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Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 AYIKA Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa ii Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 Copyright and Permissions Authors are responsible for proper acknowledgements of sources of all forms, including figures and graphics. Where using sources that are not original, authors should request appropriate permissions from the copyright holder(s). Note that the editor may, where necessary, demand evidence of such permission(s) before accepting papers for publication ISSN: 2664-3030 (PRINT) 2664-3022 (ONLINE) Correspondence Send manuscripts and Inquiries to: Professor Victor Ojakorotu School of Government Studies, Department of Political Studies & International Relations Faculty of Humanities North-West University, Mafikeng Tel: 018 3892259, Cell: 078 3756718 [email protected] Alternative Email: [email protected] On behalf of the Editorial Board, thank you for the interest in Ayika. iii Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA BOARD OF EDITORS Prof John Akokpari – Department of Political Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa Prof Martin Palamuleni – Centre for Population Studies, North West University, South Africa Prof Ademola Jegede - Faculty of Law, University of Venda, South Africa Prof Kenneth Omeje - Manifold Crown Consult, Bradford, UK Prof Chris Isike - Department of Political Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa Prof Daniel Thobejane - Centre for Gender and Youth Studies, University of Venda, South Africa Prof Theophilus Mukhuba - Department of English Studies, North West University, South Africa Prof Sat Obiyan – Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria Dr Mike Reddy – Department of Communication Science, University of Zululand, South Africa Dr. Kayode Eesuola - Institute of African and Diaspora Studies, JP Clark Centre, University of Lagos. iv Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 Dr Phemelo Marumo – Department of Philosophy, North West University, South Africa Dr Thizwilondi J. Mudau – Centre for Gender and Youth Studies, University of Venda, South Africa Dr Elijah Mkhatshwa – Department of English Studies, University of Kwazulu Natal, South Africa Dr. Kelechi Johnmary Ani - Department of History & Strategic Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria Ms Chukwuekwu Kesiena Ojakorotu- South Africa (Editorial Secretary) Professor Victor Ojakorotu (Editor in Chief) School of Government Studies, Department of Political Studies & International Relations Faculty of Humanities North-West University, Mafikeng [email protected] v Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 EDITORIAL POLICY AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA is a journal that provides an avenue to scholars, researchers, policy analysts, think tank groups, as well as the civil society community to ventilate the various ramifications of the relations between environment and politics and development in Africa. The causal relationship between the environment and politics and vice versa has grown such that the scientific and political communities have fundamentally and unprecedentedly come to agreement as to the cause(s) of environmental problems. Hence, there is a growing recognition of government as the consumer of scientific findings on the environment such as that this journal portends. This point, in many respect, led to the inauguration of this journal. It is as a consequence of addressing environmental governance issues from the global level right to the local and municipal levels across the world and with special interest on Africa’s landscape that AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA was established. Coupled with an ever-growing number of environmental movements and the broadening scope of environmental protection and environmental security advocacy and activism, the journal garners relevance. That is, a meaningful venture therefore to critically periscope the environment-politics nexus that this journal represents is because it appreciates the environment’s complex realities in our modern world. The necessity of this journal too stems from many cases of resource-rich nations in Africa that have largely failed to translate their endowments into mass wealth and development, and thereby give rise to what scholars have tagged ‘‘resource curse’’ and/or affliction, to entrench sustainable environment in the continent. Hitherto in the African continent, there has been recognised absence of much intellectual, academic and advocacy platforms upon which to discuss issues of environment-politics linkages in the continent in tandem with the rest of the world. While many existing academic mediums treat issues on the relationship between environment and politics as part of larger themes on vi Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 geography, agricultural science and the sciences generally, regrettably those in the humanities and social sciences have not fared better on this. It is for the reason of providing a platform for intellectuals in the humanities and social sciences alongside those in all other spheres of academic research that the Editorial Team purposefully pursued to ground AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA. Vision/Mission Statement The vision and mission statements of AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA revolves around ‘‘Ayika’’- a Yoruba word that refers to the environment. The linkage that the environment has to Africa’s socio-political development is no more under contestation. In fact, such a linkage is now established such that every discourse – be it an academic discussion and every other form of dialogue – notes the relationship between the environment and development in general. Thus, existing and emerging environmental problems are ever more political and now require political solutions more than ever. Whereas, the nature of the African continent is such that environmental problems are increasing and rising steadily and by the day, and in many cases, the negations are as a result of existing poor public infrastructure, disjointed socio-structural arrangements, lack of good policies and abysmal governmental investments in the continent’s environment sector. Therefore, AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA sets ultimately as its vision/mission statement the pursuit to bridge the gap of Africa’s underdevelopment emanating from her ‘‘Ayika’’. This is given that new environmental problems such as climate change continues to impact on the daily lives of the African man and woman, yet mitigation and adaptation policies and strategies are chiefly nascent, ineffectual and in most cases poor. This journal, therefore, will aid to illuminate the views of scholars that argue that new environmental realities deemed developmental problems - as is the actual case in Africa- flow from political culture and politics that places very vii Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 weak emphasis on thorough and concrete conceptualisation of the environment-politics nexus for the continent’s development. Scope of the Journal ‘‘Ayika’’ means environment in Yoruba language of Nigeria. Hence, AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA is established to treat issues of environment in ways that will provide sound policy and socio-economic and political perspectives from scholars within and outside the African continent. Papers to feature in this journal may speak to the global dimension of environmental issues, but must have profound bearing on the African connection in terms of abating tremendously the environmental inducing underdevelopment variables in the continent. By implication, the journal will provide, and be, an avenue to proffer practical policy and political insights to Africa’s most pressing and strategic environmental issues. Aim of the Journal AYIKA: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA is an environment politics journal in Africa that so much focuses on the African continent. It covers theoretical, policy, programmatic and other overarching dimensions and dynamics of environmental politics, governance and diplomacy in Africa. As a result of this, original review articles and every other kind of intellectual manuscript from academic fields cum disciplines such as philosophy, geography, international relations, economics, political science, sociology, psychology and related scholarly areas will be published in the journal. House Style The journal is based on universal standards of presentation of papers for academic journal publication. That is, papers should be segmented and should begin with an Abstract. The Abstract should not exceed 300 words and should be in italics. The author(s) are at liberty to segment the body of viii Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 2, No 2, 2020 their papers according to a preference. Paper length will differ with every other publication based on the Editorial Team’s designation. The Harvard and APA referencing styles are preferable amongst other referencing techniques. Author(s) will be provided with an email address where their paper(s) should be sent to every quarterly and the sending frame for papers should be in Word Format. Issues This journal is published two times annually. Meaning that,
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