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Botswana Environment Statistics BOTSWANA ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS Published by Central Statistics Office Private Bag 0024, Gaborone Phone 3671300 Email: [email protected] Contact Statistician: Ditshupo Gaobotse Environment Statistics Unit Phone 3671395 Printed by and obtainable from: Department of Printing and Publishing Services Private Bag 0081, Gaborone Phone 3914441 Fax 3912001 October 2008 COPYRIGHT RESERVED Extracts may be published if Sources is duly acknowledged PREFACE This publication is the second edition of Botswana Environment Statistics by the Central Statistics Office. The first edition was published in 2000. In between the years, the office has compiled detailed statistical reports on Wildlife, Energy and Environmental Indicators. The compilation of Environment Statistics is dictated by recognition of the fact that in order to achieve sustainable development, the natural resources and the environment which are used in development processes have to be taken into consideration in development planning. The CSO did not conduct any survey to come up with data presented in this publication, rather the department used secondary data collected from various government departments, ministries, parastatals, NGOs, and private companies. The Pressure - State - Response Model was used in preparing this publication. The model is based on a Framework for Development of Environmental Statistics developed by the United Nations Statistical Division. It looks at human activities as the 'Pressure' on the environment. Such activities include the production of goods and services; for example the production and consumption of water. The impacts of human activities on the environment are the 'State'. The quality of water is an aspect of the state of the environment. The 'Response' is the reaction to the state of the environment by governments, Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and individuals. The response is intended to 'control, counter, reverse or avoid negative impacts' and to generate, promote or reinforce positive ones.' Environment-related Government policies and laws, and International Conventions are the responses. Most of the data published here reflect the “pressure” and the “response” parts of the model; data on the “state” is often not available. Environmental issues covered are Climate, Land, Population, Water, Agriculture, Wildlife, Forestry, Energy, Mining, NGOs involved in environment work, and environment related legislation. The CSO acknowledges and extends gratitude to various departments and/or organizations that provided the information used in this publication. Thank you. A. Majelantle Government Statistician i CONTENTS PREFACE…………………………………………………………………. i CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….. ii LIST OF ABREVIATIONS…………………………………………….... iv INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………. 1 1.0 CLIMATE………………………………………………………………….. 9 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 9 1.2 Temperatures…………………………………………………………….... 9 1.3 Rainfall…………………………………………………………………..... 13 2.0 POPULATION INVENTORY…………………………………………….. 17 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 17 2.2 Demographic Indicators…………………………………………………… 17 2.3 Population Density………………………………………………………… 18 2.4 Population Distribution………………………………………………….... 19 3.0 LAND………………………………………………………………………… 20 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 20 3.2 Land Classification………………………………………………………… 20 3.3 Land Tenure………………………………………………………………… 21 3.4 Changes in Land Use……………………………………………………….. 24 3.5 Pressure on Land……………………………………………………………. 36 4.0 WATER RESOURCES IN BOTSWANA…………………………………. 37 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 37 4.2 Uses of Water……………………………………………………………….. 38 4.3 Sources of Water…………………………………………………………….. 38 4.4 Water Abstraction…………………………………………………………... 41 4.5 Water Consumption (ground water)………………………………………… 61 4.6 Water Consumption (surface water)……………………………………….... 67 4.7 Pressure on Water Resources………………………………………………… 74 4.8 Water Quality………………………………………………………………… 75 5.0 ARABLE PRODUCTION INVENTORY…………………………………. 85 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 85 5.2 Major Food Crops, Planted Areas and Yields……………………………... 86 5.3 Production of Major Crops by Region…………………………………….. 93 5.4 Impact of Agriculture on the Environment………………………………… 97 5.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants………………………………………………. 98 6.0 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION INVENTORY……………………………. 113 ii 6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 113 6.2 Livestock Farming Methods……………………………………………….. 114 6.3 Livestock Breeding………………………………………………………… 114 6.4 Impacts of livestock on the Environment………………………………….. 115 6.5 Trend of Livestock Population……………………………………………… 116 7.0 WILDLIFE INVENTORY…………………………………………………. 134 7.1 Wildlife Population Estimates………………………………………………. 134 7.2Wildlife Population by Districts……………………………………………… 137 7.3 Wildlife Population Estimates in Protected Areas…………………………... 145 7.4 Poaching Status……………………………………………………………… 151 8.0 FORESTRY………………………………………………………………… 183 8.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 183 8.2 Desertification………………………………………………………………. 183 8.3 Wildland Fires (veld fires)………………………………………………….. 184 8.4 Reforestration……………………………………………………………….. 187 8.5 Forest Management………………………………………………………….. 188 8.6 Endangered species………………………………………………………….. 189 8.7 Veld products…………………………………………………………………190 9.0 ENERGY INVENTORY…………………………………………………….. 191 9.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 191 9.2 Available Energy Carriers…………………………………………………….. 191 9.3 Final Energy Demand………………………………………………………….. 205 10.0 MINING……………………………………………………………………… 212 10.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 212 10.2 Mining Inventory……………………………………………………………. 212 11.0 NGO’S IN ENVIRONMENT RELATED WORK………………………… 228 12.0 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT RELATED LEGISLATION……………...232 iii Miscellaneous Abbreviations Chemical Names of Gases and Substances AEA Agricultural Extension Areas Ca Calcium AH Area Harvested CO2 Carbon dioxide AP Area Planted CH4 Methane AP Areal Proportion GHG Greenhouse gas ARAP Accelerated Rain fed Arable Programme HC Hydrocarbons AYH Average Crop Yield per Hectare H2SO4 Sulphuric Acid BCL Bamangwato Concessions Limited SO2 Sulphur dioxide BEMP Botswana Energy Master Plan SOX Sulphur oxides BLDC Botswana Livestock Development Corporation SO4 Sulphate BMC Botswana Meat Commission N2O Nitrous oxide BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand NOX Nitrogen oxides BPC Botswana Power Corporation NO3 Nitrates CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Cl Chlorine CFIMP Chobe Forests' Inventory and Management Project CI2 Chloride Residual COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Cu Copper CSO Central Statistics Office F Fluorides DEMS Department of Electrical and Mechanical Services Fe Iron DGS Department of Geological Services H2O Water DS Destumping Scheme LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas DWA Department of Water Affairs Mg Magnesium DWNP Department of wildlife and National Parks Na Sodium EAD Energy Affairs Division Ni Nickel FEC/FED Final Energy Consumption / Final Energy Demand PO4 Phosphorus FR Forest Reserve Pb Lead FPDP Forestry Protection and Development Project PH Degree of acidity or alkalinity GR Game Reserve PH4 Potential Hydrogen GS Growing Stock TDS Total Dissolved Solids GTZ Germany Technical Cooperation TH Total Hardness Ha Hectare Zn Zinc LTAs Long-term Averages MAI Mean Annual Increment Abbreviations Symbols Used in Tables MCM Million Cubic Metres - Zero Values MMEWA Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Affairs .. Not Available MoA Ministry of Agriculture n/a Not Applicable NADP National Agricultural Development policy n/s Not Stated NCS National Conservation Strategy TJ Terajoules NCSA National Conservation Strategy Co-ordinating Agency Past/arab/resid Pasture, arable and Residential area NES Net Energy Supply NGO Non-Government Organisations NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NP National Park NTU Neo Turbidity Unity OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Protected Areas iv PA Proportion of Land that is Planted PLP Primary Energy Supply PES Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs Proportion of Planted Area that is Harvested PPH Pressure State Response PSR Proportion of Total Crop Production PTC Quarantine and Botswana Livestock Development Corporation QBLDC Ranches Southern African Development Community SADC State of the Environment Reporting SOER Tribal Grazing Land Policy TGLP Trans-Frontier Conservation Area TFCA Total Hardness TH Total Production TP Total Suspended Particulates TSP Wildlife Management Areas WMAs Water Stress Ratio WSR Water Utilities Corporation WUC v INTRODUCTION Botswana is endowed with a range of natural resources. Some of the resources are renewable while others are non renewable. Due to the pressure exerted on the resources by human activities, the resources have a potential to deplete or degrade. This therefore calls for the sustainable use of natural resources in economic development hence the concept of sustainable development. It is noted that in a lot of cases, economic planners separate environmental factors from economic planning. In a bid to consider environmental issues in planning, the Government of Botswana formulated the National Conservation Strategy as a vehicle through which sustainable economic development can be achieved. The Strategy identified major environmental problems in Botswana as follows: • Pressure on water resources • Degradation of rangeland pasture resources • Depletion of wood resources • Exploitation of veldt products • Pollution • Resource pressure due to growth in human population • Depletion and conservation of wildlife resources • The need to improve environmental awareness
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