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Title Location Analysis of Christian Churches in Hong Kong

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Title Location Analysis of Christian Churches in Hong Kong Title Location analysis of Christian churches in Hong Kong Other Contributor(s) University of Hong Kong Author(s) Hong, Po-sing; 香寶星 Citation Issued Date 2008 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/131051 Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG LOCATION ANALYSIS OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN HONG KONG A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SURVEYING DEPARTMENT OF REAL ESTATE AND CONSTRUCTION BY HONG PO SING HONG KONG APRIL 2008 i DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or to any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. Signed: _______________________ Name: _______________________ Date: _______________________ ii CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ………………………………………………v LIST OF TABLES …………………………….....………………………...vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………….....………….......vii ABSTRACT ……….. ………….………......…………………………...... .... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………….......…………1 Background………………………………....………………….1 Objectives…………………….....……………………...……2 Significance of the Study…………………………........……2 Organization…………………………………………………2 2. OVERVIEW OF CHRISTIANITY DEVELOPMENT IN HONG KONG ….………………………......………….....………4 Definitions……………………………………….…………..4 Religions: Background…………………………...…………...7 Development of Christianity…………………………..……….8 Development of Catholicism …………………………..…….11 Development of Protestantism ……………………………….13 Development of Churches…………………………………..14 Church Activities………………………………..……………16 Government Attitude towards Religious Groups………….…17 The Way Forward for Protestantism……………………...…..18 3. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………….…….19 Development of Location Studies………………………….19 Location Theories Used in Dissertation ……………………20 Central Place Theory……………………………….………22 Land Value Theory…………………………………………27 Principle of Minimum Differentiation………………………..29 iii 4. METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………..31 Methodology………………………………………………….31 Geographical Areas Studied……………………......……….32 5. MACRO-PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS ………………………35 Results of the Telephone Directory Search…………..…….35 General Location Pattern of Catholic “churches”.……......…. ...36 General Location Pattern of Protestant “churches”………..…37 Analysis Based on the Central Place Theory………………..41 Possible Reasons Causing Distortion of Theoretical Locations……………………………..…….....44 6. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FROM A MICRO-PERSPECTIVE ………………………………………47 Analysis Based on the Land Value Theory……..................….47 Analysis Based on the Principle of Minimum Differentiation….…………………….55 7. CONCLUSION ……………………............................................ .60 Conclusion………………………………………………........60 Limitations and Further Study…………….....................…….61 APPENDICES 1. A Graphic Description of Christian Churches .......................................... 62 2. Address of Christian “churches” in New Territories ................................ 63 3. Address of Christian “churches” in Kowloon .......................................... 75 4. Address of Christian “churches” in Hong Kong Island ............................ 88 REFERENCES …………………………….....…………………...............94 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Branches of Christianity ............................................................................. 5 2. Thresholds and Ranges for Different Orders of Goods ............................ 24 3. Theoretical Spatial Arrangements of Retailers’ Market Areas ................ 25 4. Thünen’s Theory of Rent, Location and Resource Allocation ................. 28 5. 2007 District Council Electoral Boundaries ............................................. 34 6. Ownership of “churches” in Hong Kong .................................................. 36 7. Districts of “churches” in Hong Kong ...................................................... 38 8. Intensity of Christian “churches” in Hong Kong...................................... 40 9. The Location Patterns of Protestant and Catholic “churches” ................. 50 10. “churches” Locations in Shum Shui Po District ...................................... 51 11. “churches” Locations in Kwun Tong District ......................................... 51 12. “churches” location in Yau-Tsim-Mong District .................................... 52 13. Location Pattern of High-class Residential Developments, Protestant and Catholic “churches” .......................................................................... 53 14. Location of “churches” in Kowloon City District ................................... 54 15. The Advertisements of the “church” ....................................................... 57 16. Protestant “church” Advertisements on External Walls of High Rise Building ................................................................................................... 57 17. The “church” Advertisements on External Walls of Flats ...................... 57 18. The “church” Owned by a Major Protestant Denomination (Truth Lutheran Church) ......................................................................... 58 19. The “church” Owned by a Major Protestant Denomination (Ward Memorial Methodist Church)....................................................... 58 20. Location Pattern of Christian “churches” ................................................ 59 v LIST OF TABLES Figure Page 1. Distribution summary of Christian “churches” in 18 Districts ................. 39 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation could not finish on time without the help of many individuals. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Lawerence Wai-Chung Lai for his valuable support, opinion and advice. Secondly, I am grateful to Mr. Eric, Chi-kin Ho for the help in writing my dissertation. At last, I would like to give thanks to my family, classmates and friends for their support and encouragement. vii ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to find some explanations for the spatial pattern of Christian “churches” in Hong Kong from both macro (metropolitan-wide) and micro (district-wide) perspectives. Through examining the distribution pattern of the “churches” by location theories (Central Place Theory, Land Value Theory and the Principle of Minimum Differentiation), most economics factors influencing the location choice of churches are identified. The key finding is that the intention or rationale behind those economics factors is to maximize the number of adherents with the minimum costs. Moreover, it was found that a centralized and hierarchical administration (of the Catholic) can give a more consistently planned location. It was revealed that Catholic “churches” do have a pattern of consistently planned locations. While the Protestant “churches” are foot-loose. And the major reason for this is due to their different institutional arrangements. It is worthwhile to study the internal planning system of the Catholic “churches” in order to have a better understanding of location choice of the Christian “churches” in the future. viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background Hong Kong is a place enjoying a high degree of religious freedom under Articles 32 and 141 of the Basic Law and relevant legislation. The most important religions in Hong Kong, in alphabetic order, are Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism and Taoism. And Christianity is one of the major beliefs of residents of the city. The Christian community has been with Hong Kong for more than 100 years, and Christians have influenced all walks of life. They have been deeply involved in providing education, health care and social welfare services to the people in need, regardless of religion or nationality. Most importantly, they cater for the spiritual and pastoral needs of citizens through the religious services provided in churches. With development and the growing demand for space, both the price and rental levels of various kinds of properties in Hong Kong are always on the rise. Church buildings, the places where Christians assemble, are essential for the provision of religious services, and it is often difficult for them to pay high rents as they are mostly non-profit making organizations. Therefore, the location choice of a church building is an important one for the Christian community. However, the actual factors that contribute to the location patterns of the churches in Hong Kong today are unknown. Existing location theories may help find these factors. Many researches have been done on the location of industrial, office and retailing use, seeking to explain the size and spacing of human activities. 1 However, little or even no research has been done on the locations of churches. Since no location literature deals with the locations of Hong Kong Christian churches, this dissertation is a first attempt to explore the their locations using location theories. Objectives The objectives of this dissertation are as follows: (1) To review the development of Christianity in Hong Kong; (2) to recapitulate on the related location theories; (3) to examine the distribution pattern of Christian churches in Hong Kong from macro and micro perspectives; and (4) to identify the location determinants of churches in Hong Kong. Significance of the Study The study should provide to church leaders a better picture of the location patterns of churches. With such information, they can take into account potential
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