MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND THE CHALLENGE TO PROMOTE A COMMUNICATIVE CITY IN INDONESIA. CASE STUDY BANDUNG METROPOLITAN AREA By RIDWAN SUTRIADI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Ridwan Sutriadi 2 To my mother, my wife Astri, my daughter Athaya, my son Abyan To my mother and father in-law To our big families in Bandung and Garut, thank you for your patience and prayer May Alloh SWT is always with us 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Christopher Silver, AICP, for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent academic atmosphere for doing my research and related academic activities. I would like to thank to Prof. William Tilson, Dr. Joseli Macedo, Dr. Andres Blanco, and Dr. Victoria Beard as committee members for guiding my research for the past two years, especially in helping me to develop the focus, theoretical framework, analysis, synthesis, and recommendation of my research. Without the active participation of my supervisor and committee members, I would not have completed my doctoral program in a timely manner. Also, many thanks to Ann Lindell (Head of Architecture & Fine Arts Library, University of Florida) for the knowledge of references and citations format. I would like to thank all the faculty members, as well as administrators in the College of Design, Construction, and Planning, University of Florida, especially Dr. Zwick and Dr. Peng, Barbara Cleveland, Maria Gavidia, Theresa Jones, Christy Watford, and Andrew (Andy) Wehle since my application process in 2007, and finally began my doctoral program in spring semester 2009. Regarding the adaptation to living in Gainesville, I express my gratitude to Kevin and Elisabeth Thompson and Indonesians in greater Gainesville: Pulung, Albertus, Deny-Shanty, Danni-Helen, Uli-Hector, Aan-James, Yuli-Bill, Ade-Luke, Desi-Wayne, and Gladys. Also the Sandwich‟s program students: Guntur, Indri, Lukman, and Rachman. I would never have been able to accomplish my research during summer 2009, summer 2010, and winter break 2010 without the support of Farida, Falah-Fathia, Firman, Helmi, Oki, Priza and Egi, Efi and UNPAS team (Ibnu, Agus, and Ayi), Tatang-Rifi and UNIKOM team, Melanie and Pak Sony Arie Yuniarto (RISTI Telkom), Pak Ariya Bayu and Pak Ipung (Telkom headquarter Office), Pak Anton, Bu Kamalia, and Andri (Planning Board Office of Bandung 4 City), Evrilina (Planning and Housing Board Office of Bandung City), Pak Cakra and Pak Tatang Rustandar (Bandung Regency), Pak Bambang and Bu Arum (West Bandung Regency), Pak Nurwijaya (Sumedang Regency), Kang Rudi and Slamet (Planning Board Office of West Java Province), M Taufik (Secretariat Office of West Java Province), Pak Boby and Yulia (Housing and Settlement Office of West Java Province), Triska Hendriawan (legislative member of Bandung Regency), Professor Iwan Jaya Azis (Cornell University), Pak Abdullah Fawzi Siddik (Commissioner of Sony Ericsson Indonesia), and Deden Rukmana (Savannah State University). My sincere thanks go to the institutions and individuals that provided facilities or generous funding for my research and my doctoral research: University of Florida, Beasiswa Unggulan Dikti, and the Indonesian Cultural Foundation. Special recognition to Pak Edwan Kardena (Environmental Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung and the Committee of “Beasiswa Unggulan Dikti”) who made it possible for me to pursue a doctoral degree at University of Florida; also to Pak Suharto and Pak Taopiq (the Staffing Office of Institut Teknologi Bandung) for their administrative supports, and moral support from the entire of member faculty at the School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung. Finally, my deepest appreciation to my beloved wife Astri, my daughter Athaya, my son Abyan, my mother and my mother in law, my late father and my father in law, A Oni (Heri)-Teh Endang, A Mamat (Surachmat)-Teh Ila, A Hendi (Suhendi)-Teh Yanti, A Helmi-Teh Chacha, Uli (Setianurli)-Eja (Tb Rizky), and the big families in Bandung and Garut. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................10 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND THE CHALLENGE TO PROMOTE A COMMUNICATIVE CITY IN INDONESIA. CASE STUDY BANDUNG METROPOLITAN AREA ................................................................................16 Background .............................................................................................................................17 Research Objective .................................................................................................................22 Issues .......................................................................................................................................22 Bandung Metropolitan Area as a Case Study .........................................................................23 Research Question ..................................................................................................................23 Expected Output .....................................................................................................................24 Organization of the Book ........................................................................................................25 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THE CONTEXT OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY USAGE ...................................................................................................................................27 Communicative City in Planning Theory ...............................................................................27 The Position of a Communicative City as a Reflection of Communicative Planning in Planning Theory .......................................................................................................27 Communicative City and Communicative Planning .......................................................29 Communicative City and Collaborative Planning ...........................................................30 Communicative City and Limits to Communicative Planning ........................................33 Communicative City and the Importance of Network Power in Collaborative Planning .......................................................................................................................34 Communicative City in Association with Communicative Action and the Network Society..........................................................................................................................35 Communicative City and Efforts in Implementing Sustainable Development Concept to City Officials .............................................................................................37 Communicative City in Association with the Planning for Complex Metropolitan Regions for a Better Future ..........................................................................................39 Communicative City and the Importance of Democratic E-Governance ........................40 Communicative City in Association with Urban Form Issues in Information Age ........42 6 Communicative City and the Importance of Defining ICT Perception to Promote Urban Development .....................................................................................................43 Communicative City and the Challenge to Address Regional Autonomy in Indonesia ......................................................................................................................45 Communicative city in the context of strategic and advocacy planning towards metropolitan governance ......................................................................................46 Communicative city and facilitation factors: Defining stakeholders attributes .......47 Communicative city and governance factor: Administrative operability factors ....48 Preliminary Studies of Mobile Technology and the Challenge to Promote a Communicative City in Bandung Metropolitan Area .........................................................49 Government Employees Role in Bandung Metropolitan Development ..........................50 Internal factors ..........................................................................................................52 Governance factors ...................................................................................................53 Facilitation factors ....................................................................................................56 Planning Activities and Communicative City Issues in the Eyes of Governmental Planning Employees .....................................................................................................59 The Advance of Telecommunication Development Issues in