Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet
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Unicode Request for Cyrillic Modifier Letters Superscript Modifiers
Unicode request for Cyrillic modifier letters L2/21-107 Kirk Miller, [email protected] 2021 June 07 This is a request for spacing superscript and subscript Cyrillic characters. It has been favorably reviewed by Sebastian Kempgen (University of Bamberg) and others at the Commission for Computer Supported Processing of Medieval Slavonic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Cyrillic-based phonetic transcription uses superscript modifier letters in a manner analogous to the IPA. This convention is widespread, found in both academic publication and standard dictionaries. Transcription of pronunciations into Cyrillic is the norm for monolingual dictionaries, and Cyrillic rather than IPA is often found in linguistic descriptions as well, as seen in the illustrations below for Slavic dialectology, Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) and Evenki. The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Cyrillic notation is more common in Russian studies than is IPA (‘Transkripcija’, Bol’šaja rossijskaja ènciplopedija, Russian Ministry of Culture, 2005–2019). Unicode currently encodes only three modifier Cyrillic letters: U+A69C ⟨ꚜ⟩ and U+A69D ⟨ꚝ⟩, intended for descriptions of Baltic languages in Latin script but ubiquitous for Slavic languages in Cyrillic script, and U+1D78 ⟨ᵸ⟩, used for nasalized vowels, for example in descriptions of Chechen. The requested spacing modifier letters cannot be substituted by the encoded combining diacritics because (a) some authors contrast them, and (b) they themselves need to be able to take combining diacritics, including diacritics that go under the modifier letter, as in ⟨ᶟ̭̈⟩BA . (See next section and e.g. Figure 18. ) In addition, some linguists make a distinction between spacing superscript letters, used for phonetic detail as in the IPA tradition, and spacing subscript letters, used to denote phonological concepts such as archiphonemes. -
+1. Introduction 2. Cyrillic Letter Rumanian Yn
MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM +1. INTRODUCTION These are comments to "Additional Cyrillic Characters In Unicode: A Preliminary Proposal". I'm examining each section of that document, as well as adding some extra notes (marked "+" in titles). Below I use standard Russian Cyrillic characters; please be sure that you have appropriate fonts installed. If everything is OK, the following two lines must look similarly (encoding CP-1251): (sample Cyrillic letters) АабВЕеЗКкМНОопРрСсТуХхЧЬ (Latin letters and digits) Aa6BEe3KkMHOonPpCcTyXx4b 2. CYRILLIC LETTER RUMANIAN YN In the late Cyrillic semi-uncial Rumanian/Moldavian editions, the shape of YN was very similar to inverted PSI, see the following sample from the Ноул Тестамент (New Testament) of 1818, Neamt/Нямец, folio 542 v.: file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 1 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM Here you can see YN and PSI in both upper- and lowercase forms. Note that the upper part of YN is not a sharp arrowhead, but something horizontally cut even with kind of serif (in the uppercase form). Thus, the shape of the letter in modern-style fonts (like Times or Arial) may look somewhat similar to Cyrillic "Л"/"л" with the central vertical stem looking like in lowercase "ф" drawn from the middle of upper horizontal line downwards, with regular serif at the bottom (horizontal, not slanted): Compare also with the proposed shape of PSI (Section 36). 3. CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED A file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 2 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM I support the idea that "IA" must be separated from "Я". -
L'*7*(^ {R ' Q.Lrtb Jutl 1 3 1G7g U(Jlt T Z'tg?G D4/44 GIET &
'$lD * , j e,r . .. .,) i,&l ffilh{":, '-*.t.. , "i ;4r,* " COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNlTIES ,t V cou(fg) )o final - Part r \- ! 3ruesele' ja"nuary 19?9 J Jl- ' lt'-'tt r'' 3 ';*'': '"- - UNIVET'::"Iit i ' 'r l'*7*(^ {r ' q.lrtb JUtl 1 3 1g7g u(Jlt t Z'tg?g d4/44 GIET & THI SITI'ATIOI.I OF.THF AGR]CUTTURAtr, MARKETS 1978 REPORT PART I (srrbmitted to the Council by the Conunission) I : ,:l r: t i; .;/tl:ri i:. , ..rt ' :..: t i.i'1: I :Jiiri l{il'.i,. ; :1 . i:r coil(?g) 50 PROPERTY OF HILLMAN LIBRARV 4 lII FLOOR $TACKS coM (78) 5oolr Prcfaqory : $1u, '.,.t' " dlff,crcnt The present docuncnt rcir ,out 1a dctail ibc, rituaqi'os-ori ttt€ agricultural narkcts i"-igl8 ena thcrr outlook,for 1979 aad 1980' by the The 1978 report on the Agricultural Situation, which is-guUlished Europesn Coilruni:i9f in relation to the prUfi""itoo-r OfCi.e'of tf,e oomdniti:{: pTwerflh Generel-i"peit on the i"li"Ltl"g ot ^tuc-[uropean -- .""Iii"", besi,des:o--tU"t data, a shotteaed v&sion of the.Pr€sent' document' 4t4"'='-\'-,.<. "*.t_- t{ Il 'l-,t 'i. --- t a I,i- , i tij . I il {r tI I. I' r:i ,l: il t. t. I i .-2- CONTENTS q +The situation on the agricultural 1978 REPONT Part I Page Table no A. General survey I. Situation on the principal agri- cultural markets 4 II. The market outlook 6 B. Analysis by sector 10 I. -
Recognition Features for Old Slavic Letters: Macedonian Versus Bosnian Alphabet
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2015 145 ISSN 2250-3153 Recognition features for Old Slavic letters: Macedonian versus Bosnian alphabet Cveta Martinovska Bande*, Mimoza Klekovska**, Igor Nedelkovski**, Dragan Kaevski*** * Faculty of Computer Science, University Goce Delcev, Stip, Macedonia ** Faculty of Technical Sciences, University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bitola, Macedonia *** Faculty of Elecrical Engineering and Information Technology, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia Abstract- This paper compares recognition methods for two recognition have been reported, such as fuzzy logic [9, 10], Old Slavic Cyrillic alphabets: Macedonian and Bosnian. Two neural networks [11] and genetic algorithms [12]. novel methodologies for recognition of Old Macedonian letters Several steps have to be performed in the process of letter are already implemented and experimentally tested by recognition, like pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction calculating their recognition accuracy and precision. The first and selection, classification, and post-processing [13]. Generally, method is based on a decision tree classifier realized by a set of pre-processing methods include image binarization, rules and the second one is based on a fuzzy classifier. To normalization, noise reduction, detection and correction of skew, enhance the performance of the decision tree classifier the estimation and removal of slant. There are two segmentation extracted rules are corrected according -
THE SHAPE of the GRAVE by Laura Lundgren Smith Copyright
THE SHAPE OF THE GRAVE By Laura Lundgren Smith Copyright November 2004 Salmon Publishing Ltd. Cliffs of Moher, Ireland All Rights Pending SCENE 1 (Lights up to a cacophony (cacophony= a meaningless mixture of sounds) of sounds and movement. Onstage, a riot between British soldiers and Republican Irish protesters. Shouts of “United Free Ireland!” “Civil Rights for all Irish” “End Internment (=confinement) NOW!!” ring out, then degrades into more coarse slogans as rocks and bricks are thrown at the soldiers. Gas canisters make an appearance. The noise reaches a fury pitch, shots ring out, there are screams of fear and anger, then the noise fades suddenly into the background, and the rioters move to slow motion. One of the protesters peels off from the group.) Pro#1: It was ten of four, January 30th, 1972 when the bullets started flying in Bog side. Pro#2: A Sunday. Cold and bleak. Pro#3: We were 20,000 strong, coming together to say to the British, you can’t lock us up without a reason. Pro#1: They could grab us up off the street, throw us in the jails, just for looking at them wrong. Pro#2: If they thought we looked suspicious, or we went in the wrong shop. Pro#1: Could keep us up to six months at a go, with no reason. Longer with trumped up evidence. Pro#3: “Internment for ye, and if we don’t kneecap ye with a drill Pro#2: Or burn ye with our cigarettes. 1 Pro#1: Count yourself lucky.” Pro#3: We’d had enough. -
Sacred Concerto No. 6 1 Dmitri Bortniansky Lively Div
Sacred Concerto No. 6 1 Dmitri Bortniansky Lively div. Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vo Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, 8 Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va, Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va, 6 vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh 8 sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu 11 bo gu, i na zem li mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, bo gu, i na zem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem 8 i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir 2 16 inazem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, inazem li mir, i na zem li li, i na zem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li 8 li, inazem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li, ina zem li mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li 21 mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li mir, i na zem li 8 mir, i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, i na zem li, i na zem li mir,mir, i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, inazem li, i na zem li 26 mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li mir. -
FROM the CRADLE to the GRAVE: Birth, Childhood, and Death in the National Archives at St
National Archives 2017 Virtual Genealogy Fair FROM THE CRADLE TO THE GRAVE: Birth, Childhood, and Death in the National Archives at St. Louis Researchers familiar with the National Archives at St. Louis usually think of it as a place to investigate the working lives of adults, since it is attached to the National Personnel Records Center. In fact our records cover people “both coming and going” and can illuminate entire life spans. Genealogical information found in our personal data series may include biographical details such as dates of birth and death, parentage, next of kin, and heirs. No Personally Identifiable Information (PII) will be discussed. Daria Labinsky will discuss records series that contain Cara Moore will focus on deaths incurred during civilian information about pregnancy, birth, paternity, and children federal service as detailed in Record Group (RG) 146, Official Personnel Folders. These record series will range including: Project J Files, which may mention children from Prohibition agents to Postal employees to Civilian who lived in Japanese internment camps in the Conservation Corps enrollees. Some records include Philippines; Chaplain Files, which record baptisms; information related to the individuals’ deaths, the witness Panama Canal personnel records and other civilian statements around them, and how their services were records series, which may contain information about handled. Through the records of death in service, genealogists can recover details surrounding the death -- pregnancies and children; and VA Claim Files, which can from the circumstances of the event, to whom the next of include information about paternity. kin was, to notification details. www.archives.gov/calendar/genealogy-fair 1 National Archives 2017 Virtual Genealogy Fair Presenter Biographies Daria Labinsky, CA, is an archivist at the National Archives at St. -
Comac Medical NLSP2 Thefo
Issue May/14 No.2 Copyright © 2014 Comac Medical. All rights reserved Dear Colleagues, The Newsletter Special Edition No.2 is dedicated to the 1150 years of the Moravian Mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius and 1150 years of the official declaration of Christianity as state religion in Bulgaria by Tsar Boris I and imposition of official policy of literacy due to the emergence of the fourth sacral language in Europe. We are proudly presenting: • PUBLISHED BY COMAC-MEDICAL • ~Page I~ SS. CIRYL AND METHODIUS AND THE BULGARIAN ALPHABET By rescuing the creation of Cyril and Methodius, Bulgaria has earned the admiration and respect of not only the Slav peoples but of all other peoples in the world and these attitudes will not cease till mankind keeps implying real meaning in notions like progress, culture “and humanity. Bulgaria has not only saved the great creation of Cyril and Methodius from complete obliteration but within its territories it also developed, enriched and perfected this priceless heritage (...) Bulgaria became a living hearth of vigorous cultural activity while, back then, many other people were enslaved by ignorance and obscurity (…) Тhe language “ of this first hayday of Slavonic literature and culture was not other but Old Bulgarian. This language survived all attempts by foreign invaders for eradication thanks to the firmness of the Bulgarian people, to its determination to preserve what is Bulgarian, especially the Bulgarian language which has often been endangered but has never been subjugated… -Prof. Roger Bernard, French Slavist Those who think of Bulgaria as a kind of a new state (…), those who have heard of the Balkans only as the “powder keg of Europe”, those cannot remember that “Bulgaria was once a powerful kingdom and an active player in the big politics of medieval Europe. -
Eight Fragments Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian
EIGHT FRAGMENTS FROM THE WORLD OF MONTENEGRIN LANGUAGES AND SERBIAN, CROATIAN, SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN AND FROM THE WORLD OF MONTENEGRIN EIGHT FRAGMENTS LANGUAGES Pavel Krejčí PAVEL KREJČÍ PAVEL Masaryk University Brno 2018 EIGHT FRAGMENTS FROM THE WORLD OF SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN AND MONTENEGRIN LANGUAGES Selected South Slavonic Studies 1 Pavel Krejčí Masaryk University Brno 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this e-book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of copyright administrator which can be contacted at Masaryk University Press, Žerotínovo náměstí 9, 601 77 Brno. Scientific reviewers: Ass. Prof. Boryan Yanev, Ph.D. (Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”) Roman Madecki, Ph.D. (Masaryk University, Brno) This book was written at Masaryk University as part of the project “Slavistika mezi generacemi: doktorská dílna” number MUNI/A/0956/2017 with the support of the Specific University Research Grant, as provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic in the year 2018. © 2018 Masarykova univerzita ISBN 978-80-210-8992-1 ISBN 978-80-210-8991-4 (paperback) CONTENT ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 1 SOUTH SLAVONIC LANGUAGES (GENERAL OVERVIEW) ............................... 9 CHAPTER 2 SELECTED CZECH HANDBOOKS OF SERBO-CROATIAN -
Laboratory Measurements of Yery High Freouency Communication Eouipment for Data Link U. S. Department of Transportation
FAA WJH Technical Center 111~11"111"\\I"III~\IIIIIIIIIDIIIIIIIIII"1 00090599 LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF YERY HIGH FREOUENCY COMMUNICATION EOUIPMENT FOR DATA LINK ,,, ....\t NAFEC 1. UBRARY ""'~: DEC 22 1~75 Ii- t I r&BC'rJVED -::;-. ~l •. Anthony Swezeny . ~•. • OCTOBER 1975 INTERI REPORT Document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service. Springfield. Virginia 22151 Prepared for U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Systems Research & Development Senice Washington, D. C. 20590 NOTICE This document is dis seminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. .. Technical ~eport Documentation Page 1. Reporl No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Cotalog No. FAA-RD-75-159 4. Tille and Sublitle 5. Reporl Dale LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF VERY HIGH FREQUENCY October 1975 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT FOR DATA LINK 6. Performing Organi zotion Code r,-;-::;--~---------------------------!8. Pedorming Organi .ation Reporl No. 7. AUlhor's) Anthony Swezeny FAA-NA-75-5 9. Pedorming Organi .ation Nome and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) ". Federal Aviation Administration National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center 11. Contract or Grant No. 062-222-000 Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405 .' .---:-=---=- ----,_,..,--- ~ 13. Type 01 Report and Period Covered I 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Interim U.S. Department of Transportation October 1973 - October 1974 Federal Aviation Administration Systems Research and Development Service 14. Sponsoring Agency Code T.l".,l-';nc>rnn n r. ?O'lQO 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract Laboratory measurements were made on very high frequency (vhf), commercial air borne transceivers and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) vhf ground transmitters and receivers. -
Language in Croatia: Influenced by Nationalism
Language in Croatia: Influenced by Nationalism Senior Essay Department of Linguistics, Yale University CatherineM. Dolan Primary Advisor: Prof. Robert D. Greenberg Secondary Advisor: Prof. Dianne Jonas May 1, 2006 Abstract Language and nationalism are closely linked, and this paper examines the relationship between the two. Nationalism is seen to be a powerful force which is capable ofusing language for political purposes, and the field oflinguistics has developed terminology with which the interface oflanguage and nationalism maybe studied. Using this background, the language situation in Croatia may be examined and seen to be complex. Even after thorough evaluation it is difficult to determine how languages and dialects should be delineated in Croatia, but it is certain that nationalism and politics play key roles in promoting the nation's linguistic ideals. 2 , Acknowledgements I suppose I could say that this essay was birthed almost two years ago, when I spent the summer traveling with a group ofstudents throughout Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia in order to study issues ofjustice and reconciliation. Had I never traveled in the region I may have never gained an interest in the people, their history and, yes, their language(s). Even after conducting a rigorous academic study ofthe issues plaguing former Socialist Federal Republic ofYugoslavia, I carry with me the impression that this topic can never be taken entirely into the intellectual realm; I am reminded by my memories that the Balkan conflicts involve people just as real as myself. For this, I thank all those who shared those six weeks oftraveling. That summer gave me new perspectives on many areas oflife. -
1 Phün Tsok Ge Lek Che Wai Trün Pey Ku Thar
SONGS OF SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE - Condensed Points of the Stages of the Path - lam rim nyams mgur - by Je Tsongkapa 1 PHÜN TSOK GE LEK CHE WAI TRÜN PEY KU THAR YE DRO WAI RE WA KONG WEY SUNG MA LÜ SHE JA JI ZHIN ZIK PEY THUK SHA KYEY TSO WO DE LA GO CHAK TSEL Your body is created from a billion perfect factors of goodness; Your speech satisfies the yearnings of countless sentient beings; Your mind perceives all objects of knowledge exactly as they are – I bow my head to you O chief of the Shakya clan. 2 DA ME TÖN PA DE YI SE KYI CHOK GYAL WAI DZE PA KÜN GYI KUR NAM NE DRANG ME ZHING DU TRÜL WAI NAM RÖL PA MI PAM JAM PAI YANG LA CHAK TSEL LO You’re the most excellent sons of such peerless teacher; You carry the burden of the enlightened activities of all conquerors, And in countless realms you engage in ecstatic display of emanations – I pay homage to you O Maitreya and Manjushri. 3 SHIN TU PAK PAR KAR WA GYAL WAI YUM JI ZHIN GONG PA DREL DZE DZAM LING GYEN LU DRUB THOK ME CHE NI SA SUM NA YONG SU TRAK PEY ZHAB LA DAG CHAK TSEL So difficult to fathom is the mother of all conquerors, You who unravel its contents as it is are the jewels of the world; You’re hailed with great fame in all three spheres of the world – I pay homage to you O Nagarjuna and Asanga.