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Silver Creek Hydraulic Limestone Southeastern Indiana

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Silver Creek Hydraulic Limestone Southeastern Indiana , \ " THE Silver Creek Hydraulic Limestone OF Southeastern Indiana. By C. E. SIEBENTHAL. 1900. / ! LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Bloomington, Ind., January 10, 1901. Dear Sir-I have the honor to transmit herewith my report upon the "Silver Creek Hydraulic Limestone," written in 1899 and em­ bodying the results of field work done in that year, but recently gone over and brought down to date. I take pleasure in acknowledging the services of Messrs. H. M. Adkinson and F. H. H.Calhoun, gradu­ ate students at the University of Chicago, who generously gave their assistance in the gathering of the data for the paper. The thanks of the Survey are also due to Prof. Stuart Weller, of the University of Chicago, for valuable assistance in the paleontological part of this report. Respectfully submitted, C. E. SIEBENTHAL. Prof. W. S. Blatchley, State Geologist. (332) ,\ THE SILVER CREEK. HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE OF SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA. By U. E. SIEBENTHAL. OUTLINK 1. STRATIGRAPHY. Historical Resume. 1827. 1. A. Lapham. 1841. Jas.Hall. 1843. Dr. A. Clapp. 1843. D. D. Owen. 1843. H. D. Rogers. 1847. Yandell & Bhumal'lI. 1857. Maj. S. S. Lyon. 1859. Lyon and CassedllY· 1860. Maj. S. S. Lyon, 1874. W. W. Borden. 1875. W. W. Borden. 1879. Jas. Hall. 1897. Aug. F. Foerste. 1899. E. M. Kindle. Stratigraphy and Paleontology. Knobstone. Rockford limestone. New Albany black shale. Sellersburg limestone. Silver Creek hydraulic IimestOlIP. Jefl'ersonville limestone. Pendleton sandstone. Upper Silurian. Lower Silurian. Local Details of Distribution and Structure. Clark County. River region. Silver Creek region. Charlestown region. Scott County. Lexington region. Woods Fork region. Hog Creek region.• (8SS) 334 REPORT OF STATE GEOLOGIST. II. TOPOGRAPHY. Unglaciated region. Glaciated region. Topography. Drainage. Pleistocene terraces. Preglacial channel at the Falls of the Ohio. III. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE SILVER CREEK HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE. Texture and composition compared with Milwaukee and Rosendale stone. Exploitation. Quarrying- Stripping by steam and by hand. Blasting and loading on cars. Mining­ Tunneling. Blasting and loading. Comparison with Ulster County (N. Y.) methods. Calcination. Burning-Forms of kilns, fuels, loading, drawing, etc. Grinding-Rock crushers, regrinders, burrs, grinding mills. Bolting and regrinding. Flow sheet of a typical mill. Testing. Methods, results and tables. Comparison with otner cements. Transportation. Capacity and Production. Associations. Union Cement Association. Western Cement Company. Central Cement Company. Description of plants of firms interested. I. STRATIGRAPHY. HISTORTCAL RESUME. 1827.-The earliest work upon the stratigraphy of this region which has come under the notice of the writer is that of Increase A. Lap­ ham in 1827*. Lapham describes the lowest rocks at the Falls of the Ohio as consisting of limestone, near the top of which is in­ tercalated a bed 0.£ hydraulic limestone Dr "water limerock," over­ lain by a thin layer of coarse-grained limestone, "probably oolite Dr rlOestlOne," and that IOverlain in turn by the black shale. He .. On the Geology of the Vicinity of the Louisville and Shippingsport Canal. A. J. S .• Vol. XIV, 1828, pp. 65-69. SILVER CREEK HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE. 335 describes the hydraulic limestone thus: "Its color is bluish gray; structiIre conchoi'dal; adheres slightly to the tongue; emits an ar­ gillaceous odor when breathed upon; and it effervesces with acids." He mentions its use in the masonry of the canal. 1841.--}ames Hall,* speaking of the limestone at the Falls of the Ohio, says: "The upper part of the limestone, so far as lithological characters are concerned, is a continuation of the Helderberg group, the Onondaga salt group having thinned out almost entirely, having in fact no representation except a thin layer of water lime, which is seen at the Falls of the Ohio, and the canal below I~ouis­ ville, but in other localities is of less importance and often scarcely to be recognized." 1843.-Dr. A. Clappt in a communication, opposes Professor Hall's view that the waterlime represents the Onondaga salt group, and gives it as his belief that the waterlime is the equivalent of the Helderberg. The black slate he considers of Marcellus age. 1843.-D. ~b. Owent correlates the black slate with the Marcellus shale and the limestone below, with the Helderburg of New York. 1843.-H. D. Rogers, in discussing Owen's paper, says tha~ he could recognize no Hamilton in the west. He correlates the black shale with the Marcellus, and mentions finding Orbicula corrugata and a Lingula at New Albany. 1847.-Yandell & Shumardll follow Dr. Clapp in dividing the section at the Falls of the Ohio into the coralline, the shell, and the upper limestones and the black shale, subdivided thus: Black slate ........................................ 104 feet. Upper limestone- Subcrystalline limestone ........................ 8 feet. Water limestone ....................... ········ 12 feet. Shell Iimestone- Subcrystalline, with shE'lls and trilobites ...... " .. 16 feet. Coralline limestone- Upper coralline ................................ 20 feet. Lower coralline with Catenipora. ... .. ... .. .. 20+ feet. The authors agree with M. de Verneuil, whom they cite as visit­ ing the locality in company with them, in placing the line between the Silurian and Devonian at the parting between the upper and lower coralline limestones. The limestones lying between this line and the black slate are considered from their fossils as representing * Note. Upon the Geology of the Western States, A. J. S., Vol XLII, 1812, p.58. t Proo. Phil. Aoad. Sci., Vol. I, 1843, pp. 1'77-178. t On the Geology of the Welt ern State., A. J. S., Vol. XL V, 1843, pp. 151-152, 161-162. II Contributions to the Geology of Kentucky, Louisville, Ky., 1847. 336 REPORT OF STATE GEOLOGIST. the Onondaga, the Corniferous and the Hamilton, and the Black slate is recognized as the equivalent of the Genessee shale; ] 857.-Maj. Sidney S. Lyon, * in describing several species of crinoids from the crinoidallimestone, gives its thickness as varying from 4 to 8 feet. Underlying this is the hydraulic limestone, varying from 18 feet at the falls to 4 or 6 inches on Bear Grass Creek. He notes a conglomerate bed of ferruginous gravel in the lower part of the crinoidal limestone and another at the base of the hydraulic lime­ stone. 1859.-Lyon and Casseday, t in describing M egistocrinus l'UgOStlS give it as occurring in rocks a few feet below the black slate on Bear Grass Creek, "in Devonian rocks of the age of the Hamilton Group." As near as may be judged from the description, the loca­ tion must have been in the crinoidal limestone. This is the first reference of these rocks to the Hamilton. ] 860.-Maj. Sidney S. Lyon! divides the beds at the Falls according to their characteriFtic fossils as follows: Black slate ...............•................... 50 to 100 feet. Encrinital limestone ............................... 8 feet. Hydraulic limestone............................... 20 feet. Spirifer cultragnlatus bed .............. " .. " . .. .. 3 feet. Nucleocrinus bed .................................. 2 feet. Spirifer gregaria and Turbo beds. .. 10 feet. Coral beds ............. .. 10 feet. Catenipora eschaJ'oides beds........................ 40 feet . • 'I'he geological age of these beds is not discussed except that the author suggests that the Subcarboniferous age of the black slate is indicated by the goniatites of Rockford, Indiana. It has since been shown that the goniatites were derived from a stratum overlying the black shale. The author points out that the hydraulic lime­ stone, to which he assigns a thickness of twenty feet at the Falls, has thinned out to four inches at a point three miles to the south­ east, and states that all of the beds from the Encrinital limestone to the Catenipora limestone thin out and disappear within a dis­ tance of 20 miles south of Ijouisville. 1874.-Prof. W. W. Bordenll gives the following succession of the rocks in Clark and Floyd counties: ~Kentucky Geological Survey. Vol. In. p. 484. tA ..J Soo Second.Series. Vol. XXVIII, 1859, p.244. tTrans. St. Lonis Acad. Sci.. Vol. r. 186 '. pp. 612-621. II Geological Snrvey of Indiana. 1873. pp. 134-189. f --.~ l SILVER CREEK HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE. 337 10: t , New Albany black slate ............................ 104 feet. Crlnoidal limestone ............................. 3% to 4 feet. Hydraulic limestone ........................... 14 to 16 feet. Corniferous limestone .............................. 22 feet. The limestone below the Hydraulic limestone is placed in the Corniferous and the Hydraulic and Crinoidallimestones are placed in the Hamilton, to which the New Albany Black slate is provi­ sionally added. (See section, loco cit., p. 172.) 1875.-Professor Borden in the report on Scott County* notes the occurrence in the New Albany Black shale, of Leiorhynchus quadri­ costatum Hall, Chonetes lepidus Hall, and Tentaculites (Styliola) {issurella Con., and for this reason refers it to the Genessee which he makes a subdivision of the Hamilton period. From the Crinoidal limestone he cites Tropidoleptus carinatus Con., and Chonetes coronatus Con., which causes him to place that limestone, together with the Hydraulic limestone, in the Hamilton proper. 1879.-James Hall t reviews the work of previous writers, and gives a tabulated list of the fossils occurring in the Devonian limestones at the Falls of the Ohio, and their representation in the Hamilton and Chemung groups of New York. The list clearly substantiates
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