFÏ2OMEÏATÏTHATÏTIMEÏBECAMEÏKNOWNÏASÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICS • $URINGÏTHEÏSAMEÏPERIOD ÏAÏBROADÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏAROSEÏINÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCH • 4HEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ4RENTÏ  ÏWHICHÏADDRESSEDÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHSÏNEEDÏFORÏREFORM ÏSOUGHTÏTOÏCLARIFYÏ Catholic teaching and strengthen discipline within the Church. • &OLLOWINGÏTHEÏ#OUNCILÏOFÏ4RENT Ï#ATHOLICÏLEADERSÏSUCCEEDEDÏINÏREESTABLISHINGÏ#ATHOLICISMÏINÏSOMEÏPARTSÏOFÏ %UROPEÏTHATÏHADÏBECOMEÏ0ROTESTANTÏ4HISÏDEVELOPMENTÏISÏCALLEDÏTHEÏ#OUNTER 2EFORMATIONÏ;  Ï Ï 838, 884, 891, 1428]

)NÏTHEÏEIGHTEENTHÏCENTURYÏTHEÏ%NLIGHTENMENTÏPRESENTEDÏNEWÏCHALLENGESÏTOÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏANDÏAÏGRADUALÏPROCESSÏOFÏ RESPONDINGÏTOÏTHEÏIDEASÏOFÏTHEÏ%NLIGHTENMENTÏWASÏBEGUNÏ4HEÏ!GEÏOFÏ%NLIGHTENMENTÏMAYÏBEÏDElNEDÏASÏTHEÏINTEL- LECTUALÏANDÏPHILOSOPHICALÏMOVEMENTÏTHATÏEMPHASIZEDÏTHEÏSCIENTIlCÏMETHODÏANDÏREDUCTIONISMÏASÏWELLÏASÏDOCTRINESÏ OFÏINDIVIDUALÏLIBERTY ÏTHEÏSEEKINGÏOFÏTRUTHÏTHROUGHÏUNAIDEDÏHUMANÏREASON ÏANDÏTHEÏQUESTIONINGÏOFÏREVEALEDÏTRUTH

Explorers and missionaries, especially from Spain and Portugal, brought Catholic Christianity to South and #ENTRALÏ!MERICA ÏTHEÏ&ARÏ%AST ÏANDÏWHATÏISÏTODAYÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏOFÏ!MERICAÏANDÏ#ANADA

82 Grade Eight | Church History ."Ï-ISSIONARIESÏOFÏTHATÏTIMEÏHADÏANÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏMISSIONÏDIFFERENTÏFROMÏOURSÏTODAY ÏINÏTHATÏTHEYÏIDENTIlEDÏ #HRISTIANITYÏWITHÏTHEIRÏCULTUREÏAND ÏTHEREFORE ÏFREQUENTLYÏIMPOSEDÏTHEIRÏCULTUREÏONÏTHEÏNATIVEÏPEOPLESÏWHOMÏTHEYÏ came to evangelize. While such methods may rightly be criticized, the zeal and genuine accomplishments of these missionaries in bringing the gospel to others are, nonetheless, to be commended. [853-54, 856, 905, 927]

"Ï3TRUGGLESÏANDÏ5PHEAVALSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

4HESEÏCENTURIESÏWEREÏMARKEDÏBYÏPAINFULÏDISAGREEMENTSÏAMONGÏ#HRISTIANSÏINÏ%UROPE ÏWHICHÏRESULTEDÏINÏTHEÏ separation of many people from the Church of Rome, and the rise of many different Protestant denomina- TIONS ÏFORÏEXAMPLE Ï,UTHERANS Ï#ALVINISTSÏANDÏ"APTISTSÏ2ELIGIOUSÏFANATICISMÏAMONGÏBOTHÏ0ROTESTANTSÏANDÏ#ATH- olics resulted in hatred, persecution and religious wars in some parts of Europe. [855, 817-819]

4HEÏSEARCHÏFORÏRELIGIOUSÏFREEDOMÏCOMPELLEDÏMANYÏTOÏLEAVEÏ%UROPEÏANDÏTRAVELÏTOÏ!MERICAÏ(OWEVER ÏEVENÏINÏTHEÏ New World some people were still persecuted for their faith. [160, 164]

#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • St. Angela Merici (1474-1540)Ï!NGELAÏ-ERICIÏFOUNDEDÏAÏGROUPÏOFÏLAYÏWOMENÏINÏ)TALYÏWHOÏDEDICATEDÏTHEIRÏ LIVESÏTOÏEDUCATINGÏPOORÏGIRLSÏ4HESEÏLAYÏWOMENÏLATERÏBECAMEÏAÏWORLDWIDEÏORDERÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ5RSULINEÏ nuns. [369, 917, 2447] • St. Thomas More (1478-1535): Husband, father and English statesman, Thomas More was appointed #HANCELLORÏBYÏ+INGÏ(ENRYÏ6)))Ï"ECAUSEÏ4HOMASÏREFUSEDÏTOÏCOOPERATEÏWITHÏ(ENRYSÏATTACKÏONÏTHEÏSANCTITYÏ of marriage and the teaching authority of the Pope, he was martyred in 1535. [313, 2467, 2473] • Bartolomé de las Casas (1484-1566): A Dominican priest and later a bishop, Bartolomé de Las Casas WORKEDÏINÏ,ATINÏ!MERICAÏINÏORDERÏTOÏBRINGÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏTOÏTHEÏ)NDIANSÏ(EÏSTRUGGLEDÏTOÏPROMOTEÏTHEIRÏCIVILÏ RIGHTSÏANDÏTOÏHAVEÏSLAVERYÏPROHIBITEDÏ; Ï Ï= • St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)Ï!ÏYOUNGÏ"ASQUEÏSOLDIERÏOFÏNOBLEÏBIRTH Ï)GNATIUSÏWASÏWOUNDEDÏINÏBATTLEÏ 7HILEÏRECOVERING ÏHEÏREADÏABOUTÏTHEÏLIFEÏOFÏ#HRISTÏANDÏOFÏTHEÏSAINTS ÏEXPERIENCEDÏAÏCONVERSION ÏANDÏDEDI- CATEDÏHIMSELFÏTOÏTHEÏSERVICEÏOFÏTHEÏ,ORDÏ)NÏÏHEÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ3OCIETYÏOFÏ*ESUSÏTHEÏ*ESUITS ÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏ COMMUNITYÏOFÏMENÏNOTEDÏFORÏTHEIRÏMISSIONARYÏANDÏEDUCATIONALÏWORKÏ(ISÏ3PIRITUALÏ%XERCISESÏAREÏAÏGREATÏ CONTRIBUTIONÏTOÏTHEÏ#HURCHSÏTRADITIONÏOFÏPRAYERÏ; Ï Ï= • St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)Ï!ÏSIXTEENTHÏCENTURYÏ3PANISHÏNUNÏANDÏMYSTIC Ï4ERESAÏOFÏ!VILAÏWASÏKNOWNÏ FORÏHERÏCOURAGE ÏHERÏPRAYERÏANDÏHERÏPROFOUNDÏLOVEÏOFÏ'ODÏ3HEÏREFORMEDÏ#ARMELITEÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFEÏANDÏWROTEÏ BOOKSÏONÏTHEÏSPIRITUALÏLIFEÏWHICHÏSTILLÏGUIDEÏUSÏTODAYÏ3HEÏWASÏPROCLAIMEDÏAÏh$OCTORÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHvÏBYÏ 0OPEÏ0AULÏ6)ÏINÏÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï= • St. Paul Miki (1562-1597)Ï0AULÏ-IKIÏWASÏBORNÏINÏ*APANÏANDÏBECAMEÏAÏ*ESUITÏINÏÏ$URINGÏAÏTERRIBLEÏ PERSECUTIONÏINÏTHATÏCOUNTRYÏHEÏWASÏMARTYREDÏINÏÏnÏWITHÏTWENTY lVEÏOTHERÏRELIGIOUSÏANDÏLAYÏPEOPLEÏnÏBYÏ BEINGÏCRUCIlEDÏ&ROMÏHISÏCROSS Ï0AULÏINVITEDÏONLOOKERSÏTOÏACCEPTÏ#HRISTIANITY ÏSAIDÏHEÏWASÏJOYFULLYÏGIVINGÏ HISÏLIFEÏFORÏ#HRIST ÏANDÏFORGAVEÏHISÏEXECUTIONERSÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • St. Francis de Sales (1567-1622)Ï&RANCISÏDEÏ3ALESÏBECAMEÏBISHOPÏOFÏ'ENEVA ÏAÏSTRONGÏ0ROTESTANTÏCITY ÏINÏ Ï)MPORTANTÏINÏTHEÏREFORMÏMOVEMENTÏWITHINÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCH ÏHEÏWASÏLOVEDÏFORÏHISÏGENTLENESSÏANDÏ pastoral concern. Through his writings, he taught spirituality, especially for the laity, stressing that the CALLÏTOÏHOLINESSÏISÏADDRESSEDÏTOÏEVERYONEÏ; Ï Ï=

Grade Eight | Church History 83 • St. Peter Claver (1580-1654)Ï0ETERÏ#LAVERÏWASÏAÏ3PANISHÏ*ESUITÏMISSIONARYÏWHOÏVOWEDÏTOÏBEÏFOREVERÏAÏ hSLAVEvÏTOÏHISÏBLACKÏBROTHERSÏANDÏSISTERSÏ(EÏSERVEDÏINÏ#OLOMBIA Ï3OUTHÏ!MERICA ÏINÏTHEÏSEVENTEENTHÏCENTU- RYÏANDÏISÏREVEREDÏFORÏHISÏWORKÏAMONGÏTHEÏBLACKÏPEOPLESÏ(EÏDIEDÏINÏÏ; Ï Ï= • St. Rose of Lima (1586-1617)Ï4HEÏPATRONÏSAINTÏOFÏTHEÏ0HILIPPINES Ï,ATINÏ!MERICA ÏANDÏmORISTS Ï3AINTÏ2OSEÏ OFÏ,IMAÏWASÏBORNÏINÏ0ERUÏTOÏPOORÏ3PANISHÏCOLONISTSÏ/FTENÏDEPICTEDÏWEARINGÏAÏCROWNÏOFÏROSES ÏSHEÏWASÏSOÏ NAMEDÏDUEÏTOÏHERÏEXTREMEÏPHYSICALÏBEAUTYÏASÏAÏBABYÏ2OSEÏTOOKÏAÏVOWÏOFÏCHASTITYÏANDÏWENTÏTOÏGREATÏLENGTHSÏ TOÏMAKEÏHERÏFACEÏLOOKÏLESSÏBEAUTIFULÏ3HEÏEMBROIDEREDÏTHINGSÏFORÏSALEÏTOÏHELPÏHERÏIMPOVERISHEDÏFAMILYÏANDÏ THEÏPOORÏ-YSTICÏANDÏVISIONARY ÏSHEÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏSOCIALÏWORKERÏINÏTHEÏ!MERICAS ÏALTHOUGHÏSHEÏSUFFEREDÏFROMÏ MANYÏAFmICTIONSÏ-IRACULOUSÏEVENTSÏWEREÏATTRIBUTEDÏTOÏHERÏFOLLOWINGÏHERÏDEATHÏ3AINTÏ2OSEÏOFÏ,IMAÏWASÏ CANONIZEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ#LEMENTÏ8ÏINÏÏANDÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏPERSONÏBORNÏINÏTHEÏ7ESTERNÏ(EMISPHEREÏTOÏBEÏ recognized as a saint. • St. Isaac Jogues (1607-1646)Ï)SAACÏ*OGUESÏWASÏAÏ*ESUITÏPRIEST ÏMISSIONARY ÏANDÏMARTYRÏWHOÏTRAVELEDÏANDÏ WORKEDÏAMONGÏTHEÏ)ROQUOIS Ï(URON ÏANDÏOTHERÏ.ATIVEÏPOPULATIONSÏINÏ.ORTHÏ!MERICAÏ(EÏWASÏCAPTUREDÏ BYÏTHEÏ)ROQUOISÏAND ÏASÏAÏPRISONER ÏSUFFEREDÏPHYSICALÏTORMENT ÏWHILEÏCOMFORTING ÏBAPTIZING ÏANDÏHEARINGÏ CONFESSIONSÏOFÏTHEÏOTHERÏPRISONERSÏ)SAACÏ*OGUESÏESCAPEDÏHISÏIMPRISONMENTÏANDÏWENTÏTOÏ.EWÏ!MSTERDAMÏ WHEREÏHEÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏTOÏVISITÏ-ANHATTANÏ)SLANDÏ(EÏTRAVELEDÏBACKÏTOÏ&RANCEÏBUTÏWASÏSOONÏ EAGERÏTOÏRETURNÏTOÏTHEÏMISSIONSÏ(EÏRETURNEDÏTOÏ)ROQUOISÏTERRITORYÏINÏTHEÏSPRINGÏOFÏÏANDÏWASÏMARTYREDÏ LATERÏTHATÏYEARÏBYÏTHEÏ-OHAWKÏATÏTHEIRÏVILLAGEÏOFÏ/SSERNENON ÏSOUTHÏOFÏTHEÏ-OHAWKÏ2IVER • St. Marguerite Bourgeoys (1620-1700)Ï!Ï&RENCHÏWOMANÏWHOÏISÏCONSIDEREDÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏFOUNDERSÏOFÏ&RENCHÏ #ANADA Ï-ARGUERITEÏ"OURGEOYSÏOPENEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏSCHOOLÏOFÏ-ONTREALÏINÏÏFORÏ&RENCHÏANDÏ)NDIANÏCHIL- DRENÏ3HEÏALSOÏESTABLISHEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏRELIGIOUSÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏNON CLOISTEREDÏSISTERSÏINÏ.ORTHÏ!MERICA ÏTHEÏ Congregation of Notre Dame. [5, 799, 851, 927] • St. Kateri Tekakwitha (1656-1680)Ï"ORNÏNEARÏWHATÏISÏNOWÏTHEÏTOWNÏOFÏ!URIESVILLE Ï.EWÏ9ORK Ï+ATERIÏWASÏ THEÏDAUGHTERÏOFÏAÏ-OHAWKÏCHIEFÏANDÏAÏCAPTIVEÏ!LGONQUINÏMOTHER ÏBUTÏWASÏORPHANEDÏATÏTHEÏAGEÏOFÏFOURÏ3HEÏ WASÏBAPTIZEDÏBYÏAÏ*ESUITÏMISSIONARYÏATÏAGEÏTWENTYÏANDÏMOVEDÏTOÏAÏ#HRISTIANÏCOLONYÏOFÏ)ROQUOISÏINÏ#ANADA Ï WHEREÏHERÏFAITH ÏGENTLENESS ÏKINDNESSÏANDÏDEVOTIONÏTOÏ#HRISTÏCRUCIlEDÏIMPRESSEDÏEVERYONEÏ3HEÏDIEDÏOFÏ DISEASEÏATÏAGEÏÏ(ERÏLASTÏWORDSÏWERE Ïh*ESUS
Ï-ARY
Ï)ÏLOVEÏYOU
vÏ; Ï Ï Ï=

84 Grade Eight | Church History PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EADÏ-ATTHEWÏ ÏALOUDÏ!SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏWHATÏTHISÏMEANSÏTOÏTHEM 4ELLÏTHEÏGROUPÏTHATÏ*ESUSÏSENTÏTHEÏlRSTÏDISCIPLESÏTOÏSPREADÏHISÏMESSAGEÏAND ÏBYÏVIRTUEÏOFÏOURÏBAPTISM ÏHEÏ SENDSÏEACHÏOFÏUSÏTOÏCONTINUEÏHISÏMISSIONÏTODAYÏ!SKÏTHEÏYOUNGÏPEOPLEÏTOÏCONSIDERÏHOWÏ*ESUSÏISÏCHALLENGINGÏ each of them to spread his message. Lead the young people in the following prayer for missions and missionaries from the Mass for the Spread of the Gospel: God our Father, you will all people to be saved and come to the knowledge of your truth. Send workers into your great harvest that the Gospel may be preached to every creature and your people, gathered together by the word of life and strengthened by the power of the sacraments, may advance in the way of salvation and love. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

VI. THE JOURNEY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CONTINUED FROM AD 1800 THROUGH THE 20TH CENTURY

!Ï4HEÏ-ISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH

4HEÏNINETEENTHÏANDÏTWENTIETHÏCENTURIESÏSAWÏTHEÏEXPANSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLDÏ)NÏ!FRICAÏANDÏ !SIAÏINÏPARTICULAR ÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏGREWÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏEFFORTSÏOFÏMISSIONARIESÏ)NÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏOFÏ!MERICA ÏTHEÏ #HURCHÏINCREASEDÏTHROUGHÏTHEÏINmUXÏOFÏ#ATHOLICÏIMMIGRANTSÏ$IOCESES ÏPARISHES ÏANDÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ3CHOOLÏSYS- tem in the United States steadily expanded to meet the religious and educational needs of these immigrants. [166, 905, 927]

4HEÏ&IRSTÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏ  ÏADDRESSEDÏSEVERALÏISSUES ÏAMONGÏTHEMÏMATERIALISM ÏINSPIRATIONÏOFÏ3CRIP- ture, and papal infallibility.

#LERGY ÏRELIGIOUS ÏANDÏLAITYÏDEVELOPEDÏANDÏFOSTEREDÏTHEÏSOCIALÏMISSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD ÏBYÏ supporting the rights of labor, minorities, and all who are oppressed in any way. [2419, 2421, 2460-63]

4HEÏ3ECONDÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏ  ÏWASÏCALLEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ88)))ÏTOÏREFORMÏANDÏRENEWÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏ)NÏ AÏSERIESÏOFÏAUTHORITATIVEÏDOCUMENTS ÏITÏPROCLAIMEDÏTHEÏTEACHINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏFORÏTHEÏPRESENTÏDAYÏ4HEÏ#OUNCILÏ called for the renewal of the liturgy, a greater participation of the laity in the Church, ecumenism, the study of 3ACREDÏ3CRIPTUREÏBYÏSCHOLARSÏANDÏLAITY ÏANDÏTHEÏUNIVERSALÏRECOGNITIONÏOFÏTHEÏRIGHTÏFORÏRELIGIOUSÏFREEDOMÏ&ORÏTHEÏ lRSTÏTIMEÏINÏHISTORY ÏAÏ#HURCHÏCOUNCILÏADDRESSEDÏITSELFÏNOTÏONLYÏTOÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏBUTÏTOÏTHEÏWHOLEÏOFÏHUMANITYÏ [160, 820-23, 863, 884, 905, 910, 1204-05, 2108]

Grade Eight | Church History 85 4HEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏISÏNOW ÏMOREÏTHANÏEVERÏBEFORE ÏAÏGLOBALÏ#HURCH ÏWITHÏALLÏTHEÏFERVORÏANDÏZEALÏOFÏYOUNGÏ COMMUNITIESÏBEINGÏADDEDÏTOÏTHEÏGIFTSÏOFÏANÏOLDER ÏWELL ESTABLISHEDÏ#HRISTIANÏCIVILIZATIONÏ4HEÏVISIBLEÏPRESENCEÏ OFÏDELEGATESÏFROMÏ4HIRDÏ7ORLDÏNATIONSÏATÏTHEÏ3ECONDÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏASÏWELLÏASÏTHEÏDIVERSITYÏREmECTEDÏINÏTHEÏ present College of Cardinals has underlined this new reality. [782, 791, 2820]

!WARENESSÏ OFÏ GLOBAL Ï ECONOMIC Ï SOCIALÏ ANDÏ ECOLOGICALÏ ISSUESÏ HASÏ LIKEWISEÏ BROUGHTÏ AÏ NEWÏ DIMENSIONÏ TOÏ THEÏ #HURCHSÏMORALÏTEACHINGÏ;  Ï  Ï Ï =

4HEÏECUMENICALÏMOVEMENTÏOFÏTHEÏTWENTIETHÏCENTURYÏHASÏBEENÏAÏGREATÏFORCEÏFORÏRECONCILIATIONÏAMONGÏ#HRISTIANÏ COMMUNITIESÏ#ATHOLICSÏCONTINUEÏTOÏWORKÏWITHÏOTHERSÏTOWARDÏ#HRISTIANÏUNITYÏTHROUGHÏCOOPERATIONÏANDÏDIA- LOGUEÏ)NTERRELIGIOUSÏDIALOGUEÏBETWEENÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏANDÏOTHERÏMAJORÏWORLDÏRELIGIONSÏHASÏALSOÏINCREASEDÏ our mutual understanding and respect. [817-22, 839-45, 855, 870]

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#Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • Martyr Saints of China (died between 1648-1930)Ï4HEÏ-ARTYRÏ3AINTSÏOFÏ#HINA ÏORÏ!UGUSTINEÏ:HAOÏ2ONGÏ ANDÏHISÏÏCOMPANIONS ÏAREÏKNOWNÏASÏÏ#HINESEÏ#ATHOLICSÏANDÏÏ7ESTERNÏMISSIONARIESÏWHO ÏFROMÏTHEÏ mid-17th century to 1930, were martyred because of their ministry and in some cases because of their re- fusal to denounce their faith in Christ Jesus. Many died in the Boxer Rebellion, in which 30,000 Chinese CONVERTSÏTOÏ#HRISTIANITYÏALONGÏWITHÏMISSIONARIESÏANDÏOTHERÏFOREIGNERSÏWEREÏKILLEDÏBYÏREVOLUTIONARIESÏ!NNAÏ 7ANG ÏAÏ YEAR OLDÏGIRL ÏWASÏAMONGÏTHEÏ#HINESEÏCONVERTSÏWHOÏREFUSEDÏTOÏRENOUNCEÏ#HRISTIANITYÏANDÏSHEÏ spent the hours before her death in prayer and encouraged others to remain faithful. The Martyr Saints OFÏ#HINAÏWEREÏCANONIZEDÏONÏ/CTOBERÏ ÏÏBYÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ)) • Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766-1853)Ï!ÏFORMERÏSLAVE Ï0IERREÏ4OUSSAINTÏWASÏBROUGHTÏTOÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏ INÏÏANDÏTHEREÏHEÏWASÏAPPRENTICEDÏTOÏONEÏOFÏ.EWÏ9ORKSÏLEADINGÏHAIRDRESSERSÏ(EÏEARNEDÏAÏGOODÏLIVINGÏASÏAÏ

86 Grade Eight | Church History HAIRDRESSERÏANDÏEVENTUALLYÏGAINEDÏHISÏFREEDOM ÏLATERÏBECOMINGÏAÏNOTEDÏPHILANTHROPISTÏTOÏTHEÏPOORÏOFÏTHEÏCITYÏ 4OGETHERÏWITHÏHISÏWIFE Ï*ULIETTE Ï0IERREÏ4OUSSAINTÏPERFORMEDÏMANYÏCHARITABLEÏWORKSÏ(EÏCONTRIBUTEDÏFUNDSÏ ANDÏHELPEDÏRAISEÏMONEYÏTOÏBUILDÏ/LDÏ3AINTÏ0ATRICKSÏ#ATHEDRALÏONÏ-ULBERRYÏ3TREETÏ0IERREÏ4OUSSAINTÏISÏTHEÏ lRSTÏLAYPERSONÏTOÏBEÏBURIEDÏINÏTHEÏCRYPTÏBELOWÏTHEÏMAINÏALTARÏOFÏ3AINTÏ0ATRICKSÏ#ATHEDRALÏONÏ&IFTHÏ!VENUE • St. Elizabeth Ann Seton (1774-1821)Ï%LIZABETHÏ3ETONÏWASÏAÏ.EWÏ9ORKER ÏAÏMARRIEDÏWOMANÏANDÏAÏMOTHERÏ !FTERÏSHEÏWASÏWIDOWED ÏSHEÏBECAMEÏAÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICÏ&OLLOWINGÏTHAT ÏSHEÏPROFESSEDÏVOWSÏASÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏ SISTERÏANDÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ#HARITYÏINÏ ÏANDÏINÏÏESTABLISHEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏORPHANAGEÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ #ITYÏ3HEÏHELPEDÏTOÏDEVELOPÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏSCHOOLÏSYSTEMÏINÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏOFÏ!MERICAÏANDÏISÏTHEÏlRSTÏ American-born person to be canonized. [5, 1814, 1915] • St. John Henry Newman (1801-1890): Cardinal Newman was an Anglican priest in England who, despite PERSONALÏANDÏPROFESSIONALÏOPPOSITION ÏWASÏRECEIVEDÏINTOÏTHEÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏINÏÏ(ISÏWRITINGSÏ HAVEÏDONEÏMUCHÏTOÏGIVEÏPEOPLEÏAÏDEEPERÏUNDERSTANDINGÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ4HEÏESTABLISHMENTÏOFÏ.EW- man Centers (Catholic ministry centers) throughout the world for Catholic students attending secular UNIVERSITIESÏWASÏINSPIREDÏBYÏTHEÏWRITINGSÏOFÏ#ARDINALÏ*OHNÏ(ENRYÏ.EWMANÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • St. Anthony Mary Claret (1807-1870)Ï4HEÏhSPIRITUALÏFATHERÏOFÏ#UBAvÏWASÏAÏMISSIONARY ÏRELIGIOUSÏFOUND- ER ÏSOCIALÏREFORMER ÏANDÏARCHBISHOPÏ(EÏWASÏAÏ3PANIARDÏWHOSEÏWORKÏTOOKÏHIMÏTOÏTHEÏ#ARIBBEAN Ï#ANARYÏ )SLANDS ÏANDÏ%UROPEÏ/RDAINEDÏATÏ ÏHEÏWASÏPREVENTEDÏBYÏILLÏHEALTHÏFROMÏENTERINGÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFEÏASÏAÏ#AR- THUSIANÏORÏAÏ*ESUITÏ$ESPITEÏTHIS ÏHEÏBECAMEÏONEÏOFÏ3PAINSÏMOSTÏPOPULARÏPREACHERSÏ(EÏWASÏPRESENTÏATÏTHEÏ &IRSTÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏANDÏWASÏAÏSTAUNCHÏDEFENDERÏOFÏTHEÏDOCTRINEÏOFÏPAPALÏINFALLIBILITYÏ!NTHONYÏSPENTÏÏ YEARSÏGIVINGÏPOPULARÏMISSIONSÏANDÏRETREATS ÏALWAYSÏPLACINGÏGREATÏEMPHASISÏONÏTHEÏ%UCHARISTÏANDÏDEVOTIONÏ TOÏTHEÏ)MMACULATEÏ(EARTÏOFÏ-ARYÏ!NÏINTERESTÏINÏPUBLISHINGÏLEDÏ!NTHONYÏTOÏFOUNDÏTHEÏ2ELIGIOUSÏ0UBLISH- INGÏ(OUSE ÏAÏMAJORÏ#ATHOLICÏPUBLISHINGÏVENTUREÏINÏ3PAINÏ"EGINNINGÏWITHÏlVEÏPRIESTS ÏHEÏALSOÏFOUNDEDÏAÏ RELIGIOUSÏINSTITUTEÏOFÏMISSIONARIESÏ+NOWNÏTODAYÏASÏTHEÏ#LARETIANS ÏTHEYÏAREÏACTIVEÏASÏMISSIONARIESÏINÏOVERÏ ÏCOUNTRIESÏONÏlVEÏCONTINENTS • Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903)Ï!ÏPOPEÏOFÏTHEÏLATEÏNINETEENTHÏCENTURY Ï,EOÏ8)))ÏISÏBESTÏKNOWNÏFORÏHISÏCOMMIT- MENTÏTOÏTHEÏRIGHTSÏOFÏWORKINGÏMENÏANDÏWOMENÏ(ISÏENCYCLICALÏRerum Novarum (1891) is still considered ONEÏOFÏTHEÏCLASSICÏSTATEMENTSÏONÏTHEÏSUBJECTÏOFÏJUSTICEÏFORÏWORKERSÏ; Ï  Ï = • St. John Neumann (1811-1860): A Catholic priest from Bohemia, John Neumann immigrated to the 5NITEDÏ3TATESÏINÏÏANDÏWASÏORDAINEDÏTHATÏSAMEÏYEARÏATÏ/LDÏ3TÏ0ATRICKSÏ#ATHEDRALÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏ (EÏRECEIVEDÏPERMISSIONÏTOÏJOINÏTHEÏ2EDEMPTORISTÏORDERÏINÏÏ)NÏÏHEÏBECAMEÏTHEÏFOURTHÏ"ISHOPÏOFÏ 0HILADELPHIAÏANDÏDURINGÏHISÏTENUREÏHEÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏlRSTÏ#ATHOLICÏDIOCESANÏSCHOOLÏSYSTEMÏINÏTHEÏ5NITEDÏ 3TATESÏ(EÏISÏTHEÏlRSTÏ5NITEDÏ3TATESÏBISHOPÏTOÏBEÏCANONIZED • St. Dominic Savio (1842-1857)Ï"ORNÏINTOÏAÏPEASANTÏFAMILYÏATÏ2IVA Ï)TALY ÏYOUNGÏ$OMINICÏJOINEDÏ3AINTÏ *OHNÏ"OSCOÏASÏAÏSTUDENTÏATÏTHEÏ/RATORYÏINÏ4URINÏATÏTHEÏAGEÏOFÏÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ"OSCOÏWASÏIMPRESSEDÏWITHÏ $OMINICSÏDESIREÏTOÏBEÏAÏPRIESTÏANDÏTOÏHELPÏINÏHISÏWORKÏWITHÏNEGLECTEDÏBOYSÏ!ÏPEACEMAKERÏANDÏANÏORGA- nizer, young Dominic founded a group he called the Company of the Immaculate Conception which, in ADDITIONÏTOÏBEINGÏDEVOTIONAL ÏAIDEDÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ"OSCOÏWITHÏTHEÏBOYSÏANDÏWITHÏMANUALÏWORKÏ!SÏAÏYOUTH Ï $OMINICÏSPENTÏHOURSÏRAPTÏINÏPRAYERÏANDÏHEÏCALLEDÏHISÏRAPTURES ÏhMYÏDISTRACTIONSvÏ%VENÏINÏPLAY ÏHEÏSAIDÏ THATÏATÏTIMES Ïh)TÏSEEMSÏHEAVENÏISÏOPENINGÏJUSTÏABOVEÏMEÏ)ÏAMÏAFRAIDÏ)ÏMAYÏSAYÏORÏDOÏSOMETHINGÏTHATÏWILLÏ MAKEÏTHEÏOTHERÏBOYSÏLAUGHvÏ$OMINICÏWOULDÏSAY Ïh)ÏCANTÏDOÏBIGÏTHINGSÏ"UTÏ)ÏWANTÏALLÏ)ÏDO ÏEVENÏTHEÏSMALL- ESTÏTHING ÏTOÏBEÏFORÏTHEÏGREATERÏGLORYÏOFÏ'ODvÏ$OMINICSÏHEALTHÏWASÏALWAYSÏFRAILÏAND ÏAFTERÏRECEIVINGÏTHEÏ last sacraments, he died on March 9, 1857. Due to his youth, some thought Dominic was too young to be CONSIDEREDÏAÏSAINTÏ0OPEÏ3AINTÏ0IUSÏ8ÏDECLAREDÏTHATÏJUSTÏTHEÏOPPOSITEÏWASÏTRUEÏANDÏSUPPORTEDÏTHEÏCAUSEÏFORÏ $OMINICSÏSAINTHOOD ÏLEADINGÏTOÏHISÏEVENTUALÏCANONIZATIONÏINÏ

Grade Eight | Church History 87 • St. Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850-1917)Ï"ORNÏINÏ)TALYÏINÏ Ï&RANCESÏ#ABRINIÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ#ONGREGATIONÏOFÏ THEÏ-ISSIONARIESÏOFÏTHEÏ3ACREDÏ(EARTÏOFÏ*ESUS ÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏWOMENÏWHOÏWORKÏINÏSCHOOLSÏANDÏHOS- PITALSÏ-OTHERÏ#ABRINIÏWASÏTHEÏlRSTÏNATURALIZEDÏ!MERICANÏCITIZENÏTOÏBEÏDECLAREDÏAÏSAINTÏ; Ï Ï Ï= • Servant Of God Mother Mary Alphonsa (1851-1926): Born in Lenox, Massachusetts, Rose Hawthorne was the daughter of the writer Nathaniel Hawthorne and his wife, Sophia. She was married while still YOUNGÏAND ÏALONGÏWITHÏHERÏHUSBAND ÏCONVERTEDÏTOÏ2OMANÏ#ATHOLICISMÏ!FTERÏHERÏHUSBANDSÏDEATH Ï2OSEÏ sought greater purpose in life. After spending time with the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent dePaul and TRAININGÏASÏAÏNURSEÏTOÏSERVEÏCANCERÏPATIENTS ÏSHEÏJOINEDÏTHEÏ4HIRDÏ/RDERÏ$OMINICANSÏ/NÏ$ECEMBERÏ Ï  ÏWITHÏAPPROVALÏOFÏ!RCHBISHOPÏ-ICHAELÏ!Ï#ORRIGANÏOFÏ.EWÏ9ORK ÏSHEÏFOUNDEDÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏORDERÏWHICHÏ WOULDÏBECOMEÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ$OMINICANÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ(AWTHORNEÏ4HEÏESTABLISHMENTÏOFÏ3TÏ2OSESÏ&REEÏ(OMEÏ FORÏ)NCURABLEÏ#ANCERÏINÏ#HERRYÏ3TREETÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏHOUSEDÏlFTEENÏPOORÏWOMENÏWITHÏCANCERÏ4HEÏ COMMUNITYÏEVENTUALLYÏWENTÏONÏTOÏESTABLISHÏSEVENÏNURSINGÏFACILITIESÏINÏSIXÏDIFFERENTÏSTATESÏ4ODAY Ï2OSARYÏ (ILLÏ(OMEÏINÏ(AWTHORNE Ï.EWÏ9ORKÏCARESÏFORÏTHEÏPOORÏWHOÏAREÏSUFFERINGÏFROMÏINCURABLEÏCANCER • St. Katherine Drexel (1858-1955): An heiress and philanthropist from Philadelphia, Katherine Drexel, a Sister of the Blessed Sacrament, turned away from wealth and social standing to found a missionary COMMUNITYÏSERVINGÏ!FRICAN !MERICANSÏANDÏ.ATIVEÏ!MERICANSÏ3HEÏUSEDÏHERÏINHERITANCEÏFORÏTHEÏBENElTÏOFÏ .ATIVEÏ!MERICANS ÏlNANCINGÏTHEÏPRINTINGÏOFÏÏCOPIESÏOFÏAÏCATECHISMÏTHATÏWOULDÏBEÏUSEDÏBYÏ.AVAJOÏCHIL- DRENÏ(ERÏLEGACYÏISÏMARKEDÏBYÏSELmESSÏSERVICEÏFORÏTHEÏVICTIMSÏOFÏINJUSTICEÏANDÏHERÏBELIEFÏINÏQUALITYÏEDUCATIONÏ FORÏALLÏ3HEÏDIEDÏATÏTHEÏAGEÏOFÏÏATÏHERÏORDERSÏMOTHERHOUSEÏNEARÏ0HILADELPHIA Ï0ENNSYLVANIA • St. Charles Lwanga (1860-1886)Ï#HARLESÏ,WANGAÏWASÏAÏYOUNGÏ#HRISTIANÏPAGEÏINÏTHEÏSERVICEÏOFÏAÏPAGANÏ emperor. He protected the other pages from the emperor, who demanded that they participate in homo- SEXUALÏACTIVITYÏ#HARLESÏWASÏMARTYREDÏWITHÏTWENTY ONEÏOTHERÏ5GANDANSÏDURINGÏTHEÏPERSECUTIONSÏOFÏÏ [2357, 2472-73] • St. Josephine Margaret Bakhita (Ca. 1869-1947): Born around 1869 in the Darfur region of Sudan, *OSEPHINEÏGREWÏUPÏHAPPYÏANDÏRELATIVELYÏPROSPEROUSÏ(ISTORIANSÏBELIEVEÏTHATÏSOMETIMEÏINÏ&EBRUARYÏÏ *OSEPHINEÏWASÏKIDNAPPEDÏBYÏ!RABÏSLAVEÏTRADERSÏANDÏFORÏTHEÏNEXTÏÏYEARSÏSHEÏWOULDÏBEÏBOUGHT ÏSOLDÏANDÏ GIVENÏAWAYÏOVERÏAÏDOZENÏTIMESÏ!SÏAÏSLAVE ÏHERÏEXPERIENCESÏVARIEDÏFROMÏFAIRÏTREATMENTÏTOÏCRUELÏANDÏSHEÏ EVENTUALLYÏARRIVEDÏINÏ)TALYÏANDÏWASÏPLACEDÏINÏTHEÏCUSTODYÏOFÏTHEÏ#ANOSSIANÏ3ISTERSÏINÏ6ENICEÏ7HILEÏSHEÏWASÏ WITHÏTHEÏSISTERS Ï*OSEPHINEÏCAMEÏTOÏLEARNÏABOUTÏ'ODÏSHEÏWASÏDEEPLYÏMOVEDÏBYÏHERÏTIMEÏWITHÏTHEÏSISTERSÏ ANDÏDISCERNEDÏAÏCALLÏTOÏFOLLOWÏ#HRISTÏ*OSEPHINESÏMISTRESSÏCOULDÏNOTÏPERSUADEÏHERÏTOÏLEAVEÏTHEÏCONVENTÏANDÏ )TALIANÏAUTHORITIESÏEVENTUALLYÏINTERVENEDÏONÏ*OSEPHINESÏBEHALFÏ)TÏWASÏDETERMINEDÏINÏTHEÏCOURTSÏTHATÏSINCEÏ SLAVERYÏHADÏBEENÏOUTLAWEDÏINÏ3UDANÏBEFOREÏ*OSEPHINEÏWASÏBORN ÏSHEÏCOULDÏNOTÏLAWFULLYÏBEÏMADEÏAÏSLAVEÏ *OSEPHINEÏWASÏDECLAREDÏFREEÏANDÏCHOSEÏTOÏREMAINÏWITHÏTHEÏ#ANOSSIANÏ3ISTERSÏ3HEÏWASÏRECEIVEDÏINTOÏTHEÏ #ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏONÏ*ANUARYÏ ÏÏANDÏTOOKÏTHEÏNAMEÏ*OSEPHINEÏ-ARGARETÏ&ORTUNATAÏTHEÏ,ATINÏTRANSLA- TIONÏOFÏHERÏ!RABICÏNAME Ï"AKHITA Ï3HEÏRECEIVEDÏTHEÏSACRAMENTSÏOFÏINITIATIONÏFROMÏTHEÏ#ARDINALÏ0ATRIARCHÏ OFÏ6ENICE ÏWHOÏWOULDÏLATERÏBECOMEÏ0OPEÏ0IUSÏ8Ï&ORÏTHEÏNEXTÏÏYEARSÏOFÏHERÏLIFE ÏSHEÏWORKEDÏASÏAÏCOOKÏANDÏ AÏDOORKEEPERÏATÏTHEÏCONVENTÏ3HEÏALSOÏTRAVELEDÏANDÏVISITEDÏOTHERÏCONVENTSÏTELLINGÏHERÏSTORYÏTOÏOTHERÏSISTERSÏ ANDÏPREPARINGÏTHEMÏFORÏWORKÏINÏ!FRICAÏ7HENÏSPEAKINGÏOFÏHERÏENSLAVEMENT ÏSHEÏOFTENÏPROFESSEDÏSHEÏWOULDÏ THANKÏHERÏKIDNAPPERS ÏFORÏHADÏSHEÏNOTÏBEENÏKIDNAPPED ÏSHEÏMIGHTÏNEVERÏHAVEÏCOMEÏTOÏKNOWÏ*ESUSÏ#HRISTÏ ANDÏENTEREDÏ(ISÏ#HURCHÏ)NÏHERÏLATERÏYEARS ÏDESPITEÏSUFFERINGÏPHYSICALÏPAINÏANDÏHAVINGÏTOÏUSEÏAÏWHEELCHAIR Ï SHEÏALWAYSÏREMAINEDÏCHEERFULÏ/NÏTHEÏEVENINGÏOFÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï Ï*OSEPHINEÏSPOKEÏHERÏLASTÏWORDS Ïh/URÏ ,ADY Ï/URÏ,ADY
vÏ)NÏÏTHEÏPROCESSÏOFÏCANONIZATIONÏBEGANÏFORÏ*OSEPHINEÏUNDERÏ0OPEÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ88)))Ï ANDÏINÏÏ0OPEÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏDECLAREDÏHERÏVENERABLEÏ7HILEÏTHEÏNEWSÏOFÏHERÏBEATIlCATIONÏINÏÏ WASÏCENSOREDÏINÏ3UDAN ÏWITHINÏTHEÏYEAR Ï0OPEÏ3AINTÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏVISITEDÏTHATÏCOUNTRYÏANDÏPUBLICLYÏHONOREDÏ HERÏ3HEÏWASÏCANONIZEDÏONÏ/CTOBERÏ ÏÏANDÏISÏRECOGNIZEDÏASÏTHEÏPATRONÏSAINTÏOFÏ3UDAN

88 Grade Eight | Church History • St. Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897)Ï-OVEDÏBYÏHERÏLOVEÏFORÏ*ESUS Ï4HRÊSEÏBECAMEÏAÏ#ARMELITEÏNUNÏWHENÏSHEÏ WASÏlFTEENÏYEARSÏOLDÏ3HEÏSTROVEÏTOÏDOÏALLÏTHEÏSMALLÏTASKSÏOFÏLIFEÏTOÏTHEÏBESTÏOFÏHERÏABILITY ÏSEEINGÏTHEMÏASÏEXPRES- SIONSÏOFÏHERÏLOVEÏFORÏ*ESUSÏANDÏFORÏTHEÏOTHERSÏWITHÏWHOMÏSHEÏLIVEDÏ)NÏHERÏAUTOBIOGRAPHY ÏThe Story of a Soul, she TEACHESÏhHERÏLITTLEÏWAYvÏnÏHOWÏTOÏSEEKÏHOLINESSÏOFÏLIFEÏINÏTHEÏORDINARYÏANDÏHOWÏTOÏPERSEVEREÏINÏPRAYERÏEVENÏWHENÏ ITÏISÏDIFlCULTÏ4HRÊSEÏWASÏAÏMISSIONARYÏINÏSPIRITÏBECAUSEÏSHEÏPRAYEDÏDAILYÏANDÏFERVENTLYÏFORÏPEOPLEÏWHOÏDIDÏNOTÏ YETÏKNOWÏ*ESUSÏTHATÏTHEYÏMIGHTÏBEÏSAVEDÏBYÏ(ISÏDIVINEÏLOVEÏ0OPEÏ0IUSÏ8)ÏDECLAREDÏ3TÏ4HRÊSE Ïh0ATRONESSÏOFÏTHEÏ -ISSIONS vÏRECOGNIZINGÏTHATÏSOMEÏMISSIONARIESÏGOÏOUTÏTOÏEVANGELIZEÏINÏPLACESÏWHEREÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏHASÏNOTÏYETÏTAKENÏ ROOTÏWHILEÏOTHERS ÏLIKEÏ4HRÊSE ÏSAVEÏSOULSÏBYÏTHEIRÏFAITHFULÏPRAYERÏFORÏTHEMÏATÏHOMEÏ; Ï Ï Ï Ï= • Pope St. John XXIII (1881-1963): Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, one of fourteen children born to poor par- ENTSÏINÏ3OTTOÏILÏ-ONTE Ï)TALY ÏWOULDÏEVENTUALLYÏBECOMEÏONEÏOFÏTHEÏMOSTÏINmUENTIALÏPOPESÏINÏRECENTÏHISTORYÏ (EÏWASÏORDAINEDÏAÏPRIESTÏINÏÏANDÏSERVEDÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏINÏMANYÏWAYSÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏEARLYÏPARTÏOFÏTHEÏ 20th century and after the Second World War. He became a cardinal in 1953 and upon the death of Pius 8))ÏINÏÏWASÏELECTEDÏPOPEÏ3HORTLYÏAFTERÏHISÏELECTION Ï0OPEÏ*OHNÏ88)))ÏCALLEDÏFORÏANÏECUMENICALÏCOUNCILÏ WHICHÏWOULDÏCOMEÏTOÏBEÏKNOWNÏASÏ6ATICANÏ))Ï(EÏWASÏCANONIZEDÏAÏSAINTÏBYÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏONÏ!PRILÏ Ï • St. Pio of Pietrelcina [Padre Pio] (1887-1968)Ï&RANCESCOÏ&ORGIONEÏWASÏBORNÏINTOÏANÏ)TALIANÏFARMINGÏ FAMILYÏDEVOTEDÏTOÏTHEIRÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ&ROMÏAÏYOUNGÏAGEÏHEÏHADÏAÏSTRONGÏPERSONALÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏTHEÏ ,ORDÏANDÏWANTEDÏTOÏBEÏAÏPRIESTÏ7HENÏHEÏJOINEDÏTHEÏ#APUCHINÏ&RANCISCANÏ&RIARS ÏHEÏWASÏGIVENÏTHEÏNAMEÏ 0ADREÏ0IOÏ(EÏSUFFEREDÏMUCHÏTHROUGHOUTÏHISÏLIFEÏnÏPHYSICALLYÏASÏWELLÏASÏSPIRITUALLYÏnÏANDÏHEÏALWAYSÏOFFEREDÏ HISÏSUFFERINGSÏTOÏTHEÏ,ORDÏFORÏTHEÏSAKEÏOFÏSAVINGÏSINNERSÏ(ISÏPHYSICALÏDIFlCULTIESÏNEVERÏPREVENTEDÏHIMÏ FROMÏCONTINUINGÏHISÏMINISTRYÏOFÏCOMPASSIONÏFORÏTHEÏSICKÏANDÏTHEÏSUFFERINGÏ(EÏWASÏAÏPROFOUNDÏMYSTICÏnÏAÏ PERSONÏOFÏDEEPÏPRAYERÏWHOÏEXPERIENCEDÏTHEÏPRESENCEÏOFÏ'ODÏ/NEÏDAYÏINÏ ÏASÏ0ADREÏ0IOÏWASÏMAKINGÏ HISÏTHANKSGIVINGÏAFTERÏ-ASS ÏHEÏHADÏAÏVISIONÏOFÏ*ESUSÏ7HENÏTHEÏVISIONÏENDED ÏHEÏHADÏTHEvÏSTIGMATAvÏnÏTHEÏ WOUNDSÏOFÏ#HRISTÏ#RUCIlEDÏnÏINÏHISÏOWNÏHANDS ÏFEET ÏANDÏSIDEÏ0ADREÏ0IOÏUSEDÏHISÏEXTRAORDINARYÏSPIRITUALÏ GIFTSÏTOÏEXPRESSÏ*ESUSÏCOMPASSIONÏ4HOUSANDSÏOFÏPEOPLEÏmOCKEDÏTOÏHIMÏTOÏRECEIVEÏTHEÏ3ACRAMENTÏOFÏ0EN- ANCEÏ!LLÏDAYÏLONG ÏÏHOURSÏAÏDAY ÏHEÏWOULDÏHEARÏTHEIRÏCONFESSIONSÏ4HEÏPEOPLEÏOFTENÏSAIDÏTHATÏHEÏKNEWÏ DETAILSÏOFÏTHEIRÏLIVESÏTHATÏTHEYÏNEVERÏTOLDÏHIM ÏANDÏTHATÏHEÏUNDERSTOODÏTHEIRÏSOULS • Blessed Miguel Agustín Pro (1891-1927): “¡Viva Cristo Rey!”ÏnÏ,ONGÏLIVEÏ#HRISTÏTHEÏ+ING
ÏnÏWEREÏTHEÏLASTÏ WORDSÏ0ROÏUTTEREDÏBEFOREÏHEÏWASÏEXECUTEDÏFORÏBEINGÏAÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏANDÏSERVINGÏHISÏmOCKÏ"ORNÏINTOÏAÏ PROSPEROUS ÏDEVOUTÏFAMILYÏINÏ'UADALUPEÏDEÏ:ACATECAS Ï-EXICO Ï-IGUELÏENTEREDÏTHEÏ*ESUITSÏINÏÏ4HREEÏ YEARSÏLATER ÏBECAUSEÏOFÏRELIGIOUSÏPERSECUTIONÏINÏ-EXICO ÏHEÏmEDÏTOÏ3PAINÏ!FTERÏHEÏWASÏORDAINEDÏINÏ"ELGIUMÏ INÏ Ï&ATHERÏ0ROÏIMMEDIATELYÏRETURNEDÏTOÏ-EXICOÏWHEREÏHEÏSERVEDÏAÏ#HURCHÏFORCEDÏTOÏGOÏUNDERGROUNDÏ He clandestinely celebrated the Eucharist and ministered the sacraments to small groups of Catholics. He ANDÏHISÏBROTHER Ï2OBERTO ÏWEREÏARRESTEDÏONÏFALSEÏCHARGESÏOFÏATTEMPTINGÏTOÏASSASSINATEÏ-EXICOSÏPRESIDENTÏ 7HILEÏ2OBERTOÏWASÏSPARED Ï-IGUELÏWASÏSENTENCEDÏTOÏFACEÏAÏlRINGÏSQUADÏANDÏWASÏEXECUTEDÏONÏ.OVEMBERÏ  ÏÏ(ISÏFUNERALÏBECAMEÏAÏPUBLICÏDEMONSTRATIONÏOFÏFAITHÏ-IGUELÏ0ROÏWASÏBEATIlEDÏINÏ • St. Maximilian Kolbe (1894-1901)Ï-AXIMILIANÏ+OLBEÏWASÏAÏ0OLISHÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏWHOÏFULlLLEDÏTHEÏ'OS- pel message by laying down his life for another. During the Second World War, he was imprisoned in a .AZIÏCONCENTRATIONÏCAMPÏ(EÏVOLUNTEEREDÏTOÏDIEÏINÏTHEÏPLACEÏOFÏANOTHERÏPRISONER ÏWHO ÏWHENÏCHOSENÏTOÏDIE Ï HADÏSIGHED Ïh-YÏPOORÏWIFE ÏMYÏPOORÏCHILDREN
vÏ; Ï Ï= • Venerable Fulton J. Sheen (1895-1979)Ï!RCHBISHOPÏ&ULTONÏ3HEENÏWASÏKNOWNÏFORÏHISÏPREACHINGÏANDÏESPE- CIALLYÏHISÏWORKÏONÏTELEVISIONÏANDÏRADIOÏ4HEÏHOSTÏOFÏTHEÏTELEVISIONÏPROGRAMÏ,IFEÏISÏ7ORTHÏ,IVINGÏFROMÏÏ TOÏ Ï!RCHBISHOPÏ3HEENSÏLEGACYÏENDURESÏASÏTHESEÏEPISODESÏCONTINUEÏTOÏBEÏREBROADCASTÏ)NÏÏHEÏWONÏ ANÏ%MMYÏ!WARDÏFORÏHISÏEFFORTS ÏACCEPTINGÏTHEÏAWARDÏBYÏSAYING Ïh)ÏFEELÏITÏISÏTIMEÏ)ÏPAYÏTRIBUTEÏTOÏMYÏFOURÏ WRITERSÏ-ATTHEW Ï-ARK Ï,UKE ÏANDÏ*OHNv

Grade Eight | Church History 89 • Pope St. Paul VI (1897-1978)Ï0OPEÏ3TÏ0AULÏ6)ÏCONTINUEDÏTHEÏ3ECONDÏ6ATICANÏ#OUNCILÏTHATÏWASÏSTARTEDÏBYÏ HISÏPREDECESSOR Ï0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ88)))Ï(ISÏCHIEFÏCONCERNÏWASÏTHATÏINÏTHEÏTHÏCENTURYÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ SHOULDÏCONTINUEÏTOÏBEÏAÏFAITHFULÏWITNESSÏTOÏTHEÏTEACHINGSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH ÏRECOGNIZINGÏTHEIRÏRELEVANCEÏINÏTHEÏ PRESENTÏTIMEÏ5PONÏCONCLUSIONÏOFÏTHEÏ#OUNCIL Ï0AULÏ6)ÏMOVEDÏTOÏINTERPRETÏANDÏIMPLEMENTÏTHEÏMANDATESÏ OUTLINEDÏINÏTHEÏDOCUMENTSÏOFÏTHEÏ#OUNCILÏ(EÏWASÏCANONIZEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏONÏ/CTOBERÏ Ï • Servant of God Dorothy Day (1897-1980)Ï!ÏCONVERTÏTOÏ#ATHOLICISMÏSHEÏWAS ÏINÏFACT ÏANÏAGNOSTIC Ï$OR- othy Day experienced a period of searching for the meaning of life. After the birth of her daughter, she BEGANÏAÏPERIODÏOFÏSPIRITUALÏAWAKENINGÏWHICHÏLEDÏHERÏTOÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏFAITHÏ$OROTHYÏWASÏBAPTIZEDÏONÏ$E- CEMBERÏ ÏÏATÏ/URÏ,ADYÏ(ELPÏOFÏ#HRISTIANSÏ#HURCHÏONÏ3TATENÏ)SLANDÏ3HEÏWASÏAÏLAYÏWOMANÏWHO ÏBYÏ HERÏEXAMPLE ÏENCOURAGEDÏMANYÏTOÏFEEDÏTHEÏHUNGRYÏANDÏCLOTHEÏTHEÏNAKEDÏ&OUNDERÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ7ORKERÏ MOVEMENT ÏSHEÏLABOREDÏMOSTÏOFÏHERÏLIFEÏINÏ.EWÏ9ORKÏ#ITYÏANDÏDIEDÏTHEREÏINÏÏ; Ï  Ï Ï= • St. Teresa of Los Andes (1900-1920)Ï!SÏAÏYOUNGÏGIRLÏGROWINGÏUPÏINÏTHEÏEARLYÏSÏINÏ3ANTIAGO Ï#HILE Ï *UANAÏ&ERNANDEZÏREADÏANÏAUTOBIOGRAPHYÏTHEÏ&RENCH BORNÏSAINT Ï4HRÊSE ÏPOPULARLYÏKNOWNÏASÏTHEÏ,ITTLEÏ &LOWERÏ4HISÏEXPERIENCEÏDEEPENEDÏHERÏDESIREÏTOÏSERVEÏ'ODÏANDÏCLARIlEDÏTHEÏPATHÏSHEÏWOULDÏFOLLOWÏANDÏATÏÏ *UANAÏBECAMEÏAÏ#ARMELITEÏNUN ÏTAKINGÏTHEÏNAMEÏOFÏ4ERESAÏ4HEÏCONVENTÏOFFEREDÏTHEÏSIMPLEÏLIFESTYLEÏ4ERESAÏ DESIREDÏANDÏTHEÏJOYÏOFÏLIVINGÏINÏAÏCOMMUNITYÏOFÏWOMENÏCOMPLETELYÏDEVOTEDÏTOÏ'ODÏ3HEÏFOCUSEDÏHERÏDAYSÏ ONÏPRAYERÏANDÏSACRIlCEÏh)ÏAMÏ'ODS vÏSHEÏWROTEÏINÏHERÏDIARYÏh(EÏCREATEDÏMEÏANDÏISÏMYÏBEGINNINGÏANDÏMYÏ ENDvÏ4OWARDÏTHEÏENDÏOFÏHERÏSHORTÏLIFE Ï4ERESAÏBEGANÏANÏAPOSTOLATEÏOFÏLETTER WRITING ÏSHARINGÏHERÏTHOUGHTSÏ ONÏTHEÏSPIRITUALÏLIFEÏWITHÏMANYÏPEOPLEÏ!TÏAGEÏÏSHEÏCONTRACTEDÏTYPHUSÏANDÏQUICKLYÏTOOKÏHERÏlNALÏVOWSÏ 3HEÏDIEDÏAÏSHORTÏTIMEÏLATER ÏDURINGÏ(OLYÏ7EEKÏ+NOWNÏASÏTHEÏh&LOWERÏOFÏTHEÏ!NDES vÏ4ERESAÏREMAINSÏPOP- ULARÏWITHÏTHEÏESTIMATEDÏ ÏPILGRIMSÏWHOÏVISITÏHERÏSHRINEÏINÏ,OSÏ!NDESÏEACHÏYEARÏ#ANONIZEDÏINÏÏ BYÏ0OPEÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ)) ÏSHEÏISÏ#HILESÏlRSTÏSAINT • St. Maria Faustina Kowalska (1905-1938): Born into a poor, religious family in Poland, at an early age &AUSTINAÏFELTÏCALLEDÏTOÏAÏRELIGIOUSÏLIFEÏ3HEÏWASÏSOÏPOORÏTHATÏSHEÏWASÏNOTÏADMITTEDÏTOÏTHEÏ#ONGREGATIONÏOFÏ THEÏ3ISTERSÏOFÏ/URÏ,ADYÏOFÏ-ERCYÏUNTILÏSHEÏSAVEDÏENOUGHÏMONEYÏTOÏPAYÏFORÏHERÏRELIGIOUSÏHABITÏ)TÏWASÏDURINGÏ AÏPERIODÏOFÏRECUPERATIONÏFROMÏILLNESSÏTHATÏ&AUSTINAÏWASÏVISITEDÏBYÏ*ESUS ÏTHEÏh+INGÏOFÏ$IVINEÏ-ERCYvÏ3HEÏ KEPTÏAÏDIARY ÏWHICHÏWASÏAÏRECORDÏOFÏHERÏCONVERSATIONSÏWITHÏ*ESUSÏ"EGINNINGÏINÏ*ULYÏOFÏÏANDÏTHROUGHOUTÏ THEÏTHÏCENTURY ÏTHEÏIMAGEÏOFÏANDÏDEVOTIONÏTOÏ$IVINEÏ-ERCYÏHASÏSPREADÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD • St. Teresa of Calcutta [Kolkata] (1910-1997):Ï!ÏNATIVEÏOFÏ!LBANIA Ï-OTHERÏ4ERESAÏFOUNDEDÏTHEÏ-ISSION- ARIESÏOFÏ#HARITYÏINÏÏ3HEÏWASÏAWARDEDÏTHEÏ.OBELÏ0EACEÏ0RIZEÏINÏÏFORÏHERÏCHARITABLEÏWORKÏ3HEÏWASÏ VOCALÏINÏHERÏOPPOSITIONÏTOÏABORTIONÏANDÏWASÏADMIREDÏBYÏMANYÏANDÏHONOREDÏAROUNDÏTHEÏWORLDÏFORÏHERÏCAREÏ OFÏTHEÏDYINGÏ4HEÏ-ISSIONARIESÏOFÏ#HARITY ÏWITHÏSEVERALÏTHOUSANDÏSISTERSÏANDÏAÏPRESENCEÏINÏMANYÏCOUNTRIES Ï MANAGESÏHOMESÏFORÏPEOPLEÏDYINGÏOFÏ()6!)$3 ÏSOUPÏKITCHENS ÏORPHANAGES ÏANDÏSCHOOLS • Thomas Merton (1915-1968)Ï(AVINGÏBEENÏPREVIOUSLYÏBAPTIZEDÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏOFÏ%NGLAND Ï4HOMASÏ-ER- TONÏWASÏRECEIVEDÏINTOÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏONÏ.OVEMBERÏ ÏÏATÏ#ORPUSÏ#HRISTIÏ#HURCHÏINÏ-ANHATTANÏ (EÏWASÏAÏ4RAPPISTÏMONKÏANDÏGIFTEDÏWRITERÏWHOÏWROTEÏEXTENSIVELYÏABOUTÏTHEÏSPIRITUALÏLIFE ÏMONASTICISM ÏANDÏ THEÏNEEDÏFORÏWORLDÏPEACEÏ(EÏWASÏALSOÏCOMMITTEDÏTOÏDIALOGUEÏWITHÏ%ASTERNÏRELIGIONSÏONÏTHEÏSUBJECTÏOFÏMYS- ticism. His autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain ÏTELLSÏHISÏCONVERSIONÏSTORYÏ; Ï  Ï Ï= • St. Oscar Romero (1917-1980)Ï/SCARÏ2OMERO Ï!RCHBISHOPÏANDÏMARTYR ÏWASÏASSASSINATEDÏINÏÏWHILEÏ CELEBRATINGÏ-ASSÏBECAUSEÏOFÏHISÏSTANDÏONÏHUMANÏRIGHTSÏANDÏHISÏWORKÏTOÏPROMOTEÏJUSTICEÏANDÏPEACEÏINÏHISÏ COUNTRY Ï%LÏ3ALVADORÏ;  Ï Ï= • Pope St. John Paul II (1920-2005)Ï+AROLÏ*OSEFÏ7OJTYLAÏWASÏBORNÏINÏ7ADOWICE Ï0OLANDÏ(ISÏEARLYÏLIFEÏWASÏ VERYÏHARDÏ(ISÏMOTHERÏDIEDÏWHENÏHEÏWASÏÏANDÏHISÏOLDERÏBROTHERÏWHENÏHEÏWASÏÏ7HENÏHEÏWASÏÏTHEÏ

90 Grade Eight | Church History .AZISÏINVADEDÏ0OLANDÏANDÏHEÏANDÏHISÏFATHERÏHADÏTOÏGOÏINTOÏHIDINGÏ(EÏBECAMEÏAÏ#ATHOLICÏPRIESTÏDURINGÏTHEÏ YEARSÏWHENÏTHEÏ#OMMUNISTSÏWEREÏTAKINGÏCONTROLÏOFÏ0OLANDÏ,ATER ÏASÏ0OPE ÏHEÏWASÏINSTRUMENTALÏINÏENDINGÏ THEÏ#OMMUNISTÏRULEÏINÏ%ASTERNÏ%UROPEÏ0OPEÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏWASÏTHEÏLONGEST SERVINGÏPOPEÏINÏMODERNÏHISTORYÏ nÏFROMÏÏTOÏÏ$URINGÏHISÏPONTIlCATE ÏHEÏTRAVELLEDÏEXTENSIVELYÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD ÏPRESENTINGÏTHEÏ #HURCHSÏTEACHINGSÏINÏMANYÏCOUNTRIESÏWITHÏTHEIRÏVASTLYÏDIFFERENTÏRELIGIOUSÏTRADITIONSÏANDÏCULTURESÏ(EÏHADÏ AÏSPECIALÏLOVEÏFORÏYOUTHÏANDÏTHEYÏFORÏHIMÏANDÏINÏ ÏHEÏBEGANÏTHEÏ7ORLDÏ9OUTHÏ$AYÏMOVEMENTÏThe Cat- echism of the Catholic Church ÏWHICHÏPROVIDESÏTHEÏBASICÏCONTENTÏFORÏALLÏ#ATHOLICÏEDUCATION ÏWASÏPUBLISHEDÏ UNDERÏHISÏDIRECTIONÏ(ISÏTEACHINGSÏONÏTHEÏ4HEOLOGYÏOFÏTHEÏ"ODYÏPROVIDEÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏCONTEXTÏFORÏTEACHINGÏ HUMANÏSEXUALITYÏ)NÏÏHEÏPROMULGATEDÏTHEÏNew Code of Canon Law. Just three years after he became POPE Ï*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏWASÏSHOTÏINÏ3TÏ0ETERSÏ3QUAREÏBYÏAÏ4URKISHÏPOLITICALÏEXTREMISTÏ!FTERÏHISÏRECOVERY ÏHEÏ VISITEDÏHISÏWOULD BEÏASSASSINÏINÏPRISONÏANDÏFORGAVEÏHIM • St. Gianna Beretta Molla (1922-1962): While pregnant with her fourth child, Gianna Molla, a medical DOCTOR ÏREFUSEDÏMEDICALÏTREATMENT ÏKNOWINGÏTHATÏDOINGÏSOÏCOULDÏRESULTÏINÏHERÏOWNÏDEATH ÏWHICHÏLATERÏOC- CURREDÏINÏÏ(ERÏMEDICALÏCAREERÏWASÏMARKEDÏBYÏADHERENCEÏTOÏTHEÏTEACHINGSÏOFÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ3HEÏ DEDICATEDÏHERSELFÏTOÏCHARITABLEÏWORKÏANDÏWASÏINVOLVEDÏINÏTHEÏWORKÏOFÏBOTHÏ#ATHOLICÏ!CTIONÏANDÏTHEÏ3OCIETYÏ of St. Vincent de Paul.

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

• Read Matthew 25:35-36 to the group. • !SKÏTHEMÏTOÏREmECTÏONÏ*ESUSÏQUESTIONSÏANDÏTHINKÏABOUTÏTHEÏTIMESÏTHEYÏENCOUNTEREDÏSOMEONEÏWHOÏ was hungry or thirsty. What did they do? How did they welcome the stranger? • 7HATÏDIDÏTHEYÏDOÏTOÏMEETÏTHEÏNEEDSÏOFÏONEÏWHOÏNEEDEDÏADEQUATEÏCLOTHING Ï(OWÏDIDÏTHEYÏHELPÏONEÏ WHOÏISÏILLÏORÏINJURED Ï&ORÏTHOSEÏWHOÏAREÏSUFFERING ÏHOWÏCANÏWEÏLETÏTHEMÏKNOWÏWEÏCARE • Lead the students in the following prayer from the Mass for Refugees and Exiles: Lord, no one is a stranger to you and no one is ever far from your loving care. In your kindness, watch over refugees and exiles, those separated from their loved ones, young people who are lost, and those who have left or run away from home. Bring them back safely to the place where they long to be and help us always to show your kindness to strangers and to those in need. We ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

VII. CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

As the Catholic Church continues in the 21stÏCENTURY ÏTHEÏFAITHFULÏCONTINUEÏTOÏSEEKÏAÏRELATIONSHIPÏWITHÏ*E- sus Christ in the face of continued persecution, secularism and indifference. Realities such as the increasing PRESENCEÏOFÏTECHNOLOGYÏINÏEVERYDAYÏLIFE ÏTHEÏINVESTIGATIONÏOFÏCASESÏOFÏSEXÏABUSEÏINÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏANDÏSOCIETY ÏTHEÏ ATTEMPTSÏOFÏFOLLOWERSÏOFÏRADICALÏ)SLAMÏTOÏTERRORIZEÏ#HRISTIANS ÏANDÏTHEÏACCEPTANCEÏOFÏASSISTEDÏSUICIDEÏHAVE ÏATÏ

Grade Eight | Church History 91 TIMES ÏPRESENTEDÏOBSTACLESÏTOÏEFFECTIVEÏEVANGELIZATIONÏANDÏCATECHESISÏ2EGARDLESSÏOFÏONESÏSTATEÏINÏLIFE ÏWHETHERÏ ordained, lay or religious, through daily life one is bound to share the Good News in word and deed for the BUILDINGÏUPÏOFÏ'ODSÏKINGDOMÏONÏEARTH

!Ï4HEÏ0APACYÏATÏTHEÏBEGINNINGÏOFÏTHEÏSTÏCENTURY

&OLLOWINGÏTHEÏDEATHÏOFÏ0OPEÏ3TÏ*OHNÏ0AULÏ))ÏONÏ!PRILÏ Ï ÏAÏPAPALÏCONCLAVEÏWASÏCONVENEDÏDURINGÏWHICHÏ *OSEPHÏ#ARDINALÏ2ATZINGERÏWASÏELECTEDÏPOPEÏ$URINGÏHISÏPAPACY Ï"ENEDICTÏ86)ÏADVOCATEDÏAÏRETURNÏTOÏFUNDA- MENTALÏ#HRISTIANÏVALUESÏTOÏCOUNTERÏTHEÏINCREASEÏINÏSECULARISMÏTHATÏWASÏTAKINGÏPLACEÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLD

%NCYCLICALSÏWRITTENÏBYÏ0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏ86)ÏINCLUDE • Caritas in veritate (Charity in Truth): June 29, 2009 • Spe SalviÏ3AVEDÏBYÏ(OPE Ï.OVEMBERÏ Ï • Deus Caritas EstÏ/NÏ#HRISTIANÏ,OVEÏnÏ'ODÏISÏ,OVE Ï$ECEMBERÏ Ï

/NÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï Ï0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏANNOUNCEDÏHISÏRESIGNATIONÏTHATÏWOULDÏBECOMEÏEFFECTIVEÏLATERÏTHATÏSAMEÏ MONTHÏONÏ&EBRUARYÏÏ(EÏWOULDÏBEÏTHEÏlRSTÏPOPEÏTOÏRESIGNÏSINCEÏ'REGORYÏ8))ÏINÏ ÏANDÏTHEÏlRSTÏTOÏRESIGNÏ OFÏHISÏOWNÏVOLITIONÏSINCEÏ#ELESTINEÏ6ÏINÏ

4HEÏCONCLAVEÏTHATÏFOLLOWEDÏ0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏ86)SÏRESIGNATIONÏRESULTEDÏINÏTHEÏELECTIONÏOFÏ*ORGEÏ-ARIOÏ#ARDINALÏ "ERGOGLIO ÏWHOÏWOULDÏBECOMEÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏ4HEÏPAPACYÏOFÏ&RANCISÏWASÏMARKEDÏBYÏAÏNUMBERÏOFÏlRSTSÏ(EÏWASÏ THEÏlRSTÏPONTIFFÏTOÏHAILÏFROMÏTHEÏ!MERICASÏANDÏTHEÏlRSTÏ3OUTHÏ!MERICANÏPOPEÏ(EÏWASÏALSOÏTHEÏlRSTÏ*ESUITÏPOPEÏ ANDÏTHEÏlRSTÏTOÏCHOOSEÏTHEÏNAMEÏ&RANCIS

&ROMÏTHEÏBEGINNINGÏOFÏHISÏPAPACYÏONÏ-ARCHÏ Ï Ï0OPEÏ&RANCISÏMAINTAINEDÏTHATÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏ SHOULDÏBEÏMOREÏOPENÏANDÏWELCOMINGÏ.OTEDÏFORÏHISÏHUMILITYÏANDÏEMPHASISÏONÏ'ODSÏMERCY Ï0OPEÏ&RANCISÏ BROKEÏFROMÏTRADITIONÏWHENÏHEÏCHOSEÏTOÏRESIDEÏINÏTHEÏ$OMUSÏ3ANCTAEÏ-ARTHAEÏGUESTHOUSEÏRATHERÏTHANÏTHEÏPAPALÏ APARTMENTSÏOFÏTHEÏ!POSTOLICÏPALACE ÏTHEÏTRADITIONALÏLIVINGÏQUARTERSÏOFÏPREVIOUSÏPOPESÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏHASÏTRAVELEDÏ EXTENSIVELYÏANDÏHASÏEXHIBITEDÏAÏDEEPÏCOMMITMENTÏTOÏINTERFAITHÏDIALOGUE

4HEÏlRSTÏENCYCLICALÏOFÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏWASÏISSUEDÏONÏ*UNEÏ ÏÏ,UMENÏlDEIÏ4HEÏ,IGHTÏOFÏ&AITH ÏISSUEDÏINÏ CONJUNCTIONÏWITHÏTHEÏ9EARÏOFÏ&AITHÏPROCLAIMEDÏBYÏ0OPEÏ"ENEDICTÏ86)Ï/CTOBERÏÏTOÏ.OVEMBERÏ ÏWASÏ THEÏlRSTÏENCYCLICALÏINÏTHEÏHISTORYÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCHÏTHATÏWASÏWRITTENÏBYÏTWOÏPOPES

4HEÏ*UBILEEÏOFÏ-ERCYÏWASÏFORMALLYÏDECLAREDÏTHROUGHÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏPAPALÏBULL Ï-ISERICORDIAEÏVULTUSÏ4HEÏ&ACEÏ OFÏ-ERCY ÏISSUEDÏONÏ!PRILÏ ÏÏ"EGINNINGÏONÏTHEÏ3OLEMNITYÏOFÏTHEÏ)MMACULATEÏ#ONCEPTIONÏONÏ$ECEMBERÏ  Ï ÏTHEÏ*UBILEEÏOFÏ-ERCYÏCONCLUDEDÏONÏ.OVEMBERÏ Ï ÏTHEÏ&EASTÏOFÏ#HRISTÏTHEÏ+INGÏ$URINGÏTHEÏ*UBILEEÏ the faithful were reminded of the importance of mercy and that the Church is more open to all people.

0APALÏDOCUMENTSÏTHATÏREmECTÏTHEÏ(OLYÏ&ATHERSÏVISIONÏFORÏTHEÏ#ATHOLICÏ#HURCHÏASÏWELLÏASÏTHEÏWHOLEÏWORLDÏINCLUDE • Evangelii Gaudium (The Joy of the Gospel): Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in 4ODAYSÏ7ORLDÏ.OVEMBERÏ Ï  • Laudato si’Ï0RAISEÏBEÏTOÏ9OU
Ï0OPEÏ&RANCISÏlRSTÏENCYCLICALÏCONCERNINGÏCAREÏFORÏTHEÏPLANETÏ*UNEÏ Ï  • Amoris LaetitiaÏ4HEÏ*OYÏOFÏ,OVE Ï0OST 3YNODALÏ!POSTOLICÏ%XHORTATIONÏONÏLOVEÏINÏTHEÏFAMILYÏ-ARCHÏ Ï 

92 Grade Eight | Church History • Gaudete et exsultateÏ2EJOICEÏANDÏ"EÏ'LAD Ï!POSTOLICÏ%XHORTATIONÏONÏTHEÏCALLÏTOÏHOLINESSÏINÏTODAYSÏWORLDÏ (March 19, 2018). • Christus vivit #HRISTÏISÏ!LIVE Ï0OST 3YNODALÏ%XHORTATIONÏTOÏ9OUNGÏ0EOPLEÏANDÏTOÏTHEÏENTIREÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏ (March 25, 2019). • Querida Amazonia "ELOVEDÏ!MAZON Ï0OST 3YNODALÏ%XHORTATIONÏTOÏTHEÏ0EOPLEÏOFÏ'ODÏANDÏTOÏ!LLÏ0ERSONSÏ OFÏ'OODÏ7ILLÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï  • Fratelli Tutti !LLÏ"ROTHERS Ï%NCYCLICALÏLETTERÏONÏFRATERNITYÏANDÏSOCIALÏFRIENDSHIPÏ/CTOBERÏ Ï 

"Ï3IGNIlCANTÏ-EMBERSÏOFÏTHEÏ#HURCH • 21 Coptic MartyrsÏ/NÏ&EBRUARYÏ Ï ÏAÏVIDEOÏWASÏSHAREDÏTHATÏSHOWEDÏÏMENÏINÏORANGEÏJUMPSUITSÏ BEINGÏFORCEDÏTOÏTHEÏGROUNDÏINÏ,IBYAÏANDÏTHENÏBEHEADEDÏBYÏ)3)3 AFlLIATEDÏMILITANTSÏ4HESEÏMENÏWEREÏKILLEDÏ BECAUSEÏTHEYÏWEREÏ#HRISTIANSÏ2EACTIONÏTHROUGHOUTÏTHEÏWORLDÏWASÏSWIFTÏANDÏCONDEMNINGÏ0OPEÏ&RANCISÏ CALLEDÏTHEÏKILLINGSÏhBARBARICvÏ(EÏSAIDÏFURTHERÏTHAT Ïh4HEÏmOODÏOFÏOURÏ#HRISTIANÏBROTHERSÏISÏTESTIMONYÏTHATÏ CRIESÏOUTÏ"EÏTHEYÏ#ATHOLIC Ï/RTHODOX Ï,UTHERANS ÏITÏDOESNTÏMATTERÏ4HEYREÏ#HRISTIANv

PRAYER EXPERIENCE

2EADÏ2OMANSÏ ÏTOÏTHEÏGROUPÏ'IVEÏTHEMÏSOMEÏTIMEÏTOÏREmECTÏUPONÏTHEÏQUESTIONSÏTHATÏAREÏBEINGÏ ASKEDÏ%NCOURAGEÏTHOSEÏWHOÏWISHÏTOÏSHAREÏTHEIRÏTHOUGHTS Conclude by praying the Prayer for the New Evangelization (USCCB): Heavenly Father, pour forth your Holy Spirit to inspire me with these words from Holy Scripture. Stir in my soul the desire to renew my faith and deepen my relationship with your Son, our Lord Jesus Christ so that I might truly believe in and live the Good News. Open my heart to hear the Gospel ANDÏGRANTÏMEÏTHEÏCONlDENCEÏTOÏPROCLAIMÏTHEÏ'OODÏ.EWSÏTOÏOTHERS Pour out your Spirit, so that I might be strengthened to go forth and witness to the Gospel in my everyday life through my words and actions. In moments of hesitation, remind me: If not me, then who will proclaim the Gospel? If not now, then when will the Gospel be proclaimed? If not the truth of the Gospel, then what shall I proclaim? God, our Father, I pray that through the Holy Spirit I might hear the call of the New Evangelization to deepen my faith, GROWÏINÏCONlDENCEÏTOÏPROCLAIMÏTHEÏ'OSPELÏ and boldly witness to the saving grace of your Son, Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen!

Grade Eight | Church History 93