DOCSLIB.ORG

68000 MICROPROCESSOR Also by the Author from TAB BOOKS Inc

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
68000 MICROPROCESSOR Also by the Author from TAB BOOKS Inc MASTERING THE 68000 MICROPROCESSOR Also by the Author from TAB BOOKS Inc. 1656 The Programming Guide to the Z80™ Chip MASTERING THE MICROPROCESSOR PHILLIP R. ROBINSON FIRST EDITION FIRST PRINTING Copyright © 1985 by TAB BOOKS Inc. Printed in the United States of America Reproduction or publication of the content in any manner, without express permission of the publisher, is prohibited. No liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information herein. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Robinson, Phillip R. Mastering the 68000 microprocessor. On t.p. the registered trademark symbol "TM" is superscript following "6800" in the title. Includes index. 1. Motorola 68000 (Microprocessor) I. Title. QA76.8.M6895R63 1985 001.64 85-4666 ISBN 0-8306-0886-9 ISBN 0-8306-1886-4 (pbk.) MC68000 is a trademark of Motorola Inc. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xv 1 Why Bother About Microprocessors? 1 Power and Popularity 1 Standardization Versus Specialization 3 Cost and Yield 3 Intel's Breakthrough 4 Microprocessor Evolution 5 Microprocessors and Microcomputers 6 Software Versus Hardware 7 Compatibility and Chip Families 7 2 Architecture 9 History and Design Philosophy 9 68000 History-Power Versus Compatibility 8, 16, or 32 Bits 11 Buses 13 Data Bus-Address Bus-Control Bus Registers 15 General Purpose-Special Purpose Arithmetic LogiC Unit 17 Decoder 17 Prefetch Queue 19 Addressing Modes 20 Data Types 20 Instructions 20 Operating Modes 20 Speed 21 Interrupts and Exceptions 22 3 Registers 23 Register Advantages 23 Register Types 24 68000 General-Purpose Registers 25 Data Registers-Address Registers 68000 Special-Purpose Registers 26 Stack Pointers-Status Register-Program Counter 4 Addressing 35 Operand Sizes 35 The Shape of Memory 36 Registers-Memory Addressing Modes 38 Register Specification-Effective Address-Syntax-Register Direct Modes-Memory Address Modes-Special Addressing Modes-Quick Immediate-Absolute Addressing-Relative Addressing-Implicit Reference Addressing Importance of Addressing Modes 46 5 Instruction Groups 47 You Don't Have to Learn Them All 48 Instruction Groups 49 Data Movement-Integer Arithmetic-Decimal-Logical-Shift and Rotate-Bit Manipulation­ Program Control Operations-System Control-Nothing Instructions Summary 76 6 Instruction Set n 7 Exceptions 157 Polling, Interrupts, and Exceptions 157 68000 Processing States 158 68000 Privilege Modes 158 User Mode-Supervisor Mode Reference Classification 160 Exception Processing 160 Types of Exceptions-Exception Priorities Summary 163 8 The 68000 Family 165 CPU Chips 167 68000-68008--68010-68020-68200 Peripheral Chips 183 68881 FPC-68851 PMMU-68451 MMU-68452 BAM-68120 IPC-68440 DDMA-68450 DMAC-68230 PlfT Data Communications Chips 192 68652 MPCC-68653 PGC-68661 EPCI-68681 DUART-68562 DUSCC-68564 SIO Mostek Peripheral Chips 194 68901 MFP-68564 S10-68345 FIFO-68590 LANCE Summary 194 9 Assembly Language 195 Computer Languages 195 Machine Language-Assembly Language-High-Level Languages-A Quick Comparison Language Selection 200 Using a 68000 Assembler 201 Op Code Mnemonics-Directives-Syntax-Format Macro Assemblers and Cross Assemblers 204 10 68000-Based Systems 207 Sinclair QL 208 IBM System 9000 209 Apple LISA and Apple Macintosh 209 Dimension 211 Convergent Technologies MiniFrame and MegaFrame 213 Synapse N+1 214 Index 215 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Preface Most introductions to microprocessors center on vanced concepts such as frame pointers, supervisor 8-bit chips. Because I6-bit chips such as the 68000 mode, and memory management, but you don't have microprocessor are powerful, they are often con­ to use them. sidered too complicated for beginners. I want this The 68000 can be used for simple programs just book to fight that image and that custom. as an 8-bit chip can. But if you have a complicated The 68000 is far more powerful than the 8-bit data structure or routine to program, the 68000 will chips that were the basis of the first personal com­ make your life easier because it provides you with puters, but it is also, in many ways, easier to use. more tools for implementing such things. An 8-bit This pair of characteristics-power and ease of chip makes you do all the work with long sequences use-haven't washed away all of the reasons to learn of simple instructions: the 68000 lets you use just about 8-bit chips. The best chips of the 8-bit genera­ a few, more powerful instructions. Many functions tion are still used and programmed in personal com­ that took planning and programming on an 8-bit puters, controllers, and instrumentation. But for chip are reduced to a single, automatic operation those who want to keep up-to-date, or to catch up on the 68000. This process appears in many on technology, I6-bit chips are the natural choice. technologies and is particularly strong in microelec­ They are built into most new microprocessor-based tronics. While the chips become more powerful, us­ systems including virtually all new personal com­ ing them doesn't get more difficult (which is nice puters. because we aren't getting smarter). The elemental The 68000 is no more difficult to program than functions of the chips just keep advancing. Multiply­ any of the 8-bit chips. It just has more depth and ing I6-bit numbers or setting up a portion of the more capability than those chips. Sure, to get the stack for a subroutine was a major programming full use of the 68000 you must understand ad- task on a 4-bit microprocessor and required a ix carefully written subroutine on an 8-bit chip. Do­ shouldn't start with the 68000: it is one of the two ing the same jobs on a I6-bit chip such as the 68000 most popular 16-bit chips, and you can apply the only requires a single instruction. 68000 concepts you learn to 8-, 16-, or 32-chips. Keep in mind that you don't have to use all or In fact, the 68000 is more than a 16-bit even most of the 68000's power. By learning a few microprocessor. Many of its features handle 32-bits instructions and addressing modes, you can begin at a time. The 68000 family-which is also de­ to write fast, practical, and clean routines and scribed in this book-is a set of chips that includes programs. the 68008 (found in inexpensive home computers) If you're an old hand in the microprocessor and the 68020 (a full 32-bit chip that is found in business, you'll know that the 68000 is one of the super-minicomputers). Learn about the 68000 and most widely used 16-bit chips. If you're new to you will know most of the details of these chips, too. microprocessors, there is a no reason why you x Acknowledgments I would like to thank Cindy Martin, my wife, who sending me foundation materials for this book to ac­ helps me continue my real life while I'm caught up cepting my pleas for more time. in the pages of a book. I also thank the people at The people in the computer industry, from chip­ TAB BOOKS Inc. (especially Kimberly Tabor, Ray­ makers to computer crafters, who sent me informa­ mond Collins, Sandy Shatzer, and Leslie Wenger) tion and photographs of their products helped me who were patient and helpful all the way from greatly. These include the following individuals: Stan Victor of Mostek Corporation. David Anderson, James Lovegrove, Susan Dunn, and Lothar Stem of Motorola Inc. Erica Vogler of Apple Computer Corporation. Jill Palmquist of Corvus Systems. Barbara Henry of Micro Craft Corporation. Donna Caruso of Charles River Data Corporation. Mike Radisich and Dennis Steiner of Hewlett- Packard. Rick Bennett of Synapse Computer Corporation. Tracy Adams of Convergent Technologies. Leslie Baba of Callan Data Systems. Sinclair Research, Ltd. xi MASTERING THE 68000 MICROPROCESSOR Introduction This book has two purposes. First, it introduces you structions, this book covers each vital part of the to microprocessors using the 68000 chip as a guide. chip. There are some advanced details of the 68000 If you are unfamiliar with microcomputing that this book doesn't attempt to cover, including technology, the 68000 is an excellent choice as a first such things as the exact timing of instructions, the microprocessor. Despite its deserved reputation as interfacing of peripherals, and the algorithms for a very powerful 16-bit microprocessor, the 68000 assembly language subroutines. Those subjects are can be both understood and used by beginners. The better left to the original literature from the chip­ fundamental programming elements of the maker or a book dedicated to this subject. 68000-from instructions to addressing modes-are My intention is to present the software side of no more complicated to learn than those of far less the 68000 in a simple and painless way. If you want powerful 8-bit chips. But because those elements to learn about the hardware side of the 68000, you contain more punch and because the 68000 family still need to know what is in this book. After you includes chips with advanced instructions and have read it, then you'll be ready to study the memory addressing schemes, a 68000 program gets manufacturers' hardware details and specifications. more done than a comparable program for an 8-bit Chapter 1 explains the genesis and the impor­ chip. For that reason, if you are familiar with tance of microprocessors and the 68000. This is not microcomputing, you'll probably have heard of the a detailed history-plenty of those have been writ­ power and influence of the 68000 microprocessor. ten elsewhere. Instead, Chapter 1 is just a refresher The second purpose of this book is to present on the reasons why any of us bother with these tiny the fundamental information you need to under­ and complicated chips along with some suggestions stand and write 68000 assembly language pro­ on how to use this book.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Build a Swtpc 6800
    Southwest Technical Products Corporation 6800 Computer System The Southwest Technical Products 6800 computer system is based upon the Motorola MC6800 microprocessor unit (MPU) and its matching support devices. The 6800 system was chosen for our computer because this set of parts is currently in our opinion the "Benchmark Family" for microprocessor computer systems. It makes it possible for us to provide you with an outstanding computer system having a minimum of parts, but with outstanding versatility and ease of use. In addition to the outstanding hardware system, the Motorola 6800 has without question the most complete set of documentation yet made available for a microprocessor system. The 714 page Applications Manual, for example, contains material on programming techniques, system organization, input/output techniques, hardware characteristics, peripheral control techniques, and more. Also available is a Programmers Manual which details the various types of software available for the system and instructions for programming and using the unique interface system that is part of the 6800 system. The M6800 family of parts minimizes the number of, required components and support parts, provides extremely simple interfacing to external devices and has outstanding documentation. The MC6800 is an eight-bit parallel microprocessor with addressing capability of up to 45,536 words (BYTES) of data. The system is TTL compatible requiring only a single fine-volt power supply. All devices and memory in the 6800 computer family are connected to an 8-bit bi-directional data bus. In addition to this a 16-bit address bus is provided to specify memory location. This later bus is also used as a tool to specify the particular input/ output device to be selected when the 6800 family interface devices are used.
    [Show full text]
  • Exorciser USER's GUIDE
    M6809EXOR(D1) ®MOTOROLA M6809 EXORciser User's Guide MICROSYSTEMS M6809EXOR (Dl} SEPTEMBER 1979 M6809 EXORciser USER'S GUIDE The information in this document has been carefully checked and is believed to be entirely reliable. However, no res pons i bi 1ity is assumed for inaccuracies. Furthermore, Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any products herein to improve reliability, function, or design. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. EXORciser®, EXORdisk, and EXbug are trademarks of Motorola Inc. First Edition ©Copyright 1979 by Motorola Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.2 FEATURES 1-1 1.3 SPECIFICATIONS 1-2 1.4 EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED 1-2 1.5 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1-3 1.5.1 EXORciser Memory Parity 1-3 1.5.2 Dual Map Concepts 1-5 1.5.3 Second level Interrupt Feature 1-7 1.5.4 Dynamic System Bus 1-10 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS AND HARDWARE PREPARATION 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 2.2 UNPACKING INSTRUCTIONS 2-1 2.3 INSPECTION 2-1 2.4 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 2-1 2.5 DATA TERMINAL SELECTION AND CONNECTIONS 2-2 2.5.1 RS-232C Interconnections 2-2 2.5.2 20mA Current loop Interconnections 2-2 2.6 PREPARATION OF SYSTEM MODULES 2-2 CHAPTER 3 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3.2 SWITCHES AND INDICATORS 3-1 3.2.1 Front Panel Switches and Indicators 3-1 3.2.2 Switches on the DEbug Module 3-2 3.3 INITIALIZATION 3-3 3.3.1
    [Show full text]
  • January 1977 I
    CALIFORNIA STATE UN:::VERSITY, NORTHRIDGE HICROPROCESSORS / A graduate p~ojc~t report s~~oitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering .. I by Thor,las Carson Hecht ~- .January 1977 i The graduate project report of Thomas Carson Hecht is approved: California State University, Northridge Oitober 1976 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE i. 1-.PPROVAL PAGE i.i LIST OF FIGURES i.v ABSTRP.C'I' vii INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1'0 MICROPROCESSORS 3 THE 6800 HINIHAL SYSTEM 7 THE HICROCOMPUTER ... , .. ,~ .. c•<~c•••••••••••••,.tt•••••••.••,•·•••••-~~·•'~••oo 18 }!ICROELECTRONIC P.ESISTOiZS AND RESISTOR TRH'lMING 31 AJ!FL ICATT.O!'·! OF THE HICROCOI'-1PUTER TO LASER TRIH~llNG R),DJIR ERRORS AND THEIR CORRECTION 65 THE ERROR COF,RECI'TON SYSTEM •••••••c••••.,••••••••••••••• .. •-ta•••••·• 69 THE HICROPROCESSOR SYSTEN 34 LIHJ.TATWNS AND ACCURACY 97 SUNNARY 100 APPENDIX A 6800 IN.~)J'RUC.TIO.N S.&T •••••••••••••••••••• 102 APPEND IX E HOTOIWLA 6800 .CI.ROJ LTS -t.~ ...... ~ ... , ............. ~ ............... 105 lJ:'FENDIX C C.ALCJJL.A.TOR .CHIP DATA SH.EET •• , , .•••• , .•••.•••••••••••• llO 'I + .. .;:,. .. t •· II " • • • 115 BIBLlOGR.t,PHY ••••••••• otto'W ...... ll9 Li.i LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: THE 6800 Mli'Hr·L'\L SYSTEH FIGURE 2: OPERATION OF THE ACIA FIGURE 3: OPERATION OF THE PIA FIGURE Lf: BLOCK DIAGRP..H OF THE PIA/CALCULATOR CHIP INTERFACE FIGURE 5: SCHEHATIC AND TRUTH TABLE OF THE PRIOP.ITY ENCODER FIGURE 6: SCHElv!ATIC OF THE QUAD AND FIGURE 7: SCHEHATIC OF 'I'JIE TNTERRUPT PRIORITY CIRCUIT FIGURE 8: LOCATIONS ADDRESSED BY THE MPU FOR DIFFERENT PRIORITY Ii'fTERlWPTS FIGURE 9: .tv1EHORY H1\P OF THE MICROCOl1PUTER FIGURE 10: CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE USING SQUARES AND SHEET RESISTANCE FIGURE 11: DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRIHS FIGURE 12: RESISTANCE AS A FUNCTION OF TRHllviiNG FIGURE 13: PLOT OF % OF INCREASE IN RESISTANCE VS.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 1: Course Introduction G Course Organization G Historical Overview G Computer Organization G Why the MC68000? G Why Assembly Language?
    Lecture 1: Course introduction g Course organization g Historical overview g Computer organization g Why the MC68000? g Why assembly language? Microprocessor-based System Design 1 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course organization g Grading Instructor n Exams Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna g 1 midterm and 1 final Office: 401 Russ n Homework Tel:775-5120 g 4 problem sets (not graded) [email protected] n Quizzes http://www.cs.wright.edu/~rgutier g Biweekly Office hours: TBA n Laboratories g 5 Labs Teaching Assistant g Grading scheme Mohammed Tabrez Office: 339 Russ [email protected] Weight (%) Office hours: TBA Quizes 20 Laboratory 40 Midterm 20 Final Exam 20 Microprocessor-based System Design 2 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course outline g Module I: Programming (8 lectures) g MC68000 architecture (2) g Assembly language (5) n Instruction and addressing modes (2) n Program control (1) n Subroutines (2) g C language (1) g Module II: Peripherals (9) g Exception processing (1) g Devices (6) n PI/T timer (2) n PI/T parallel port (2) n DUART serial port (1) g Memory and I/O interface (1) g Address decoding (2) Microprocessor-based System Design 3 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Brief history of computers GENERATION FEATURES MILESTONES YEAR NOTES Asia Minor, Abacus 3000BC Only replaced by paper and pencil Mech., Blaise Pascal, Pascaline 1642 Decimal addition (8 decimal figs) Early machines Electro- Charles Babbage Differential Engine 1823 Steam powered (3000BC-1945) mech. Herman Hollerith,
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
    The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Architectures
    Computer Architectures Motorola 68000, 683xx a ColdFire – CISC CPU Principles Demonstrated Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering AE0B36APO Computer Architectures Ver.1.10 1 Original Desktop/Workstation 680X0 Feature 68000 'EC000 68010 68020 68030 68040 68060 Data bus 16 8/16 16 8/16/32 8/16/32 32 32 Addr bus 23 23 23 32 32 32 32 Misaligned Addr - - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Virtual memory - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Instruct Cache - - 3 256 256 4096 8192 Data Cache - - - - 256 4096 8192 Memory manager 68451 or 68851 68851 Yes Yes Yes ATC entries - - - - 22 64/64 64/64 FPU interface - - - 68881 or 68882 Internal FPU built-in FPU - - - - - Yes Yes Burst Memory - - - - Yes Yes Yes Bus Cycle type asynchronous both synchronous Data Bus Sizing - - - Yes Yes use 68150 Power (watts) 1.2 0.13-0.26 0.13 1.75 2.6 4-6 3.9-4.9 at frequency of 8.0 8-16 8 16-25 16-50 25-40 50-66 MIPS/kDhryst. 1.2/2.1 2.5/4.3 6.5/11 14/23 35/60 100/300 Transistors 68k 84k 190k 273k 1,170k 2,500k Introduction 1979 1982 1984 1987 1991 1994 AE0B36APO Computer Architectures 2 M68xxx/CPU32/ColdFire – Basic Registers Set 31 16 15 8 7 0 User programming D0 D1 model registers D2 D3 DATA REGISTERS D4 D5 D6 D7 16 15 0 A0 A1 A2 A3 ADDRESS REGISTERS A4 A5 A6 16 15 0 A7 (USP) USER STACK POINTER 0 PC PROGRAM COUNTER 15 8 7 0 0 CCR CONDITION CODE REGISTER 31 16 15 0 A7# (SSP) SUPERVISOR STACK Supervisor/system POINTER 15 8 7 0 programing model (CCR) SR STATUS REGISTER 31 0 basic registers VBR VECTOR BASE REGISTER 31 3 2 0 SFC ALTERNATE FUNCTION DFC CODE REGISTERS AE0B36APO Computer Architectures 3 Status Register – Conditional Code Part USER BYTE SYSTEM BYTE (CONDITION CODE REGISTER) 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 T1 T0 S 0 0 I2 I1 I0 0 0 0 X N Z V C TRACE INTERRUPT EXTEND ENABLE PRIORITY MASK NEGATIVE SUPERVISOR/USER ZERO STATE OVERFLOW CARRY ● N – negative ..
    [Show full text]
  • RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (Built 15Th February 2018)
    RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (built 15th February 2018) CONTENTS I RTEMS CPU Architecture Supplement1 1 Preface 5 2 Port Specific Information7 2.1 CPU Model Dependent Features...........................8 2.1.1 CPU Model Name...............................8 2.1.2 Floating Point Unit..............................8 2.2 Multilibs........................................9 2.3 Calling Conventions.................................. 10 2.3.1 Calling Mechanism.............................. 10 2.3.2 Register Usage................................. 10 2.3.3 Parameter Passing............................... 10 2.3.4 User-Provided Routines............................ 10 2.4 Memory Model..................................... 11 2.4.1 Flat Memory Model.............................. 11 2.5 Interrupt Processing.................................. 12 2.5.1 Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler...................... 12 2.5.2 Interrupt Levels................................ 12 2.5.3 Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS...................... 12 2.6 Default Fatal Error Processing............................. 14 2.7 Symmetric Multiprocessing.............................. 15 2.8 Thread-Local Storage................................. 16 2.9 CPU counter...................................... 17 2.10 Interrupt Profiling................................... 18 2.11 Board Support Packages................................ 19 2.11.1 System Reset................................. 19 3 ARM Specific Information 21 3.1 CPU Model Dependent Features..........................
    [Show full text]
  • ED135388.Pdf
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 135 388 IB 004 499 AUTHOR Kirby, Paul J.; Gardner, Edward M. Tin! Microcomputer Controlled, interactive Testing Terminal Development. INSTITUTION Air Force Human Resources lab., Lowry AFB, Colo. Technical Training Div. SPONS AGENCY Air Force Human Resources Lab., Brooks AFB, Texas. REPORT NO AIHEI-TR-76-66 PUB DATE Oct 76 NOTE 27p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Autcinstructional Aids; Computer Programs; *Computer Science; *Individual Tests; Man Machine Systems; Self Pacing Machines; *Testing; *Test Scoring Machines IDENTIFIERS Microcomputers ABSTRACT The evolution of a self-contained test scoring terminal is presented. The rationale for thedesign is presented along with an evolutionary description ofthe requirements for the system. The sequence of software andhardware tools, which were developed in order to build the device, are alsodescribed in this report. The resulting device,which contains an imbedded microcomputer is functionally described and the testingstrategies which it cur.rently supports axe presented.(Author) *********************************************************************** * Dcraents acquired by ERIC include many informalunpublished * *materls not available from other sources. ERICmakes every effort * *to obtain tbe best copyavailable. Nevertheless, items of marginal * *reproducibility are often encountered andthis affects the quality * *of the microfiche and hardcopyxeproductions ERIC makes available * *via the ERIC Document ReproductionService (EDRS). EDRS is not * *responsible
    [Show full text]
  • Programmable Digital Microcircuits - a Survey with Examples of Use
    - 237 - PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL MICROCIRCUITS - A SURVEY WITH EXAMPLES OF USE C. Verkerk CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1. Introduction For most readers the title of these lecture notes will evoke microprocessors. The fixed instruction set microprocessors are however not the only programmable digital mi• crocircuits and, although a number of pages will be dedicated to them, the aim of these notes is also to draw attention to other useful microcircuits. A complete survey of programmable circuits would fill several books and a selection had therefore to be made. The choice has rather been to treat a variety of devices than to give an in- depth treatment of a particular circuit. The selected devices have all found useful ap• plications in high-energy physics, or hold promise for future use. The microprocessor is very young : just over eleven years. An advertisement, an• nouncing a new era of integrated electronics, and which appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics News, is generally considered its birth-certificate. The adver• tisement was for the Intel 4004 and its three support chips. The history leading to this announcement merits to be recalled. Intel, then a very young company, was working on the design of a chip-set for a high-performance calculator, for and in collaboration with a Japanese firm, Busicom. One of the Intel engineers found the Busicom design of 9 different chips too complicated and tried to find a more general and programmable solu• tion. His design, the 4004 microprocessor, was finally adapted by Busicom, and after further négociation, Intel acquired marketing rights for its new invention.
    [Show full text]
  • Technician's Guide to 68HC11 Microcontroller.Pdf
    chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Hardware Objectives I ntr odu ct ion to Com put er H ardw are After completing this chapter, you should be able to: ◗ Describe the fundamental elements of every computer system: proces- sor, memory, and input/output ◗ Compare elements of the HC11 block diagram to the fundamentals of every computer system ◗ Describe the use of busses to connect computer elements ◗ Explain the three major functional units of a processor ◗ Illustrate the typical registers inside the processor ◗ List the HC11 processor registers ◗ Discuss the HC11 processor modes ◗ Compare and contrast various memory types ◗ Describe the on-chip memory of the HC11 ◗ Specify input/output functions present on most computers ◗ Use some basic BUFFALO commands to control the EVBU Outline ◗ 1.1 Elements of Every Computer ◗ 1.2 Elements of Processors ◗ 1.3 Introduction to Memory ◗ 1.4 Memory Types ◗ 1.5 Input/Output 1 ◗ 1.6 EVBU/BUFFALO Technician’s Guide to the 68HC11 Microcontroller Introduction Computer systems have been developed for a variety of functions and purposes. General-application desktop machines are the most common. They run a variety of software applications, such as word processing, financial management and data processing. They have all but replaced the typewriter as a necessary business tool. Computers are also present in automobiles, appliances, airplanes and all types of controllers and electromechanical devices. Despite the differences among these computer systems, they all share fundamental components and design. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an understanding of the fundamental components of a computer system. A conceptual presentation regarding the elements of every computer system is made with sufficient detail to establish a foundation for these concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • Gestalt Manager 1
    CHAPTER 1 Gestalt Manager 1 This chapter describes how you can use the Gestalt Manager and other system software facilities to investigate the operating environment. You need to know about the 1 operating environment if your application takes advantage of hardware (such as a Gestalt Manager floating-point unit) or software (such as Color QuickDraw) that is not available on all Macintosh computers. You can also use the Gestalt Manager to inform the Operating System that your software is present and to find out about other software registered with the Gestalt Manager. The Gestalt Manager is available in system software versions 6.0.4 and later. The MPW software development system and some other development environments supply code that allows you to use the Gestalt Manager on earlier system software versions; check the documentation provided with your development system. In system software versions earlier than 6.0.4, you can retrieve a limited description of the operating environment with the SysEnvirons function, also described in this chapter. You need to read this chapter if you take advantage of specific hardware or software features that may not be present on all versions of the Macintosh, or if you wish to inform other software that your software is present in the operating environment. This chapter describes how the Gestalt Manager works and then explains how you can ■ determine whether the Gestalt Manager is available ■ call the Gestalt function to investigate the operating environment ■ make information about your own hardware or software available to other applications ■ retrieve a limited description of the operating environment even if the Gestalt Manager is not available About the Gestalt Manager 1 The Macintosh family of computers includes models that use a number of different processors, some accompanied by a floating-point unit (FPU) or memory management unit (MMU).
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Applications of Field Programmable Gate
    DISSERTATION APPLICATIONS OF FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS FOR ENGINE CONTROL Submitted by Matthew Viele Department of Mechanical Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2012 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Bryan D. Willson Anthony J. Marchese Robert N. Meroney Wade O. Troxell ABSTRACT APPLICATIONS OF FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS FOR ENGINE CONTROL Automotive engine control is becoming increasingly complex due to the drivers of emissions, fuel economy, and fault detection. Research in to new engine concepts is often limited by the ability to control combustion. Traditional engine-targeted micro controllers have proven difficult for the typical engine researchers to use and inflexible for advanced concept engines. With the advent of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based engine control system, many of these impediments to research have been lowered. This dissertation will talk about three stages of FPGA engine controller appli- cation. The most basic and widely distributed is the FPGA as an I/O coprocessor, tracking engine position and performing other timing critical low-level tasks. A later application of FPGAs is the use of microsecond loop rates to introduce feedback con- trol on the crank angle degree level. Lastly, the development of custom real-time computing machines to tackle complex engine control problems is presented. This document is a collection of papers and patents that pertain to the use of FPGAs for the above tasks. Each task is prefixed with a prologue section to give the history of the topic and context of the paper in the larger scope of FPGA based engine control.
    [Show full text]