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Penerapan Pola Bangunan Heritage Di Kota Bandung Pada Perancangan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung Dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Harmoni Institut Teknologi Nasional

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Penerapan Pola Bangunan Heritage Di Kota Bandung Pada Perancangan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung Dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Harmoni Institut Teknologi Nasional Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur © Jurusan Arsitektur Itenas | No.1 | Vol. III ISSN: Januari 2017 Penerapan Pola Bangunan Heritage di Kota Bandung Pada Perancangan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Harmoni Institut Teknologi Nasional Anisa Ulfa Mirananda 1 Jurusan Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan, Itenas, Bandung Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Kota Bandung merupakan ibu kota Jawa Barat, yang menjadi salah satu Kota yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat, baik untuk wisata maupun bekerja. Banyaknya kegiatan di Kota Bandung, menyebabkan arus urbanisasi di Kota Bandung cukup tinggi. Ada banyak transportasi yang dapat digunakan untuk menuju Kota Bandung, salah satu yang masih diminati oleh masyarakat adalah Kereta Api. Stasiun Bandung adalah stasiun besar yang berada di Kota Bandung. Memiliki 2 massa bangunan, stasiun Selatan dan Utara. Stasiun Selatan merupakan bangunan Cagar Budaya yang artinya harus tetap dipertahankan. Dengan demikian stasiun Utara didesain menggunakan pendekatan Kontekstaul Harmoni dengan bangunan Selatan. Stasiun Kereta Api ini dibuat, dengan harapan mampu memfasilitasi masyarakat sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditentukan.. Penerapan tema Kontekstual Harmoni dilakukan dengan pendekatan Fisik Bangunan harmoni dengan bangunan Selatan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung dan Kawasan bersejarah di Jl. Asia Afrika. Sehingga menghasilkan bangunan yang ’Harmoni’ dengan lingkungan sekitar dan tetap mengedepankan tujuan dari Kontekstual Harmoni itu sendiri, yaitu menghadirkan ’kesesuaian dalam bentuk yang lain’, dalam arti memperkuat ciri khas seperti mengambil beberapa elemen pada bangunan Stasiun Selatan, memperbesar ruang sesuai kebutuhan, menyelamatkan, memperbaiki atau meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan yang ada. Kata kunci: Stasiun Kereta Api, Kontekstual Harmoni, Konservasi ABSTRACT The city of Bandung is the capital of West Java, which became one of the City that many interested by the community, both for tourism and work. Density of activity in the city of Bandung causes the flow of urbanization in the city of Bandung is quite high. There are many transportation that can be used to go to Bandung, one of which is still in demand by the community is the Railway. Bandung Railway Station is a large station located in Bandung. It has 2 building masses, South and North stations. South Station is a Cultural Heritage building which means it must be maintained. Thus, in order to maintain the characteristics of the South Station, the North station is designed using the Contextual Harmony approach to the Southern building. The Railway Station was created, in the hope of being able to facilitate the community in accordance with predetermined standards. Implementation of Contextual Harmony theme is done by Physical approach of Building harmony with building of South Bandung Train Station and Historical Area at Jl. Asia Africa. So as to produce buildings that are 'Harmony' with the surrounding environment and still prioritize the purpose of Contextual Harmony itself, which presents 'suitability in other forms', in the sense of strengthening the characteristics such as taking some elements on the South Station building, enlarge the space as needed, , improve or improve the quality of the existing environment. Keywords: Railway Stastion, Contextual Harmony, Conservation Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur – 1 Anisa Ulfa Mirananda 1. PENDAHULUAN Melihat keadaan eksisting di Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung, bangunan ini merupakan bangunan Cagar Budaya yang tentunya patut dipertahankan. Selain itu, sebagai Stasiun Kereta Api pusat yang berada di Bandung, tentu merupakan sebuah gerbang Kota Bandung bagi para wisatawan yang menggunakan Kereta Api sebagai sarana transportasi utamanya. Dengan demikian, diperlukan juga karakter Stasiun yang dapat dikenali oleh para wisatawan, selain kontekstual dengan bangunan sekitar. Untuk mewujudkan dan menciptakan arsitektur kontekstual, sebuah desain tidak harus selamanya kontekstual dalam aspek form dan fisik saja, akan tetapi kontekstual dapat pula dihadirkan melalui aspek nonfisik, seperti fungsi, filosofi, maupun teknologi. Secara umum, konteks menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia adalah bagian suatu uraian atau kalimat yang dapat mendukung atau menambah kejelasan makna; situasi yang ada hubungannya dengan suatu kejadian. Dengan demikian Arsitektur Kontekstual menekankan bahwa sebuah bangunan harus mempunyai kaitan dengan lingkungan (bangunan yang berada di sekitarnya).[1] 2. EKSPLORASI DAN PROSES RANCANGAN 2.1 Tinjauan teoritik Proyek Sejenis Union Station Los Angeles (Amerika Serikat) Gambar 2.1 Tampak atas Union Station Gambar 2.2 Bird eye view dan tampak depan Union Station Stasiun ini didesain oleh tim ayah dan anak, John dan Donald Parkinson, yang menggabungkan elemen kolonial Spanyol dengan gaya Art Deco. Nuansa hangat dan nyaman menyelimuti stasiun kebanggaan California ini. Terdapat kaca patri besar yang memiliki beberapa tambahan hiasan ornamen yang dapat diaplikasikan pada bangunan Stasiun Bandung karena sama-sama memiliki gaya Art Deco. Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur – 2 Penerapan Pola Bangunan Heritage di Kota Bandung pada Perancangan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Harmoni Beberapa hal yang dapat dijadikan rujukan pada rancangan: Layout penempatan fasilitas penumpang Pembagian zona paid area dan unpaid area Memanfaatkan pencahayaan alamis ebagai pencahayaan utama Pemanfaatan bagian stasiun untuk fungsi-fungsi komersial sebagai simpul sirkulasi. Alasan memilih bangunan: Gaya bangunan stasiun Los Angeles ini merupakan gaya Art deco, sama halnya seperti pada bangunan Stasiun Selatan pad aStasiun Bandung. Terdapat lahan parker yang besar pada bagian depan Stasiun. Mempunyai nilai historis yang tinggi seperti bangunan stasiun bandung bagian selatan. 2.2 Studi Banding Stasiun Gambir Stasiun ini pada awalnya ditujukan untuk melayani penumpang komuter. Namun dikarenakan PT. KAI belum memiliki stasiun jarak jauh dan jarak menegah yang baik, stasiun ini kemudian dipakai juga untuk melayani penumpang jarak jauh dan menengah. Stasiun ini diapit oleh Jalan Merdeka Timur dan Jalan Silang Monas Tenggara. Gambar 2.3 Denah lantai 1 Stasiun Gambir Terdapat dua pintu masuk site untuk kendaraan, di sebelah Utara dan Selatan. Sirkulasi hampir mengelilingi site untuk motor maupun mobil. Namun jika masuk dari gerbang masuk Selatan dan memakirkan kendaraan di Selatan, maka pengendaran hanya bisa keluar dari pintu Keluar Selatan. Gambar 2.4 Sirkulasi kendaraan bermotor pada site Stasiun Gambir. Sirkulasi pejalan kaki di luar site hamper sama seperti sirkulasi kendaraan bermotor, namun bagi paa pejalan kaki, disediakan pedestrian. Terdapat beberapa pintu masuk bagi para pengunjung. Pintu Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur - 3 Anisa Ulfa Mirananda Selatan, Pintu Lobby Selatan kemudian untuk Lobby tengah hanya digunakan bagi para tamu VIP/rombongan VIP saja, kemudian Pintu Lobby Utara dan Pintu Utara. 2.3 Literatur a. Pengertian Arsitektur Kontekstual Brent. C. Brolin menyatakan dalam bukunya yang berjudul Architecture in Context, bahwa kontekstual adalah kemungkinan perluasan bangunan dan keinginan mengaitkan bangunan baru dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. Bangunan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung bagian pintu Selatan termasuk ke dalam bangunan Cagar Budaya yang ada di kota Bandung, sehingga harus dipertahankan, sebisa mungkin bangunan di pintu Utara konteks dengan bangunan yang berada di pintu Selatan agar tetap memperlihatkan keaslian bangunan tersebut. Menurut Brolin, ada beberapa cara untuk mencapai hubungan simpatik dengan lingkungan sekitar, diantaranya adalah: Mengambil motif-motif desain setempat. Menggunakan bentuk-bentuk dasar yang sama, tetapi kemudian memanipulasikannya sehingga tampak berbeda. Mengabstraksikan bentuk-bentuk aslinya. Mencari bentuk-bentuk baru yang memiliki efek visual yang serupa atau paling tidak mendekati.[1] Tabel 2.1 elemen visual bangunan metode perancangan kontekstual menurut Bront C Brolin General Attributes Historical and Nonhistorical Attributes Penempatan jendela dan pintu Ornamen Bangunan Material Tekstur Warna Tinggi Bangunan Orientasi bangunan Siluet bangunan Setback Proporsi Bangunan b. Pengertian Kontekstual Harmoni Menurut Hedman dan Jaszewski, konteks dalam desain (designing in context) berarti memperkuat karakter keterkaitan antara bangunan yang telah ada dengan bangunan yang kita rencanakan sehingga membentuk efek visual yang menyeluruh dan terpadu. Untuk menjadikan sebuah desain kontekstual, bisa dengan menjadikannya ’selaras’ ataupun ’kontras’ dengan lingkungan sekitar dengan tetap mengedepankan tujuan dari kontekstual itu sendiri, yaitu menghadirkan ’kesesuaian’, dalam arti memperkuat, memperbesar, menyelamatkan, memperbaiki atau meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan yang ada. Repository Jurnal Tugas Akhir Arsitektur – 4 Penerapan Pola Bangunan Heritage di Kota Bandung pada Perancangan Stasiun Kereta Api Bandung dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Harmoni 2.4 Konsep Fasad Lokasi Stasiun Kereta Api memiliki beberapa potensi, area pemukiman yang berada di sekitar kawasan stasiun kereta api Bandung menjadi target bagi pengembangan fasilitas perdagangan, perkantoran dan jasa. Keragaman aktivitas yang menjadikan kawasan ini sebagai pusat kegiatan kota. Selain itu juga berdekatan dengan kawasan bersejarah di Jl. Asia Afrika yang memiliki radius sekitar 3 km dan merupakan salah satu kawasan bersejarah juga, yang banyak dikunjungi wisatawan. Kemudian pada radius sekitar 250-500 meter,
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