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Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science Chieftain No. 20 Flora (Middle Pennsylvanian) of Vigo County, Indiana Roger F. Boneham Department of Geology Indiana University at Kokomo, Kokomo, Indiana 46901 Abstract The Chieftain No. 20 Mine located ten miles south of Terre Haute, Indiana con- tains a number of plant fossils usually within ironstone concretions. The concretions are mainly located in a shale phase of the Busseron Sandstone immediately above Coal VII. The Chieftain No. 20 flora has many species in common with the Lower Allegheny Mazon Creek flora of Illinois. The floral composition, eg. abundant Annularia stellata, Ptychocarpus unitus, pecopterids and absence of sphenopterids as well as the strati- graphic position of the Shelburn Formation which contains the Busseron Sandstone indicate an Upper Allegheny or lower-most Conemaugh age. Introduction This is a report on the fossil flora found in the Chieftain No. 20 mine located ten miles south of Terre Haute, Vigo County, Indiana. The Chieftain No. 20 mine is a large strip mine of the Peabody Coal Company. Coal mining began in 1956 and ceased in 1968. Two localities (A & B) contained many ironstone concretions similar to those reported from Mazon Creek, Will County, Illinois. Two other localities (C & D) had carbonaceous impressions of plants in shale. (Figure 1). Acknowledgment I wish to thank Mr. Richard Leary of the Illinois State Museum, Dr. Francis M. Hueber of the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr. of the Field Museum for their time and assistance in allowing me access to the collections of Mazon Creek fossils housed in their respective institutions. I also wish to thank Dr. Chester A. Arnold of the University of Michigan and Dr. Sergius Mamay of the U.S. Geological Survey for their valuable information about Upper Pennsylvanian floras. Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr. of the Field Museum, identified the arthropods in the Chieftain No. 20 con- cretions and Dr. T. Covender of the University of Michigan identified the paleoniscid fish. To Mr. Merton Young of Michigantown, Indiana I owe especial thanks for the donation of his entire collection of Chieftain No. 20 plants to Indiana University. Travel funds for this study were supplied by the Indiana University Foundation, Faculty Grant No. 10 440 74. Geology Most of the ironstone concretions occur in a shale section of the Busseron Sandstone Member of the Shelburn Formation immediately above Coal VII (Figure 2). The shale is light gray, thickness varying from 0-20 feet, minor amounts of rounded, quartz sand grains present, 90 Indiana Academy of Science fresh samples break into irregular blocks with no apparent bedding planes, upon weathering the shale disintegrates to clay. Contains abundant ironstone concretions which, in many cases, enclose plant fossils of Upper Allegheny-Lower Conemaugh Age, carbonized plant fossils also present in pockets of finely laminated, gray shale within the blocky shale matrix. J / TUN ^\ ''~~^ 1 TION INDIANA x 1 \\ / ' Vigo County B \ \ \ Oregon Road ! V \ ' \ 1 | Chieftain No. 20 \ \ 1 (inactive) Mine \ \ RIOW R9W R8W *-_^c \ 1 1 TI3N VIGO COUNTY — TI2N •Terre Haute i V ^—Q-'-" TUN / SAMPLE Ind. 159 R9W R8W ,, f 1 2 tion( AREA l | ... i ' Mil PS 1 Figure 1. Map showing collection localities of the Chieftain No. 20 flora. Collecting Techniques The concretions may be seen in a fresh cut and may be collected from the working face of the mine. However, the fresh concretions do not fracture along the plane in which a fossil may lie. They break in an irregular manner and it is impossible to obtain identifiable fossils. A fresh concretion is dull black on a broken surface and has the texture of a solid mass of chert. It was necessary to collect the weathered concretions from the spoil heaps which had been discarded in previous years. It is from these concretions that I obtained good plant specimens. After a period of weathering, the concretions become reddish-brown in color and may be split along the plane of the enclosed fossil. The weathered concretions are composed primarily of quartz sand grains (size ca. 2 mm.). Possibly the shale sized particles have been leached by the weathering process. Approximately 25% of the concretions contained well preserved specimens. These are all in the collection which is stored in the Botany Department of Indiana University at Bloomington. A small number Botany 91 of specimens had galena or sphalerite partially filling the void spaces. This type of mineral filling totally destroyed the fine details of the original fossil and in all cases only the outline was preserved intact. Most of the specimens filled by galena or sphalerite were not worth keeping. Figure 2. Pennsylvanian System in Indiana (18). Series Group Formation Member Matoon (Individual members Bond g s o not listed.) co cd C B c« Patoka 4) eg c u West Franklin Ls. Shelburn Pirtle Coal Busseron Ss. Danville Coal (Coal VII) Universal Ls. Hymera Coal (Coal VI) Providence Ls. Dugger Herrin Coal >> Bucktown Coal (Coal Vb) 1 c do o Antioch Ls. .a u Alum Cave Ls. < Oa Petersburg (Individual members not listed.) Linton Staunton a ** (Individual members Brazil not listed.) Mansfield Within the shale are pockets of carbonized fossils which may be indicative of a former backwash in which plant debris from the sur- rounding land accumulated. These pockets are seldom more than six inches thick and are usually less than six feet wide. Previous Work The study of Pennsylvanian age plants of Indiana has had an uneven history. There have been long intervals in the last hundred years when nothing was published on the Pennsylvanian paleobotany of the state. The first mention of fossil plants from Indiana was pub- lished in 1843 (15, 16). Indiana plant fossils were not mentioned again for over thirty-five years after these brief reports. Lesquereux (10, 11, 92 Indiana Academy of Science 12) in a series of reports for the Pennsylvania Geological Survey and a report (13) for the Indiana Geological Survey lists a number of plants from the Indiana coal-bearing formations along with many plants from other states. White (20) published a brief paper on some plants from the Hindostan Whetstone Beds. Jackson (4, 5) published two papers on some Indiana plants. In the earlier paper (4) he published lists of fossils from two locations. In a later paper (5) he published a revised list of plants from the two previous localities and lists from some new localities along with descriptions of the plant fossils. Benninghoff (2) described a coal ball flora from one mine in Indiana. It is noteworthy that although coal balls are present in a num- ber of Indiana mines there have been very few studies on the floras of these coal balls. Canright (3) published an extensive work on plant fossils which he collected from 93 localities in Indiana. This study is by far the most informative to date on the Pennsylvanian flora of Indiana. Wood (22) reported upon a flora contained, primarily, within ironstone concretions from Indiana. These ironstone nodules are com- mon in certain horizons of the Indiana coal formations but up until Wood's paper the floral content of none of these ironstone concretion horizons had been adequately studied. Comparative Floras The Chieftain No. 20 flora is similar to other floras in Canada and the United States. Bell (1) in his report on the Sydney coalfield flora of Nova Scotia identified two zones—the Linopteris obliqua zone (Westphalian C) and the Ptychocarpus unitus zone (Westphalian D sensu P. Bertrand). The species common to the Chieftain No. 20 flora and both the Linopteris obliqua zone and Ptychocarpus zone are nearly identical (Figure 3). I believe the Chieftain No. 20 flora has a closer relationship to the Ptychocarpus unitus zone for the following reasons: Ptychocarpus unitus occurs in the Chiefain No. 20 flora; Linopteris obliqua does not occur in the Chieftain No. 20 flora; Ptychocarpus unitus and Asterotheca miltoni are abundant in both the Chieftain No. 20 flora and Ptychocarpus unitus zone and; sphenopterids are absent in the Chieftain No. 20 flora and are much reduced in number in the Ptychocarpus unitus zone as compared to the abundant sphenopterids in the Linopteris obliqua zone. Bell (1) compared the Ptychocarpus unitus zone with the Staf- fordian and Radstockian floras of Great Britain. He concluded that the Ptychocarpus unitus zone most closely resembled the Radstockian floras. Read and Mamay (17) describe a number of floral zones from Upper Paleozoic formations of the United States. The Chieftain No. 20 flora most closely resembles Zone 10 of Read and Mamay. This is the zone of Neuropteris flexuosa and appearance of abundant Botany 93 Pecopteris spp. They classify Zone 10 as the upper part of the Allegheny Formation and lower part of the Conemaugh Formation in the Appalachian region. Read and Mamay (17) state: "Zone 10, therefore, is best referred to as the zone of appear- ance of abundant species of Pecopteris and can be determined on the basis of this genus only by noting the floral succession in older strata in any sequence of rocks under investigation." Figure 3. Species common to the Chieftain No. 20 flora and other floras. Bell (1) Wood (22) Linopteris Ptychocarpus Stewart (19) Stanley Chieftain No. 20 Flora obliqua zone unitus zone Mazon Creek Cemetery Lepidodendron obovatum X X Lepidophyllum longifolium X Lepidostrobophyllum ovatifolius X Sigillaria monostigma X S. cf. S. mamillaris X Catamites suckowii X X X X Asterophyllites equisetiformis X X X X Annularia stellata X X X X A. radiata X X X X Sphenophyllum emarginatum X X X X Asterotheca miltoni X X X A. oreopteridia X X A. hemitelioides X Pecopteris squamosa X P. clintoni X Ptychocarpus unitus X X Palmatopteris furcata X X ? Dicksonites pluckeneti X X Senftenbergia pennaeformis X X 1 Crossotheca sagittata X Odontopteris cf.
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