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Security sector reform and post-conflict peacebuilding In memory of Rocky Williams Security sector reform and post-conflict peacebuilding Edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Hans-Georg Ehrhart United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2005 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] General enquiries: [email protected] www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Marie Sese-Paul Printed in the United States of America ISBN 92-808-1109-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Security sector reform and post-conflict peacebuilding / edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Hans-Georg Ehrhart. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9280811096 (pbk.) 1. National security. 2. Peace-building. 3. Civil-military relations. 4. Peacekeeping forces. 5. United Nations—Peacekeeping forces. I. Schnabel, Albrecht. II. Ehrhart, Hans-Georg, 1955– UA10.5.S3735 2005 327.1 072—dc22 2005024342 Contents Acknowledgements . ................................................. viii Listofacronyms....................................................... x Contributors........................................................... xiv Introduction ........................................................... 1 1 Post-conflict societies and the military: Challenges and problemsofsecuritysectorreform ............................... 1 Albrecht Schnabel and Hans-Georg Ehrhart Part I: The challenges of post-conflict peacebuilding and security sector reform .......................................................... 17 2 Security sector reform and donor policies . .................. 19 Dylan Hendrickson and Andrzej Karkoszka 3 African armed forces and the challenges of security sector transformation..................................................... 45 Rocky Williams 4 Military forces’ training for post-conflict peacebuilding operations.......................................................... 74 Fernando Isturiz v vi CONTENTS Part II: Experiences from Europe: Macedonia, Bosnia, Russia, Georgia, and Northern Ireland ...................................... 91 5 Ethnic-military relations in Macedonia . ........................ 93 Biljana Vankovska 6 Democratization in Bosnia: A more effective role for SFOR . 114 Allison Ritscher 7 The use of Russia’s security structures in the post-conflict environment....................................................... 133 Ekaterina A. Stepanova 8 Civil-military relations in a newly independent transitional state:TheGeorgiancase ......................................... 156 David Darchiashvili 9 The politics of fear versus the politics of intimidation: Security sectorreforminNorthernIreland ............................... 182 Stefan Wolff Part III: Experiences from Latin America: El Salvador, Guatemala, Colombia, Chile, and Haiti ............................. 205 10 Civil-military relations in Latin America: The post-9/11 scenarioandthecivilsocietydimension......................... 207 Andre´s Serbin and Andre´s Fontana 11 The military in post-conflict societies: Lessons from Central AmericaandprospectsforColombia ........................... 225 Thomas C. Bruneau 12 Civil-military relations and national reconciliation in Chile in theaftermathofthePinochetaffair ............................. 243 Nibaldo H. Galleguillos 13 The role of the military in democratization and peacebuilding: TheexperiencesofHaitiandGuatemala ....................... 258 Chetan Kumar Part IV: Experiences from Asia: Cambodia, East Timor, and Afghanistan ........................................................... 281 CONTENTS vii 14 SecuritysectorreforminCambodia.............................. 283 Sophie Richardson and Peter Sainsbury 15 International force and political reconstruction: Cambodia, EastTimor,andAfghanistan ..................................... 297 William Maley Conclusion ............................................................. 313 16 Post-conflict societies and the military: Recommendations for securitysectorreform ............................................. 315 Hans-Georg Ehrhart and Albrecht Schnabel Index................................................................... 323 Acknowledgements A number of individuals and organizations have provided invaluable as- sistance and support at various stages of this book project. First of all, we are grateful to the United Nations University, the Japa- nese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs for providing the funding for our work. We are grateful to the Swiss Peace Foundation (swisspeace) and the Institute for Peace Re- search and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg for offering us the time and opportunity to work on this project. We thank the latter for hosting a most stimulating author meeting in November 2001, and particularly Bernt Berger for his assistance during the workshop. We greatly appreciate the logistical and administrative assistance offered for the entire duration of this project by Yoshie Sawada of the Peace and Governance Programme of the United Nations University. We are grate- ful to Monica Blagescu for assistance during the early stages of the proj- ect. We thank UNU Press, particularly Gareth Johnston and Scott McQuade, for patiently supporting us in preparing and improving the manuscript for publication. We are grateful to two anonymous peer reviewers, whose comments allowed us to make important improvements over the initial draft manuscript; and we greatly appreciate the work of Cherry Ekins for copyediting the volume and ‘‘. .’’ for producing the index. This book grew out of an international research project on ‘‘The Role of the Military in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding’’ jointly initiated in 2001 under the aegis of the United Nations University and the Institute for viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg. The project focused on two main issues: the role and conduct of international peace operations in the post-war transition phase, and security sector reform as a contribution to post-conflict peacebuilding efforts. Contribu- tions on the first theme (by Anthony Anderson, Karin von Hippel, Ho- Won Jeong, Stephen Blackwell, Karen Guttieri, and Ann Fitz-Gerald) were published in the journal SþF: Sicherheit und Frieden/Security and Peace (Vol. 22, Nos 1/2), while the studies undertaken on the second theme culminated in this book. As those responsible for the overall proj- ect, we thank all project participants for sharing their insights with us and the readers of the SþF articles and this book. We dedicate this volume to Rocky Williams, who contributed a chapter to the book and who passed away in January 2005. Rocky’s contribu- tions to the debate on security sector reform and its implementation in his home country of South Africa and throughout the African continent have been immense. Those lucky enough to have known, worked with, and learned from him miss him greatly. His legacy will motivate us to continue the important work he has begun. Albrecht Schnabel Hans-Georg Ehrhart Bern and Hamburg Acronyms ACSS Africa Center for Strategic Studies (USA) ARENA Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (El Salvador) ARM Army of the Republic of Macedonia ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations AUC Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia CCMR Center for Civil-Military Relations CEE Central and Eastern Europe CFSP EU Common Foreign and Security Policy CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CNI Central National Intelligence (Chile) CNR National Reconciliation Commission (Guatemala) CNRT Conselho Nacional da Resistencia Timorense (East Timor) CONACOM National Congress of Democratic Movements (Haiti) CPAF Cambodian People’s Armed Forces CPP Cambodian People’s Party CSSDCA Conference on Stability, Security, Development, and Coopera- tion in Africa DAC OECD Development Assistance Committee DAO defence attache´ officer DDR disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (of former com- batants) DINA National Intelligence Directorate (Chile) DPA UNDepartmentofPoliticalAffairs