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IPNI Library As References International Plant Nutrition Institute Regional Office • Southeast Asia Date: September 15, 2017 Page: 1 of 109 New Entries to IPNI Library as References [1] J. Hawksworth, H. Audino, R. Clarry, Secondary J. Hawksworth, H. Audino, R. Clarry. 2017. The Long View: How will the global economic order change by 2050? Page 1 - 72. Reference ID: 23486 Note: H 8.1.1.5 #23486e Abstract: After a year of major political shocks with the Brexit vote and the election of President Trump, it might seem brave to opine on economic prospects for 2017, let alone 2050. However, I still think it is important to take a longer term view of global economic prospects that looks beyond the short-term ups and downs of the economic and political cycle, which are indeed very difficult to forecast. Instead our approach in this report, based on a rigorous modelling approach, focuses on the fundamental drivers of growth: demographics and productivity, which in turn is driven by technological progress and diffused through international trade and investment. Such forces saw America progress through the 19th and early 20th centuries to become the largest economy in the world despite a civil war, various other conflicts with foreign powers, three presidential assassinations, and numerous economic and financial crises. These forces also helped global economic growth to bounce back strongly from two world wars and a Great Depression to reach record levels in the post-war decades. Looking ahead, we think they will see emerging economies come to dominate the 21st century. By 2050 we project China will be the largest economy in the world by a significant margin, while India could have edged past the US into second place and Indonesia have risen to fourth place. The EU27’s share of global GDP could have fallen to below 10%. We also think the world economy will more than double in size between now and 2050, far outstripping population growth. I think this kind of long- term view, looking beyond short-term economic and political cycles, is particularly useful for policymakers and businesses in areas like pensions, healthcare, energy and climate change, transport, housing and other types of infrastructure investment. [2] A.-A.F. De Almeida, R.R. Valle. 2010. Cacao: Ecophysiology of growth and production. Page 37 - 70. Reference ID: 23487 Note: H 8.1.4 #23487 > S 8.1 #23367 Abstract: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the world's most important perennial crops, is almost exclusively explored for chocolate manufacturing. Most cacao varieties belong to three groups: Criollo, Forastero and Trinitario that vary according to morphology, genetic and geographical origins. Cacao is cropped under the shade of forest trees or as an unshaded monocrop. Seedlings initially show an orthotropic growth with leaf emission relatively independent of climate. The mature phase begins with the emission of plagiotropic branches that form the three crown. At this stage environmental factors exert a large influence on plant development. Growth and development of cacao are highly dependent on temperature, which mainly affetcs vegetative growth, flowering and fruit development. Soil flooding decreases leaf area, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates in addition to inducing formation of lenticels and adventitious roots. For most genotype drought resistance is associated with osmotic adjustment. Cacao produces caulescent flowers, which begin dehiscing Office 29C-03-08 Maritime Piazza, Karpal Singh Drive, 11600 Penang, Malaysia E-mail [email protected] • URL www.ipni.net/seasia in late afternoon and are completely open at the begining of the following morning releasing pollen to a respective stigma. Non-pollinated flowers abscise 24-36 h after anthesis. The percentage of flowers setting pods ranges from 0.5 to 5%. The most imporatnt parameters determinantsof yield are related to (1) light interception, photosynthesis and capacity of photoassimilate distribution, (2)maintenance respiration, and (3)pod morphology and seed formation. These events can be modified by abiotic factors. Cacao is a shade tolerant species, in which appropriate shading leads to relatively high photosynthetic rates, growth and seed yield. However, heavy shade reduces seed yield and increases incidence of diseases. In fact, cacao yields and light interception are highly correlated when nutrient availability is not limiting. High production of unshaded cacao requires large inputs for protection and nutrition of the crop. Annual radiation and rainfall during the dry season explains 70% of the variation in annual seed yields. [3] W.B. Group, Secondary W.B. Group. 2015. Commodity Markets Outlook October 2015. Page 1 - 74. W. World Bank. Reference ID: 23488 Note: H 0 #23488e Hanging notes only part of the report. E-copy (Full Version of the Report) Abstract: Ample supplies and weak demand, especially for industrial commodities, contributed to the continued slide in most commodity prices in the third quarter of 2015 (Figure 1). Annual price forecasts are revised down for 2015 and 2016. Only a modest recovery is expected in 2016 (Figure 2). This issue briefly analyzes the implications of the ongoing El Niño episode and the recent Nuclear Agreement with Iran for agricultural and energy markets, respectively. Although El Niño could be the strongest on record, its impact is likely to be predominantly local rather than global because world commodity markets are currently well-supplied and spillovers from local markets to global prices are typically weak. Following Iran’s Nuclear Agreement, the country’s 40 million barrels in floating storage could be made available almost immediately upon sanctions being lifted; and, within a few months, Iran could increase its crude oil production toward pre-sanctions levels. The impact of Iranian exports on global oil and natural gas markets could be large over the longer term provided that Iran attracts the necessary foreign investment and technology to extract its substantial reserves. Trends. Energy prices dropped 17 percent in the third quarter of 2015, as oil prices weakened due to continuing supply surpluses and anticipation of higher Iranian oil exports in 2016. Coal and natural gas prices declined marginally on continued weak demand and excess supply. Oil consumption growth has risen this year, in part due to lower prices. Oil supply continues to outpace demand, although global production is plateauing and yearon- year growth is diminishing. U.S. oil production peaked in April and is now on a declining trend. OPEC production reached a three-year high, with much of the increase coming from Iraq and Saudi Arabia. OECD crude oil inventories have soared, with much of the increase in North America. Non-energy commodity prices fell 5 percent in the third quarter of 2015, down more than a third from their early-2011 high. Abundant supply and large inventories were among the reasons. Metals prices fell 12 percent to barely half their early-2011 peak on weakening demand and supply increases from earlier large investments. Agriculture prices fell 2.4 percent (down for six consecutive quarters) on comfortable supply prospects, despite El Niño fears. Fertilizer prices fell marginally on abundant production capacity. Precious metals prices declined 7 percent on weakening investment demand reflecting expectations of a U.S. interest rate hike and dollar appreciation. Outlook and risks. All main commodity price indices are expected to decline in 2015, Page 2 of 109 mainly owing to ample supply and, in the case of industrial commodities, slowing demand in China and emerging markets (Table 1). Energy prices are expected to fall 43 percent from 2014. Average oil prices for 2015 of $52/bbl have been revised down from $57/bbl (July Commodity Markets Outlook) owing to large stocks, resilient supply, and expectations of larger Iranian oil exports. Natural gas prices are expected to be sharply lower, following the path of oil prices while coal prices are expected to fall on slowing Chinese demand. Downside risks to the energy price forecast include higher- than-expected production from OPEC producers and continuing falling costs of the U.S. shale oil industry. Slowing demand and high stocks would further weigh on oil prices. Upside risks include accelerating declines in shale output, delayed implementation of the Iran agreement, and supply curtailment because of geopolitical events. [4] C.P.C. NCEP, Secondary C.P.C. NCEP. 2017. ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Page 1 - 6. N.O.a.A.A. (NOAA). Reference ID: 23489 Note: H 0 #23489 [5] H. Moerdiono. 2017. Media Perkubunan April 2017, Vol 64. Page 1 - 78. Reference ID: 23490 Note: S Serial #23490 [6] H. Moerdiono. 2017. Media Perkebunan May 2017, Vol 52. Page 1 - 79. Reference ID: 23491 Note: S Serial #23491 [7] IPC. 2014. Focus on Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Vol.6 No.1, Vol 6. Page 1 - 64. Reference ID: 23492 Note: S Serial #23492 [8] IPC. 2015. Focus on Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Vol.7 No.1, Vol 7. Page 1 - 72. Reference ID: 23493 Note: S Serial #23493 [9] IPC. 2016. Focus on Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Vol.8 No.1, Vol 8. Page 1 - 57. Reference ID: 23494 Note: S Serial #23494e [10] W.D.L. Gunaratne, H.M.P.A. Subasinghe, C.A. Yap, M. Anandaraj, D. Manohara. 2015. Production of Quality Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Planting Materials. Page 1 - 26. Reference ID: 23495 Note: S 8.10 #23495 Abstract: Pepper, could be propagated either through seeds or through vegetative cuttings. Micro propagation technology has been developed but so far it cannot be used for the commercial scale plant production. From the inception, commercial pepper cultivations have been established using the plants produced through vegetative cuttings. Conventionally, planting material production was considered as a tool for establishment of the next generation and with the time, commercial multiplication of better quality genetic material with desirable characters were added into the process.
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