DOCSLIB.ORG

Table of Contents Part I: Sociobiology and Its Ethical Implications — The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Table of Contents Part I: Sociobiology and Its Ethical Implications — The Table of Contents Preface VII Acknowledgments X Introduction: Nature of Philosophy and Philosophy of Nature 1 The Nature of Philosophy and Its Relation to Science 3 a) Metaphysics as an Essential Task of Philosophy 3 b) Metaphysics Entrenched in Science 4 c) Science as Philosophy and Art 5 d) The Dialogue Between Philosophy and Science 6 The Philosophy of Nature — Universal Darwinism and Its Transcendence 7 a) The Glory and Poverty of Gene-Darwinism — The Need for a Third Way 8 b) A Strict Definition of Darwinism and Process-Darwinism 10 c) From Darwinism to an Evolutionary Theory of Evolution 12 d) The Philosophy of Nature after Times of Ecological and Economic Crisis 16 e) Darwinism, Religion and Philosophy 18 One Long Argument — Outline of the Book 22 Part I: Sociobiology and Its Ethical Implications — The Cause of this Investigation 29 Chapter 1: Sociobiology as Discipline and Paradigm 31 1.1 Two Basic Postulates 33 a) The Postulate of'Selfish' Genes as the Only Units of Evolution 33 b) The Postulate of Genie or Biological Determinism 35 1.2 The Main Theories of the Evolution of Apparent Altruism — Sociobiological Theorems? 36 a) The Theory of Kin Selection 37 b) The Theory of Reciprocal 'Altruism' 38 Chapter 2: Ethical Implications — The Morality of the Gene? 41 2.1 Biology and Ethics: Different but Not Unrelated 42 2.2 Philosophical Reactions and Some Accounts of a 'Sociobiological Ethics' 45 Bibliografische Informationen digitalisiert durch http://d-nb.info/1019447397 Table of Contents XIII 2.3 The Moral of the Gene? — 'The Currency Used in the Casino of Evolution Is Survival' 51 2.4 Même 'Altruisms'? - A Further Extension of the Sociobiological Paradigm 57 a) Mêmes — A Limited Comeback of the Idea of Logos 57 b) Problems of the Extended Genetic-Memetic Approach as a Basis for Ethics 59 2.5 The Need for a New Paradigm in Biology 62 Part II: The Unfolding of Logos in Regard to the Conceptions of'Physis' and Darwinism 65 Chapter 3: The Unfolding of the Pre-Darwinian Philosphical Conceptions of Nature 69 3.1 The Ancient Views of tpùaiç — Nature as Organism 69 a) From Myth to the Pre-Socratics — The Development of Basic Notions 70 b) Platonism — Physis as Techne' 71 c) Aristotelianism — Physis as 'Autopoiesis' 72 3.2 Medieval Philosophy — The Divine De-enchantment of Nature 73 a) The World as 'Machina Mundi' 74 b) The Human as 'Alter Deus' 75 c) Universalia — From Realism to Nominalism 75 3.3 Modem Philosophy — Nature as Clockwork; Creator as Watchmaker 76 a) The Rise of Science — The Alter Deus Explores the Clockwork of God: Copernicus, Bacon, Newton 76 b) Humanism — The Alter Deus Replaces the Christian Deus 78 c) Descartes and Kant — Dualism of Human Freedom and the Clockwork of Nature 79 d) Idealism and Romanticism — The Dynamic Trial of a Unification 82 (i) ^Naturphilosophie' and Idealism 82 (ii) Unity, Dynamism and Organicism 84 (iii) The Breakdown of Romantic Science 86 3.4 The Rise of Biology as Science — Torn between Eternal Form and Evolution 87 a) Hierarchical Taxonomy instead of 'Scala Naturae' — Linnaeus 89 b) Romanticising Materialistic Biology — Buffon, Lamarck 90 c) Transcendental and Essentialist Biology — Cuvier, (early) Owen, Agassiz 92 XIV Table of Contents d) Romantic Biology - Oken, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, (late) Owen 95 e) Conclusion: Overview of the Preceding Three Schools 98 Chapter 4: The Internal Logic of Evolutionary Theories - From Darwin to Dawkins 102 4.1 From Darwin to Weismann — The Birth of Darwinism 106 a) Darwin — Not a Darwinist in the Strict Sense 106 b) Darwin's Biological Theory - Focus on the Individual Organism 110 c) Darwin's Descent of Man — Social Darwinism? 112 (i) Ambivalence about the Universality of Natural Selection 112 (ii) Explaining Man, Culture and Ethics? 115 d) Neo-Darwinism: Weismann Turns Darwin's Theory into 'Darwinism' 118 4.2 Darwinism on Its Deathbed 121 4.3 Evolutionary Synthesis 123 a) First Phase — Synthesis of Genetics and Population Statistics 125 b) Second Phase — Population Structure and Macroscopic Mechanisms 127 c) Evolutionary Factors and the Importance of Populations 130 d) Disengagement from Ideological Programmes? 134 4.4 'Sociobiology' as Gene-Darwinism —A New Synthesis? 138 a) Germ-Line Reductionism 139 b) Gene-Atomism 140 c) Darwinian Process Monism 142 4.5 Criticism-A Better Synthesis in Sight? 144 a) New Views in Micro- and Macrobiology 146 b) A Multilevel Synthesis — Darwinism versus Developmentalism? 152 (i) Multi-Level-Darwinism 153 (ii) Multi-Level-Evolutionism: Developmental Approaches and Selforganisational Approaches 156 Chapter 5: The External History of Darwinism - From Whig Biology to Neo-Liberal Biology? 160 5.1 Darwin — A Malthusian Synthesis of Romantic and Newtonian Thought 162 a) Romanticism and Romanticising Materialism 163 b) The Impact of Newtonism - Darwin's Process-Monism 168 c) Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith — The Influence of Economic Thought and Practice 173 d) God - A Blind and Brute Creator? 183 Table of Contents XV 5.2 Evolutionary Synthesis — Thermodynamics and the Philosophical Zeitgeist 184 a) The Influence of Thermodynamics 184 b) The Impact of the Philosophical Zeitgeist and the Development of Logical Positivism and Logical Atomism? 186 (i.) Philosophy at the Time of the Eclipse of Darwinism 187 (ii) Parallels of Logical Atomism and Logical Positivism toFisherism? 188 (iii) Contextual Turns in Philosophy and Biology 190 5.3 Gene-Darwinism — Reductionism Generalised 191 a) The Different Biological Legacies of the Schools of Evolutionary Biology 193 b) A Misled Neo-Romantic Aspiration for Unification and Interdisciplinarity 193 c) 'Naturalistic Turn' — Reductionism and Materialism in Philosophy.... 197 d) 'Import' of Economical Concepts — Gene-Capitalism? 198 5.4 Summary: Biology as 'Geisteswissenschaft'? 202 Part III: Universal Darwinism 205 Chapter 6: Darwinian Metaphysics - Biologistic and Process-Darwinism 207 6.1 The Problem of Induction— The Necessity of Blind Variation and External Elimination? 209 a) Darwinism Seen as Universal Principle 209 b) The Problem of Induction (Hume and Popper) 210 c) Toward a Critique of a Falsificationist Necessity of Universal Darwinism 212 6.2 Biologistic Darwinism — Gene-Darwinism as Prototype 215 6.3 Universal Process-Darwinism — A New Alkahest 216 Chapter 7: Process-Darwinism in Particular Subject Areas 221 7.1 Darwinian Epistemologies and Darwinian Philosophies of Science 221 a) Darwinian Biological Epistemology and Darwinian Process Epistemology 221 b) Opérant Conditioning — Learning as Darwinian Process? 227 c) Popper's Falsificationism — Science as Darwinian Process? 232 7.2 Other Components of Process-Darwinism 235 a) Antibodies and Neurones 235 b) Darwinian Economics? 236 XVI Table of Contents Conclusion - The Universal War of Entities 240 Part IV: Transcendence of Gene-Darwinism and Universal Process-Darwinism 243 Chapter 8: Transcendence of Substance-Reductionism 245 8.1 Problems of Physicalism and Reductionism in General 245 a) The Difference between Explanation and (Downward) Reduction....245 b) Problems of Modern Physicalism with Traditional Materialism 246 c) Logical Problems of the Modern Understanding of Substance — Is a Tree a Million Matches? 248 d) The Inconsistency between Biologism and Physicalism — Genes or Information versus Quarks? 255 8.2 Genetic Reductionism I: Gene-Atomistic Reductionism and Its Transcendence 264 a) Gene-Atomism — Empty or Wrong Claim? 264 b) Higher Genetic Units - Despite the Meiotic Shuffle 267 (i) The General Possibility of Emergent Higher Genie Units 267 (ii) Higher Genie Units Despite the Meiotic Shuffle 269 c) Top-Down Causation and Higher-Level Genes at Different Loci 272 (i) The Relationship of Higher-Level Genes and Downward Causation 272 (ii) The Stability of Higher-Level Genes on Different Loci 274 d) The Fallacy of Claiming Gene-Atomism Tautologically 277 (i) The Testable Claim of Gene-Atomism 279 (ii) The Tautological Claim of Gene-Atomism 280 e) Higher-Level Properties of Different Organisms — Four Possibilities for Achieving the Good of the Group 284 (i) Wholes in the Individual and the Many - Loci and Alleles 284 (ii) Four Possibilities for Achieving the Good of the Group 289 f) Stable Synergetic Properties and Selection above Groups — Species and Ecosystems 301 (i) Species 302 (ii) Ecosystems 304 8.3 Genetic Reductionism II: Germ-line Reductionism and Its Transcendence 311 a) Germ-line Reductionism — The Strong Interpretation of the Weismann Barrier 311 (i) Different Interpretations of the Central Dogma 312 (ii) Violations of the Weismannian Dogma? 313 Table of Contents XVII (iii) The Central Dogma as Only Partial Description of the Relationships between Genotype and Phenotype 315 b) Information, Exformation and Phenotype as Evolutionary Factors 316 (i) The General Concept of Exformation 316 (ii) Exformation and the Stuffness of the Phenotype 317 (iii) Phenotype Interpreting Genotype 319 (iv) Stuffness and Inner Dynamics of the Phenotype 321 (v) Phenotype as Evolutionary Factor in Its Own Right 322 c) Forms, Fields and the Concept of External Memory 324 (i) Environmental Forms and Fields 324 (ii) External Memory 326 d) A Partial Revival of Morphological Taxonomy? 329 (i) The Evolutionary Factor of Constraints as Object of Taxonomy 330 (ii) Morphological Resonance as Object of Taxonomy 331 e) Summary 331 Chapter 9: Transcendence of Process-Reductionism 333 9.1 Inconsistencies and Tautologies of a Darwinian Mono-Mechanistic Metaphysic 336 a) Inconsistencies of Different Levels of Multilevel Darwinism 336 b) On the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synthesis of Phylogeny and Taxonomy Into a Comprehensive Tree of Life
    Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life Cody E. Hinchliffa,1, Stephen A. Smitha,1,2, James F. Allmanb, J. Gordon Burleighc, Ruchi Chaudharyc, Lyndon M. Coghilld, Keith A. Crandalle, Jiabin Dengc, Bryan T. Drewf, Romina Gazisg, Karl Gudeh, David S. Hibbettg, Laura A. Katzi, H. Dail Laughinghouse IVi, Emily Jane McTavishj, Peter E. Midfordd, Christopher L. Owenc, Richard H. Reed, Jonathan A. Reesk, Douglas E. Soltisc,l, Tiffani Williamsm, and Karen A. Cranstonk,2 aEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; bInterrobang Corporation, Wake Forest, NC 27587; cDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; dField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605; eComputational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Ashburn, VA 20147; fDepartment of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849; gDepartment of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610; hSchool of Journalism, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; iBiological Science, Clark Science Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063; jDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045; kNational Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705; lFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and mComputer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Edited by David M. Hillis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved July 28, 2015 (received for review December 3, 2014) Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships that unite all line- published phylogenies are available only as journal figures, rather ages (the tree of life) is a grand challenge. The paucity of homologous than in electronic formats that can be integrated into databases and character data across disparately related lineages currently renders synthesis methods (7–9).
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Plant Taxonomy Bot
    PRINCIPLES OF PLANT TAXONOMY BOT 222 Dr. M. Ajmal Ali, PhD 1 What is Taxonomy / Systematics ? Animal group No. of species Amphibians 6,199 Birds 9,956 Fish 30,000 Mammals 5,416 Tundra Reptiles 8,240 Subtotal 59,811 Grassland Forest Insects 950,000 Molluscs 81,000 Q: Why we keep the stuffs of our home Crustaceans 40,000 at the fixed place or arrange into some Corals 2,175 kinds of system? Desert Others 130,200 Rain forest Total 1,203,375 • Every Human being is a Taxonomist Plants No. of species Mosses 15,000 Ferns and allies 13,025 Gymnosperms 980 Dicotyledons 199,350 Monocotyledons 59,300 Green Algae 3,715 Red Algae 5,956 Lichens 10,000 Mushrooms 16,000 Brown Algae 2,849 Subtotal 28,849 Total 1,589,361 • We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism. We need to scientifically identify, name and classify all the living organism. • Taxonomy / Systematics is the branch of science deals with classification of organism. 2 • Q. What is Plant Taxonomy / Plant systematics We study plants because: Plants convert Carbon dioxide gas into Every things we eat comes Plants produce oxygen. We breathe sugars through the process of directly or indirectly from oxygen. We cannot live without photosynthesis. plants. oxygen. Many chemicals produced by the Study of plants science helps to Study of plants science helps plants used as learn more about the natural Plants provide fibres for paper or fabric. to conserve endangered medicine. world plants. We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomy of Human Evolved Psychological Adaptations
    Evo Edu Outreach (2012) 5:312–320 DOI 10.1007/s12052-012-0428-8 EVOLUTION AND EDUCATION RESOURCES PsychTable.org: The Taxonomy of Human Evolved Psychological Adaptations Niruban Balachandran & Daniel J. Glass Published online: 8 July 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract We announce the launch of PsychTable.org,a Introduction collaborative web-based project devoted to classifying and evaluating evolved psychological adaptations The timing is right to establish a classification system for (EPAs), geared toward researchers, educators, students, human evolved psychological adaptations (EPAs). Several and the general public. The website works by aggregat- factors have coalesced to create a unique opportunity to de- ing citations which support or challenge the existence of velop a taxonomy that will facilitate the expansion of a culture each purported EPA, using a mathematical algorithm to of both synthesis and empirical rigor in the evolutionary assign an evidentiary strength score to each, and gener- behavioral sciences, including disciplines such as evolution- ating a table which represents the current but ever- ary cognitive neuroscience, behavioral ecology, “evo-devo,” changing state of the empirical evidence. Citations are primatology, evolutionary anthropology, human ethology, ge- added and assigned evaluative ratings by both general netics, and others. users and an international community of expert contrib- These aforementioned factors include: a large international utors; as such, the content of the site will represent the body of research describing hundreds of amassed EPAs; a consensus of the scientific community and new research global research community of evolutionary behavioral scien- opportunities. PsychTable has features for achieving empir- tists that recognizes the importance of both synthesis and ical meta-goals such as quality control, hypothesis testing, classification; the ascent of evolutionary psychology as a cross-disciplinary collaboration, and didactic utility.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociobiology 65(4): 645-653 (October, 2018) Special Issue DOI: 10.13102/Sociobiology.V65i4.3464
    Sociobiology 65(4): 645-653 (October, 2018) Special Issue DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3464 Sociobiology An international journal on social insects Research article - Bees Two Colors, One Species: The Case of Melissodes nigroaenea (Apidae: Eucerini), an Important Pollinator of Cotton Fields in Brazil C Grando1,2, ND Amon2,6, SJ Clough3, N Guo3, W Wei3, P Azevedo1,4, MM López-Uribe2, MI Zucchi5 1 - Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 2 - Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA 3 - Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA 4 - Centro de Estudos em Insetos Sociais, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil 5 - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Pólo Regional Centro-Sul, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 6 - Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA Article History Abstract Accurate taxonomic delimitation in ecological research is absolutely critical as Edited by studies that seek to evaluate levels of biodiversity and quantify human effects on Eduardo Almeida, USP, Brazil Received 10 May 2018 the environment are rapidly undertaken. Coloration is a widely used morphological Initial acceptance 02 July 2018 character for species identification through dichotomous keys. However, taxonomic Final acceptance 26 August 2018 identification based upon coloration is often unreliable because this character can Publication date 11 October 2018 exhibit high degree of intraspecific variation. An uncertain interpretation of mesosoma color-morphs (yellow or black) occurred when we used this character, in association Keywords Melissodes Cytochrome oxidase I, Bayesian with the bristle bands in the TII, for the identification of eucerine bee phylogeny, bees, barcoding gap.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Classification and Nomenclature an Introduction —
    Botanical classification and nomenclature an introduction — Marc S.M. Sosef Jérôme Degreef Henry Engledow Pierre Meerts Botanical classification and nomenclature an introduction — Marc S.M. Sosef Jérôme Degreef Henry Engledow Pierre Meerts by Marc S.M. Sosef1, Jérôme Degreef1,2, Henry Engledow1 & Pierre Meerts3 1 Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860 Meise, Belgium 2 Service Général de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Rue A. Lavallée 1, B-1080 Brussels, Belgium 3 Herbarium et bibliothèque de botanique africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 265, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Copyright © 2020 Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium. Printed in Belgium by Gewadrupo, Arendonk. This publication is published and distributed in Open Access under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A PDF file of this publication can be ordered, free of charge (send an email to [email protected]), or downloaded from the webshop of Meise Botanic Garden at http://shopbotanicgarden.weezbe.com. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3706707 CIP Royal Library Albert I, Brussels Botanical classification and nomenclature, an introduction. Marc S.M. Sosef, Jérôme Degreef, Henry Engledow & Pierre Meerts - Meise, Meise Botanic Garden, 2020. - 72 p.; ill.; 22 x 15 cm. ISBN 9789492663207 Subject: Botany D/2020/0325/002 Content Introduction . 5 1. The history of classification . 9 1.1 Theophrastus to the Middle Ages . 11 1.2 Renaissance, Pre-Linnean period . 13 1.3 Linnaeus and the Linnaeans .
    [Show full text]
  • Definitions in Phylogenetic Taxonomy
    Syst. Biol. 48(2):329–351, 1999 Denitions in PhylogeneticTaxonomy:Critique and Rationale PAUL C. SERENO Department of Organismal Biologyand Anatomy, Universityof Chicago, 1027E. 57thStreet, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—Ageneralrationale forthe formulation andplacement of taxonomic denitions in phy- logenetic taxonomyis proposed, andcommonly used terms such as“crown taxon”or “ node-based denition” are more precisely dened. In the formulation of phylogenetic denitions, nested refer- ence taxastabilize taxonomic content. Adenitional conguration termed a node-stem triplet also stabilizes the relationship between the trio of taxaat abranchpoint,in the face of local changein phylogenetic relationships oraddition/ deletion of taxa.Crown-total taxonomiesuse survivorship asa criterion forplacement of node-stem triplets within ataxonomic hierarchy.Diversity,morphol- ogy,andtradition alsoconstitute heuristic criteria forplacement of node-stem triplets. [Content; crown; denition; node;phylogeny; stability; stem; taxonomy.] Doesone type ofphylogenetic denition Mostphylogenetic denitions have been (apomorphy,node,stem) stabilize the taxo- constructedin the systematicliterature since nomiccontent of ataxonmore than another then withoutexplanation or justi cation for in the face oflocal change of relationships? the particulartype ofde nition used. The Isone type of phylogenetic denition more justication given forpreferential use of suitablefor clades with unresolved basalre- node- andstem-based de nitions for crown
    [Show full text]
  • History of Taxonomy
    History of Taxonomy The history of taxonomy dates back to the origin of human language. Western scientific taxonomy started in Greek some hundred years BC and are here divided into prelinnaean and postlinnaean. The most important works are cited and the progress of taxonomy (with the focus on botanical taxonomy) are described up to the era of the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, who founded modern taxonomy. The development after Linnaeus is characterized by a taxonomy that increasingly have come to reflect the paradigm of evolution. The used characters have extended from morphological to molecular. Nomenclatural rules have developed strongly during the 19th and 20th century, and during the last decade traditional nomenclature has been challenged by advocates of the Phylocode. Mariette Manktelow Dept of Systematic Biology Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Norbyv. 18D SE-752 36 Uppsala E-mail: [email protected] 1. Pre-Linnaean taxonomy 1.1. Earliest taxonomy Taxonomy is as old as the language skill of mankind. It has always been essential to know the names of edible as well as poisonous plants in order to communicate acquired experiences to other members of the family and the tribe. Since my profession is that of a systematic botanist, I will focus my lecture on botanical taxonomy. A taxonomist should be aware of that apart from scientific taxonomy there is and has always been folk taxonomy, which is of great importance in, for example, ethnobiological studies. When we speak about ancient taxonomy we usually mean the history in the Western world, starting with Romans and Greek. However, the earliest traces are not from the West, but from the East.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Classification
    Taxonomy and Classification Taxonomy = the science of naming and describing species “Wisdom begins with calling things by their right names” -Chinese Proverb museums contain ~ 2 Billion specimens worldwide about 1.5 M different species of life have been described each year ~ 13,000 new species are described most scientists estimate that there are at least 50 to 100 Million actual species sharing our planet today most will probably remain unknown forever: the most diverse areas of world are the most remote most of the large stuff has been found and described not enough researchers or money to devote to this work Common vs Scientific Name many larger organisms have “common names” but sometimes >1 common name for same organism sometimes same common name used for 2 or more distinctly different organisms eg. daisy eg. moss eg. mouse eg. fern eg. bug Taxonomy and Classification, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2004 1 without a specific (unique) name it’s impossible to communicate about specific organisms What Characteristics are used how do we begin to categorize, classify and name all these organisms there are many ways to classify: form color size chemical structure genetic makeup earliest attempts used general appearance ie anatomy and physiological similarities plants vs animals only largest animals were categorized everything else was “vermes” but algae, protozoa today, much more focus on molecular similarities proteins, DNA, genes History of Classification Aristotle was the first to try to name and classify things based on structural similarities
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Classification Goals: Un Ders Tan D Traditi Onal and Hi Erarchi Cal Cl Assifi Cati Ons of Biodiversity, and What Information Classifications May Contain
    Taxonomy and classification Goals: Un ders tan d tra ditional and hi erarchi cal cl assifi cati ons of biodiversity, and what information classifications may contain. Readings: 1. Chapter 1. Figure 1-1 from Pough et al. Taxonomy and classification (cont ’d) Some new words This is a cladogram. Each branching that are very poiiint is a nod dEhbhe. Each branch, starti ng important: at the node, is a clade. 9 Cladogram 9 Clade 9 Synapomorphy (Shared, derived character) 9 Monophyly; monophyletic 9 PhlParaphyly; parap hlihyletic 9 Polyphyly; polyphyletic Definitions of cladogram on the Web: A dichotomous phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting the classification of molecules or org anisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise. xray.bmc.uu.se/~kenth/bioinfo/glossary.html A tree that depicts inferred historical branching relationships among entities. Unless otherwise stated, the depicted branch lengt hs in a cl ad ogram are arbi trary; onl y th e b ranchi ng ord er is significant. See phylogram. www.bcu.ubc.ca/~otto/EvolDisc/Glossary.html TAKE-HOME MESSAGE: Cladograms tell us about the his tory of the re lati onshi ps of organi sms. K ey word : Hi st ory. Historically, classification of organisms was mainlyypg a bookkeeping task. For this monumental job, Carrolus Linnaeus invented the s ystem of binomial nomenclature that we are all familiar with. (Did you know that his name was Carol Linne? He liidhilatinized his own name th e way h e named speci i!)es!) Merely giving species names and arranging them according to similar groups was acceptable while we thought species were static entities .
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy an Horticultural and Agronomic Perspective
    3913 P-01 7/22/02 4:25 PM Page 1 1 Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy An Horticultural and Agronomic Perspective David M. Spooner* Ronald G. van den Berg U.S. Department of Agriculture Biosystematics Group Agricultural Research Service Department of Plant Sciences Vegetable Crops Research Unit Wageningen University Department of Horticulture PO Box 8010 University of Wisconsin 6700 ED Wageningen 1575 Linden Drive The Netherlands Madison Wisconsin 53706-1590 Willem A. Brandenburg Plant Research International Wilbert L. A. Hetterscheid PO Box 16 VKC/NDS 6700 AA, Wageningen Linnaeuslaan 2a The Netherlands 1431 JV Aalsmeer The Netherlands I. INTRODUCTION A. Taxonomy and Systematics B. Wild and Cultivated Plants II. SPECIES CONCEPTS IN WILD PLANTS A. Morphological Species Concepts B. Interbreeding Species Concepts C. Ecological Species Concepts D. Cladistic Species Concepts E. Eclectic Species Concepts F. Nominalistic Species Concepts *The authors thank Paul Berry, Philip Cantino, Vicki Funk, Charles Heiser, Jules Janick, Thomas Lammers, and Jeffrey Strachan for review of parts or all of our paper. Horticultural Reviews, Volume 28, Edited by Jules Janick ISBN 0-471-21542-2 © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 3913 P-01 7/22/02 4:25 PM Page 2 2 D. SPOONER, W. HETTERSCHEID, R. VAN DEN BERG, AND W. BRANDENBURG III. CLASSIFICATION PHILOSOPHIES IN WILD AND CULTIVATED PLANTS A. Wild Plants B. Cultivated Plants IV. BRIEF HISTORY OF NOMENCLATURE AND CODES V. FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF CULTIVATED AND WILD PLANTS A. Ambiguity of the Term Variety B. Culton Versus Taxon C. Open Versus Closed Classifications VI. A COMPARISON OF THE ICBN AND ICNCP A.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics and Taxonomy: Follow-Up
    HOUSE OF LORDS Science and Technology Committee 5th Report of Session 2007–08 Systematics and Taxonomy: Follow-up Report with Evidence Ordered to be printed 21 July 2008 and published 13 August 2008 Published by the Authority of the House of Lords London : The Stationery Office Limited £price HL Paper 162 Science and Technology Committee The Science and Technology Committee is appointed by the House of Lords in each session “to consider science and technology”. Current Membership The Members of the Science and Technology Committee are: Lord Colwyn Lord Crickhowell Lord Haskel Lord Howie of Troon Lord Krebs Lord May of Oxford Lord Methuen Earl of Northesk Lord O’Neill of Clackmannan Lord Patel Earl of Selborne Lord Sutherland of Houndwood (Chairman) Lord Taverne Lord Warner Information about the Committee and Publications Information about the Science and Technology Committee, including details of current inquiries, can be found on the internet at http://www.parliament.uk/hlscience/. Committee publications, including reports, press notices, transcripts of evidence and government responses to reports, can be found at the same address. Committee reports are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. General Information General information about the House of Lords and its Committees, including guidance to witnesses, details of current inquiries and forthcoming meetings is on the internet at: http://www.parliament.uk/about_lords/about_lords.cfm. Contacts for the Science and Technology Committee All correspondence should be addressed to: The Clerk of the Science and Technology Committee Committee Office House of Lords London SW1A 0PW The telephone number for general enquiries is 020 7219 6075.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics and Taxonomy by Dana Krempels and Julian Lee
    Evolution and Biodiversity Laboratory Systematics and Taxonomy by Dana Krempels and Julian Lee Recent estimates of our planet's biological diversity suggest that the species number between 5 and 50 million, or even more. To effectively study the myriad organisms that inhabit the biosphere, we attempt to classify organisms into groups that reflect evolutionary relationships. I. Taxonomy Strictly speaking, taxonomy is the science of sorting and classifying living organisms into groups called taxa (singular = taxon). Taxonomy also includes describing and naming the members of those taxa. A scientist who engages in taxonomy is a taxonomist. A taxon is a group of organisms that a taxonomist has judged to represent a cohesive unit. The criteria used to sort specimens into various taxa are not fixed, and the science of taxonomy is not without its internal controversies. Taxonomists often distinguish between natural and artificial taxa. A natural taxon is constructed on the basis of evolutionary relationships. While not all taxonomists insist that taxa be natural, most believe that taxonomic groups should consist of evolutionarily related units. The science of determining evolutionary relationships among taxa is known as systematics, and its practitioners are systematists. (Most systematists are also taxonomists, and vice versa.) Since systematists are concerned not only with the ability to sort and identify organisms, but also with determining their evolutionary relationships, taxonomy is used as a tool within systematics. Biological nomenclature is the application of names to organisms recognized as part of a particular taxon. From most to least inclusive, the major taxonomic ranks are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1.
    [Show full text]