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Old Church Slavonic Grammar

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HANDBOOK OF OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC PART I OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC GRAMMAR LONDON EAST EUROPEAN SERIES (LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE) Under the auspices of the Department of Language and Literature School of Slavonic and East European Studies University of London GROUP I. DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMARS Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Parts I and II I. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, by G. NANDRI§ II. Texts and Glossary, by R. AUTY GROUP II. HISTORICAL GRAMMARS w. K. MATTHEWS. Russian Historical Grammar s. E. MANN. Czech Historical Grammar GROUP IIL READINGS IN LITERATURE J. PiETRKiEWicz. Polish Prose and Verse E. D. TAPPE. Rumanian Prose and Verse V. PINTO. Bulgarian Prose and Verse G. F. GUSHING. Hungarian Prose and Verse HANDBOOK OF OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC PART I OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC GRAMMAR BY GRIGORE NANDRIS Professor of Comparative Philology of the Slavonic Languages in the University of London UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THE ATHLONE PRESS Published by THE ATHLONE PRESS UNIVERSITY OF LONDON at 2 Gotver Street, London, wc i Distributed by Tiptree Bookservices Ltd, Tiptree, Essex Australia and New Zealand Melbourne University Press Canada Oxford University Press Toronto U.S.A. Oxford University Press Inc. New York First impression, 1959 Reprinted with corrections, 1965 Reprinted 1969 © G. Nandris, 1959, 1965 485 17507 X PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE THIS Grammar is intended to help students of Slavonic philology to interpret Old Slavonic texts and to provide a starting-point for studying the history of the Slavonic languages. An attempt has therefore been made to present the facts, particularly of the phonetic system, from a descriptive and historical point of view and to draw attention to those regular correspondences between phonemes of cognate languages which seem to indicate constant principles operating in linguistic changes. It does not claim to be a historical grammar of Old Church Slavonic: its aim is to give the student in Slavonic philology a clear picture of the system of the first Slavonic literary language. As Common Slavonic is not recorded and Slavonic linguistic unity lasted until the sixth to seventh century A.D.. Old Church Slavonic supplements our know­ ledge of Proto-Slavonic and so is an introduction to comparative Slavonic philology. The method and plan of the Grammar conform to its purpose and aim. As it has been assumed that students will use the Gram­ mar to read and interpret texts, the number of examples has been limited; but an attempt has been made to indicate to the student that Old Church Slavonic represents only one recorded moment of a section of a spoken language continuously changing in time and space. Fluctuations in so-called linguistic rules have been noted in order to draw the attention of students to the fluidity of linguistic phenomena and to possibilities for further research. Dialectal features and opinions based on hypotheses have also been indicated. All examples have been verified in the texts of the available editions. Unlike phonetics and morphology, syntax has not been treated in a special chapter. As morphology and syntax are in practice interdependent, and as Old Church Slavonic syntax is based on that of the original Greek texts, its study seemed too complex to be included in this Grammar. But its characteristic features appear in the chapters devoted to conjunctions and prepositions as well as in the examples illustrating the various parts of speech. vi PREFACE The author is very conscious of his great debt to his pre­ decessors, among whom he would especially name P. Diels, A. Vaillant, and N. van Wijk. As the manuscript was sent for printing in September 1954, he has not been able to make use of studies published since. The author wishes to express his gratitude and thanks to Pro­ fessor B. O. Unbegaun, Professor of Comparative Slavonic Philo­ logy in the University of Oxford, to Dr. R. Auty, Lecturer in Slavonic Studies in the University of Cambridge, and to Mr. E. D. Tappe, Lecturer in Rumanian in the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University of London, for reading the manuscript and suggesting improvements; to Miss S. C. Gardiner for compiling the subject-index and helping with the Cyrillic word-index; and to the Athlone Press for en­ suring that the Granunar was produced under the best technical conditions. If the Grammar succeeds in guiding the student in the field of Slavonic philology, as a branch of Indo-European linguistics, it will have achieved its purpose. G. N. CONTENTS PREFACE V BIBLIOGRAPHY xiii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS XV THE OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC LANGUAGE I WRITING SYSTEMS AND SOUNDS § I. Table of Alphabets 3 THE PHONETIC SYSTEM 4 § 2. Vowels and Consonants 4 § 3. Hard, Soft, and Palatal Consonants 7 § 4. Quantity, Stress, and Intonation 9 § 5. Syllabic Division II THE VOWELS 12 § 6. The Vowel a 12 § 7. The Vowel 0 12 § 8. The Vowel ti 13 §9. The Vowel 13 § 10. The Vowel i §11. The VoweU 14 § 12. The Vowel 1 IS § 13, The Nasal Vowel Q 16 § 14. The Nasal Vowel ^ 17 § 15, The Hard Reduced Vowel H 18 § 16. The Soft Reduced Vowel i 18 THE CONSONANTS 19 § 17. The Liquid Consonants /, r 19 § 18. The Nasal Consonants m, n 21 § 19. The Labio-dental Spirant v 21 § 20. The Spirants 5, z 22 viii CONTENTS § 21. The Palatal Spirants if, ^ 22 § 22. The Velar Spirant x 23 § 23. The Dental Affricates dz, c 24 § 24. The Palatal Affricate c 25 § 25. The Development of the Affricate dz into a Spirant z 25 §26. The Labials/), b 26 § 27. The Dentals t, d 26 § 28. The Velars k, g 27 § 29. Groups of Consonants 27 § 30. Palatalization of the Velars 29 § 31. Hardening of the Palatal Consonants 34 CHANGES IN THE CCS VOWEL SYSTEM 35 § 32. Prothetic | >jyU> and Intervocalic t >j 35 § 33. Changes of the Reduced Vowels and i 36 § 34. Reduced Vowels in OCS Texts 39 § 35. Changes of the Nasal Vowels in OCS Texts 42 § 36. Development of Liquid Diphthongs in OCS Texts 45 § 37« Vowel Gradation (Apophony, Ablaut) 46 MORPHOLOGY AND WORD-FORMATION NOUNS 51 §38. The Nominal Categories: Stems, Genders, Numbers, Cases 51 DECLENSION OF THE NOUNS 54 § 39. The 'U'l-ja- Stems 54 § 40. The 'O'I'JO' Stems 57 § 41. Nouns in -eniniiy -telly -ari 63 § 42. The -M- Stems 64 § 43. The -1- Stems 65 §44. The Consonant Stems: -v- Stems, Stems, -5- Stems, -nt' Stems, -r- Stems 67 § 45. Declension of Names of Greek Origin 73 § 46. Nominal Endings 75 § 47. Formation of Nouns 84 CONTENTS ix § 48. Denominal and Deverbative Suffixes 87 ADJECTIVES 91 § 49. Declension of Nominal Forms of Adjectives 91 § 50. Formation of Adjectives 93 § 51. Comparative Forms of Adjectives 95 § 52. Declension of Nominal Forms of Participles 99 § 53. Indeclinable Adjectives 102 § 54. Adverbial Forms 103 PRONOUNS 103 § 55. Formation and Declension of Pronominal Categories 103 § 56. Declension of Pronominal Forms of Adjectives 113 § 57. Declension of Pronominal Comparative Forms 115 § 58. Declension of Pronominal Forms of Participles 117 NUMERALS 120 § 59. Formation and Declension of Numeral Categories 120 VERBS 127 § 60. Survey of Verbal Forms and Stems 127 §61. Classification of Verbs 131 § 62. Phonetic Changes in the Verbal Stems of Conjugation la 133 § 63. Changes in the Verbal Stems of Conjugation lb 134 § 64. Changes in the Verbal Stems of Conjugation II 135 § 65. Changes in the Verbal Stems of Conjugation III 136 § 66. Changes in the Verbal Stems of Conjugation IV 137 §67. Personal Endings 137 PERSONAL FORMS OF VERBS 141 § 68. Present Tense 141 §69. Aorist 141 §70. Imperfect 146 MOODS 147 §71. Imperative Mood 147 § 72. Conditional-Optative Mood 149 NOMINAL FORMS OF VERBS I49 §73. Present Participle Active 149 X CONTENTS § 74. Present Participle Passive 150 § 75. Past Participle Active I 151 § 76. Past Participle Active 2 151 § 77. Past Participle Passive 152 § 78. Future Participle 153 §79. Verbal Noun 153 INVARIABLE FORMS OF VERBS 154 § 80. Infinitive 154 §81. Supine 154 § 82. Gerund Forms 155 § 83. The Verbal Form s^tu 155 COMPOUND VERBAL FORMS 156 §84. Perfect 156 §85. Pluperfect 156 § 86. Future Tense 157 § 87. Future Perfect 157 §88. Conditional-Optative 157 §89. Passive Voice 158 VERBAL ASPECTS 159 § 90. Perfective, Imperfective, and Iterative Verbs 159 § 91. Functions of Verbal Prefixes 161 § 92. Verbal Prefixes and their Meaning 162 § 93. Conjugations and the Verbal Aspect 164 PATTERNS OF CONJUGATION 166 § 94. First Conjugation (Present Stem in -e-) 166 § 95. Second Conjugation (Present Stem in -ne-) 171 § 96. Third Conjugation (Present Stem in -je-) 174 § 97. Fourth Conjugation (Present Stem in -1-) 188 § 98. Fifth Conjugation (Athematic Verbs) 194 INVARIABLE WORD-CATEGORIES I99 §99. Adverbs 199 § 100. Adverbial Suffixes 199 CONTENTS xi §101. Particles 201 § 102. Prefixes and Prepositions 202 §103. Adverbs in Prepositional Function 204 § 104. Conjunctions 204 §105. Interjections 211 SUBJECT INDEX WORD INDEX 219 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (For works on the Cyrillo-Methodian texts, see Part II, pp. xi-xii) I. GRAMMARS AND CHRESTOMATHIES DiELS, P. Altkirchenslavische Grammatik, I. Teil: Grammatik, Heidel­ berg, 1932; XL Teil: Ausgewahlte Texte und Worterbuch, Heidelberg, 1934; 2. Auflage 1963. HAMM, J. Gramatika starocrkvenoslavenskog jezika. Pregled gramatike starocrkvenoslavenskog jezika s hrestomatijom i rjednikom, i, Zagreb, 1947. Citanka starocrkvenoslavenskog jezika s hrestomatijom i rjecnikom, ii, Zagreb, 1947. KUL'BAKIN, ST. Le Vieux Slave, Paris, 1929 (with a chapter on the dialectal forms in OCS). LESKIEN, A. Handbuch der altbulgarischeji {altkirchenslavischcn) Sprache (contains a selection of texts and a glossary), Heidelberg, 1922^ Grammatik der altbulgarischen {altkirchenslavischen) Sprache, Heidelberg, LoS, J. Gramatyka staroslowiaAska, Lwow-Warszawa-Krakow, 1922. LuNT, H. G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, 'S-Gravenhage, 1955. See the appreciation by W.
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    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 228 International Conference on Language Phenomena in Multimodal Communication (KLUA 2018) Language in Politics Features of the Soviet Language Policy in 1920s-1930s Nubar Gurbanova, Universitas Airlangga Rungthum Rangsikul, Universitas Airlangga Abstract Political language is a necessary tool of politics and power, which not only reflects reality, but also shapes it through information impact. Any multinational and multilingual state inevitably encounters the problem of regulating the linguistic life of the country. After the formation of the Soviet Union (1922), one of the important missions among national political tasks was occupied by the duty of setting up of national language. The national question was a very important problem in the first socialist state, since the Soviet Union was a multiethnic country. The differences in the territorial and natural conditions of the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Baltic, Siberia and the different historical destinies of the population of these territories presented great difficulties for the development of a unified plan for the progress of the culture of these nations and nationalities. The analytical article examines the main trends and features of the national language policy of the Soviet Union in the 1920s-1930s. A conclusion is made about the priority development of the Russian language, its role in the formation and shaping of the Soviet people as a qualitatively new historical community. The specifics of the interaction of the Russian language and the languages of the peoples of the Soviet Union in the pre-war period were analyzed. Keywords: language policy; language prestige; Soviet Union; state language; russification 1.