Title Location analysis of Christian churches in

Other Contributor(s) University of Hong Kong

Author(s) Hong, Po-sing; 香寶星

Citation

Issued Date 2008

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/131051

Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

LOCATION ANALYSIS OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN HONG KONG

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SURVEYING

DEPARTMENT OF REAL ESTATE AND CONSTRUCTION

BY

HONG PO SING

HONG KONG

APRIL 2008

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DECLARATION

I declare that this dissertation represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or to any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification.

Signed: ______

Name: ______

Date: ______

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CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ………………………………………………v LIST OF TABLES …………………………….....………………………...vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………….....…………...... vii

ABSTRACT ……….. ………….………...... …………………………...... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………...... …………1 Background………………………………....………………….1 Objectives…………………….....……………………...……2 Significance of the Study…………………………...... ……2 Organization…………………………………………………2 2. OVERVIEW OF CHRISTIANITY DEVELOPMENT IN HONG KONG ….………………………...... ………….....………4 Definitions……………………………………….…………..4 Religions: Background…………………………...…………...7 Development of Christianity…………………………..……….8 Development of Catholicism …………………………..…….11 Development of ……………………………….13 Development of Churches…………………………………..14 Church Activities………………………………..……………16 Government Attitude towards Religious Groups………….…17 The Way Forward for Protestantism……………………...…..18 3. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………….…….19 Development of Location Studies………………………….19 Location Theories Used in Dissertation ……………………20 Central Place Theory……………………………….………22 Land Value Theory…………………………………………27 Principle of Minimum Differentiation………………………..29

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4. METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………..31 Methodology………………………………………………….31

Geographical Areas Studied……………………...... ……….32 5. MACRO-PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS ………………………35 Results of the Telephone Directory Search…………..…….35

General Location Pattern of Catholic “churches”.……...... …. ...36 General Location Pattern of Protestant “churches”………..…37 Analysis Based on the Central Place Theory………………..41 Possible Reasons Causing Distortion of Theoretical Locations……………………………..…….....44 6. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FROM A MICRO-PERSPECTIVE ………………………………………47

Analysis Based on the Land Value Theory……...... ….47 Analysis Based on the Principle of Minimum Differentiation….…………………….55

7. CONCLUSION ……………………...... 60 Conclusion………………………………………………...... 60 Limitations and Further Study……………...... …….61 APPENDICES 1. A Graphic Description of Christian Churches ...... 62 2. Address of Christian “churches” in ...... 63 3. Address of Christian “churches” in ...... 75 4. Address of Christian “churches” in ...... 88 REFERENCES …………………………….....…………………...... 94

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page 1. Branches of Christianity ...... 5 2. Thresholds and Ranges for Different Orders of Goods ...... 24 3. Theoretical Spatial Arrangements of Retailers’ Market Areas ...... 25 4. Thünen’s Theory of Rent, Location and Resource Allocation ...... 28 5. 2007 District Council Electoral Boundaries ...... 34 6. Ownership of “churches” in Hong Kong ...... 36 7. Districts of “churches” in Hong Kong ...... 38 8. Intensity of Christian “churches” in Hong Kong...... 40 9. The Location Patterns of Protestant and Catholic “churches” ...... 50 10. “churches” Locations in Shum Shui Po District ...... 51 11. “churches” Locations in District ...... 51 12. “churches” location in Yau-Tsim-Mong District ...... 52 13. Location Pattern of High-class Residential Developments, Protestant and Catholic “churches” ...... 53 14. Location of “churches” in District ...... 54 15. The Advertisements of the “church” ...... 57 16. Protestant “church” Advertisements on External Walls of High Rise Building ...... 57 17. The “church” Advertisements on External Walls of Flats ...... 57 18. The “church” Owned by a Major Protestant Denomination (Truth Lutheran Church) ...... 58 19. The “church” Owned by a Major Protestant Denomination (Ward Memorial Methodist Church)...... 58 20. Location Pattern of Christian “churches” ...... 59

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LIST OF TABLES

Figure Page 1. Distribution summary of Christian “churches” in 18 Districts ...... 39

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation could not finish on time without the help of many individuals. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Lawerence Wai-Chung Lai for his valuable support, opinion and advice. Secondly, I am grateful to Mr. Eric, Chi-kin Ho for the help in writing my dissertation. At last, I would like to give thanks to my family, classmates and friends for their support and encouragement.

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ABSTRACT

This dissertation seeks to find some explanations for the spatial pattern of Christian “churches” in Hong Kong from both macro (metropolitan-wide) and micro (district-wide) perspectives. Through examining the distribution pattern of the “churches” by location theories (Central Place Theory, Land Value Theory and the Principle of Minimum Differentiation), most economics factors influencing the location choice of churches are identified. The key finding is that the intention or rationale behind those economics factors is to maximize the number of adherents with the minimum costs.

Moreover, it was found that a centralized and hierarchical administration (of the Catholic) can give a more consistently planned location. It was revealed that Catholic “churches” do have a pattern of consistently planned locations. While the Protestant “churches” are foot-loose. And the major reason for this is due to their different institutional arrangements. It is worthwhile to study the internal planning system of the Catholic “churches” in order to have a better understanding of location choice of the Christian “churches” in the future.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Background Hong Kong is a place enjoying a high degree of religious freedom under Articles 32 and 141 of the Basic Law and relevant legislation. The most important religions in Hong Kong, in alphabetic order, are Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism and Taoism. And Christianity is one of the major beliefs of residents of the city.

The Christian community has been with Hong Kong for more than 100 years, and Christians have influenced all walks of life. They have been deeply involved in providing education, health care and social welfare services to the people in need, regardless of religion or nationality. Most importantly, they cater for the spiritual and pastoral needs of citizens through the religious services provided in churches.

With development and the growing demand for space, both the price and rental levels of various kinds of properties in Hong Kong are always on the rise. Church buildings, the places where Christians assemble, are essential for the provision of religious services, and it is often difficult for them to pay high rents as they are mostly non-profit making organizations. Therefore, the location choice of a church building is an important one for the Christian community. However, the actual factors that contribute to the location patterns of the churches in Hong Kong today are unknown. Existing location theories may help find these factors.

Many researches have been done on the location of industrial, office and retailing use, seeking to explain the size and spacing of human activities.

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However, little or even no research has been done on the locations of churches. Since no location literature deals with the locations of Hong Kong Christian churches, this dissertation is a first attempt to explore the their locations using location theories.

Objectives The objectives of this dissertation are as follows: (1) To review the development of Christianity in Hong Kong; (2) to recapitulate on the related location theories; (3) to examine the distribution pattern of Christian churches in Hong Kong from macro and micro perspectives; and (4) to identify the location determinants of churches in Hong Kong.

Significance of the Study The study should provide to church leaders a better picture of the location patterns of churches. With such information, they can take into account potential economic factors and other determinants when making decision of church locations to provide a better service to their followers and society.

Organization This dissertation is divided into six chapters.

Chapter 1 is the introduction to the dissertation. It provides the background and the author’s intention in carrying out the study. The objectives and significance of the study are also discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 2 provides information to readers about the background of Christianity and its development in Hong Kong. To start with, some

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definitions of keywords will be provided, followed by a brief history of Christianity and its development in Hong Kong. Then the current situation of the Catholicism and Protestantism in Hong Kong will be introduced. It is believed that such arrangement can help effectively project to the reader some basic understanding of Christian activities, as well as the importance of church establishments in general.

Chapter 3 is a literature review. The development of location studies will be explained at the beginning. Afterwards, the justification for adopting retailing location theories to explain the location behavior of a church building will be provided. Then, a review of Central Place Theory, Land Value Theory and Principle of Minimum Differentiation will be made.

Chapter 4 presents the methodology of the research.

Chapter 5 is a macro perspective analysis of the location patterns of church buildings in Hong Kong. It is a metropolitan-wide examination; and a general distribution pattern of Christian churches will be revealed. Various types of location factors that may contribute to the spatial distribution of churches in Hong Kong will also be discussed.

Chapter 6 is a micro perspective analysis. It examines the distribution of churches within districts. Two location theories will be applied to deduce the economic factors affecting the location pattern.

Chapter 7 is the conclusion. The major findings of the study will be summarized, followed by a discussion of the limitations of the dissertation and recommendations for further research.

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CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF CHRISTIANITY DEVELOPMENT IN HONG KONG

Definitions It is necessary to clearly define several terms before explaining the background of the growth of Christianity in Hong Kong. The definitions of these terms given as follows.

Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic religion anchored at on the life, teaching death and resurrection, of of Nazareth. A Christian is a person who believes that Jesus is Christ, Man and God, and who is baptized in water in the name of the “Father, Son and the Holy Spirit”. At the early 21 st century, it had 1.5 to 2.1 billion adherents, accounting for about a quarter of the worlds’ population.

Although all Christians believe in Jesus Christ, they belong to different denominations as a result of schisms in the past. During the 11 th Century, the Christendom underwent a great Schism and became divided into two main divisions: the Western (Latin) Church and the Eastern (Orthodox) Church, The former is called the Roman as it is led by the successor of St. Peter the Apostle holding the cathedra of Rome and the later the 1.

1Orthodox Christian Information Center. 2007. The Great Schism: The Estrangement of Eastern and Western Christendom . Internet. Available from: < http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx > [Accessed 10-02-08] 4

The Eastern Church is Mainly Greek Culture Later, in the 16 th Century, the so-called Reformation caused another schism in the European Christendom. This was a movement in Europe that began with Martin Luther’s denial of the authority of the and the Holy Tradition in 1517 (Ward, et al. 1903). The Reformation resulted in the further schism of Roman Catholicism into several denominations, and they are collectively called Protestant churches (Simon, 1966). The Counter Reformation led by the Catholic Church spread Catholicism to the two Americas and Asia.

Now, we have three major groups of Christians, namely Roman Catholics, Protestants and Eastern Orthodox followers. Even though Hong Kong Chinese Protestants usually use the word "Christianity" to represent themselves, often to the exclusion of Catholics, the adherents of Roman Catholicism are truly Christians too. Therefore, Catholic calls themselves either “Christians” or "Catholics".

Figure 1. Branches of Christianity

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Church The word “church” in Greek-the original language of the original texts of books, is “Ekklesian”. This means “call out” or “congregation”. In the , the church refers to the whole community of believers and congregation of Christians that they join together to form a unity, rather a mere physical building.

George Peters defined the church as the body of people which has been called unto God by means of the Gospel, brought into a living relationship with Jesus Christ by faith, and baptized into the body of Jesus Christ by the Holy Spirit (Yang, 1997). This definition is Protestant. The Catholic doctrine is that the Church is the Mystical Body of Christ with Jesus Christ in glory as the Head with the Pope, the of Rome, His Vicar, and every Catholics in Heaven, Purgatory and on Earth as members. The Church formally commenced operation ten days after Jesus Christ ascended to Heaven on Pentecost. When the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostle and Mary, the Christian Church was animated. After that, people generally refer places or buildings where Christians usually gather to as “churches” (Yeung, 2000). Since the main focus of this dissertation is the location determinants of church buildings, the definition of a “church” followed here is physical.

Protestant Denominations There are over 50 Protestant denominations in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Government, 2006). The term “denomination” is used in a functional sense, referring to any group of churches which organizationally function independently of other such groups of churches (Berndt, 1970). In Hong Kong, generally there are two kinds of denominations – major Protestant denominations and minor Protestant denominations.

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Major Protestant Denominations In this dissertation, major Protestant denominations mean the branches of international Protestant denominations in Hong Kong. They include: Adventists, Anglicans, Baptists, Christians of the Missionary Alliance, the Evangelical Free, Lutherans, Methodists, and Pentecostals (Hong Kong Government, 2006).

Minor Protestant Denominations Other denominations not being classified as major Protestant denominations will be treated as minor Protestant denominations. Examples are The Church of Christ in (representing Presbyterian and Congregational traditions), the True Jesus Church and the Local Church (commonly known as “the Little Flock”) in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Government, 2006). Although some of them are very small in scale, functionally they were considered as “denominations” (Berndt, 1970).

Religions: Background In July 1997, Hong Kong was reverted to the People's Republic of China (PRC) and became one of the Special Administrative Regions. However, the HKSAR has a different understanding of religious freedom from PRC. According to the Basic Law and the concept of “one country, two systems”, the HKSAR can enjoy a high degree of autonomy in the area of religion.

Under Articles 32 and 141, Chapter III and VI, the Basic Law, the Hong Kong residents shall enjoy great freedom of religious belief, to conduct and participate in religious activities in public; and the Government shall not restrict the freedom of religious belief, interfere in the internal affairs of

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religious organizations or restrict religious activities which do not contravene the laws of the Region 2.

Besides, the Chapter 383 of Hong Kong Law provides that everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. These institutional arrangements revealed that the religious freedom is one of the fundamental rights enjoyed by Hong Kong residents.

As an international metropolitan, Hong Kong has a variety of ethnic and cultural groups with different religious beliefs co-existing peacefully. The religious practices in Hong Kong include Buddhism, Confucian teaching, an Hinduism, Islam, Taoism, and a broad spectrum of Christian groups. All of these groups have a considerable number of followers (Hong Kong Government, 2006). Apart from offering religious instructions, many major religious bodies also have established schools and provided health and welfare facilities to the society.

In 2007, about 43 % of the Hong Kong population practice some form of religion out of the population of 6.9 million. As a Chinese city, it is not surprising that the two most prevalent religions are Buddhism and Taoism. There is a total of 700 thousand Buddhists and Taoists approximately, followed by 320 thousand Protestants, 240 thousand Catholics, and 90 thousand Muslims 3.

Development of Christianity Many Christian missionaries have arrived in Hong Kong since 1842. In 1842 an American Baptist missionary called Rev. I.J. Roberts moved over from and started the first Baptist congregation in Hong Kong in May 1842.

2 U.S. Department of State. 2007. International Religious Freedom Report 2007 . Internet. Available from: [Accessed 11-02-08] 3 ditto 8

A year after, James Legge, who was the chief representative of the London Missionary Society, seized this opportunity by moving the station at Malacca to Hong Kong in May 1843. Moreover, the first Anglican colonial chaplain, Rev. Vincent J. Stantion, was sent to Hong Kong from Macau in January 1843(Kwong, 2000). And this is how the Christianity started their missionary work in Hong Kong. However, as early as the , Catholic Missionaries have arrived in Macau and Catholics started preaching in China before Hong Kong became a Colony.

Christian community in Hong Kong had experienced rapid membership growth in two periods: in 1950s, due to the influx of refugees from China; and recently, since 1997, likely due to the sovereignty issue (Kwong, 2000).

Through its social activities, Christianity has exerted a tremendous influence on Hong Kong. Because of the historical “cooperative” church and the state relationship in England, the churches in Hong Kong, especially the Anglican and the Roman Catholic Churches, enjoyed extensive privileges and influence. Traditional churches were a part of the social establishment of the Colony. Because of the great demand for welfare and education services from 1950s to 1960s, the main denominations built up lots of social and education services (Kwong, 2000). In 1996, among the 856 primary schools, Christian denominations operated 44%, and 62% secondary schools out of a total 498 establishments.

Christians have active participation in providing social services. Catholics and Protestants comprised a total of 10 % population in Hong Kong. They together operate a huge social service network that constitutes 70 % of the social charity work in Hong Kong. In short, Hong Kong Christian groups

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have played a disproportionally large role in providing social services in Hong Kong (Kwong, 2000).

Christianity in Hong Kong has enjoyed privileges under colonial rule. The of the Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church were listed fifth on the Table of Colonial Protocol. No other religious leader was included. Besides, the opening of the legal year ceremony was held alternately in a Catholic church and an Anglican church. Catholic and Anglican priests were also appointed as Unofficial Members of the Legislature Council (Kwong, 2000).

Among different religious institutions in Hong Kong, only Christian churches were licensed to witness official weddings. Adherents of other religions could hold wedding ceremony in their temples or religious halls. But their religious leaders were not authorized to sign any legal document (Kwong, 2000). Hence, adherents of other religions were required to keep a registrar of marriages and to sign their certificates of marriage in an official’s office, or at any other places in Hong Kong by a civil celebrant of marriages. Presently, the total number of licensed places of pubic worship for celebration of marriages are 263 4.

Last but not least, public holidays can also indicate the influence of Christianity. For example, there are 17 public holidays in 2007, 5 of them being related to Christian. They are (a) Good Friday (b) The day following Good Friday (c) Easter Monday (d) Christmas Day and (e) the first weekday after Christmas Day 5.Apart from Buddha’s Birthday and traditional Chinese

4 Hong Kong Government, Immigration Department. 2007.Marriage Registration. Internet. Available from: [Accessed 11-02-08] 5 Hong Kong Government, General Holidays for 2007. Internet. Available form: [Accessed 12-02-08] 10

festivals, no other public holiday is associated with any other religion (Kwong, 2000).

In a nutshell, even though Christianity was not the state religion of Hong Kong, it enjoyed lot of privileges as if it is a state religion. These included the privileges of education, social services, marriage ceremonies, leadership of ceremonies in certain national functions, and seats in the Legislature Council.

Development of Catholicism The Roman Catholic Church in Hong Kong was established as a Mission Prefecture in 1841 to become a Vicariate Apostolic in 1874. A Catholic was formed in 1946 after the World War II. In 1969, Father Francis Tsui was appointed as the first Chinese Catholic Bishop of the Hong Kong Diocese (Kwong, 2000). Today, the Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong is the largest single Chinese-speaking diocese in the world. With more than 260, 000 Catholics and a multitude of networks and activities, it is an integral part of the Hong Kong community.

In fact, long before 1949, European, South Asian, Macanese and Filipino people in Hong Kong have formed a large share of the Catholic population. This situation continued until the establishment of the People’s Republic in China in 1949, which brought about fundamental changes. Due to a vast influx of immigrants from all parts of China into Hong Kong, the Catholic population in Hong Kong increased ten times during the first two post-war decades (Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong, 2002 ). Consequently, the proportion of Chinese-speaking Catholics have sharply increased, and the Diocese became dominated by Chinese culture.

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There are about 243 000 Catholics in Hong Kong served by 289 Priests, 72 Brothers and 508 Sisters who are Chinese, American, English, Irish, Philippine, Spanish, Argentine, Indian, Vietnamese, Mexican and Korean. There are 52 which provide religious services (especially the Seven Sacraments) to Catholics in . Three-fifths of the parishes also provide services in such “foreign” languages as English, French, Tagalog (Filipino), Spanish, Indonesian and Korean languages. The Diocese has its own administrative structure in communion with the Pope and the Universal Church, sharing the same Creed, Scripture, Liturgy and Hierarchy (Hong Kong Government, 2006).

Hong Kong has become an affluent society by the 1970’s. Since then, Catholicism has become integrated even more with the local society. The Diocese has been operating 309 schools and kindergartens. And there are at least six Catholic hospitals, 14 clinics, 38 social and family service centres, 18 hostels, 13 homes for the aged, 20 rehabilitation service centres and many self-help clubs and associations that are providing Medical and social services. Caritas is an official social welfare arm of the Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong. All these services are provided to anyone in need, and at least 95% of those who have benefited are not Catholics (Hong Kong Government, 2006).

A Catholic church as a building may be a (a) Basilica, (b) Cathedral (where the seat of the Bishop in a is found), (c) Parish church (managed by a parish assigned by the Bishop); (d) as a chapel (belonging to parish); or (e) a mass centre (also belonging to a parish). A Basilica or a Parish church may have many internal chapels. A Catholic church as such must have a baptismal fountain (for ), an altar (for offering Sacrifices to God) and a tabernacle (which contains Jesus in the Host). Strictly speaking, as Protestants do not all believe in the real presence of Jesus in the Blessed 12

Sacrament, their church has no real altar and cannot therefore be strictly called a church, which is equivalent and successor of the Temple in the . Development of Protestantism The development of Hong Kong Protestantism can also be traced back to the foundation of the Colony, 1841. Since that time, it has grown and there are more than 1000 church buildings or places, grouping under 50 denominations. The number of Protestants is estimated to be about 320 thousands (Hong Kong Government, 2006). The average increase in church membership from 1994 to 1999 was about 2.5 % per year (Wu and Liu, 2002).

The major influx of Protestant missionaries to Hong Kong began with the exodus of missionaries from the mainland. After 1949, there were over thirty new American mission groups that began any mission work in Hong Kong. Most of these missionaries have participated in the social and education services to meet the needs of refugees (Kwong, 2000).

In the 1950s and 1960s, Protestant denominations enjoyed rapid growth and development. However, the rapid growth began to decline due to the decrease in number of new refugees during the 1970s. In the 1990s, more young people became Protestants or identifying themselves as Protestant Christians, especially in the university campus. Nowadays, the majority of Protestants in Hong Kong are middle class, consisting of teachers, social workers, white collar office workers, and the like. Few belong to the lower classes (Kwok, 1991).

The great majority of the Protestant congregations are Chinese speaking, mostly Cantonese though a few Mandarin. However, about 60 churches also

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hold services in English and other foreign languages (Wu and Liu, 2002). Most of the major denominations have ecclesial branches in Hong Kong; the largest being the Baptist Church, followed by the Lutheran Church. Other major denominations include the Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Christian and Missionary Alliance, Evangelical Free, Methodist and Pentecostal (Kwong, 2000). There are also such long localized denominations as The Church of Christ in China (representing Presbyterian and Congregational traditions), the True Jesus Church and the Local Church in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Government, 2006).

Protestantism is also deeply involved in education, health care, and social welfare. Protestant organizations operate three tertiary institutions: Chung Chi College at the Chinese University of Hong Kong; the Hong Kong Baptist University, and . As of November 2006, they ran 160 secondary schools, 206 primary schools, 273 kindergartens, and 116 nurseries. They also sponsor the various service programs including hospitals, clinics, orphanages, family case-work centres, vocational training centres, homes for elderly, and aid for the handicapped 6. Two ecumenical bodies in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Christian Council and the Hong Kong Chinese Christian Churches Union, facilitate cooperative work and representing all major denominations and some independent groups among HKSAR (Hong Kong Government, 2006).

Development of Churches Unless specified, in the rest of this dissertation, to avoid confusion, the expression “church” (c in lower case), unless otherwise specified, describes a building or place which includes not only congregation and fellowship of the

6 U.S. Department of State. 2007. International Religious Freedom Report 2007 . Internet. Available from: [Accessed 11-02-08] 14

followers of Christ, but also a place where any kind of work that relates to the missions of the church can take place (Wong, 1998). Since the church as such is a physical place to worship and preaching God’s words, and the vast majority of Christians in Hong Kong view evangelism as synonymous with church growth, it is not surprising that they tend to increase the number and expand the scale of churches.

The term “church planting” has been commonly used by Protestant evangelical missiologists, which referring mainly to the establishment of local congregation, or simple new church development (Granberg, 2000). In Protestant mission theology of 17 th century, there were three successive missions: the conversion of the heathen, planting of churches, and glorifying God. Therefore, the intention to the development and expansion of new church are inherent in the Protestants’ mind. And the extent of development and expansion of Protestant churches in Hong Kong has been rapid, which can be evidenced by the figures of 27% increase in total number of Protestant churches from 1989 to 1999 (Wu and Liu, 2002). However, due to the vast number of Protestant denominations and diversity in their theology, they do not have a well organized centralized organization or a hierarchy to centrally plan church planting.

The Catholics are belonging to the one Apostolic Church and in Hong Kong they have a Diocesan Commission for Building Projects and Planning. This Commission assesses the present situation of Diocese in terms of physical presence, to see whether all geographical areas within the Diocese are appropriately and adequately served by Catholic church buildings. At the same time, it also studies the needs of the new geographical areas in connection with government new town development plans, and to plan for

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the means of bringing about a physical presence of the Church in those areas (Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong, 2002 ).

Church Activities Various activities can be organized in the churches as physical place. For the Catholics and Orthodoxs, the church exists mainly for the celebrating and administrating of the Seven Sacraments. They are also centers for other spiritual activities like adoration and revelation. For other Christians, the activities are restricted to praying, worship services by different fellowship groups, Sunday school, choir, revival meetings and sharing of experience, etc.

In other words, the major purpose of these activities is to offer Holy sacrifices (Catholic and Orthodox only), praise God and listen to God’s words.

Protestants spent a lot of time in the church singing hymns and listening to the preacher’s exposition of the Bible. And the majority of the Protestant adherents in Hong Kong consider their church to be a place for fellowship, and a place where they can refocus their lives through enhancing their spiritual growth through the worship on Sundays (Kwok, 1991). For Catholics, praying can be individualistic but the Liturgy has carefully prepared and universally applicable Bible reading, preaching and praying.

In Hong Kong, most of the Protestant in churches are highly “evangelistic oriented”. From a denominations’ point of view, the mission is evangelism “pure and simple”, and devotes all their energy and time to the pursuit of spreading God’s message, and gaining converts. To the vast majority of Protestant Christians in Hong Kong, evangelism is synonymous with church

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growth (Kwok, 1997). This point of view can be proved by the goal of different Protestants denominations in Hong Kong. According to a survey result obtained from the previous study of different Protestants denominations in Hong Kong, the main goal of their churches here is to preaching the Gospel, and some of them also view serving society and individuals in need as their goal as well (Berndt, 1970).

Government Attitude towards Religious Groups There is a free religious policy in Hong Kong. Thus, there is no religion policy at all. No department in the government has been established to supervise or “take care” of religious organizations. The religious societies are just simply required to register as a “society”, “legal association” or “limited company”. In fact, 69% of the total number of Protestant churches registered as “limited companies” (Kwong, 2000). This simplified administration procedure has exempted churches from being responsible for unlimited financial responsibilities, as well as to save the churches from excessive legal procedures. Such applications had to be submitted together with a “memorandum and articles of association” of each society, and will be recorded by the Registrar General’s Department, headed by the Secretary for Monetary Affairs (Kwong, 2000). Once an application is admitted, that church organization became a legal body with rights to acquire, use, dispose of, inherit property, and the rights to receive financial assistance 7. From the fact that the operation of such society is under the governance of the Companies Ordinance, it appears that the Hong Kong government treats each society as if it is a legal and commercial incorporation.

Besides, due to the acute need for education and welfare services in the 1950s and 1960s, the Hong Kong Government has cooperated with religious

7 Article 141, Chapter VI, Basic Law. 17

organizations in the building of hospitals and schools. This cooperation means that the government will finance new institutions, while religious groups are offered management committee and staff for maintaining these institutions. This cooperation between the government and religious organizations directly affected the foundations of Christian churches in Hong Kong (Kwong, 2000).

The Way Forward for Protestantism In the long run, the further development and expansion of churches is still the major way for the Protestants to preaching the God’s word, provide the related services to the society and increase church membership. Although some mass evangelism had been organized in recent years, this is never a direct way to increase church membership. As there are always people dropping out. Rather, a lot of denominations have pushed extremely hard for personal evangelism, which can be a successful tactic in coaxing friends, relatives and neighbors to come to church (Kwok, 1997). Hence, the churches in the society, is expected to be the major means for denominations to have evangelization.

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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

Having outlined the general picture of the development of Christianity in Hong Kong, the location theories are considered in this literature review, which will first concern the background and development of location studies, followed by an introduction to the Central Place Theory, the Land Value Theory and the Principle of Minimum Differentiation.

Development of Location Studies Land is a scare resource subject to competition among different types of land uses. An efficient allocation of this scare resource is one of the important study of the location theories and regional studies. Location theories develop the principles for determining where the various actives should take place. The early theory of land use pattern focused on location of types of land use in agriculture when the world was still largely agricultural.

The foundations of the formal spatial analysis of agricultural rent and location were laid by the work of J.von Thünen in 18 th Century. After the Industrial Revolution in the 19 th century, the industrial sector gradually replaced agriculture as the major economic sector of society. Much land formerly used to be agricultural was transformed into industrial uses. Thereafter, the problem of the locational concentration of heavy and related industries (Greenhut 1956; Weber, 1909) and the shifts of industrial production location, induced by the advanced transportation system, shifted the focus of location studies to industrial uses. And the first systematic treatment of industrial location was by Alfred Weber (1909).

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At a later stage, due to the rise of secondary and tertiary industries, office and retail land uses became more important in shaping the land use in urban areas. According to the Central Place Theory (Christaller, 1966; Lösch 1954), the scope of location theory has expanded to include the location of services in a “central place”. And the works of Scott (1970) and Davies (1976) fully reviewed the application of geographical thoughts to the study of retailing locations.

Generally speaking, location theories are divided into three main categories: industrial location studies, office location studies and retail location studies. Industrial location studies arose after the Industrial Revolution, when the West transformed itself from an agricultural society into an industrial one in the late 18 th Century and early 19 th Century. Thereafter, the location studies of office and retail location emerged primarily due to the rise of secondary and tertiary industries. 8

Location Theories Used in the Dissertation There is little or even no study on the location of churches. In order to find out the location determinants of church location, it is better for us to relate the study of church location to one category of location studies.

In the previous chapter, a general picture of what “churches” mean and what activities happen in churches have been introduced. In general, a church is a place where Christians gather and used to spread the God’s word through Sacraments and other religious services and activities. Its purposes and uses are critical for the further study of location determinants in the following chapters.

8 Owing our focus on retail locations, industrial and office location studies will not be covered in this research. 20

Although religion itself is not in economic by nature, it may be described as a cultural service industry 9 and explained by retail location studies. Why?

Firstly, the activities provided by churches are intangible in nature. Therefore they should not be treated as industrial. Secondly, the main purpose of the churches is to celebrate Sacraments (Catholic and Orthodox), spread the God’s words, praising God and serves as a place for gathering, so the churches are not administrative and it is difficult to argue that activities in the churches are office activities. Thirdly, as the main purpose and function of churches is to provide place for some pastors to serve follower of Christ; churches can be viewed as the place of service providers.

In academic research, a “religious economy” has also viewed the worshipping places as suppliers of religious goods and services, and competition exist when the suppliers increase (Lang, et al. 2005). This nature is not dissimilar to those of the retail industry. Besides, a church has also been classified as the place providing cultural and spiritual offering service.

“In economics, the offering of services is considered together with the offering of goods. That is why, in economic theory, one speaks frequently not of goods and services, but simply of goods, which includes the rendering of services. To these central services belong, first of all, trade, which is center- orented almost exclusively (an exception is the huckstering of the peddler), then banking, many handicraft industries (repair shops), state administration, cultural and spiritual offerings (church , school, theater), professional and business organizations, transportation, and sanitation.” (Christaller , 1966)

9 a commodity which may either be marketable or provided by public agencies, and which often does not have a tangible form – service industries.(Daniels,1985) 21

To conclude, it is justifiable to use the retail location theories to explain the location determinants for churches.

Central Place Theory The Central Place Theory is a geographical approach concerning the location pattern of activities. It is the classical location theory, first formulated in 1933 by the German economic geographer Walter Christaller, and later reformulated by Lösch (1954).

A central place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it. And the Central Place Theory describes the location pattern of retail and services of a hypothetical world with a set of assumptions. The major contribution of this theory is that it offers a formalized classification of the size, location and nature of the central place. The classification is based on a theoretical hierarchical system in which each centre has a place in a well defined logical order.

The hypothetical world of the theory consists of a uniform distribution of identical, fully informed consumers with equal income, all of whom are served by sellers enjoying equivalent costs and free entry and behaving in a rational, profit-maximizing manner under perfect competition. Moreover, the cost of transportation is constant and it is fully accessible in all directions. Consumers trade with the nearest centre that provides the commodities required. Besides, a separate and single-purpose shopping trip is made for each individual item (Brown, 1992).

Three important principles have been introduced in this work, the market range, market threshold and hierarchical order of central place:

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• Market range: which are first introduced and explained by Christaller’s work in 1966; it is the maximum distance which consumers are willing to travel to obtain the goods or services. • Market threshold: it is the minimum level of demand that the sellers must obtain, below which normal profits would not be earned and the business could not survive. • Hierarchical order: two principles above ensuring the spatial extent of the market for each central place. Christaller delineated a hierarchy of central places and their serving market area: “high-order” goods require large market ranges and thresholds, with fewer central places; while “low-order” goods requires smaller market ranges and thresholds, with numerous central places. (Figure 2)

“High-order” goods are those which are expensive and infrequently purchased wares for which shoppers are prepared to travel long distances – such as jewellery or furniture, have higher thresholds and ranges (Brown, 1992). “Low-order” goods are those inexpensive goods and will be purchased everyday. Examples are groceries and meat, for which people will not be willing to travel for long distances to acquire them.

Moreover, due to the assumption of identical sellers with free entry and every customer is served, the retailers of each good will be evenly spaced in a triangular pattern, with equally sized hexagonal market, (Figure 3) the extent of which reflecting the order of the good. And when all orders of goods are superimposed, the hierarchy of central places formed (Brown, 1992).

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(a) Low Order Goods

(b) High Order Goods

Figure 2. Thresholds and Ranges for Different Orders of Goods Sources: O’Brien, L. and Harris, F. 1991. Retailing Shopping, Society, Space . London: Fulton Publishers, p.73

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(a) The population of the dark shaded area is not served by central place retailers because they lie outside the range of the good. This implies that there is the potential for more retailers to set up in business to tap the unserved market.

(b) Now, every consumer is within the range of a retailer. In the dark areas where the market areas overlap, retailers will compete for the custom of the population.

(c) As a result, the shaded areas of overlap will become bisected as customers use the nearest shop. The trade areas for the particular good being supplied will become an interlocking set of hexagonal market areas.

· Retailers in central places

Figure 3. Theoretical Spatial Arrangements of Retailers’ Market Areas Sources: O’Brien, L. and Harris, F. 1991. Retailing Shopping, Society, Space . London: David Fulton Publishers, p.74

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With these three principles, an inter-dependent and equilibrium location pattern of the central place is attained. Though some theorists criticized the theory for failing to encompass the development of belts of industrial concentration and the agglomeration tendencies, Berry and Pred (1961) stressed that the Central Place Theory is a theory of the location of tertiary activities. Later, Berry (1963, 1967) has investigated the inter-dependencies of central places empirically, and represented by a series of regression equations which consequently give a description of retail structure (Hayes, 1968).

However, the over simplified hypothetical world in the Central Place Theory has lead to many controversial debates. Golledge, Rushton and Clark (1966) demonstrated that approximately 35% of Iowans purchased goods from the nearest grocery store, so it is argued the hypothesis of nearest centre is not reasonable. Hanson (1980) and O’Kelly (1981) have refuted the single- purpose shopping trip assumption, through assessing the consumer shopping behavior for both low-order and high-order goods. They found that over 60% of the shopping trips are multipurpose trips. The seminal works of Christaller and Lösch established the theoretical foundation for the spatial organization of central place. But the criticisms suggested that the theory does not adequately capture all aspects of consumer behavior and the inter- relationships among homogeneous retailers in a central shopping area (Eppli and Benjamin, 1994). Nevertheless, the Central Place Theory is a powerful, elegant and much maligned conceptualization (Brown, 1992), and the “classification” and “description” of the theory has been used to provide the basis of a practical planning model (Hayes, 1968).

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Land Value Theory Although the Central Place Theory and its derivatives describe the size, spacing and functional composition of activities within the region, the model has rarely been employed as a means to analyzing the spatial arrangement of retail outlets within districts. The Land Value Theory can be used for micro- scale level analysis, at a district level.

The Land Value Theory was postulated by Haig (1926). According to the theory, due to inelastic supply of land, competition for it ensures that the urban area will be occupied by activities that are capable of paying the highest rents. In other words, through competitive bidding for locations, all activities seek out and segregate themselves into that part of the urban area from which they derive the maximum utility (Brown, 1992).

Alonso (1960) applied the land use model from Haig to construct his bid rent curves model to explain the location choice of different land uses within urban area. He introduced a simplified model of the agricultural, residential and business land market respectively, and combining them in order to make a market equilibrium land use pattern. For each land use, the slope of their bid rent curve reflects the sensitivity of their activities to the change in accessibility. He proposed that the steeper curves will occupy the more central locations, and business land uses will have the steepest curves, followed by residential land uses. Agricultural land use has the flattest curve. In this sense, the land use pattern of different activities can be revealed. His concept coincided with the Thünen’s theory of rent, location and resource allocation by J.von Thünen in 1826 (Newman, 1987), which was based on the studies of an agricultural society.

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Figure 4. Thünen’s Theory of Rent, Location and Resource Allocation Sources: Newman, P. (1987). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Volume 4, p.40

These principles have been taken up by Firey and shifted the focus to retailing. Under the assumption of equal accessibility, perfect information on retailer part and no legal and social constraints, Firey suggested that the maximum rent that retailers are able to pay is the most critical factor to determine the systematic retail pattern (Firey, 1947). And the work of Wheeler further suggested that retail shops within the urban area will tend to locate around the city centre, but not too far away, to enjoy the maximum accessibility (Wheeler and Muller, 1986).

Innumerable studies of intra-centre land uses provided empirical support for the model’s concentric zonation postulate (Brown, 1992). For example, metropolitan-wide studies has been conducted in Chicago (Yeates, 1965), St. Louis (Wieand and Muth, 1972) and Okayama (Hawley, 1955). However, the patterns are often less clear cut in reality than in the theory (Scott, 1970).

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Besides, some empirical evaluations of the Land Value Theory noted subsidiary peaks in land values along arterial roads and intersections of arterials and ring roads (Mayer, 1942; Berry 1963).

Although the Land Value Theory stands as a milestone in locational analysis, it is not without critics. The theory has been criticized for overly simplified reality situation. For example, the assumption of monocentric city, existence of free market property and the presence of a multiplicity of independent, fully informed economic man (Brown, 1992). Rather, it is believed that individuals could not fully obtain the market information and be an economic maximizer, the decision making tends to be “satisficing” and are frequently influenced by non-economic forces like whim, tradition, aesthetics, prestige and sheer ignorance. Besides, the free market assumption also ignores the important parts played by the planning system, building societies and property developers (Brown, 1992). Although there are a lot of critics of the Land Value Theory, the pattern of land uses it predicts is a reasonably accurate reflection of reality. More importantly, the accessibility and ability to pay for the benefits remain to be the important factors that determine land use patterns.

Principle of Minimum Differentiation The Central Place Theory presence the importance of range and threshold of a central place, the Land Value Theory the importance of accessibility and ability to pay for that location, the Principle of Minimum Differentiation mention retail agglomeration. The Principle of Minimum Differentiation explains the behavior of agglomerated sellers who sell homogenous products at a single location. Although it is Hotelling (1929) first introduced this concept, it is Boulding (1966) who introduced the term “the Principle of Minimum Differentiation”.

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Hotelling provided a framework of agglomeration of retail shops through establishing few assumptions in the model. The assumptions are (a) two profit maximizing firms; (b) selling identical products, from fixed locations in a bounded linear market where transport costs are constant; (c) demand being perfectly inelastic; and (d) even distribution of utility maximizing consumers. Under these assumptions, the model shows that neither of the 2 firms can raise profits through changing the price of its products. Hotelling further argued that if one seller is free to relocate, it could maximize its hinterland, and profit, by setting up a shop adjacent to the other on the “long” side of the market (Brown, 1992). Two sellers would end up standing back- to-back in the centre of the market, each serving one half of the market, to ensure that their competitors did not capture an excessive share of the market, but not the socially optimum pattern of two spatially dispersed firms at the market’s quartiles.

Several authors made criticisms to the Hotelling’s assumption of back-to- back location and the agglomeration implications of it (Chamberlin, 1933; Lösch, 1954). Nevertheless, it is widely recognized that agglomeration can provide an effect of uncertainty reduction for retailers and consumers (Pascal and McCall 1980; Daniels 1985). This has lead to attempts to relax the assumption of perfect information. Through introducing the existence of agglomeration economies, the positive externalities or cost reducing benefits in the model can make the theory more comprehensive.

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CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY

This dissertation focuses on the empirical location patterns and finds out the location determinants of churches in Hong Kong. To test the hypothesis of the location theories discussed in following chapters and identify the determinants, two methodologies will be used: survey of telephone directories and map drawing.

Methodology Telephone directories This method was used by Lai (1997; 2002; 2004). The best conceivable method of accurately illustrating the distribution pattern of churches is to trace the locations of all churches in Hong Kong in time. In order to get the current locations of churches, reference to the Yellow Pages Business and Centamap is necessary. Names, addresses and contact phone numbers of churches are present in the telephone directories.

The Yellow Pages Business 2007 was published by PCCW Directories Limited, which has been a wholly owned subsidiary of PCCW Limited (since 2002 onwards), is used as the source of data. It is a business telephone directory listing any company that has installed telephones line rented from PCCW Limited and allows PCCW publish their numbers. Updating of addresses and telephones in the directory will be made yearly in each annual publication. All listed companies are classified in the Yellow Pages Business 2007 by trade. As a telephone is an essential communication tool for every type of organization, those companies that appear in the Yellow Page s Business 2007 must be the ones that need telephones for their day-to-day operation and must be actively operating in the relevant year.

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It is believed that a firm with a fixed address will not simply use mobile phones, and hence the numbers of lined phones will always be registered in the directory. Thus, the information in the Yellow Pages Business 2007 is considered extremely accurate and reliable. Although it does not include all but only registered establishments in Hong Kong, it serves as the most comprehensive database.

Maps Though data related to the churches can be collected from the Yellow Pages Business 2007 , relevant religion organizations and government departments, unorganized data cannot show the distribution patterns of churches effectively. The locations of churches are therefore marked with spots in different color on maps for easy identification. These maps can help to illustrate the current distribution pattern and other factors affecting the pattern.

Geographical Areas Studied As the main focus is to find the empirical location patterns of churches in Hong Kong, the areas of study are also within the geographical boundaries of Hong Kong. The location analysis is conducted with the data collected by District Administration. There are 18 such Districts in the HKSAR (see figures), namely:

New Territories  Islands  Kwai Tsing  Northern  Sai Kung

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     Kowloon  Kowloon City  Kwun Tong  Shum Shui Po  Wong Tai Sin  Yau-Tsim-Mong Hong Kong Island  Central and Western  Eastern  Southern 

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Accessed 10-03-08] Accessed Internet. Hong Kong: Hong Internet. District CouncilElection. s Commission. 2007 ://www.eac.gov.hk/en/distco/2007dc_elect_map.htm> [ es Sources: The Hong Kong Hong Electoral The Sources: Government, Affair Figure 5. 2007 District Boundari Council Electoral

Electoral Affairs Commission. Affairs Electoral

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CHAPTER 5 MACRO-PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

To discuss the location pattern of an activity, two perspectives should be considered. A marco-perspective can be used to analysis the location pattern of the activities within the city in regional perspective, whether they will intensively be located in some particular districts or dispersed among the city is the main focus.

A micro-perspective can be used to interpret the distribution of the activities within the districts is the major concern. The focus is to see if they will agglomerate in the same street or dispersed in every street of the districts.

This chapter will find the distribution patterns of churches in Hong Kong, followed by an analysis of the possible determents.

Results of the Telephone Directory Search The Yellow Pages Business 2007 has been studied and data-mined. It contains business phone numbers for the year 2007. And the analysis has been done specifically on the selected Christian churches (Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant)

From this analysis, we know that there are totally 827 Christian “churches”. Among these “churches”, the minor Protestant denominations are responsible for the greatest number of places in the “church planting” process. There is a total of 479 “churches” of minor Protestant denomination (which may be simply flats in high rise buildings). The major Protestant denominations run 256 “churches”. The Catholic have only 92 churches (consisting of many large “stand-alone” church buildings); and all of them

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are distributed over Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories . Figure 6 shows the distribution of church ownership in Hong Kong graphically.

Figure 6. Ownership of “churches ” in Hong Kong

General Location Pattern of Catholic “church es” The data shows that the Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong , running 92 “churches”, only own s 11% “churches” in Hong Kong.

In general , the Catholic “churches” are dispersed over all the populated Districts in Hong Kong. There are 31 “churches” in , 22 “churches” on Hong Kong Island and 39 “churches” in the New Territories. Considering the areas of these three regions, which are respectively 80.47km ², 46.93km ² and 976.6 km², the density of Catholic church es in the Kowloon Peninsula, is 0.4 per km² , followed by Hong Kong Island 0.5 per km² and in New Territories 0.04 per km².

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The coverage of the Catholic “churches” can be found in all 18 Districts of Hong Kong. However, the strong and distinctive nature of agglomeration of Protestant “churches” in Districts cannot be found in Catholic “churches”. From the Figure 7, it can be seen that the distribution of Catholic “churches” is more even among the 18 Districts.

General Location Pattern of Protestant “churches” The data show that both the major and minor Protestant denominations together own 89% of Christian churches in Hong Kong. That means 735 “churches”. Figure 7 shows the distribution of 735 Protestant “churches” by District.

From the above information, some special features of distribution pattern can be observed. Similar to Catholic “churches”, the Protestant “churches” are dispersed over the Districts. There are 324 “churches” in Kowloon Peninsula, 124 on Hong Kong Island and 287 in the New Territories. Considering the size of these three regions, which are 80.47km², 46.93km² and 976.6 km² respectively; the density of “churches” in the Kowloon Peninsula is 4 per km², followed by Hong Kong Island 2.6 per km² and then the New Territories 0.3 per km².

It can be observed that the Protestant “churches” are found on all highly populated urban areas in Hong Kong. Protestant “churches” share same distribution pattern characteristic of Catholic “churches”, as they are dispersed over 18 Districts. However, although all “churches” are confined to the urban regions of Hong Kong, their distribution is not even. From the Figure 7 shows that the distribution of “churches” in the 18 Districts of Hong Kong is not even, and the “churches” are intensively located in some

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Districts. In the order of intensity: Yau-Tsim-Mong, Kowloon City, and Kwun Tong, accounting for over 30% of the total number of “churches” over Hong Kong. Thus, it can be concluded that Protestant “churches” have some degree of agglomeration. The factors that lead to this tendency will be discussed.

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Total No. of Protestant "churches" Total No. of Catholic "churches" Figure 7. Districts of “churches” in Hong Kong

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No. of No. of Major No. of Minor Total No. of Regions Districts Catholic Protestant Protestant Christian "churches" "churches" "churches" "churches" New Islands 8 5 6 19 Territories Kwai 5 10 22 37 Tsing North 3 6 15 24 Sai Kung 6 11 9 26 Sha Tin 6 20 34 60 Tai Po 3 6 25 34 Tsuen 2 13 26 41 Wan Tuen Mun 2 14 28 44 Yuen 4 14 23 41 Long Kowloon Kowloon 8 23 45 76 City Kwun 8 21 41 70 Tong Sham 3 16 51 70 Shui Po Wong Tai 6 15 16 37 Sin Yau Tsim 6 26 70 102 Mong Hong Central Kong and 4 15 20 39 Island Western Eastern 7 22 31 60 Southern 4 9 8 21 Wan Chai 7 10 9 26

Total / 92 256 479 827 Percentage / 11% 31% 58% 100% Table 1. Distribution summary of Christian “churches” in 18 Districts

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Wan ChaiWan Southern Eastern Central and Western and Central Yau-Tsi-Mong Wong Tai Sin Tai Wong Sham Shui Po Kwun TongKwun Kowloon City Yuen LongYuen Tuen Mun Tuen Tsuen WanTsuen Tai PoTai Kwai Tsing Kwai Sha Tin Islands Islands Sai Kung North North

18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 3. 6. 2. 5. 1. 4. ct Hong Kong Hong Island Kowloon New Territories 30-50 0-30 Total no. of Christian “churches” in Distri the Christian Total no. of “churches” 70-90 >90 50-70 8. Intensity of Christian “churches” in8. Intensity HongChristian of “churches” Kong Figure

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Analysis Based on the Central Place Theory Two divisions of Christianity have different distribution patterns due to different constraints and preferences. Three location theories have always been used to explain the location pattern of different industries. The Central Place Theory will first be used to examine the metropolitan-wide pattern of church with the focus on the relationship between number, size and location of the churches.

Before further discussion, it is necessary to emphasize that verification of this theory has been attempted by comparing the size and relative locations of “central places” in Hong Kong with those in the theory. The assumptions of the theory will not be questioned, because our focus is the inherent weakness in the structure of the theory.

One important thing should also be noted: the Central Place Theory involves two important concepts: high-order goods and low-order goods. High-order goods will have a relatively larger market range and great threshold than low-order ones. Then, which types of “goods” does a “church” provide? Although a “church” has been classified as a central place providing low- order goods by Christaller (1933), what is the actual situation of Hong Kong?

It is well known that Christianity is a kind of highly systematic beliefs. The “church” is a place providing religious services based on these beliefs, and the services provided are diverse. In general, all Catholic “churches” hold Daily Mass, and the believers attend Mass daily or weekly depending on their spirituality. It can be regarded that religious activities in Catholic “churches” are daily necessities for Catholics. Thus, the demand is high. Besides, as Catholic religious services are basically free, and the “price” of them are determined by individual adherents and paid in the form of

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donation. In this sense, the demand level for religious services is high as the price is low. Thus, one can assume that the religious services provided by Catholic church are “low-order goods” in an economic sense.

Protestant “churches” do not hold Mass but the argument about demand should be the same as Catholic church. However, some differences can be observed between Catholic and Protestant “churches”, as discussed later.

With these assumptions, the religious services provided by the Christian “churches” are regarded as having a small market range and low threshold. This can explain their dispersed distribution pattern. Most of them have formed clusters in such residential areas as Kwun Tong, Sham Shui Po, and Prince Edward.

Catholic “churches” Firstly, to Christians, to worship is a daily necessity and essential for this life and the life after. Therefore, the demand for religious services is high. The frequency of demand is also high. Normally, believers cannot travel very long distance to get these services and will visit the nearest churches for services. Therefore, most of the “churches” are located in the residential districts in order to attract adherents living around the “churches”.

Besides, most Catholic Parish “churches” are stand-alone buildings. Each church usually occupies a piece of land and has its own church office. Therefore, it is expected that the range and threshold of the Catholic “church” are relatively larger. Moreover, since it has a large threshold, it needs to stay away from that, of another Parish in order to main the minimum demand. And this can explain the more dispersed location of Catholic “churches”.

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And these explain why the distribution of Catholic “churches” is more dispersed than Protestant ones.

This phenomenon of the Catholic “churches” apparently cannot be easily explained by the distribution pattern of low-order goods suggested by the Central Place Theory. Rather, the theoretical location of high-order goods can better describe the location pattern of Catholic “churches”!

Protestant “churches” Similar to Catholic “churches”, the Protestant “churches” also provide the religious services to their adherents (but they do not hold Mass, hear confessions, etc). The services have no regularity but can be very frequent, depending on demand. Protestant “churches” tend to locate in districts with a high population intensity; rather than evenly distributed over different Districts. This can be greatly contrasted by the location pattern of Catholic “churches” as shown in Figure 7.

The size and scale of Protestant “churches” are different from those Catholic “churches”. The scale and daily expenditure of the Protestant church is usually quite small, and usually found in flats. As shown in Figure 6, Protestant “churches” can be of major and minor denominations. The distribution pattern is mainly dominated by the minor Protestant denominations. And those minor Protestant denominations are consisting of independent denominations. The scale of such “churches” is small, and they are usually just found in the residential, industrial and office units. Therefore, the threshold, the minimum amount of adherents they need to support one “church” is small. And this can explain why there are so many Protestant “churches” clustering in one District but they can still survive (at least for some time). Therefore, Protestant “churches” tend to concentrate in the

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residential areas. And the Central Place Theory well explains the location pattern of Protestant “churches” as low-order goods.

Possible Reasons Causing Distortion of Theoretical Locations From the above analysis, it seems that the Christian denominations do show some preference to establish their “churches” in the residential areas. But the degree of agglomeration is different between Catholic and Protestant “churches”: Catholic “churches” have a more overall even distribution, while Protestant “churches” are highly concentrated and are found in some residential areas only. And the followings are the possible reasons that explain this location pattern of churches.

Rent It is agreed that the “churches” are not evenly distributed as predicted by the Central Place Theory. Rather, a distorted concentric pattern has appeared, which is similar to that predicted by other location theories (that the degree of agglomeration should be highest at the city centre, and will decreases gradually as the distance away from the city centre increases). And the reasons for this concentric pattern are better accessibility and greater flow of people at the city centre, which are desirable factors for shops.

However, the city centres of Hong Kong Island, Wan Chai and Central, only has a fair agglomeration of “churches”. Those along their outer rings like Yau-Tsim-Mong, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon City and Kwun Tong, have a higher degree of agglomeration. Of course, the city centre is very attractive to the denominations, but the rent at there is also the highest in the city. Therefore, the denominations prefer to setup “churches” in the outer ring of city centre where rent is lower, yet enjoying high accessibility. Further away from the city centre, the number of “churches” drops dramatically. This

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results in a great concentration of “churches” in Districts inside the middle ring of the city.

Population Densities It is common to find the Christian “churches” in the residential and retail areas of the Districts. This is because evangelism is a “market-oriented” at people. Therefore, by setting “churches” in the Districts with high population densities, they can enhance the possibility to promote their religion. Besides, it can also allow believers to visit them conveniently.

By contrast, the commercial and industrial areas of the Districts contain relatively fewer “churches” than residential and retail areas because commercial and industrial areas only have a high flow of people during the day, but a low flow at night.

Organizational Planning Although the distribution pattern of Christian “churches” as a whole exhibits the characteristics described before, there are some differences between the Catholic and Protestant “churches”. The Catholic “churches” are more evenly distributed, while Protestant “churches” are intensively concentrated. The main reason for this phenomenon is due to the different institutional arrangements of these two branches of Christianity.

Different Protestants denominations have their own independent management and financial systems. Therefore, they develop and expand their “churches” freely. Catholic “churches” are governed by a centralized hierarchy: The Pope is the Vicar of Christ for the whole world and leads the globally. Each Diocese is led by a Bishop appointed by the Pope. Each diocese is further divided into a number of individual Parishes, which

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are usually staffed by at least one Parish Priest. Therefore, the construction of a new church will be planned and governed by the Diocese. So, Catholic “churches” are spatially more evenly distributed.

Summary This chapter focuses on the distribution pattern from a city and regional perspective. The Central Place Theory has provided an important theoretical framework for the study of the location pattern of churches, and a reasonable match between the location pattern in reality and theory has been found: the existence of numerous churches had been explained by the theory. However, the situation of evenly-spaced locations in the theory has been distorted by some such factors as population density, rental price and institutional arrangement. Therefore, these external factors are believed to be the location determinants of church locations in regional perspective.

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CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC ANANLYSIS FROM A MICRO-PERSPECTIVE

Having discussed in Chapter 5 the location pattern of churches from a macro-perspective, this chapter will focus on the micro-perspective of the churches locations. This chapter will focus on the Districts where the churches are highly concentrated. They are Yau-Tsim-Mong, Kwun Tong, Sham Shui Po and Kowloon City. The analysis is from an economic perspective and the emphasis will be put on the two other location theories, namely the Land Value Theory and the Principle of Minimum Differentiation.

Analysis Based on the Land Value Theory The Land Value Theory suggests that the land use changes gradually from the city center, according to their sensitivity to accessibility and ability to pay rent. In the following analysis, Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations, which provide great accessibility, will be treated as regional center (Liang, 1973). Thus, the theory can be tested with the empirical location data.

Catholic “churches” The locations of Catholic “churches” do have sharp dissimilarities with Protestant “churches”. The former are usually established at a long walking distance away from MTR stations at the fringe of the district’s boundaries. Due to the institutional arrangements of Catholics, Hong Kong is divided into several Parishes. Catholics usually go to the parish church in their residential area. The Catholic “churches” are part of the Diocese of Hong Kong. Hence, they do not need to be located in place with high accessibility to increase their exposure. Therefore, accessibility is not a key factor in the location of Catholic parish “churches”.

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In the meantime, due to the limited number of parish churches but a great number of believers, the space needs of a Catholic “church” or chapel should be larger. As it is difficult and expensive to afford such space within the urban area, many “churches” will be located at the district fringe or inside Catholic schools 10 , for where space can be provided abundantly with lower or no rent. Due to the above factors, Catholic “churches” would be located at a longer walking distance from MTR stations or at the fringe of the Districts.

All Districts bear this distinctive location feature of Catholic “churches”. Nearly all Catholic “churches” are located at the fringes of the Districts. The walking distance away from MTR stations compared with Protestant “churches” is also at the maximum.

Protestant “churches” At the district level, it is not difficult to find that most of the Protestant “churches” are located in old residential units near MTR stations. And this situation can be explained by the nature of various Protestant denominations. Each Protestant has an independent financial and administration system. In order to survive, each denomination, so as their “churches”, need try their best to increase the number of adherents to their own denomination. If not, the “church” will dissipate when the number of adherents is not large enough.

In order to enhance the chance to increase the number of adherents through evangelization to potential passers-by, a location with high accessibility is preferred. Therefore, the denominations tend to locate their “churches” in residential flats near the MTR stations. However, the size of most

10 In Catholic schools, the “churches” are mostly chapels or Mass centres. 48

denominations, especially those minor Protestant denominations, is small because they have limited financial support. The high rental price of properties near the MTR stations will definitely discourage them from renting. Therefore, they will locate in the low-rent small units inside older buildings away from MTR stations.

The best examples are the Protestant “churches” located near and Shum Shui Po MTR stations in Shum Shui Po District and Prince Edwin and MTR stations in Yau-Tsim-Mong District. Clearly, a large portion of Protestant “churches” are located within walking distance in the residential building around the MTR stations. In other words, the desire of attracting people to participate in the Protestant “churches” induces the “churches” to be located in more accessible locations, since these sites are essential for them to survive.

The location of Protestant and Catholic “churches” can be summarized according to their bid rent abilities in Figure 9. A Protestant church will be located at the core zone with small spaces, while a Catholic church will be located at the outer zone (or even further away) with larger space. The dominant factors of the distribution pattern are (a) accessibility and (b) the ability to pay for the desirable location. On the other hand, the institutional arrangements of Protestant and Catholic “churches” have modified their allocations to a certain extent; and this has affected their attitude towards accessibility and thus location choice.

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Rent

Distance away from a MTR stations Protestant “churches”

Catholic “churches”

Figure 9. The Location Patterns of Protestant and Catholic “churches”

Figure 10 to 13 illustrate the location patterns of both Protestant and Catholic “churches” in the intensively developed Districts. The blue spots and red spots are the “churches” of major and minor Protestant denominations respectively; while the green spots represent the Catholic “churches”. The circles in the maps illustrate the domains of Protestant and Catholic “churches” around the MTR stations. They clearly show that Protestant “churches” tend to occupy the core locations with the MTR stations as centres in those Districts, while Catholic “churches” tend to be located at the outer zone away from MTR stations, or even at along fringe of the Districts.

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Figure 10. “churches” Locations in Shum Shui Po District

Minor Protestant denominations “churches”

Major Protestant denominations “churches”

Figure 11. “churches” Locations in Catholic “churches”

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Figure 12. “churches” location in Yau-Tsim-Mong District

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Yet, all type of “churches” can be at locations near the MTR stations in order to enjoy the high accessibility. However, has “churches” located far away from the MTR and KCR stations. Does that means the statement above is invalid?

Actually, the location pattern of “churches” in Kowloon City District is still consistent with the Land Value Theory. Kowloon City District consists of three high land price regions: , and . The most desirable and accessible locations have been occupied by high class residential housing. “Churches” are certainly unable to pay such high rents to be located there in. Therefore, the core zone will be occupied by high class residential housing, and the Christian (Protestant and Catholic) “churches” are located in the outer zones. And this situation can be summarized as following in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Location Pattern of High-class Residential Developments, Protestant and Catholic “churches”

Rent

High Class Residential Distance away Developments from MTR stations

Protestant “churches”

Catholic “churches”

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Figure 14. Location of “churches” in Kowloon City District

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Analysis Based on the Principle of Minimum Differentiation As illustrated in the figures, the phenomenon of agglomeration for Catholic “churches” does not exist. Rather, the opposite phenomenon has been observed. They tend to be located in a dispersed manner away from each other . On the other hand, Protestant “churches” generally shows a phenomenon of agglomeration. However, the major and minor Protestant denominations have different degree of agglomeration. The “churches” of a major Protestant denomination are usually located in the neighboring streets of another major denomination. The “churches” of minor Protestant denominations, however, show a higher degree of agglomeration in nearby buildings or even in the same building .

Catholic “churches” Due to a centralized and hierarchical administration, the establishment of a new Parish church, chapel or Mass centre will be considered and planned carefully according to the needs of the Diocese or Parish. Therefore, the chance of agglomeration is very low. Moreover, many Catholic “churches” and chapels are large in size (Capable of holding 150 to 300 people at any one time). Thus, they can promote Christianity easily with their characteristic names (usually those of God or ), architecture and symbolism; the situation is similar to major Protestant denominations “churches”. Information of them can be easily transmitted to public without high cost by the physical presence of big church buildings.

Protestant “churches” In fact, different Protestant denominations are trying to increase the number of adherents. Thus, a competition for adherents among them does exist. On the other hand, each does have its own tradition, theology, culture and characteristics. Due to this reason, the potential adherents are free to try and

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gain experience in different “churches”, to see whether they can adapt to that church or not. If they feel uncomfortable or think the services in the church do meet their expectations, they can leave and join other Protestant “churches”. Although they have been baptized by one denomination, they can change to another denomination without much complication.

In this way, the concepts of uncertainty and information search played an essential part in forming agglomerations. These concepts arise when both consumers and retailers are not fully informed, and the information gap incurs uncertainty. Therefore, agglomeration of Protestant “churches” can help both the baptized and unbelievers to search and experience whether a Protestant church is more suitable for them or not with lower information cost. And the agglomeration of Protestant “churches” can also increase the collective chance being visited by a potential adherent, so as to have a balanced share of the population pool within the region.

Besides, this allocation arrangement can have other advantages: the agglomeration of “churches” can help promote the influence of Protestantism in society. By agglomerating together, the image and existence of Protestant Christianity can be promoted to the public. However, the size of a denomination does show a different preference toward this issue.

Usually, the minor Protestant denominations will have a higher degree of agglomeration. Since they are only small-scale organizations, relative to those major denominations, their financial abilities are not strong. They can only rent those units in the old buildings which cannot be easily noticed by the public. Therefore, they will tend to agglomerate and use different means of publicity. Example are stating their “church” names, projecting external advertisements and having posters on external walls of their flats. These can

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help promote the image and existence of Protestantism. This can be evidenced by the phenomenon that the “churches” located in old buildings will usually rent the first to second floors, and use all external walls to publicize their religious messages. Therefore, it is not uncommon to find “churches” of minor Protestant denominations clustering together, sometimes the entire external wall of a building may be occupied by the advertisement for the “churches” behind them.

Figure 15. The Advertisements of the “church”

Figure 16. Protestant “church” Advertisements on Figure 17. The “church” Advertisements on External External Walls of High Rise Building Walls of Flats

On the other hand, the major Protestant denominations have a lower degree of agglomeration. Since the scale of the major Protestant denominations usually is larger and thus more capable to pay rent, they can occupy whole

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buildings as “churches” or community centres. Since the building is large enough and the building can be designed by them, as the owners, can use the whole building as a mean to promote their identity and existence.

Figure 18. The “church” Owned by a Major Protestant Denomination (Truth Lutheran Church)

Figure 19. The “church” Owned by a Major Protestant Denomination (Ward Memorial Methodist Church)

To conclude, the agglomeration help not only reduce the search cost and information cost to public but also achieves the common goal: evangelism and the denominations. And the degree of agglomeration is the highest for “churches” of minor Protestant denominations, followed by “churches” of major Protestant denominations, but the lowest for Catholic “churches”. The

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degree of the agglomeration is influenced by the nature, institutional arrangements, competition, uncertainty and most importantly, costs of information search by the denominations and their followers.

From our empirical observation from macro and micro perspectives, the location pattern of Christian “churches” can be summarized as below:

Dispersed

District Level

Agglomeration City Level Dispersed

Minor Protestant Major Protestant Catholic “churches” denominations denominations “churches” “churches”

Figure 20. Location Pattern of Christian “churches”

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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION

Conclusion This dissertation seeks to find some explanations for the spatial pattern of Christian “churches” in Hong Kong from both macro (metropolitan-wide) and micro (district-wide) perspectives. Through examining the distribution pattern of the “churches” by location theories (Central Place Theory, Land Value Theory and the Principle of Minimum Differentiation), most economics factors influencing the location choice of churches are identified.

According to our analysis, several factors have exerted great influences on the location choice of churches. The idea of Central Place Theory gives us the ideas of market range, threshold, traveling distance, rent, population density and organizational planning; while the Land Value Theory emphasizes the balance between desire of accessibility and rent; and the Principle of Minimum Differentiation puts the focus on the similarity of denomination type, and intention of reducing uncertainty, information cost and searching cost of both parties.

In a nutshell, the intention or rationale behind these the factors is to maximize the number of adherents with the minimum costs.

Moreover, this dissertation has revealed that Catholic “churches” do have a pattern of consistently planned locations. The Protestant “churches” are foot- loose. And the major reason for this is due to their different institutional arrangements. A centralized and hierarchical administration (of the Catholic) can give a more consistently planned location. It is worthwhile to study the

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internal planning system of the Catholic “churches” in order to have a better understanding of location choice of the Christian “churches” in the future.

Limitations and Further Study This dissertation only focuses on the Districts having the highest densities of churches. There is no discussion on other Districts. Examples are new towns, which also have a high density of churches. Moreover, due to data limitations, a more comprehensive location study cannot be done. Furthermore, many other non-economic location determinants are not known due to the time limits. Besides, the discussion on the institutional arrangements is just initial. Therefore, further and better studies can surely be done in these areas.

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Appendix 1 A Graphic Description of Christian Churches

Sources: A Graphic Description of Christian Churches. Assam: Don B osco Publications . 62

Appendix 2 Address of Christian “churches” in New Territories

Catholic Islands Church Address G/F., Silver Pearl Mansion, Flat D,Mui Wo Ferry Pier Road, Epiphany Church , H.K. Chapel (Tai Tai Long Village, N.T. Long Village) Our Lady of Fatima Church 1, Church Road, , Hong Kong. Chapel Yung Shue Wan, North, Hong Kong. Our Lady of Perpetual Help Chapel 112, Tai Ping Street, , Lantau Island, Hong Kong. G/F., Block E, Far East Consortium Building,15, Wai Tsai Our Lady Queen of Peace Chapel Street, , Hong Kong Trinity Chapel 1D, Glamour Court, Discovery Bay, Hong Kong. Visitation Chapel 13, Sheung Ling Pie, Tung Chung, Lantau Island, Hong Kong.

Kwai Tsing Church Address Wu Guosheng Chapel 10, King Cho Road, Cho Yiu Chuen, , N.T. Shek Lei Pui Mass Centre Blk. 10, Shek Lei Estate, Kwai Chung, N.T. St. Mass Centre 23-31, On Chit St., Shek Yam, Kwai Chung, N.T. St. Stephen's Church 14, Wing Fong Road, Ha Kwai Chung, N.T. St. Church 5, Tsing Luk Street, , N.T.

North Church Address Epiphany of Our Lord Chapel (Sham Sham Chung, N.T. Chung) Mother of Christ Church 11, Po Ping Road, , N.T. St. 's Church 5, Wo Tai Street, Luen Wo Market, , N.T.

Sai Kung Church Address Immaculate Conception Chapel Wo Mei Village, Sai Kung, N.T. Sacred Heart Church Lot 1762, DD221, Sai Kung, N.T. St. Andrew's Church 11, Sheung Ning Road, Tseung Kwan O, Kowloon. St. Joseph's Chapel Yim Tin Tsai Village, Sai Kung, N.T. St. Vincent's Church " DD 224, Lot 352, Hang Hau Road, Star of the Sea Mass Centre Sai Wan Village, Sai Kung, N.T.

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Sha Tin Church Address Schall Residence Mass Centre United College Chinese University, Sha Tin, N.T. Holy Family Chapel Chak Kang, Tolo Habour, N.T. Mass Centre Wo Che Estate, Phase One, Sha Tin, N.T. St. Alfred's Church 19-21, Man Lai Road, Sha Tin, N.T. St. Benedict Church 7, Kong Pui Street, , Sha Tin,N.T. St. Francis Church No. 11, Hang Kwong Street, , N.T.

Tai Po Church Address Immaculate Heart of Mary Church 10, Wan Tau Street, Tai Po, N.T. Saint Anna Wang Mass Centre (Tai Valtoria College (2/F Hall),Pui Yin Lane, Tai Po, N.T. Po) Sacred Heart of Mary Catholic Primary School, Saint Chapel (Tai Po) Fu Heng Estate, Phase 1, Tai Po, N.T.

Tsuen Wan Church Address Annunciation Church 11 On Yin Street, Kok, Tsuen Wan, N.T. SS. Cosmas and Damian Church 37-41, Tak Wah Street, Tsuen Wan, N.T.

Tuen Mun Church Address Holy Redeemer Church 2, Heung Sze Wui Road, Tuen Mun, N.T. St. Mass Centre Butterfly Estate, School No.2,Tuen Mun, N.T.

Yuen Long Church Address SS. Peter and Paul Church 201, Road, , Yuen Long, N.T. Chapel 304, Tan Kwai Tsuen Road, , Yuen Long, N.T. St. 's Church 6, Tin Mei Street, , Yuen Long, N.T. St. Jude's Mass Centre 207, Kat Hing Wa, , N.T.

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Major Protestant Denominations

Islands Church Address Cheung Chau Alliance Church 18D, Lung Tsai Tsuen, Cheung Chau Church of the Incarnation DB Plaza Shop G01 DB Commercial Centre, DB Plaza, Discovery Bay, Discovery Bay Alliance Chunch Lantau, NT Peng Chau Alliance Church 23 Wing Hing Street, Peng Chau Island Shop 102, Yat Tung Shopping Centre, , Tung Tung Chung Church Chung

Kwai Tsing Church Address Kwong Fai Bldg, 3/F, Flat A-D, 7-9 Kwong Fai Circuit, Kwai Centre Lutheran Church Chung, N.T. Cherith Baptist Church 2/F, B, 41 Shun Fong Street, Kwai Fong Crossroad Community Baptist Church G/F, BK6-8,Mayfair Gardens Level 3, Tsing Yi, N.T Fook Yam Church Rm. 18A, 1/F, Hing Fat Bldg,49 Kai Man Path, Tuen Mun Grace Lutheran Church 364 Kwai Shing Circuit, Kwai Chung, N.T. Lai Yiu Methodist Church Kwai Chung Methodist College,Lai Yiu Estate, Kwai Chung Alliance Church 1 Sport Road, Ma Wan Island Shek Yam Alliance Church 1/F, Cheong Fat Building,21 Kwong Fai Circuit, Kwai Chung The Church of the Epiphany 3 Tsing Luk Street, Tsing Yi, N.T. Tsing Yi Lutheran Ling Kung Church G/F., 3 Chung Mei Lo Uk Chuen Tsuen, Tsing Yi, N.T.

North Church Address Choi Lai House, No. 101-116, Choi Yuen Estate, Sheung Communion Lutheran Church Shui, N.T. Fanling Baptist Church Fan Leng Lau Fanling Lutheran Secondary School, 270 Jockey Club Rd., Fanling Gloria Lutheran Church Fanling, N.T. Hallelujah Lutheran Church Cheung Fung House, G/F., Cheung Wah Estate, Fanling, N.T. Livingstones Church G/F, 19-21, Dawning View Shopping Centre Suen Douh Camp San Uk Tsuen

Sai Kung Church Address Evangel College Wendell Memorial Evangel College,No 7 Chi Shin Street, Tseung Kwan O Church Fook Yat Church 2 Chap Fuk Road G/F, Yu Wing House, Yu Ming Court, Hau Tak Estate, Hau Tak Church Tseung Kwan O

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Room 311, Po Ling House,Po Lam Estate, Tseung Kwan O, Junk Bay Alliance Church N.T G/F, Neighbourhood Community Centre, King King Lam Alliance Church Lam Estate, Tseung Kwan O, N.T Ling Yan Church PLK Fung Ching Memorial Primary School Logos Church Room409, Area73, Phase1-3, Tsueng Kwan O, N.T Sai Kung Baptist Church 97, Sun On Chuen,Sai Kung The Church of St. 103 Po Lam Road North, Tseung Kwan O Tseung Kwan O Methodist Church 15 Tong Chun Street, Tseung Kwan O Weo Chang Pui Chung Memorial School,3 Wan Lung Road, Verbena Height Church Tseung Kwan O

Sha Tin Church Address Wing A & B, Kam Lan House, Kam Fung Court, Ma On Abiding Faith Lutheran Church Shan, Sha Tin, N.T. Anointed Grace Lutheran Church Wo Che Lutheran Primary Sch., Wo Che Est., Sha Tin, N.T. Baptist Church 2 Tak Wing Street Glorious Grace Church G/F, 247, Village, Sha Tin Hay Nien Baptist Church Chevalier Garden Commercial Complex Holy Spirit Church Shun Wo House Joyful Peace Church Tai Shui Hang Baptist Church G/F, Banyan, Kwong Yuen Estate, Sha Tin Sha Tin Methodist Primary School, Area 53A, Kwong Yuen Kwong Yuen Methodist Church Estate Phase III, Sha Tin Living Spirit Lutheran Church 1 Tung Lo Wan Hill Road, , Sha Tin, N.T. Ma On Shan Baptist Church Fok On Garden Shopping Aracade Ma On Shan Lutheran Primary Sch., Heng On Est., Ma On Ma On Shan Truth Lutheran Church Shan, Sha Tin, N.T. Salvation Lutheran Church No.28, Sha Tin Tau New Village, Distrcit 2, Sha Tin, N.T. Sha Kok Church Shop 1, Level 2, 8-12 Shakok Stage 1,Shaiinpark, Sha Tin Sha Tin Methodist Church G/F, Yan Wai House,Sun Tin Wai Estate, Sha Tin Shop A, G/F, Moon Wah Mansion,71-75 Tsuen Nam Road, Sha Tin Swatow Baptist Church Tai Wai, N.T Sha Tin Baptist Church 1, Street, Sha Tin University Baptist Church Ma On Shan 1 Ning Ming Rd, Sai O, Sai Kung (North),N.T. Chapel G/F, Shop 1-5, Block 4, Manlai Court,43-49 Man Lai Road, Witness Alliance Church Tai Wai, Sha Tin No.7, G/F, Tsui Lai Garden,15-17 Yuen Chau Kok Road, Sha Yuen Chau Kok Baptist Church Tin

Tai Po Church Address Shop 18-19, 1/F, Beautiful Garden,11 Chui Lok Street, Tai Kwong Fuk Church Po, N.T

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San Mun Tzai Pentecostal Holiness DD27 Lot 151, Sam Mun Tsai, Tai Po Church Sun Hing Church Shop 47, G/F, Sung Hing Commercial Complex Tai Po Baptist Church 32-38 Heung Sze Wui Square, Tai Po Therismos Church Yan Hing Street 46, Tai Po, NT Church Winnye Tower, Kau Hui Chik Street 28, Tai Po, NT

Tsuen Wan Church Address Shop 7, G/F, Tsuen Tak Garden,208 Tsuen King Circuit, Faith Branch Church Tsuen Wan Kei Yam Church B/F, 99 Plaza,99 Tai Ho Road, Tsuen Wan Block A1, 2/F, Chung On Building,305 Sha Tsui Road, Tsuen Living Water Church Wan, N.T Podium D 1/F, Hoi Fung Mans, Riviera Gardens,15-16 Yi Riviera Gardens Church Lok Path, Tsuen Wan Sham Tsuen Baptist Church Flat A, 1/F, Tak Tai Court,3 Tak Tai Path, Tsuen Wan Lutheran Primary School, Estate, Sheng Shan Lutheran Church Tsuen Wan, N.T. 101-104, G/F, Fu Kwai House,, Tsuen Tai Wo Hau Alliance Church Wan Tak Tsuen Church Unit A & B, 2/F, Tak Tai Court,3 Tak Tai Path, Tsuen Wan Tsuen Wan Baptist Church 99-113 , Tsuen Wan Tsuen Wan Baptist Church Sam Pei Square Tsuen Wan Church Tsuen Wan Garden Commercial Complex Tsuen Wan Swatow Baptist Chapel A-B, 2/F, Tak Tai Building,39 Texaco Rd., Tai Wo Hau Church Rm A-E, 10/F., Fullytech Centre, 18 Tak Hoi St., Tsuen Wan, United Lutheran Church N.T.

Tuen Mun Church Address 1210-1211, Tuen Mun Parklane Square,2 Tuen Hi Road, Tuen Mun Baptist Church Tuen Mun Baptist Wing Lung Secondary School, Tai Hing Garden, Baptists Convention of Hong Kong Phase 2,2 Ho Hing Circuit, Tuen Mun G/F-3/F, Far East Consortium Tuen Mun Centr.Bldg.,13 Tat Castle Peak Baptist Church Yan Square, Tuen Mun Shop B13-B16, 1/F, Goodrich Garden Shopping Arcade, No. Goodrich Church 9 Leung Tak Street, Tuen Mun, N.T Shop 9-10, G/F., Brilliant Garden, 247 Castle Peak Rd., Tuen Ling Fai Lutheran Church Muen, N.T. Siu Hong Commercial Ctr, Rm227, 1/F., Siu Hong Court, Ling Hong Lutheran Church Tuen Mun, N.T. Shop No. 201-211, 1/F, level 2, New Town Mansion,2 Tuen Mei Mun Alliance Church Lee Street, Tuen Mun St. Peter's Church (C.P.) 1 Hing Choi Street, Tuen Mun, N.T. St. Peter's Church (C.P.) Siu Lun Court Siu Lun Court Shopping Centre Kindergarten Sun Oi Church Christian & Missionary Alliance Sun Kei Primary School

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Tai Hing Church G/F, Hing Yiu House, , Tuen Mun Tuen Mun Church Shop 1 B, Shopping Arcade,Prime View Garden, Tuen Mun Tuen Mun Fiupino Baptist Chapel 60, G/F, Area 36B,Leung Tin New Village, Tuen Mun Tuen Mun Town Centre Church Rm. 1509-1511, Parklane Square, Tuen Mun

Yuen Long Church Address Fairview Church 32 Golden Bamboo Rd North, Fairview Park, Yuen Long Flat 6, 2/F, Nan Tin Mansion,31-41 Kau Yuk Road, Yuen Kei Fuk Church Long Mong Kok Baptist Church Tin Yan 2/F, Block 7, Ping Wu Garden, , Ping Chapel Shan St. Philip's Church 9 Tin To Street, Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long. Suen Fuk Church Block A, 2/F, Jing Ying Mansion, Fuk Tak Street, Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Methodist Church , Tin Wing Rd., Tin Shui Wai G/F., Yiu Wah House, , Tin Shui Wai, Yeun Tin Yiu Life Lutheran Church Long, N.T. Yau San Baptist Church 3/F, Chi Fu Centre,56 Yau San Street, Yuen Long Yuen Kei Alliance Church 2/F, Kar Ho Building,31 Road, Yuen Long, N.T Yuen Long Baptist Church 746 Tai Kei Leng,, Yuen Long, N.T. 2/F, Winson Commercial Building,2-8 Tai Cheung Street, Yuen Long Church Yuen Long Yuen Long Life Lutheran Church On Ning Road Yuen Long Light Lutheran Church Yat Sun Bldg, 3/F., 5 Yat Sun St., Yuen Long, N.T. Yuen Long Swatow Baptist Church Flat 4-7, 2/F, Yuen Fat House,71 Sau Fu Street, Yuen Long

Minor Protestant Denominations Islands Church Address Blessed Martyrs of China Chapel 28 Shek O Headland Christ Word Pure Gospel Church Hing Lung Main Street Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Discovery Bay Plaza HK Cheung Chau Christian Churches 96 Hing Lung Street Union Hong Kong Council Of the Church of 24 Tai O Market Street Christ in China The Church of Christ in China Lamma 45, Po Wah Yuen, Yung Shue Wan, Lamma Island, N.T. Church

Kwai Tsing Church Address Kwai Chung New Life Temple 222 Wo Yi Hop Rd Evangelical Church Kwok Po Building

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Salem-Lai King Lutheran Church G/F, 4-5, Fung King House, Lai King Estate, Kwai Chung China Holiness Church China Holiness College, Lai King Estate, Kwai Chung, N.T Chinese Christian Assemblies of God, 4/F, Sin Hua Bank Building,122 Wo Yi Ho Road, Kwai Kwai Chung Chung, N.T. Christian Evangelical Centre Hou En 5/F, 32-40 Kwai Shing Circuit, Kwai Chung, N.T Chapel Christian Pu Shek Church Tai Wong Ha Resite Village Christian Truth Church Kwai Dao Building Church of Livingstones HK (Shek Lei) Tai Loong Street CNEC College Church 6 Lei Pui Street, Shek Lai Estate, N.T Gracious Shepherd Christian Church Epoch Industrial Building Greenfield Free Methodist Church Tai Wong Ha Resite Village HKMLC Lutheran Hsinen Church Shek On House 3/F, Kwai Fong Commercial Centre,3 Shing Fong St.,, Kwai Ji Du Hui Limited Fong Units 8-10, 2/F, Ka Po Mansion,499 Castle Peak Road, Kwai Kwai Chung Free Methodist Church Chung Kwai Shing Baptist Church Kwai Fu Building Revival Christian Church Kwai Fong Terrace Shek Yam Evangel Baptist Church 1/F, 101-111 Shek Yam Road, Kwai Chung Sheung Kwai Chung Peace Evangelical Kwai Fung House Centre The Church of Christ in China Kei Chun 1/F, 11 Wai Lai Path,Kwai Chung,N.T. Church The Church of Christ in China Ma Wan Kei Wai Primary School (Ma Wan),12 Pak Lam Road, Ma Kei Wai Church Wan, N.T. Yeung Uk Sun Tsuen Christian Church Wang Wah Building

North Church Address Assembly of God Chapel of Praise 52 Jockey Club Road Assembly of God Choi Po Gospel 22 San Lok Street Church Choi Po Gospel Church 77 San Shing Avenue Christian Edenezer Hall 22 Tsun Fu Street Christian Glorify Grace Church 65 San Fung Avenue Church of Holy Calling in Fanling 27 Wo Tai Street CNEC Sheung Shui Christian Church 1/F, 12 San Fung Ave., Sheung Shui, N.T Fanling Assembly of God Church Ltd Fan Leng La Gospel Hall 7 San Kin Street Shop 130, 1/F, Union Plaza,9 Wo Muk Road, Luen Wo Hui, Hoi Luen Branch Church Fanling, N.T Hong Kong Christian Evangelistic 3/F, 28 Luen Shing Street Preaching Band Kei Pui Church Hong Kong Evangelical Yan Kwong G/F, Flat 3, Tim Ming House, Wah Ming Estate, Fanling Church

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Sheung Shui Good News Church of 103 San Shing Avenue Christ The Church of Christ in China Sheung 23 Jockey Club Road, Sheung Shui, N.T. Shui Church Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong Shung Him Tong Fanling Fanling Tsung Kyam Church

Sai Kung Church Address Chinese Full Gospel Church Sai Kung 1 Ling Yan Toi, Tui Min Hoi, Sai Kung Mission Christ Joy Church Hang Hau Town Resite Area Christian Church of Divine Grace Po Lam Estate Rm 123, G/F & Rm 222-226, 2/F, Po Ning House, Po Lam Chung Sing Church Estate, Tseung Kwan O Church of Faith King Yung House HKMLC Hsin On Lutheran Chapel 4 Chap Fuk Road, Tseung Kwan O Hong Kong Chinese Church of Christ, Tin Ha Wan Village Yuk Ming Junk Bay Tsung Tsun Church Po Tak House G/F, Haven of Hope Woo Ping Care & Attention,8 Pui Shing Mission Covenant Church Leto Church Lane, Tseung Kwan O

Sha Tin Church Address Amazing Grace Christian Church Kwong Yuen Estate Assembly of God Sha Kok Church Skylark House Assembly of God Union Church Yu Chui Court Blessed Harvest Lutheran Church G/F., Sun Kit House, Sun Chui Estate, Sha Tin, N.T. M/F, San Miguel Industrial Bldg.,9-11 Sing Wan Road, Tai Calvary Hong Kong Church Wai Christian Spiritual Rock Church Lok Lo Church of God Hin Keng Church G/F, Wing A, Hin Fu House,Hin Keng Estate, Sha Tin Conservative Baptist Yan Lam Church 425-432, Chi Wo House, Wo Che Estate, Sha Tin Conservative Baptist Yan Wo Church 417-422, Hau Wo House,Wo Che Estate, Sha Tin Ecclesia At Sha Tin 1/F, Sui Fung Bldg.,9 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai Full Gospel Elim Church 15/F, Citimark,28 Yuen Shun Circuit, , Statin Heng On Baptist Church Fu Fai Garden Shopping Centre HK Chinese Church of Christ (Lek Yuen) Citimark Hong Kong Korean Exodus Mission Unit 511-518, City Mark,28 Yuen Shun Circuit, Sha Tin, N.T Church International Church of the Foursquare 2/F, Lung Hang Community Centre, Lung Hang Estate, Sha Gospel Lung Hang Church Tin Kowloon City Christians Church (Pok Hong) Loving Heart Lutheran Church Tai Chung Kiu Road

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Ma On Shan Ling Liang Church Lee On Estate Ma On Shan Ling Liang Church Fu Fai Garden Shopping Centre Ma On Shan Peace Evangelical Center Sunshine City Plaza 107-110, Block A, G/F, Mei Fung House, , Onesiphorus Mei Lam Church Sha Tin Oriental Christian Beautiful Light Church G/F, Mei Tao House,Mei Lam Estate, Sha Tin Sha Tin Assembly of God Church 10 Man Lai Road, Sha Tin Sha Tin Emmanuel Church G/F, Cypress House, Kwong Yuen Estate, Sha Tin Sha Tin Gospel Church of The Hope Tin Sam Tsuen Mission Sha Tin Tsung Tsin Church Sha Tin Tsung Tsin School, Lek Yuen Estate, Sha Tin Sha Tin Wai Tsuen Evangelical Church 2/F, 3/F, No.215 Tin Sum Village, Tai Wai Shine Baptist Church 1/F, Ho Sze House,60-62 Chik Fuk Street, Tai Wai Siu Lek Yuen Peace Evangelical Center 7/F, Citimark,28 Yuen Shun Circuit, Siu Lek Yuen Tai Wai Peace Evangelical Centre Hin Keng Estate The Church of Christ in China Hop Yat 26 On Shing Street, Ma On Shan, Sha Tin, N.T. Church (Ma On Shan) The Church of Christ in China Sha Tin Pok Man House Church Tsimshatsui Swatow Christian Church, L.K.W.F.S.L, Wong Yiu Nam Primary School Phase Sha Tin Branch Church 1,Kwong Yuen Estate, Sha Tin Gospel Church Rm 507-508 Citimark , 28 Siu Lek Yuen Circuit

Tai Po Church Address Carmel Tai Yuen Church Jade Plaze Shopping Centre Chinese Full Gospel Church Taipo 1/F, Block C-F, Ting Kok Building,17 Ting Kok Road, Tai Church Po Market CNEC Grace Light Chapel Rm.104-105, G/F, Shin Nga House, Fu Shin Estate, Tai Po Evangelize China Fellowship Carmel Tai Wo Road Holy Word Church Faith Church (Tai Po) Mei Tak Building Grace Bible Church Holford Garden Commercial Complex HK Chinese Church of Christ (Chung Nam Hang Tsuen Chun) HKMLC Grace Church 4 Kam Shan Village, Tai Po Hong Kong Assemblies of God G/F., Flat A&B, Wah On Building, Ting Kok Road, Tai Po, Association Ltd. NT, H.K Hong Kong Chinese Church of Christ Shop K, G/F, Reve Plaza,No. 5 Chui Wo Lane, Tai Po (Lai Wo) Hong Kong Tsz Oi Bethel Church Ltd. 1/F, Kai Cheong Building,13 Ting Kok Road, Tai Po Room 1003-1004, Tai Po Commercial Centre,152-172 Living Water Church Kwong Fuk Road, Tai Po Remembrance Of Grace Church Grandville Court S.A.L.E.M. Tai Po Lutheran Church Fuller Gardens Commercial Complex

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Salem Tai Po Lutheran Church Immanuel Lutheran College, Tai Yuen Estate, Tai Po Flat A & B, G/F, Cranbtown Building,13 & 15 Sui On Street, Tai Po Christian Church Tai Po, N.T Tai Po Evangelical Fellowship U/G, 49 Street, Tai Po

Tai Po Ling Liang Church 3 Yung Yi Road Tai Po Peace Evangelical Centre 1/F, Mei Hing Mansion,1-17 Yan Hing Street, Tai Po Tai Po Revival Christian Church Tai Ping Industrial Centre The Church of Christ in China Kei To Shop H, G/F, Reve Plaza,Ting Kok Road,Tai Po,N.T. Tai Po Church The Church of Christ in China Kwong Fung Leung Kit Memorial Secondary School,22 Plover Cove Fuk Church Road,Tai Po,N.T. The Church of Christ in China Tai Po Church (Yuen Section), Tai Po, N.T. Tsung Tsin Mission Kau Yan Church Fu Shin Estate Tsung Tsin Mission of Hing Kong Tai Po 1A, Mei Lai Building,10 Wan Tau Kok Lane, Tai Po Market Church

Tsuen Wan Church Address Association of Baptists For World Flat A, 6/F, Park Tsuen Commercial Building,189 Castle Evangelism Ltd Peak Road, Tsuen Wan Chak On Christian Church G/F, Bo Shek Mansion,328 Sha Tsui Road, Tsuen Wan Estate Secondary School No.1, Cheung Shan Estate, Tsuen Cheung Shan Lutheran Church Wan, N.T. Chinese Rhenish Church, Lei Muk Shue 1/F, 55 Texaco Road, Tsuen Wan Chinese Rhenish Church, Tsuen Wan G/F, Phase 2, Harmony Gdn., Luen Yan Street, Tsuen Wan 1/F, Blk. B, On Yue Building,134 Tsuen Wan Market St., Christian Central Church (Tsuen Wan) Tsuen Wan Deepwell Emmanuel Church San Tsuen Foochow Dialect Evangelistic Fellowship 3/F, Podium E, (T20-22),Riviera Gardens, Tsuen Wan (Tsuen Wan Church) Grace Community Church Ho Fai Garden Hong Kong Evangelical Yan Chaak Flat C, 1/F, Tak Tai Court,3 Tak Tai Path, Tai Wo Hau, Church Tsuen Wan Luk Yeung Baptist Church G/F, Block J,Luk Yeung Sun Chuen, Tuen Wan Manifesting Grace Baptist Church Rm 2003-5, 99 Plaza,,99 Tai Ho Road, Tsuen Wan Podium D, 1/F., 2-12 Yi Lok Street, Riviera Garden, Tsuen St. James Lutheran Church Wan, N.T. The Church of Christ in China Chuen No. 2-4 Tai Uk Street, Tsuen Wan, N.T. Yuen Church The CNEC College Church Fullytech Centre Tsuccn Shing Baptist Church Cheung Lok Building Tsuen Kwai Tsung Tsin Church Sam Wo Building Tsuen Wan Christian Assembly Hall On Yue Building Tsuen Wan Chung On Baptist Church Chun On Building Tsuen Wan Free Methodist Church 7/F, Fullytech Centre,18 Tak Hoi Street, Tsuen Wan Tsuen Wan Ling Liang Church Hoi Kwun Mansion

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Suite 201, Block 1, Ho Fai Commercial Centre,218-224 Sai Tsuen Wan Peace Evangelical Center Lau Kok Road, Tsuen Wan Tsuen Wan Swatow Christian Church 1/F, 133-135 Chuen Lung Street, Tsuen Wan Tsuen Wan Wai Tsuen Evangelical 2/F, Cheong Hung Mansion,8 Mei Fong Street, Kwai Chung Church Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong Tsuen Tsuen Wan Centre Shopping Centre King Church

Tuen Mun Church Address Bethania Christian Church Ltd San Wai Tsai Chinese Full Gospel Church Tuen Mun Flat C, D, 1/F, On Chuen Building, 6-10 Ming Ngai Street, Church Tuen Mun Christian Church Of Eternal Blessing Ltd Shop 182, G/F, Melody Garden, Tuen Mun Christian Church of Eternal Truth Tuen Mun Central Square Christian Grace Chapel Richland Garden Commercial Complex Christian Home of Faith&Grace Ltd. Hip Pont Building Christian Spiritual Rock Church Luen Cheong Can Centre Church in Hong Kong (Tuen Mum) Yan Oi Building Church of Christian Faith 7 Fuk Hang Tsuen, Lam Tei, Tuen Mun Gospel Church Church of Christian Faith Tuen Mun A, 1/F, Hing Tai Building,Yan Oi Tong Street, Tuen Mun Gospel Church Rm 501, 5/F, Foo Yik Commercial Building,2 San On Street, Church on the Rock Hing Tin Church Tuen Mun, New Territories CNEC Good Tiding Church N0.515 Shun Fung Wai, Tuen Mun, N.T Unit 1120-1122, Tuen Mun Central Square,22 Hoi Wing Hong Kong Evangelical Yan Yiu Church Road, Tuen Mun International Christian Life Centre Tuen Kin Ga Industrial Building Mum Church Kowloon Tong Church of the C.C. & Christian Alliance College,11 Leung Choi Lane, Area 2B, M.A. Hing Fuk Church Tuen Mun, N.T Kowloon Tong Church of the C.C. & Tsun Wen Road M.A. Yan Yau Church 2/F, Leung King Community Centre,Leung King Estate, Tuen Leung Tin Free Methodist Church Mun, N.T South Tuen Mun Peace Evangelical N.L.S.I P.E. Secondary School,Hong Kwai Street, Tuen Centre Mun , N.T Sunrise Christian Community (Tuen Tai Hing Garden Commercial Complex Mum) The Church of Christ in China Tin King Mong Wong Far Yok Memorial Primary School,Tin King Church Estate,Tuen Mun,N.T. Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong Kau 3 Yan Shing Lane, Fanling Yan (Fanling) Church Tuen Mun Christian Church Chi Lok Fa Yuen Commercial Complex Semple Memorial Secondary School,18 , Siu Lun Street, Tuen Mun Church Of Foursquare Gospel Tuen Mun Tuen Mun Ling Liang Church Hip Pont Building Tuen Mun New Life Temple Hip Pont Building Tuen Mun Peace Evangelical Centre Look Yuen

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Tuen Mun Wai Tsuen Evangelical Man Cheong Building Church Flat B, 1/F.,, Hing Tai Bldg,45 Yan Oi Tong Circuit, Tuen Vision of Grace Church of U.B. in Christ Mun, N.T

Yuen Long Church Address Yuen Long Christian Truth Church G/F, Leung Choy Bldg.,32-34 Ping Fai Poth, Yuen Long Abiding Spirit Lutheran Church 1 Town Park Road, North,, Yuen Long, N.T Room 3, 1/F, Ho Shun Li Building, Fung Yau Nam Road, Assembly of God Holy Light Church Yuen Long Assembly of God Yuen Long Gospel G/F, Man Fung Building,No.11-15 Fung Kwan Street, Yuen Centre Long Christian Gospel Church of Love Yuen Kin On Building Long Church Evangelical Church of Christ Luen Fat House Evangelical Mutual Loving Gospel Shop 67-68 G/F Blk A, Yee Fung Garden Shopping Lutheran Church Arcade,38 Ma Ting Rd, Yuen Long First Assembly of God Church Shek 151 Tsat Sing Kong, Shek Kong Kong Chapel Hephzibah Evangelistic Centre (Yuen Yat Sun Building Long) Room 101-102,104-106, 1/F, Nan Tin Mansion,37 Kau Yuk Hong Kong Evangelical Yan Din Church Road, Yuen Long Hong Kong Wing Kei Bethel Church Luen Fat House Limited Hung Shui Kiu Ling Liang Church Yick Yuen Tsuen Lighthouse Baptist Church Cheerrick Building Mission Covenant Church Providence 1/F Annex Block, Tin Shing Shopping Ctr, Tin Shui Wai, Church N.T. N.T. Assemblies of God Church (Ping 13 Tong Yan San Tsuen Road, Ping Shan, Yuen Long Shan) St. Matthias' Church 9 Ma Miu Road, Yuen Long, N.T. Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong Un- 1/F, 14 Pau Cheung Square, Yuen Long Long Church Flat A,1/F, Hung Fook Bldg,7 Kik Yeung Rd, Yuen Un Long Ling Liang Church Long ,N.T Xi Lin Cumberland Presbyterian Church 28 Hong Yip Street, Kau Hui Yuen Long Yan Yau Church 14 Yuen Long Pau Cheung Square Yuen Long Kam Kwong Church 2/F, Hing Fat House,9-13 Kau Yuk Road, Yuen Long ,N.T Yuen Long Ling Liang Church Kam Fung Building Zion Church of U.B. in Christ 76 Tin Ha Road, Hung Shui Kiu, Yuen Long

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Appendix 3 Address of Christian “churches” in Kowloon

Catholic Kowloon City Church Address Diocesan Pastoral Centre for the 80 , Homantin, Kowloon. Disabled Holy Spirit Mass Centre 27, Man Fuk Road, Waterloo Hill, Homantin, Kowloon. Ling To Primary School, Chun Man Court, Homantin, Ling To Mass Centre Kowloon. Mary Help of Christians Church 16, Tin Kwong Road, Kowloon. Notre Dame Chapel 51, Shing Tak Street, Ma Tau Wei, Kowloon. St. Eugene de Mazenod Mass Centre 1, Shun Fung Street, Tokwawan, Kowloon. Hambury Villa Block 2, 8-10 Eastbound Road, St. Joseph's Chapel Kowloon Tong, Kowloon. St. Mary's Church 5, Dyer Avenue, Hunghom, Kowloon.

Kwun Tong Church Address Christ the Worker Mass Centre 1, On Tak Road, , Caritas Centre, Kowloon. Sau Mau Ping Catholic Primary School, Immaculate Heart of Mary Mass Centre , Kwun Tong, Kowloon. Catholic Secondary School, Our Lady Queen of Angels Mass Centre 7, Shun Chi Street, Shun Lee, Kowloon. Resurrection Church 100, Tsui Ping Road, Kwun Tong, Kowloon. St. Edward's Catholic Primary School, School 3, St. Edward's Mass Centre Estate, Kowloon. St. James' Church 8, Ka Wing Street, , Kowloon. St. John the Baptist Mass Centre 29, Yee On Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon. St. Joseph's Church 57, , Kowloon.

Sham Shui Po Church Address Delia Memorial School Mass Centre Broadway Street, , Kowloon. St. Church 58, Street, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon. St. Lawrence's Church 9 Kwong Li Road, Lei Cheng Uk Estate, Kowloon.

Wong Tai Sin Church Address Catholic Secondary School, Choi Hung Holy Family Mass Centre Estate, Kowloon. Mother of Good Counsel Church 5, , San Po Kong, Kowloon. St. Church 89 Po Kong Village Road, , Kowloon.

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St. Chapel Kam Lam House, G/F., , Kowloon. St. Patrick's School, No.12, Fu Mei Street East, Wang Tau St. Patrick's Mass Centre Hom, Kowloon. St. Vincent's Chapel 102, Ching Tak Street, Wong Tai Sin, R.E., Kowloon

Yau-Tsim-Mong Church Address Our Lady of China Church 148, Tai Kok Tsui Road, Kowloon. Rosary Church 125, South, , Kowloon. St. Ignatius Chapel Wah Yan College, 56 Waterloo Road, Kowloon. St. Paul's Mass Centre 41, Tung Kun Street, Yaumati, Kowloon. St. Peter's Church Mariners' Club, 11, Middle Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon. St. Teresa's Church 258, , Kowloon.

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Major Protestant Denominations Kowloon City Church Address Grace Church 39-43 Hau Wong Road, Kowloon City 4/F, Holy Trinity Bradbury Centre,139 Road, Anglican Church Kowloon City, Kowloon Christ Church 2 Derby Road, Kowloon Church Of The Good Shepherd 2,Kiang His Street Tokwawan Kowloon ,Hong Kong Golden Mansion, 1-4 & 7-12, 1/F., 44-56 Bulkeley St., Hung Eternal Grace Lutheran Church Hom, Kowloon. Holy Carpenter Church 1Dyer Avenue Hunghom, Kowloon Holy Trinity Church 135 Ma Tau Chung Road, Kowloon City, Kowloon Holy Trinity Church 2 Hau Man Street Hung En Lutheran Church G/F., 52-56 Cheung Ning St., Tokwawan, Kowloon. Hunghom Alliance Church Hop Shing Commercial Building Hunghom Baptist Church 1/F, 12 Cooke Street, Hunghom Joy Church Hop Shing Commercial Building Kowloon International Baptist Church 300 Junction Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Kowloon Pentecostal Church 3/F, Kam Bit Building,16 Victory Avenue, Homantin 4/F, Wah Do House,322 Junction Road, Kowloon Tong, Lok Yan Church K.L.N Mong Yan Lutheran Church NKTL 5257, To Yuen St., Tai Hang Tung, Kowloon. Office No. J, 2/F, Sunshine Plaze,17 Sung On Street, New Hope Baptist Church HungHom, Kowloon Oi Man Alliance Church Kar Man House Pentecostal Holiness Church Heng Lam Street Pui Ching Road Baptist Church 20 Pui Ching Road, Homantin Swatow Baptist Church Kowloon City 55A Nga Tsin Wai Road, Kowloon City The Church of The Magnificat 2, Tak Ting St.,Whampao Gdn., Hunghom, Kln. Unit A, 1/F, Ka Bo Mansion,67-77 Ha Heung Road, Wendell Memorial Church Tokwawan, Kln

Kwun Tong Church Address Baptist Church G/F, 161-163 Cha Kwo Ling Road, Cha Kwo Ling Church of the Holy Word 5 Kai Tin Road, Lam Tin, Kowloon Covenant of Grace Baptist Church No 9, Kai Lai Road, , Kln, Hong Kong Felipino Christian Center A-1, Wan Tung Bldg, 115 Tam Kung Rd, Unit B-C, 5/F, Wing Cheung Industrial Bldg, No. 109, How Glory Baptist Church Ming St, Kwun Tong, Kowloon Unit B-C, 5/F, Wing Cheung Industrial Bldg, Glory Baptist Church No. 109, How Ming St, Kwun Tong, Kowloon Ka Fook Pentecostal Holiness Church Rm 1202-07, 410 Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong

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Kowloon Bay Lei Lok Primary School, Kai Yan Street, Kei Lok Church Kowloon Bay, Kowloon Kwun Tong Church Nam Kiu Mansion Kwun Tong Mandarin Baptist Church Ming Tai Mansion Kwun Tong Methodist Church G/F, Pak Ling Lau,251 Ngau Tau Kok Road, Kwun Tong Lam Tin Alliance Church 203-204, Block B, Kai Tin Tower, Kai Tin Rd., Lam Tin, Ling On Lutheran Church Kowloon. Ngau Tau Kok Church Yen Hau Mansion Ngau Tau Kok Swatow Baptist Church G/F, 49-51 Ting Fu Street, Ngau Tau Kok R/E Room 8, 1/F, HKSR Lam Tin Complex,7 Rehab Path, Lam Open Door Baptist Church Tin, Kowloon Hiu Wah Bldg, 3/F., 42 Hiu Kwong St., Sau Mau Ping, Kwun Peace Lutheran Church Tong, Kowloon. Sau Mau Ping Alliance Church 6B, 3/F, Fu Wah Court,42-44 Hiu Kwong Street, Kwun Tong Unit 4-9,4/F, Telford House,16 Wang Hoi Road, Kowloon Shium Ay Alliance Church Bay St. ' Church 71, Shui Wo Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 21A Tung Ming Street, Hung Fat Building, Kwun Tong, St. Paul's Lutheran Church Kowloon

Sham Shui Po Church Address Christian & Missionary Alliance Hang Shun Building 7/F, Hang Pont Commercial Building,31 , Alliance Mandarin Church Cheung Sha Wan Amazing Grace Church Mei Foo Sun Cheun, 39A, Broadway, Kowloon 11/F, Sui Sing Bldg,202-204 Cheung Sha Wan Rd, Sham Shui Delightful Baptist Church Po Cheong Chung Hse, G/F., Nam Cheong Estate, Shamshuipo, Diamond Lutheran Church Kowloon. 3/F., Kam Fai Bldg., 128-132 Yee KuK St., Shamshuipo, Eternal Life Lutheran Church Kowloon. 2/F-4/F, Hang Seng Castle Peak Road Bldg,339 Castle Peak Fook Chuen Church Road, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon. Immanuel Baptist Church 1 Fortune Street, Cheung Sha Wan 17 Kwong Lee Road, Li Cheng Uk, Cheung Sha Wan, Kei Oi Church Kowloon. 8/F, Wai Lee Comm. Bldg.,128 Castle Peak Rd., Cheung Sha Kowloon Pentecostal Holiness Church Wan Mei Foo Church 2/F, 83C Broadway Street, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, 2/F, Hang Shun Building,37-39 Tonkin Street, Cheung Sha Sham Shui Po Church Wan St. Thomas' Church 45 Berwick Street, Shamshuipo, Kowloon The Church of Christ in China Shum Oi 80 Woh Chai Street, Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon Church The Church of Christ in China Ying Wa Ying Wa Primary School, 1/F., 3 Ying Wa Street, Sham Shiu Church Po, Kln Woot Chuen Church 1/F, Graces Court,298 Un Chau Street, Cheung Sha Wan Yan Fook Church Laws Commercial Plaza

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11/F Wing Kee Commercial Building, 156-162 Castle Peak Zion Baptist Church Road, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon (moved)

Wong Tai Sin Church Address Brotherly Love Swatow Baptist Church 2/F, Kellie Mansion,22 Yuk Wah Lane, Tsz Wan Shan Calvary Church 6 Shatin Pass Road, Kowloon. Choi Ping Baptist Church 1-2/F, Fortune Garden , 15 Wing Ting Road , Ngau Chi Wan Baptist Church No. 52 Fung Tak Road, Diamond Hill, Kowloon Shop D, G/F, On Hong Mansion, 35 Wan Fung St, Fung Elim Church Wong Village G/F, 53 Ming Fung Street, Fung Wong New Village, Wong Jireh Baptist Church Tai Sin Kindly Light Church 167 Po Kong Village Road, Tsz Wan Shan, N.T. Lord's Love Lutheran Church G/F., Yan Oi Bldg., 6-8 Yan Oi St., San Po Kong, Kowloon. Ngau Chi Wan Chuk Yuen Swatow 1/F, 22-28 Kam Chi Path, Ngau Chi Wan Village Baptist Church Ngau Tau Kok Baptist Church Tak Bo Garden Commercial Complex Pentecostal Holiness Church Ngan Fung House Praising Paradise Hall 3A, 162 Hammer Road, Diamond Hill, K.L.W San Po Kong Church 1/F, 12 Ning Yuen Street, San Po Kong 3/F, Flat C & H, Manning Theatre Building, 57 Yuk Wah Tsz Wan Shan Baptist Church Crescent, Tsz Wan Shan Wing Kwong Pentecostal Holiness 22 Heng Lam St., Church

Yau-Tsim-Mong Church Address Christian & Missionary Alliance Church 1/F, Bangkok Bank Building,490-492 , Yau Ma Union Tei All Saints' Church 11 Pak Po Street, Mongkok, Kowloon. Chinese Pentecostal Church 2/F, On May Mansion,599 Shang Hai Street, Mong Kok ELCHK Overseas Mission Department 2/F, Lutheran House,50 Waterloo Rd., Yaumatei, Kowloon 14/F, Cheung Lee Commercial Building,25 Kimberley Rd, Evangelical Free Church of China Tsim Sha Tsui Grace Chapel Flat B, 1/F, Mayfair Centre,4 Anchor Street, Tai Kok Tsui Hebron Church Austin Tower Hing Wah Baptist Church 1/F, 144-148 Woosung Street, Yamatei 12/F, One Mongkok Road Commercial Centre,1 Mongkok Homantin Swatow Baptist Church Road, Mongkok Hong Kong Field Windsor Mansion Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (Anglican 15/F, Ultragace Commercial Bldg,5 Jordan Road, Kowloon Churc Kowloon-West Diocesan Office Kowloon City Baptist Church 206 Argyle St., Kowloon City, Hong Kong Kowloon Mandarin Baptist Church 2/F, 212 Prince Edward Road, Prince Edward

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Mongkok Baptist Church 6/F, Chung Kiu Comm. Bldg.,47-51 Shan Tung St., Mongkok 6/F, Mongkok Christian Centre,56 Bute Street, Mongkok, Mongkok Swatow Baptist Church K.L.W Praise & Grace Chapel Chun Hoi Commercial Building 2/F., Ngai Wong Commerical Bldg., 11-13 Mongkok Rd., Praise Lutheran Church Mongkok, Kowloon. Shun Yan Lutheran Church 4/F.,Cyber Plaza, 239 Temple Street, Jordan, Kowloon St. Andrews' Church 138 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon St. Mark's Church 9 Shek Ku Street, Homantin, Kowloon Tai Kok Tsui Baptist Church 2/F, Sun Hon Building,51-67 Tung Chau Street, Tai Kok Tsui Tin Chuen Church G/F, 227 Sai Yee Street, Mongkok Truth Lutheran Church 50 Waterloo Rd., Yaumatei, Kowloon. Tsim Sha Tsui Baptist Church 31 Cameron Road, Tsim Sha Tsui Ward Memorial Methodist Church 54 Waterloo Road, Yaumatei 1/F, Wing Sheung Building,172-176 , Yau Ma Tei Wendell Memorial Church Yaumatei

Minor Protestant Denominations Kowloon City Church Address Assembly of God Caleb Church G/F, 23 Junction Road, Kowloon City Bethel Mission of China (Hong Kong) 45-47 Grampian Road, Kowloon City, Kln. Carmel Village Swatow Christian Church 7 Carmel Village Street, Homantin Chinese Christian Church 7 Shek Ku Street Chinese Rhenish Church Kowloon 12 Tat Chee Ave, Yau Yat Chuen, Kln. Christ Grace Evangelical Church Cheong Wah Factory Building Christian Central Church (Kowloon 144 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong) (Kowloon Tong) 1A-B, Yan Chee Building,27-31 Kowloon City Road, To Christian Galilee Church (To Kwa Wan) Kwa Wan Christian Nationals' Evangelism Yee Yuen Mansion Commission Room 310, Tower A, Hung Hom Commercial Centre,37-39 Christian The Faith Hope Love Church Road, Hung Hom Church of Mt Carmel 55 Chung Hau Street Flat 301-303, I-Feng Mansion, Block A,237 To Kwa Wan CNEC Hung Hum Christian Church Road, Hung Hom CNEC Melrose Christian Church 1-2/F, Flat C, 301 Prince Edward Road, Kowloon City, N.T Crusade Universal Baptist (HK) 2/F, Million Bldg,41-45 Station Lane, Hung Hom Elim Church Ltd. 3/F, Yen Yee Mansion,29-33 Soares Ave, Homantin Emmanuel Chinese Church Magnolia House Faith Church Hung Hom Square Good Shepherd Church Lok Oi Lau

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Gospel Assembly Church 1/F, Flat C-E, 21-25 Pak Tai Street, Tokwawan Grace Chapel of The China Missionary Golden Mansion & Evangelistic Assn Hephzibah Evangelistic Centre(Hung Goldtone Court Hum) HK Chinese Congregational Christian 11 Cheung Ning Street Church Hong Kong Deaf People Christian 1/F, 5 Nga Tsin Wai Road, Kowloon City Church 10/F, Kam Fai Commercial Building,31-35 Sa Po Road, Hong Kong Tsz Kwong Bethel Church Kowloon City Hong Kong Wing Kwong Bethel Church 2/F-3/F, 386 Prince Edward Road Kai Tak Christian Church Mai Lok Building Kai Tak Peace Evangelical Center Kawan Court Kowloon City Christians' Church 40 Lung Kong Road Kowloon City Evangelical Church Tak Flat H, 2/F, Tak Bo Garden Commercial Complex,3 Ngau Bo Church Tau Kok Road, Ngau Tau Kok Kowloon Ling Liang Church 1 Grampian Road Kowloon Tong Church of the C.C. & 2 Fu Ning Street, Kowloon City M.A Christian Alliance College Church Kowloon Tong Church of the C.C. & 2 Lancashire Road M.A. Kowloon Tong Church of the C.C. & , No. 21 Tak Fung Street, Hung Hom M.A. United Gospel Church Whampoa Lutheran Philip House 2A Fuk Lo Tsun Road Rm B, 1/F, Ka Bo Building, 67-77, Ha Heung Road, To Kwa Ma Tau Wai Christian's Church Wan Mission Covenant Church Oriental Wah Keung Building Church Pentecostal Tabernacle (Kowloon) 71 Waterloo Road, Ho Man Tin, MK Promise Christian Association G/F, 59A Nga Tsin Wai Road, Kowloon City South Asian Lutheran Evangelical G/F, 4 , Kowloon City Mission South Asian Lutheran Evangelical G/F, 4 Broadcast Drive, Kowloon Tong Mission Grace Lutheran Church Swatow Christian Church Kowloon City 39 Grampian Road, Kowloon City Swatow Christian Gilead Church 21 Fuk Lo Tsun Road Tsun Lei Church Bethel Mission of 45-47 Grampian Road, Kowloon City, Kln. China (HK) United Evangelical Mission Chung Shing 3/F, Go Go Court,250-254 Chatham Road, Hung Hom Church Yan Tze Church of U.B. in Christ Hang Hong Building

Kwun Tong Church Address ABWE Fellowship (HK) Ltd LG/F, Sun On House,, Kwun Tong, Kowloon Central Administration of Stewards' Co 1/F, 145 Hong Ning Road, Kwun Tong (HK) Ltd Chinese Christian Evangelists' Mission Flat D, 5/F, Blk 1, Amoyan Industrial Estate,7 Ngau Tau Kok Chung Kei Church Road, Kwun Tong

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Christian Church of Divine Providence Tamson Plaza Christian Church of Love Kwun Tong Theatre Building No.3-4C, G/F, Kai Shun House, Christian Galilee Chapel (Lam Tin) Kai Tin Estate, Lam Tin, Kowloon Christian Liant Oi Church Kwun Tong Lap Shing Building Christian Shun Shan (Zion) Church 90 Hung To Road Christian The Faith Hope Love Church Tak Bo Garden Commercial Complex Christian The Faith Hope Love Church Yen Hau Mansion Ngau Tau Kok c/o Lui Ming Choi School, Estate, Phase 2, Kowloon Conservative Baptist Kai Yip Church Bay Conservative Baptist Ming Chung 4/F FT B & C, Morning Light Building,9 Hong Ning Rd, Church Kwun Tong Evangelism Explosion III Hong Kong Air Goal Cargo Building Evangelize China Fellowship Kowloon Ka Fu Shopping Centre Maan Shin Church Faith and Grace Evangelical Church Yen Hau Mansion Flat C, 2/F, Unify Commerical int'l Bldg.,31 Tai Yip Street, Fountain of Life Christian Church Ngau Tau Kok 2/F, Lotus Tower-2,297 Nagu Tau Kok Road, Garden Estate,, Garden Estate Baptist Church Kwun Tong, Kowloon Hiu Kwong Church, Kowloon City 10B, 2/F, Fu Wah Court, Evangelical Church 44 Hiu Kwong Street, Sau Mau Ping Holy Trinity Lutheran Church 385 Kwun Tong Road Hong Kong Evangelical No.117-126,150-126 Ka Kwai Arcade, Yau Tong Shopping Church Centre, Kwun Tong, Kowloon Hong Kong Yan Kwong Bethel Church Hiu Wah Building Keen Men Christian Church Wing Yiu Building Flat B,C, 3/F, Tak Po Garden, Kowloon Bay Peace Evangelical Center 3 Ngautaukok Road, Kowloon Bay Kowloon Bay Peace Evangelical Centre Tak Bo Garden Commercial Complex Kowloon City Swatow Christian Church Lap Wah House Lok Wah Church Kwun Tong Baptist Church 83 Kung Lok Road, Kwun Tong Kwun Tong Hephzibah Evangelistic Lee Kee Building Centre Kwun Tong Peace Evangelical Center 36 Wan Hon Street Kwun Tong Swatow Baptist Church 11 Tsui Ping Road, Kwun Tong Living Stone Church Kin Tai House Lutheran Thanksgiving Church Wing Ying Building Mission Covenant Church Holm Glad 26 Hiu Ming Street, Kwun Tong Church Mission Covenant Church Kin Lok 1/F, Lee Kee Bld,55B Ngau Tau Kok Road, Church New Life Church 102 Tsui Ping Road, Kwun Tong Ngau Tau Kok Emmanuel Church Tak Bo Garden Commercial Complex 1/F & 3/F, Hung Cheong House, 75 Hong Ning Road, Kwun Oriental Morning Light Christian Church Tong Peace Gospel Hall 145 Hong Ning Road

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Pentecostal Church of Hong Kong Block 13, Annexe Building, Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate (II), Church of Praise Ngau Tau Kok Flat K, 1/F, Hing Tat Mansion, Praise Christian Church 335-351 Ngau Tau Kok Road, Kwun Tong St Matthew's Lutheran Church Tsui Wan Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate Chapel The Church of Christ in China Chuen 20 Shui Ning Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon Yan Church The Church of Christ in China Yau Tong 25 Yau Tong Road, Kowloon. Leung Faat Memorial Church United Christian Community Church No. 2, Lee On Lane, Kwun Tong Wo Lok Baptist Church Richland Garden

Sham Shui Po Church Address Chinese Rhenish Church, Kowloon 314-316, Hang Ning Court,253-263 Shun Ning Road, Sham Central Shui Po 1/F, Fu Chau Building,485-491 Un Chau Street, Sham Shui Cheung Wah Free Methodist Church Po Assembly of God Paul Church 2/F, Kin Sun Building, 3 Castle Peak Road, Sham Shui Po Evangelize China Fellowship Kowloon 9/F, West Coast Int'l Bldg.,290-296 Un Chau Street, Sham Canaan Church Shui Po Grace Hong Kong Evangelical Church 7 Tong Yam Street, Tai Hang Tung Lock Tao Christian Association 1/F, 40 , Shamshuipo Church Living Spring Foursquare Gospel 3/F,215-219 Sai Yeung Choi St. North, Sham Shui Po, Church Kowloon 1/F, A & B, On Fat Building,28 Cheung Fat Street, Cheung Oriental Christian Gracious Light Church Sha Wan Abundant Grace Baptist Church Cheung Shing Bldg Assembly of God Shek Kip Mei Church 1/F, 5 Wai Chi Street, Shek Kip Mei No. 3-10, 1/F, Cheung Fai Building,41-51 Cheung Wah Bethlehem Church of The Hope Mission Street, Sham Shui Po Charis Christian Church Hang Ning Court Cheung Sha Wan Baptist Church Tai Lee Building Cheung Sha Wan Peace Evangelical Wai Lee Commercial Building Centre Chinese Rhenish Church, Hong Kong 310-313, Hang Ning Court,253-263 Shun Ning Road, Sham Synod Shui Po 1/F, Mill Reef House,262 , Cheung Christ Founded Chapel Sha Wan Christian Assembly Hall HK Yu Wah Building Christian Church of Spiritual Light Pak Far Building Christian Lord Leading Church Kin On Building Christian Salvation Proclaiming Church Lok Fung House Christian Soong Un Church Kam On Building Church of Living Grace Chou Chong Commercial Building Evangel Baptist Church Garning Court Evangelical Chinese Gospel Church Wah Chak House Chak On

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Exalting Grace Baptist Church Fok Kwan Bldg Grace Seal Baptist Church Elegance Court HK Chinese Church of Christ Kei Oi Kam Shan House Church New Life Church of Christ Chung Ying Building Oriental Proclaiming Light Christian Cheng Ka Building Church Pak Tin Baptist Church 101-104, Block 3,,Pak Tin Estate, Sham Shui Po Pooi Tun Christian Church Wai Lee Commercial Building Pool Tun Christian Church Sun Hon House Sham Shui Po Peace Evangelical Center Un On Building Shamshuipo Tsung Tsin Church 58 Tai Po Road 3/F, Room 10, Kin On Building,163 Camp Street, Sham Shui Chinese Christian Seminary Po Hephzibah Evangelistic Centre(Cheung Chou Chong Commercial Building Sha Wan) The Pentecostal Church of God Hong Flat 2B, Wing Loong Building,260-266 Castle Peak Road, Kong Cheung Sha Wan Saviour Lutheran Church 290 Tai Po Road, KLN. Lai chi Kok Peace Evangelical Centre 3-4/F, China Chem 333 Plaze, Cheung Sha Wan, Kln Christian Church of Living Faith Shun 3/F, Shining Court,439 Shun Ning Road, Cheung Sha Wan Kei Church Office no.4 , 3/F, Hang Pont Commercial Building,31 Ton South China Pentecostal Church Kin Street, Cheung Sha Wan , K.L.W 283, Shung Ning Road, 1/F, Peaceful Mansion, Cheung Sha Foundation Christian Church Wan Flat A-B , 2/F, On Fat Building,28 Cheung Fat Street, Kwong Kei Church Cheung Sha Wan 244-248, Tai Po Road , 3/F, Silver Bright Building, Sham Sham Shui Po Evangelical Zion Church Shui Po Heritage Baptist Church G/F, 162, Un Chau Street, Cheung Sha Wan 1-2/F, Lun May Building,386-390 Castle Peak Road, CNEC Fellowship Church Kowloon Chinese Christian Association- Pak Tin Kam Yuck Building Church Glorious Word Baptist Church Po Wah Building Abundant Grace Christian Church 1/F, King Fai Court, No. 203-207 Lai Chi Kok Rd, Kln

Wong Tai Sin Church Address Apostolic Faith Church Lok Fu Estate Car Park Assn of Evangelical Free Churches of Choi Wan Estate HK EFCC Choi Fok Church Christian Church of Living Faith Shun G/F, On Yan House,Tsz On Court, Tsz Wan Shan Yan Church Christian Evangelical Centre Ci En G/F, Lok Him House, Lok Fu Phase 5, Lok Fu Estate, Lok Fu Church Christian Philadelphia Church (HK) Kam Bit Building Christian Shone Tao Association Tsz Blk A, Flat 3, Manning Building,57 Yuk Wah Crescent, Tsz Wan Shan Church Wan Shan

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Chung Sum Free Methodist Church 1/F, Comfort Court, 88-90 Fuk Lo Tsuen Road, Wong Tai Sin Church in Hong Kong (San Po Kong) Shun On Mansion Mission Lee Ka Industrial Building G/F., Blk. 12, Rhythm Garden, 242 Choi Hung Road, Elim Lutheran Church Diamond Hill, KLN. Evangelize China Fellowship Kowloon G/F, Free Standing Bldg, Tsz Hong Est, Tsz Wan Shan Bay Maan Shin Church HKMLC Hsin En Lutheran Church G/F, Shek On Building,8 Chun Yan Street, Wong Tai Sin Hong Kong Bethel Tze Yan Church G/F, Lok Tung House, Lok Fu Estate, Lok Fu Pentecostal Church of Hong Kong Chuk 91 Po Kong Village Road, Tsz Wan Shan Yuen Church San Po Kong Swatow Christian Church Hong Keung Mansion The Church of Christ in China Kam 161 Tung Tau Tsuen Road, Wong Tai Sin, Kowloon Kong Memorial Church

Yau-Tsim-Mong Church Address A Witness Baptist Church Wai Tao Tung Cheong Wai Bldg Unit 5-13, 6/F, Workingbond Commercial Centre,162 Prince Abundant Grace Baptist Church Ltd Edward Rd. Wt., Assembly Of God Church 123 Argyle Street Beathany Grace Church Ocean View Court Beautiful Gate Baptist Church 311D Prince Edward Road Bethesda Community Church Kenwood Mansion Boundary Street Peace Evangelical Summit Insurance Building Centre C.E.Z.C. Wah Kay Church 1/F, Kam Fat Building,208-214 , Mongkok Calvary Baptist Church Cheung Lee Commercial Building Peace Evangelical Centre 5/F, Windfield Building,847-865 Canton Road, Kowloon CCM Christian Mission Limited 8/F, 25 Prat Ave., Tsim Sha Tsui Rm 1004, Cheung Lee Commercial Building,25 Kimberley China Evangelistic Mission Road, Tsim Sha Tsui China Peniel Missionary Society Inc HK 887 Canton Road Mission Chinese Christian Assemblies of God 1/F, Tai On Building,120-126 Fa Yuen Street, Mongkok Chinese Christian Evangelists' Mission Unit 1, 1/F, Prosper Commercial Building,9 Yin Chong Central Church (HK) Street, Mong Kok Christ 's Church 5 Soares Avenue Christian Central Church (Jordan) 2/F,, Ka Shun House,14-16 Jordan Road, Jordan Christian Central Church (Mongkok) 4/F, Yuet Yuen Mansion,19 Mongkok Road, Mongkok Christian Church Capitol Court Christian Evangelical Centre Nian En 47 Temple Street Church Christian Gospel Hall Comfort Court

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Christian Hong Kong Missionary Church Rm. 1602, 16/F, King Centre,23 Dundas Street, Mongkok Christian Shone Tao Association 3/F, 11-13 Mongkok Road, Mongkok Mongkok Church Christ's Evangelical Centre (Church of Kincheng Commercial Centre Love) Chun Lei Christian Mission Heep Ying Sun Hing Steel Furn Commercial Building Church Church of Livingstones (Kowloon) 2/F, Sun Mong Mansion,50-56 Mongkok Road, Mongkok CNEC Living Water Church 1/F, Fuk Luk Building,44-46 Boundary Street, Mongkok 11/F, Win Century Centre,2A Mong Kok Road, Mong Kok, Conservative Baptist Ming Kay Church Kln 20-21/F, Sunbeam Comm Bldg,,469-471 Nathan Rd,, Conservative Baptist Yan Yu Church Yaumatei, Kln. Cumberland Presbyterian Tao Hsien 1/F, Rightful Centre,11-12 Tak Hing Street, Jordan Church Emmanuel Apostolic Church Flat A&B, 1/F, 209 , Mongkok Engraving Grace Baptist Church Witty Commercial Building Evangel Baptist Church (Jordan) Sheung On Building Evangelize China Fellowship Logos Kam Fai Building Church Evangelize China Fellowship Tsim Sha 1/F, 13/F, Hart Mansion,12-14 Hart Avenue, Tsim Sha Tsui Tsui Canaan Church First Assembly of God Church 123 Argyle Street Fuk Lam Church Cheng Hong Building Grace Baptist Church Kamga Mansion Grace Mennonite Church 1/F, 76 Waterloo Road, Mongkok HK Truth Church Wofoo Commercial Building Hong Kong Evangelical Yan Ho Church Flat 3A, Lee May Building,788-790 Nathan Road, Mongkok Hong Kong Evangelical Yan Yue Church 102A Prince Edward Road Kowloon Christian Truth Church Pine Street Kowloon Pentecostal Church Island UG/F, GIC Building, Olympian City, 11 Hoi Fai Road, Harbourview Chapel Island Harbourview, Tai Kok Tsui Kowloon Union Church 4 Jordan Road Lock Tao Christian Association Tsim 1/F, 14-20 Pilkem Street, T.S.T. Sha Tsui Church Love and Truth Christian Church Landwide Commercial Building Min Nam Chinese Christian Trinty Sunshine Building Church Mong Kok Church Faith Hope Charity Flat G&H, 4/F, 80-86 Argyle Street, Mongkok Evangelical Mission Flat C-F , 2/F, Wai Fat Bldg,96-102 Hak Pod Street, Mongkok Ling Liang Church Mongkok, Kowloon Mongkok Tsung Tsin Church Pak Sing Building Oriental Christian Churches To Kwong Flat A&B, 3/F, Seaside Mansion,887-889 Canton Road, Yau Church Ma Tei Ping An Christian Church Man Cheong Building Praise Assembly - Mong Kok 5/F, Chi Wo Commercial Bldg,20 Saigon Street, Yaumatei Presbyterian Church of Korea Dong Shin 10/F, Lee Wai Commercial Bldg,1-3A, Hart Avenue, (HK) Church Tsimshatsui, Kowloon

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4-5/F, Sun Fai Commercial Centre,576 Reclaimation Street, Prince Peace Evangelical Centre Mongkok Sharon Lutheran Church 18 Cherry Street, Mongkok, KLN. Shun On Baptist Church Sun Hing Steel Furniture Commercial Building Tai Kok Tsui Foursquare Gospel Church 10 Willow Street, Tai Kok Tsui The Church of Christ in China Cheung 191A Prince Edward Road, Mong Kok, Kowloon Lo Church The Church of Christ in China Hainan 1/F, 274 & 274A,Prince Edward Road West, Mongkok, Church Kowloon The Church of Christ in China Hong Rm 801-804, 8/F, Rightful Centre,12 Tak Hing Kong Chi To Church Street,Jordan,Kowloon The Church of Christ in China Kei To 18/F, Skyline Tower,18 Tong Mei Road, Mongkok, Church (No. 3) Kowloon The Church of Christ in China Kei To Kei Tsun Primary School Mong Kok Church The Church of Livingstones Hong Kong Sun Mong House The Redeemed Christian Church of God Justen Centre Kei Oi Church Tsimshatsui Swatow Christian Church 25 Prat Avenue, Tsim Sha Tsui 1/F, Singwa Commercial Building,26-32 Parkes Street, Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong Yaumatei West Kowloon Vineyard Shui Yee Factory Building Wong Chuk Street Peace Evangelical One Mong Kok Road Commercial Centre Centre

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Appendix 4 Address of Christian “churches” in Hong Kong Island

Catholic Central and Western Church Address Our Lady of the Rosary Church 25 Pokfield Road, Kennedy Town, Hong Kong. Our Lady Seat of Wisdom Chapel Ricci Hall, 93, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong St. Anthony's Church 69A Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong The Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of 16 The Immaculate Conception

Eastern Church Address Holy Cross Church Holy Cross Path, Shaukiwan, Hong Kong Mass Centre 8, Hoi Chak Street, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong. Salesian Mass Centre Salesian School, 16, , Hong Kong. St. Jude's Church 30 Kin Wah Street, , Hong Kong. Star of the Sea Church 200, Chaiwan Road, Chaiwan, Hong Kong. Delia Memorial School, G/F., Kam Shun Mansion, Tai Koo Shing Mass Centre Tai Koo Shing Hong Kong. Transfiguration Chapel 55, Road, North Point, Hong Kong.

Southern Church Address Our Lady of Lourdes Church 1 Chi Fu Close, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. St. Anne's Church 1 Tung Tao Wan Road, Stanley, Hong Kong. St. Peter's Church 220 Aberdeen Main Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong. Precious Blood Primary School,27, Waterfall Bay Road, Wah Wah Fu Estate Mass Centre Fu Estate, Hong Kong.

Wan Chai Church Address Christ the King Chapel St. Paul's Convent, , Hong Kong. Immaculate Heart of Mary Chapel 3/F., Grand Building, Catholic Centre, Central, H.K. (Central) P.P.: Rev. John P. Cuff, M.M. Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church No. 1, Star Street, Wanchai, H.K. Rosaryhill School Chapel 41B, , Hong Kong. St. Joseph's Church 37 Garden Road, Hong Kong. St. Margaret Mary's Church 2A Broadwood Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong. Wah Yan College Chapel Wah Yan College, 281, Queen's Road East, Hong Kong.

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Major Protestant Denominations

Central and Western

Church Address G/F, Commercial Blk B, Pok Fu Lam Gardens,180 Pok Fu Chi Fu Baptist Church Lam Road, Hong Kong Church of Saviour Sang Cheong Building HK Kennedy Town Baptist Church Sands House Hong Kong (Western) Swatow Baptist Joyful Building Church Hong Kong Baptist Church 50 Caine Road, Mid Level, Hong Kong Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (Anglican 1 , Central, Hong Kong Church) 's office Unit 1, 1/F, Far East Finance Centre,, 16 ,, Kong Fok Church Admiralty, Hong Kong. Sheng Kung Hui Diocesan 1A Lower Albert Road St Paul's Church Glenealy, Hong Kong St. John's Cathedral 4-8 Garden Road, Hong Kong St. Luke's Church 31 Ka Wai Man Road, Kennedy Town, Hong Kong St. Matthew's Church 232 , H.K. St. Stephen's Church 71 , Hong Kong Hang Yue Bldg, 1/F, Flat B, 334-350 Des Voeux Rd., West, True Love Lutheran Church Hong Kong. Wah Kee Church World Fair Court

Eastern

Church Address Agape Church 35 Tai Hong Street Chai Wan Baptist Church 30 Fei Tsui Road Room 101-103, Chit Lee Commercial Building,36 Shau Kei Christ Church Wan Road, ,HK Christian & Missionary Alliance Chai 6/F, Federal Centre,77 Sheung On Street, Chai Wan Wan Church Epworth Village Methodist Church 2/F, 100 Chai Wan Road 4/F, Sai Wan Ho Bldg, 46-56 Sai Wan Ho St., Shaukeiwan, Faith Hope Lutheran Church Hong Kong. G/F., Mei Wah House, Hing Wah (I) Estate, Chai Wan, Hong Faith Joy Lutheran Church Kong Flat F-H, 2/F, Golden Court, 22-52 Electric Rd., North Point, Grace Lutheran Church Hong Kong Hong Kong Grace Baptist Church 1/F, Odeon Bldg,28 Shu Kuk St, North Point Alliance Church G/F, Tai Ming House,9 Greig Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong Kornhill Baptist Church 1/F, B1, Po Fung Garden,1092 King's Road, Tai Koo Shop No. 3-5, Phase 1, Kornhill, 18 Hong Shing St, Quarry Kornhill Community Church Bay Room 503-505, Java Commercial Centre,128 , Ling Chuen Gospel Church North Point, HK North Point Alliance Church 1/F, fortress metro tower, 238-240 King's Road, North Point

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North Point Baptist Church 3/F, Fuk Lee Building,1-7 Shell Street, North Point Ruth Hitchcock Memorial Church G/F, Shop No.1, Tai Woo Mansion, Taikooshing, Quarry Bay Shaukeiwan Alliance Church 2/F, Sea View Plaza,283 Shaukeiwan Road, Shau Kei Wan Shaukiwan Baptist Church 175 Sai Wan Ho Street, Shaukiwan Shaukiwan Mandarin Baptist Church 1/F, Sai Wan Ho centre,66-68 Shaukiwan Rd, Shaukiwan Shaukiwan Swatow Baptist Church of UG/F, Hong Wah Mansion,18 Nam Hong St, Shaukiwan Hong Kong Shek O Baptist Chapel 360 Shek O Village Road St. Peter's Church (N.P.) 23 Road, North Point, Hong Kong

Southern

Church Address Aberdeen Baptist Church Lei On Chapel 18 Lei Tung Estate Road, , Aberdeen Aberdeen Baptists Church 11 Aberdeen Reservoir Road, Aberdeen Aberedeen Baptist Church ABBA Commercial Bldg Aplichau Baptist Church 30 San Shi Street, Ap Lei Chau, Aberdeen Hong Kong International Baptist Church 7/F Tower A,South Mark bldg.,11 Yip Hing Street, (English) Aberdeen, HK Lei Fook Church 1/F, Ka Ning Building, Aberdeen Main Road 88, HK Room 102-112, G/F, Tung Hing House,Lei Tung Estate, Ap Lei Tung Alliance Church Lei Chau Upper G/F, Phase 4, South Horizons,29 Yi Nam Road, Ap South Horizons Church Lei Chau Wah Kwai Church 1-2/F, No.21-25,Ka Wo Street, Aberdeen, HK

Wan Chai

Church Address Causeway Bay Baptist Church Ofc & Education Centre, 8 Wing Hing Street Methodist Church Hong Kong 9/F, Methodist House,36 Hennessey Road, Wan Chai Methodist International Church, HK 271 Queen's Road East, Wan Chai, HK Oi Kwan Road Baptist Church 36 Oi Kwan Road, Wanchai St Mary's Church 2A Tai Hang Road, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong St. James' Church 100 Kennedy Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong Tin Lok Baptist Church Flat A&C, 5/F, 221-226 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai , HK Park Commercial Centre No. 11 Moreton Terrace, Tung Fook Church Causeway Bay Tung Fook Church Bay View Mansion Wan Chai Swatow Baptist Church 1/F, Yen Men Bldg,98-108 Jaffe Rd, Wan Chai

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Minor Protestant Denomination

Central and Western

Church Address Assemblies of God West Point Church Manhattan Heights Chinese Christian Carmel Church West Kam Ling Court, Rm 312 Point Community Church Hong Kong Wincome Centre, 39 Central Evangelical Church of All Blessings Kenbo Commercial Building Fan Hing Christian Association G/F, 29-31 Caine Road, Central B & C, 7/F, Wing Cheong Commercial Building,19-25 Hong Kong Central Church Jervois Street, Sheung Wan Hong Kong Swatow Christian Church 20 Shelly Street, Central Kau Yan Church 97A High Street Ling Liang Worldwide Evangelistc Rm 8-10 1/F, Siu Yee Building,590-596 Queen's Road West, Mission West Point Ling Liang Church Sai Wan New Life Church Cheung Fat Building 4/F, Grand Building,15 Central, Central New Life Temple District Peace Evangelical Centre 121 First Street Pentecostal Tabernacle (Hong Kong) 11 Castle Road, Sheung Wan Flat A-B1, 1/F, Samtoh Bldg,384-386 Queen's Road West, Sai Ying Pun Free Methodist Church Sheung Wan The Church of Christ in China Hop Yat 2 Bonham Road, Church (Hong Kong Church) Union Church Hong Kong Kennedy Road Wan Chai Church of Christ Yen Ying mansion Room 305, Kam Ling Ct.,1-3 Woo Hop Street, Shek Tong Western Church of the Nazarene Tsui, Hong Kong Western District Evangelical Church Sun Court 103, Tien Cheung Hong Building,77-81 Jervois Street, Zoe Christian Fellowship Ltd. Sheung Wan

Eastern

Church Address 611 Bread Of Life Christian Church In Shop KA,, Upper Deck, North Point (West) Pier, North Point Hong Kong Assembly of God Harland Park Memorial Tung Tai Building Church Chai Wan Church 323 San Ha St., Chai Wan, H.K Chai Wan Peace Evangelical Centre Goldmine Building Chinese Christian Carmel Church Ltd. Flat B, 2/F, Comfort Garden,60 King's Road, North Point Chinese Christian Evangelists' Mission Fu King Building Sai Tai Church Chinese Christian God Blessed Church Fok Ying Building Chinese Christian Gospel Church 74 Choong Hyun Presbyterian Church of HK 55 Tai Hong Street

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Christian Church Coronet Court Christian Spiritual Rock Church 23F, Lancashire Centre,361 , Hong Kong Church of Livingstones (Hong Kong) Golden Castle Mansion Church of the NazareneA (Hong Kong M/F, Flat C, D, North Point Mansion,692-702 King's Road, District) North Point Eng Yu Evangelistic Mission 26 Rm. 301, 3/F., Chit Lee Comm. Bldg., 30-36 Shaukeiwan Eternal Life Lutheran Church Road, H.K. Evangelize China Fellowship Hong Kong 51-53 Pan Hoi Street, Kam Hoi Mansion, North Point, H.K Maan Shin Church Foochow Dialect Evangelistic Fellowship Flat Q, 3/F, Kiu Hing Mansion,11 , Tin Hong Kong Church Hau H.K. Christian Mutual Improvement Soc. Apt B, 2/F, Pak Lee Mansion,6-8 King's Road, Tin Hau Hong Kong Luen Oi Church HK Elim Presbytenan Church (Korean) Nan Shan Mansion International Christian Assembly of God Tung Po Building International Christian Assembly of God Chai Wan Theatre Lai Tak Evangelical Church Fai Hon Building Ling Ying Church of U.B. in Christ 1B, 22-28 Sai Wan Ho Street, Sai Wan Ho 2/F, Henan Electric Development Bldg,389 King's Road, North Point Church North Point 6A, Asia Harvest Commercial Center,324 Shau Kei Wan Sen Lok Christian Church Road, Shau Kei Wan Shaukiwan Swatow Christian Church Hoi Ching Mansion The Church of Christ in China Chai Wan Level 2, Government Block, New Jade Garden, Chai Wan, Church Hong Kong The Church of Christ in China Hop Yat 48 Cloud View Road,North Point,H.K. Church (North Point) The Church of Christ in China Kei Wan 63 Sai Wan Ho Street, Shaukiwan, Hong Kong Church Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong 4 Basel Road, Shaukiwan Shaukiwan Church Zion Lutheran Church 2/F., 275 King’s Road, North Point, H.K.

Southern

Church Address Chinese Rhenish Church, Ap Lei Chau 1st Floor, Shun Lee Building,128 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau Evangelize China Fellowship HK Canaan Wing Fat Commercial Building Church Evangelize China Fellowship Hong Kong 3/F, Wing Fat Comm Bldg,216-218 Aberdeen Main Rd, Ji Fu Church Aberdeen, H.K Grace of God Church Ltd Harbour Mansion Harbour Mission Church 38 San Shi Street Flat A & B, 4/F, On Tai Bldg.,1-3 Wu Nam Street, Aberdeen, Oriental Christian Holy Light Church H.K The Church of Christ in China Man Lam Christian Church Aberdeen Branch 3/F, C, On Tai Bldg,1-3 Wu Nam Street, Aberdeen, H.K Church

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Wah Fu Swatow Christian Church 125-134, Wah Ming House,Wah Fu Estate, Aberdeen

Wan Chai

Church Address China Congregational Church 119 Leighton Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong Church of Christ Yen Ying Mansion Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Ying Lee Mansion Saints HK Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day 118 Gloucester Road Saints HK, Asia Area Admin Ofc 2/F, Flat B-D, Golden Jubilee House,391 , Church of United Brethren in Christ Wan Chai Hong Kong Japanese Christian 21/F, Amber Commercial Building,70-74 Morrison Hill Fellowhsip Road, Wan Chai Indonesian Christian Community Church Room 502, 4/F, Winner House,310 King's Road, Hong Kong 2/F, Shin yam Bldg,163 , Wan Chai, Hong Island Baptist Church Kong Just Church Tours Centre

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