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Penerapan Unsur-Unsur Art Deco Pada Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung

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Penerapan Unsur-Unsur Art Deco Pada Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur © Jurusan Arsitektur Itenas | No.1 | Vol. III ISSN: Januari 2018 Penerapan Unsur-unsur Art Deco Pada Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung Rifky Hanifan Jurusan Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan, Itenas, Bandung Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Jawa Barat merupakan provinsi yang memiliki jumlah penduduk cukup padat salah satunya di Kota Bandung, Terdapat stasiun berskala besar maupun kecil, stasiun kereta api sebagai akses untuk menggunakan jasa kereta api. Kereta api masih menjadi alternatif transportasi pilihan masyarakat, Jumlah penumpang kereta api meningkat dari tahun 2010 sampai sekarang. Penerapan Unsur-Unsur art Deco pada stasiun diaplikasikan pada tampak depan bangunan. Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung memiliki konsep menerpakan unsur-unsur art deco menggunakan material modern. Maka dibuatnya Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung ini dapat menjadi solusi atas permasalahan tranportasi saat ini yang nantinya akan menjadikan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung sebagai stasiun terbersar di kota Bandung dengan fasilitas lengkap dan memadai. Diharapkan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung mampu menarik minat masyarakat menggunakan moda transportasi kereta api secara cepat, aman, nyaman dan murah. Kata kunci: Penerapan, Unsur, Art Deco. ABSTRACT West Java is a province that has a high density population of one of the city in Bandung, there are large and small stations in scale, railway stations as access to use as rail services. Trains are still a preferable public transportation option, The number of train passengers increased from 2010 to until present. Implementation of Art Deco Elements on the station is applied on the front of the building. Bandung Train Station has the concept of embossing the elements of art deco using modern materials. Refurbishing this Bandung railway station can be a solution to the current transportation problems that will make the railway station bandung as the largest station in the city of Bandung with complete facilities. It is expected that railway station bandung able to attract people using railway tranportation modes quickly, safe, convenient and affordable. Keywords: Application, Elements, Art Deco Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur – 1 Rifky Hanifan 1. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Commuter rail atau kereta api adalah moda pengangkutan umum dengan rel (jalan yang terbuat dari besi) sebagai jalur utama yang menghubungkan kota-kota besar yang ada di Pulau Jawa. Seperti namanya kereta ini dipergunakan untuk mengangkut para penumpang dengan rute yang telah ditentukan. Kereta api beroperasi dengan jadwal yang sudah ditentukan, sehingga dapat memberikan informasi kedatangan dan keberangkatan kereta api. 1.2 Tujuan Perancangan Tujuan perancangan dari Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung ini diantaranya : menyediakan sarana dan prasaran yang nyaman dan aman bagi masyarakat, mendorong antusiasme masyarakat dalam menggunakan transportasi kereta api, menciptakan kesan kenyamanan, kebersihan dan keamanan dalam kereta api dan sebagai salah satu sarana transportasi yang menarik serta dapat dijadikan sebagai daya tarik wisata bagi masyarakat lokal dan mancanegara. 2. EKSPLORASI DAN PROSES RANCANGAN 2.1 Pengertian Judul Stasiun kereta api adalah tempat untuk menaikkan dan menurunkan penumpang yang menggunakan jasa transporta kereta api. Selain stasiun, pada masa lalu dikenal juga dengan halte kereta api yang memiliki fungsi nyaris sama dengan stasiun kereta api. Untuk daerah/kota yang baru dibangun mungkin stasiun portable dapat dipergunakan sebagai halte kereta [1]. Bandung merupakan kota metropolitan terbesar di Provinsi Jawa Barat, sekaligus menjadi ibu kota provinsi tersebut. Kota kembang merupakan sebutan lain untuk kota ini, karena pada zaman dahulu kota ini dinilai sangat cantik dengan banyaknya pohon-pohon dan bunga-bunga yang tumbuh di sana. Selain itu Bandung dahulunya disebut juga dengan Paris Van Java karena keindahannya [2]. 2.2 Pengertian Tema Tema Perancangan dari bangunan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung adalah penerapan unsur-unsur art deco pada stasiun yang mana dalam hal ini perancang mengambil pendekatan tema penerapan unsur art deco lalu diaplikasikan ke dalam bangunan stasiun dengan fokus utama pada tampilan depan bangunan. Penerapan adalah sebuah tindakan (mempraktekkan atau memasangkan) yang dilakukan baik secara individu maupun kelompok dengan maksud untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah dirumuskan [3]. Unsur-unsur Art Deco merupakan ciri khusus dalam membentuk karakter dalam sebuah karya seni bangunan (art deco), bangunan art deco memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut : adanya alis atau topi jendela, zigurat struktur yang bertingkat seperti tangga, sisi melengkung, atap datar, angka tiga, garis- garis horizontal, kaca patri dan hiasan geometris [4]. Gambar 1. Stasiun selatan Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur – 2 Penerapan Unsur-unsur Art Deco Pada Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung 2.3 Konsep Tatanan Massa Gambar 2. Tatanan massa Zoning pada tapak di bagi dalam 3 zona, yaitu : zona publik, zona semi publik, zona privat. Sesuai dengan peraturan dengan peraturan kereta api di indonesia. Zona 1 merupakan area penumpang bertiket dan siap berangkat, zona 2 ruang tuggu khusus penumpang bertiket, dan zona 3 merupakan area umum. 2.4 Konsep Landscape 1. Landscape bangunnan 7 2. Parkir taxi 3. Stasiun 6 utara 4. Gedung 5 parkir 5. Area peron 6. Stasiun selatan 7. Jl. Stasiun 3 4 Barat 8. Jl. Kebon Kawung 2 1 8 Gambar 3. Konsep landscape Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur - 3 Rifky Hanifan Penggunaan material pada landscape lebih didominasi oleh material alami dan tidak mengganggu pergerakan air masuk ke tanah seperti penggunaan paving block untuk jalur pedestrian. Selain kuat, paving block memiliki celah untuk jalur air masuk ke dalam tanah. Begitu juga dengan aspal berpori yang dapat menyerap air sehingga tidak menggenang ketika curah hujan sedang tinggi. Penggunaan material batu hias yang dipola motif lingkaran pada plaza sebagai node dan titik kumpul pada bangunan. 2.5 Konsep Fasade Gambar 4. Konsep fasad Pada bangunan stasiun menerapkan atap datar yang merupakan ciri arsitektur art deco. Tampak bangunan lebih didominasi streamline deco dengan penggunaan bahan material modern, kisi-kisi berbentuk streamline deco berfungsi sebagai akses sirkulasi udara masuk melalui fasade. Gambar 5. Eksterior mata manusia pada stasiun kereta api bandung Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur – 4 Penerapan Unsur-unsur Art Deco Pada Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung 3. HASIL RANCANGAN 3.1 Data Proyek jawa barat kota bandung kecamatan andir stasiun bandung (daop2) Gambar 6. Lokasi proyek Nama Proyek : Stasiun kereta api bandung Sifat Proyek : Fiktif Owner : Swasta Sumber Dana : Swasta Lokasi : Jl.Stasiun Barat, Kebon Jeruk, Andir, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40181 Luas Lahan : 43.755 m2 (± 4.3 Ha) Luas Bangunan : 4.768 m2 KDB : 70% KLB : 1.4 KDH : 20% GSB Utara : 7.5m GSB Selatan : 0 Tinggi Bangunan : 4.5m Bentang Lebar : 25m - 35m Perhitungan : KDB : 70% x 43.755 = 30.628 m2 KLB : 1.4 x 43.755 = 61.257 m2 Jumlah Lantai : 43.755 : 30.628 = 1.43 (2 Lantai) Batas Wilayah : Utara : Area komersil Selatan : Area permukiman Barat : Area komersil dan permukiman Timur : Area komersil Luas dasar bangunan : 4.375 m2 Maksimal luas dasar yang diizinkan : 5.000 m2 luas total bangunan : 9.977 m2 maksimal luas total yang diizinkan : 30.628 m2 status : Memenuhi syarat 3.2 Deskripsi Rancangan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung memiliki fasilitas penunjang seperti ruang VIP, ruang ibu menyusui, ruang tenant, musholla, food court dan dilengkapi juga dengan sky bridge yang menghubungkan stasiun utara dengan selatan. Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung dengan tema penerapan unsur-unsur art deco dapat dijelaskan dengan beberapa gambar di bawah ini. Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur - 5 Rifky Hanifan Gambar 7. Komposisi massa Komposisi massa Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung dibuat menggunakan sumbu axis sebagai garis tegas pada massa bagian utara maupun selatan sehingga menciptakan komposisi massa bangunan yang seimbang, apabila melihat dari Jalan Kebon Kawung area penghijauan dengan bangunan tersusun dengan cukup baik. Lokasi yang berada di kecamatan Andir, dikelilingi oleh permukiman warga dan area komersil, desain landscape bangunan diperuntukan bagi pengunjung stasiun maupun masyarakat umum. Gambar 8. View dari jalan kebon kawung View dari Jalan Kebon Kawung terlihat bangunan stasiun dengan atap datar dan kolom besar yang membuat entrance bangunan stasiun tersebut unik dan berbeda. Posisi yang berada tepat tegak lurus dengan landscape memperkuat kesan sebagai bangunan penerima bagi pengunjung yang datang. (Lihat Gambar 8.) Pengunjung yang datang langsung berhadapan dengan lobby sebagai penerima pengunjung untuk mendapatkan informasi yang mereka butuhkan. Setelah itu pengunjung yang Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur – 6 Penerapan Unsur-unsur Art Deco Pada Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung memiliki keperluan yang berbeda-beda dapat diarahkan langsung pada tujuan mereka, misalnya pengunjung yang ingin membeli tiket, menunggu kereta dapat diarahkan pada lantai 2 Gambar 9. Suasana peron stasiun Pada bangunan stasiun terdapat 10 lajur kereta api dimana 6 lajur merupakan lajur kereta aktif dengan 4 lajur sebagai cadangan. Lajur pertama berada sebelah selatan dekat dengan antrian pengunjung bertiket, untuk lajur satu, dua dan tiga difungsikan bagi pengguna stasiun selatan dengan tujuan keberangkatan dan kedatangan lokal antar daerah dengan fasilitas kelas gerbong ekonomi, bisnis dan eksekutif (VIP). Lajur ke empat, lima dan enam difungsikan
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