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Geology and Mineral Resources of the Southern Half of the Penfield 15-Minute Quadrangle, Pennsylvania

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Geology and Mineral Resources of the Southern Half of the Penfield 15-Minute Quadrangle, Pennsylvania Atlas 74 cd 1971 Reprinted 1973 Geology and Mineral Resources of the Southern Half of the Penfield 15-Minute Quadrangle, Pennsylvania William E. Edmunds and Thomas M. Berg with appendix by William C. Darrah COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC SURVEY Arthur A. Sccolow, State Geologist Atlas 74cd Geology and Mineral Resources of the Southern Half of the Penfield 15-Minute Quadrangle, Pennsylvania by William E. Edmunds and Thomas M. Berg Staff Geologists Pa. Geological Survey with Appendix by William C. Darrah Gettysburg College PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOURTH SERIES HARRISBURG First Printing, 1971 Second Printing, 1973 Copyright 1971 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Quotations from this book may be published if credit is given to the Pennsylvania Geological Survey ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PURCHASED FROM STATE BOOK STORE, P. 0. BOX 1365 HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17125 PREFACE This report describes the nature and occurrence of the various rock layers found at and below the surface of a 112-square mile area of west- central Clearfield County. Particular attention is also paid to the rock and mineral resources which have economic importance. The surface rocks in the northeastern part of the report area consist chiefly of massive white sandstone underlain by a sequence of thinner-bedded reddish or greenish shale, siltstone and sandstone. The remainder of the area is underlain at the surface by alternating thin layers of sandstone, shale, siltstone, limestone, clay, and coal. The sequence of rock layers is described in detail and the various changes in rock type from place to place are discussed. The report also includes information on the subsurface rocks of this area based on records of the many gas wells drilled here. Locations, quality, and quantity of the various mineral resources found in the report area are described. Coal is the most important mineral resource with unmined reserves of 190 million tons in beds over 14 inches thick, including 115 million tons in beds over 28 inches thick. The area also includes part of the Punxsutawney-Driftwood gas field. Clay and shale for use in ceramic products are an important mineral resource of the area and are described in detail. This report provides an inventory of geologic information prerequisite to land planning and mineral resource development for the future. It is expected to be of particular use to the mineral industries in view of the extensive mineral resources cited. Highway and construction engineers will be able to evaluate ground construction conditions in advance of operations and an engineering characteristics map is included to assist in that respect. Planning organizations will be able to recognize the valuable mineral-bearing areas as well as areas where construction will be difficult. Those interested in water resources will be better able to evaluate the distribution and controls on the occurrence of ground water. This report is intended for both professional and non-professional readers. The language used has been kept as simple as possible without sacrificing accuracy. Where more exact geological terms must be used, they are defined in the glossary at the end of the report. It is advisable that those not well versed in geology obtain the assistance of a competent professional in making important or costly decisions requiring geological interpretation. CONTENTS Page Preface iii Abstract 1 Introduction 3 Scope of the report 3 Location 4 Physiography 4 Acknowledgements 8 Stratigraphy 9 Introduction 9 Subsurface stratigraphy 9 Introduction 9 Devonian System 9 Helderberg Formation 9 Ridgeley ("Oriskany") Sandstone 10 Onondaga Formation 10 Tioga Bentonite 10 Hamilton Group 10 Tully Formation 10 "Upper Devonian marine beds" 10 Catskill Formation 11 Mississippian System 11 Pocono Formation (lower 400 to 500 feet) 11 Surface stratigraphy 11 Mississippian System 11 Pocono Formation (upper 600 feet) 11 Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity 12 Pennsylvanian System 18 General stratigraphy 18 Elliott Park Formation 21 Curwensville Formation 23 Clearfield Creek Formation 28 Millstone Run Formation 31 Mineral Springs Formation 36 Laurel Run Formation 43 Glen Richey Formation 45 Conemaugh Group (Glenshaw Formation) 47 Pennsylvanian Depositional History 52 Quaternary System 61 Periglacial phenomena 61 Unconsolidated alluvium 61 Page Structural geology 66 Introduction 66 Folds 67 Historical and regional background 67 Chestnut Ridge anticline 69 Punxsutawncy-Caledonia syncline 70 Faults 70 Surface faulting 70 Subsurface faulting 70 Joints 71 Surface joint pattern 71 Master joints 72 Structural genesis 73 Mineral resources 74 Coal 74 General 74 Chemical and physical characteristics 74 Coal reserves 75 Mississippian (Pocono) coals 82 Quakertown coal 82 Mercer coals 82 Clarion coals 82 Lower Kittanning coals 83 Middle Kittanning coal 86 Local channel coal above Middle Kittanning coal 86 "Luthersburg"1 coal 86 Upper Kittanning coal 87 Lower Freeport coal 87 Upper Freeport coal 92 Conemaugh coals 92 Coal-to-coal intervals 92 Clay 93 General 93 Lower Mercer clays 98 Clarion no. 1 clay 107 Lower Kittanning clays 108 Other clays Ill Shale 112 General 112 Sub-Burgoon Pocono shales 112 Burgoon Member (Pocono) shales 113 Page Curwensville Formation shales 116 Clearfield Creek Formation shales 116 Millstone Run Formation shales 117 Mineral Springs Formation shales 119 Laurel Run Formation shales 122 Glen Richey Formation shales 123 Conemaugh Group shales 123 Natural Gas 123 General 123 Structural setting 123 Producing horizons 124 Onondaga-Ridgeley (Oriskany) 124 Upper Devonian sands 124 Production 125 Onondaga-Ridgeley 125 Upper Devonian sand 127 Limestone 127 Construction materials 139 General 139 Dimension stone 139 Crushed stone 141 Sandstone 141 Siltstone and silt shale 145 Sand and gravel 146 Soils 147 Water 148 Surface water 148 Ground water 149 Engineering geology 155 References 155 Glossary 158 Appendix 1 Measured sections of the Pocono Formation 163 Appendix 2 Paleobotany of the Pocono and Pottsville on Interstate 80, Pine Township, Clearfield County by W. C. Darrah 167 Appendix 3 Pocono, Pottsville, and lower Allegheny drill hole correlations between Curwensville Dam and Salem 174 Addendum 184 Vll ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Page Figure 1. Physiographic provinces of Pennsylvania and location of the report area 4 2. View up the gorge of Anderson Creek from near Ef5.... 5 3. View northwest up Anderson Creek from quarry at Df20 6 4. Watersheds of the southern Penfield area 7 5. Formational subdivisions of the Pottsville and Allegheny Groups 19 6. Comparative stratigraphic nomenclature for the lower Pennsylvanian 20 7. Basal Pennsylvanian units in the southern Penfield Quadrangle 21 8. Float block of Homewood Sandstone below Ef7 27 9. Quarry face in Homewood Sandstone at Curwensville Ea'3 27 10. Generalized lithofacies and isopach map of a portion of the Mineral Springs Formation 39 11. Erosional thinning of the Glen Richey Formation by the lower Mahoning sandstone channel 46 12. Correlation of measured sections'below the Albright Lime stone 52 13. Generalized depositional order and physical relationship of the six environments of a Pennsylvanian depositional cycle 54 14. Usual lithologies associated with the environments of deposition shown in Figure 13 54 15. Generalized simple transgression and regression of the sea and resulting sediment types 55 16. Hypothetical exposure of rocks representing the environ ments of a single, complete, simple cycle 56 17. Generalized north-south cross section through Clearfield County 59 18. Major joint sets 72 19. Coal reserves 79 20. Gas pools and gas wells 126 21. Photomicrograph of Homewood Sandstone 140 22. Photomicrograph of Upper Connoquenessing Sandstone. 142 23. Photomicrograph of Burgoon Sandstone 144 24. Rubble pile, Homewood Sandstone quarry at Curwens ville Ea3 145 25. City of DuBois shale and siltstone quarry at Aal 146 viii Page Figure 26. Diagram of soil types 148 27. Location of water wells listed in Table 12 155 28. Exposure of the Burgoon Member of the Pocono Formation at Clearfield Reservoir (Appendix 1) 164 29-36. Photographs of portions of the reference section shown on Plate 22 176-179 37. Drill hole at Bd22 (Addendum) 182 38. Drill hole at Bd23 (Addendum) 183 PLATES (In Box) Plate 1. Geologic map, geologic column, and cross-section of the southern half of the Penfield quadrangle. 2. Subsurface deep well correlations from Penfield and adjacent quadrangles. 3. Measured sections of the Mississippian Pocono Formation and Pennsylvanian Pottsville and Allegheny Groups along part of Interstate Route 80 between Clearfield and S. B. Elliott State Park. 4. Geologic profile of the Mississippian Pocono Formation and Pennsylvanian Pottsville and Allegheny Groups exposed along part of Interstate Route 80 between Clearfield and S. B. Elliott State Park. 5. Drill hole penetrating lower Conemaugh, Allegheny, and upper Pottsville Groups. 6. Curwensville Formation (lower part) stratigraphic correlations. 7. Clearfield Creek Formation stratigraphic correlations. 8. Millstone Run Formation stratigraphic correlations. 9. Mineral Springs Formation stratigraphic correlations. 10. Laurel Run Formation stratigraphic correlations. 11. Glen Richey Formation measured sections. 12. Structural geology of the southern Penfield quadrangle. 13. Lower Kittanning coal reserve map and measured coal sections. 14. Middle Kittanning coal reserve map and measured coal sections.
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