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Home , Bellerophon (genus), Entoliidae, Schizodus

University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk

04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection

2015 Palaeoecology of the late Permian mass extinction and subsequent recovery

Foster, William J. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5467

Plymouth University

All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Appendix 2.1: Balaton Highlands and Bükk Mountains Investigated sites.

The Permian-Triassic succession of Balaton Highlands comprises part of the ALCAPA megaunit (Kóvacs and Haas, 2010) and is represented by Permian fluvial red sandstones and Triassic shallow marine rocks. The Lower Triassic succession in the Balaton

Highlands is divided into four formations: the Kóveskál Dolomite Formation, Arács

Marl Formation, Hidegkút Formation and Csopak Marl Formation (Figure A2.1). These formations paraconformably overlay the Permian Baltonfelvidék Formation and are capped by the Middle Triassic Aszòfo Dolomite Formation (Haas et al., 2012). Field visits (June 2012) to the Balaton Highlands (Figure A2.2) recorded 5m of the Kóveskál

Formation at Balatonfüred; 15m at Balataonálmadi; and 1m of the Csopak Marl

Formation at the Sóly section. Broglio Loriga et al. (1990) studied the biostratigraphy of the entire succession, but their data, were acquired from a trench that is no longer exposed (János Haas, pers. comm.) and their collections were not available for study

(Renato Posenato, pers. comm.).

The Bükk Mountains succession is composed of very low-grade metamorphosed, shallow marine Upper Permian and deep marine Lower Triassic deposits and belongs to the sheared MHMU (Haas et al., 2006). The Lower Triassic succession is represented by the Gerennavár Limestone Formation and Ablakoskővölgy Formation (Figure A2.1).

These conformably overly the Changhsingian Nagyvisnyó Limestone Formation (Haas et al., 2006; Sudar et al., 2008) and are overlain by the Middle Triassic Hámor Dolomite

Formation (Figure A2.1). In the Bükk Mountains exposures of undeformed Lower

Triassic strata are limited to the well-studied 4m thick Bálvány-North section; the 8m thick Bálvány-East section; and an inaccessible 40m section at Gerennavár (Figure

A2.3). The 250m road-cut section at Lillafüred is tectonically deformed, thus unsuitable for investigation (Hips and Pelikán, 2002; Figure A2.3).

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Figure A2.1: Formation subdivision of the Lower Triassic sequences of Hungary in the Balaton Highlands (after Haas et al., 2012), Bükk Mountains (after Haas et al., 2007) and Aggtelek-Rudabanya Mountains (after Hips, 1998). Vertical blank lines indicate an unconformity.

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Figure A2.2: Locality maps of the study sites in Balaton Highlands Range. A) The Transdanubian Mountain Range showing the surface extent of the Triassic formations (after Haas and Budai, 1999). B) Balatonfüred road-cut. C) Balatonalmádi. D) Sóly.

Figure A2.3: Locality maps of the study sites in the Bükk Mountains. B) Study site locations within the Bükk National Park. C) Permian/Triassic boundary sections: Bálvány-North, Bálvány-East and Gerennavár. D) Lillafüred.

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Appendix 2.2: Polished slab taxonomy

Polished slab taxonomy

Specimens that could be confidently identified on bedding surfaces of carbonate and sandstone beds were cut along the transverse and sagittal plane to reveal information on the shell shape, thickness, composition and ornamentation when viewed in cross- section. These features were then used to discriminate between different taxa observed in the polished slab samples (Table A2.1). Sections of fossils that were only observed in polished slab and not on bedding planes, at best, were only identifiable to genus-level, e.g. Microconchus, based on observations of thin sections in previous Lower Triassic studies (Table 1). Shell fragments observed in the polished slabs were identified as such and not included in the analysis.

Using the polished technique does include some uncertainty as discriminating between some species is not possible from a two-dimensional view, e.g. cf. Unionites fassaensis and cf. Unionites canalensis. The specimens identified from the polished slab technique were, therefore, identified to the lowest taxonomic level to which they could be confidently assigned, e.g. Unionites only identified to genus-level in this study.

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Table A2.1: Classification of benthic fossil invertebrates in polished section from the Lower Triassic of the Aggtelek Karst. Polished slab Description Remarks Bivalve sp. A Thin, slightly convex bivalve shell with This bivalve was not observed in the reference material, and bivalves with irregular spaced, large acute ribs. The ribs large irregular spaced acute ribs are currently unreported from the Lower are loosely packed along the shell. Triassic of central Europe.

Bivalve sp. B Thin, moderately convex, smooth bivalve This bivalve morphology is similar to N. ovatus (see below), except that the shell. The bivalve shell has three layers thickness of the outer layers of the shell is thicker. with the middle layer being the thickest.

Bivalve sp. C Thin, moderately convex bivalve shell This bivalve morphology is similar to Eurmophotis. The presence of acute ribs, with densely packed acute ribs. however, means that the morphology can be distinguished from Eumorphotis. Another genus with densely packed acute ribs is Costatoria, however, Bivalve sp. C occurs in the Tesero Member and Costatoria is not recorded until the Campil Member. In addition, the shell thickness is thinner than observed for Costatoria.

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Bivalve sp. D A large bivalve shell, highly convex, A reference sample was observed for this morphology, however, due to the smooth, with a slightly variable size. Shell poor preservation this bivalve morphology cannot not be assigned to species, structure consists of a single layer. genus or family-level. This morphology is similar to Unionites, but differs in being more convex and having a single thin shell layer. A Unionites mode of life, therefore, was also interpreted for this morphology.

Claraia clarai group Thin bivalve shell, slightly convex, with Indistinguishable from Claraia stachei in polished section but C. stachei has regularly spaced folds. not been recorded from the Aggtelek Karst and all specimens on the surfaces of the polished slab samples were identifiable as C. clarai. These differ from Scythentolium in having visible folds and possessing a thinner shell. Claraia and the Pterinopectinidae possess thin shells with two shell layers: a calcitic outer layer and aragonitic inner layer (Newell and Boyd, 1995; Carter, 1990). In this study, these bivalve shells appear as moulds or casts.

Claraia aurita Thin bivalve shell, slightly to moderately In the polished slabs these shells are much larger (up to 30mm) and more convex, with no ornamentation. convex than cf. Unionites. Claraia aurita differs from C. wangi-griesbachi in being significantly larger. This shell morphology is also similar to Eumorphotis, however, in the bulk samples the stratigraphic ranges of C. aurita, C. wangi-griesbachi and Eumorphotis do not overlap. In addition, this shell morphology was only recorded in one polished slab sample that also had C. aurita on the bedding plane.

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Claraia wangi-griesbachi Thin bivalve shell, slightly to moderately In polished slab C. wangi-griesbachi is indistinguishable from C. aurita. The convex with no ornamentation. ranges of these two species, however, have not been recorded to overlap in Hungary or Italy. This morphology in the Mazzin Member, Italy, is, therefore, assigned to C. wangi-griesbachi and in the Siusi Member to C. aurita.

Eumorphotis spp. Thin bivalve shell, slightly to moderately Eumorphotis is a diverse Lower Triassic genus and distinguishing between the convex. Has a three-layered shell structure different species identified in central Europe using polished slabs is not with each layer being a similar thickness. possible. Eumorphotis differs from Bakevellia in lacking a steeply sloping Ornamentation consists of rounded ribs, or anterior margin and from Scythentolium in having a thinner shell. Eumorphotis if the valve is cut along the sagittal planes has been variably placed within the Heteropectinidae (Hofmann et al., 2014), the valve appears smooth. Etheripectinidae (Posenato et al., 2005; Hautmann et al., 2011) and Aviculopectinidae (Carter, 1990; Ros-Franch et al., 2014). The shell structure differs from the calcitic shell structure of the Heteropectinidae figured by Newell and Boyd (1995) and does not resemble any of the variable shell structures of the genera in the Aviculopectinidae (Carter, 1990). The shell structure of the Etheripectinidae has not been described and no comparison is yet possible. Scythentolium sp. Relatively large bivalve shell, smooth, These specimens and reference samples lack ornamentation of S. tirolicum slightly convex with a thick shell divided described by Wittenburg (1908). The smooth morphology and slightly into three layers with a thick middle layer inequilateral shell is more similar to Scythentolium sp. A figured by Hofmann and thinner inner and outer layers. et al. (2015a). The shell structure of entoliids is poorly known (Carter, 1990), and the right and left valves have different microstructures. No differences were observed in this study, which may indicate that only left valves were recognised. The shell structure of Scythentolium has not previously been described but the observed thick middle layer and thin outer layers correspond to Group 1 of Mesozoic Entoliids (after Waller, 2006).

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Neoschizodus ovatus Medium-sized bivalve shell, moderately Distinguishing between N. laevigatus and N. ovatus is not possible in polished convex, smooth, with a thick shell section. N. laevigatus was, however, only recorded in hand specimens in the composed of three layers. The middle Bódvaszilas Sandstone Formation. Neoschizodus specimens identified in layer is the thickest and the outer and polished slabs are only from the Szin Marl Formation and are, therefore, inner layer are very thin. assigned to N. ovatus. In northern Italy, N. laevigatus was not observed in the beds the have this morphology. The layered structure in the N. ovatus shells corresponds to the prismato-nacreous shell structure known for the Myophoriidae, Trigoniidae and Costatoriidae (Newell and Boyd, 1975). This feature is rare but also occurs within the Pholadomyidae (Newell and Boyd, 1975), although no smooth Pholadomyidae have been reported from the Aggtelek Karst. Costatoria costata Relatively small bivalve shell, moderately These shells differ to C. subrotunda in having a significantly higher number convex, moderately thick shell with up to and more densely packed ribs (Broglio Loriga and Posenato, 1986). In the 8 unevenly spaced thick acute radial ribs. polished slabs fewer ribs were observed than in the mechanically disaggregated Shell structure can be divided into three samples. This discrepancy is likely due to the angle of polished surface not layers the middle layer making up most of being perfectly orientated along the transverse plane and, therefore, considered the shell thickness, with the inner and to represent C. costata rather than another species. This shell form differs to outer shell layer being very thin. Eumorphotis in having acute instead of rounded ribbing, thicker shell, and with a thicker middle shell layer. cf. Unionites A small bivalve shell, slightly convex, The shells of cf. U. fassanesis and cf. U. canalensis are both smooth, slightly smooth, with a variable size. Shell convex with no distinguishing features between the two species in cross- structure consists of three layers, with the section. A more specific identification, therefore, was not possible in this middle layer differing to the outer layers. study. The specimens of cf. Unionites in this study differ to Neoschizodus in having a thinner shell and are less convex.

-340- cf. Homomya sp. Relatively small bivalve shell, moderately Differs to N. ovatus in cross section by having a layered shell with the outer convex, moderate shell thickness that is layers being thicker and black, whereas, in N. ovatus the middle layer divided into three layers. The outer layer comprises most of the shell thickness. In addition, the cf. Homomya specimens has rounded concentric ribbing. are ornamented with fine concentric rounded ribs, whereas, N. ovatus has a smooth shell. Pleuromya and Homomya have also been identified from the Lower Triassic of central Europe (e.g. Neri and Posenato, 1985; Posenato, 2008).

Bakevellia spp. Relatively large bivalve shell, highly These specimens have a characteristic shell form for bivalves with anterior and convex towards the anterior margin, posterior wings that readily differentiate this genus to others identified in this anterior margin almost becomes flat, study. Other Lower Triassic genera such as Pteria also have a similar shell posterior margin gently sloping to almost form. Pteria, however, was not observed in this study and these specimens are, flat. When cut along the sagittal plane the therefore, assigned to Bakevellia. The smooth sculpture is similar to the shell is highly convex at the dorsal margin reference samples of B. incurvata identified in this study and are, therefore, and is gently sloping towards the ventral assigned to this species. margin. Thick shell with thin outer layers.

Bakevellia with costae Shell thick, highly convex towards the These shells are similar to B. incurvata except that they are ornamented with anterior end with a small flat margin on rounded ribs. There a multiple species of Bakevellia from the Spathian that are the anterior margin and a gently sloping ornamented, e.g. B. exporecta and B. costata. Ornamented Bakevellia species posterior margin. Ornamented with large have not previously been identified from the Aggtelek Karst and, therefore, rounded ribs. Thick shell with only one these specimens are not assigned to species-level. The specimens differ to shell layer observed. Eumorphotis and Costatoria in having a distinct Bakevellid shell form. In addition, from Costatoria by having rounded rather than acute ribs.

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Gastropod Indet sp. High-spired gastropod, each successive These specimens are similar to the gastropod genus Worthenia, i.e. high-spired, whorl rapidly increasing in size, large with collabral ornament and a concave band. Although Worthenia is a diverse rounded presumably spiral ribs on the and abundant Lower Triassic genus, Worthenia however, has not yet been lower and upper parts of whorls. In the observed from the Aggtelek Karst and there are also other Lower Triassic, middle part of whorls is a small high-spired, ornamented gastropod genera that these specimens may belong to indentation which probably reflects a (e.g. Eotomariidae). A more specific assignment of these specimens, therefore, narrow concave band. Layered shell is not made. structure with two thin (black) outer shell layers and a thick middle shell layer. Only the outer two layers are ornamented. Coelostylina werfensis High-spired gastropod, whorls are evenly Coelosytylina werfensis has previously been described as occurring with rounded, smooth and rapidly increasing in ‘Polygygrina gracilor’ and Pseudomurchisonia kokeni in the nearby Lower size. Thin shell with a layered shell Triassic Werfen Formation (Nützel and Schulbert, 2005). These specimens structure with the outer layers thinner than differ to ‘Polygygrina gracilor’ in having a less elongated profile and by the central layer. having more rounded whorls, and to Pseudomurchisonia kokeni in lacking a subsutural ramp. In addition, only Coelostylina werfensis has been identified in the Aggtelek Karst, these specimens are considered to only represent Coelostylina werfensis.

Allocosmia High-spired gastropod, whorls are oval Reference material for this morphology was not observed, but from the same shaped and slowly increase in size giving beds Posenato (1985) identified the high-spired gastropod Allocosmia which an elongated profile. Thin, smooth shell. has a similar elongated profile with oval-shaped whorls. These specimens differ to high-spired gastropod sp. A with whorls increasing in size more rapidly and differ to Polygyrina in a more elongated profile and less well rounded whorls.

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Pseudomurchisonia kokeni High-spired gastropod, whorls are Pseudomurchisonia kokeni can be distinguished from Coelostylina werfensis rounded, smooth and rapidly increasing in by the presence of subsutural ramps. When the whorls are cut, however, on the size. When cut through near the outer side of the whorls they appear smooth and round thus indistinguishable columnella subsutural ramps are observed from C. werfensis. For the Werfen and Servino Formations were both taxa at the top the whorls. Shell thin divided have been reported the two into two layers.

Murchisoniid with costae High-spired gastropod, whorls are evenly Ornamented high-spired microgastropods have not been reported from the rounded and rapidly increasing in size. Lower Triassic of Europe. The position of the costae appears to reflect spiral Thick three-layered shell structure. The costae similar to that observed in the Early Triassic species Coelostylina outer shell layer is ornamented with small costata. This morphology is easily distinguishable from other high-spired acute ribs. gastropods identified in this study by the presence of acute ribs.

Polygyrina sp. High-spired gastropod, whorls are evenly This species is also identified on the surface of bedding planes. The rounded and slowly increase in size giving morphology of Polygyrina sp. can be distinguished from Coelostylina as the an elongated profile. Thin, smooth shell. whorls are not observed to rapidly increase in size giving a more elongated profile. Polygyrina gracilor has been identified from the Werfen Formation, but has become a dustbin taxon for smooth high-spired gastropods, therefore, these specimens are only identified to genus-level.

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High-spired gastropod sp. A High-spired gastropod, whorls are oval This gastropod morphology was not observed in the reference material and has shaped and slowly increase in size giving a similar morphology to Polygyrina sp. and Allcosmia sp. This morphology an elongated profile. Thin, smooth shell. differs to both these taxa, however, by having oval shaped whorls rather than evenly rounded circular whorls. These specimens also differ to Polygyrina and Allocosmia in having a more elongated profile.

High-spired gastropod transverse Circular outline, smooth, with a hole in the This gastropod morphology is undistinguishable between the unornamented centre that is the columnella. A shell wall high-spired gastropod species. The size of transverse section is affected by the transverse to the outer shell wall extends species, but also by the position in the spire the gastropod is sectioned and, the radius of the shell. therefore, size cannot be used to infer the taxonomic assignment.

cf. Worthenia Low-spired gastropod, whorls are rounded Worthenia was not identified in bulk samples or on bedding planes in this with a narrow concave bound in the upper study but was previously identified from the Werfen Formation (Hofmann et third of the whorl with acute ribs on each al., 2015). Worthenia figured by Hofmann et al. (2015) is characterised with side. Thin shell. Whorls rapidly increasing ornamentation similar to that described here. The specimens described by in size. Hofmann et al., however, are high-spired and, therefore these specimens are left in open nomenclature.

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Bellerophontidae Low-spired, planispiral gastropod, whorls In the same beds poorly preserved bellerophontids can be observed which are are well-rounded and smooth. Thin shell, typically assigned to W. vaceki. The reference material, however, could not be whorls rapidly increasing in size. confidently assigned to a genus within the bellerophontidae.

Bellerophontidae with costae Low-spired, planispiral gastropod, whorls These specimens are similar to Bellerophontidae, however, they include small are well-rounded with small acute ribs. acute ribs which supports their separation. Bellerophontidae with costae have Thin shell, whorls rapidly increasing in not previously been reported from Italy or Hungary and, therefore, not size. identified beyond family-level.

Natiria costata Medium-spired gastropod shell, only 1-2 A medium-spired gastropod shell in the Aggtelek Karst is unique to Natiria whorls were observed in polished slab, the costata and the ornamentation observed in polished section supports the smaller of the two whorls is more circular assignment to this species. In addition, from some of the same beds N. costata whilst the larger whorl is arched around were observed to be weathering out. the preceding whorl. Small, evenly spaced fine ribs are observable on most specimens around the edge of the whorls. Thin shell consisting of a single layer.

Gastropod sp.

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Planispiral gastropod shell with 2-4 No reference sample was observed. This morphology was only observed in the whorls. The shell is smooth, thick and upper part of the Bellerophon Formation and there is little literature on divided into three-layers. The middle layer gastropods from the Bellerophon Formation, therefore, a better taxonomic is the thickest and differs to the inner and assignment is not possible. This gastropod morphology differs to outer layer. Bellerophontidae identified from the Werfen Formation in having more whorls, much larger and a different shell composition.

Microconchus Planispiral Microconchid shell with one Previous specimens with this morphology from the Aggtelek Karst have been flat side by its entire length. Shell wall identified as the extant polychaete genus Spirorbis. These Lower Triassic distinct and is layered. Three to five forms, however, have been shown to have a different microstructure that is connected circles with the inner whorl the more comparable with Microconchids (Zaton et al., 2013). Different genera of smallest and successive whorls getting Microconchids have been distinguished previously from thin section for Lower larger. Occasionally, these shells appear as Triassic deposits (e.g. Yang et al., 2015). The forms recognised in this study a shallow U-shape with a distinct shell resemble the tightly coiled Lower Triassic species Microconchus utahensis and wall, when the polished slab cuts through Middle Triassic species M. valvatus, a distinction between the two species, the outer whorl only. Not observed in however, is not possible as the ornamentation was not observed. Other Lower polished slab to have been encrusted on Triassic species, such as, Helicoconchus elongates and Microconchus anything. aberrans, differ in being helically coiled to erect which was not observed in these specimens. Dentaliidae Indet sp. Circular tube, shell is made up of three The only scaphopod genera to have previously been described from the Lower layers with the middle layer being the Triassic are Plagioglypta (Nützel and Schulbert, 2005) and ?Laevidentalium thickest and the inner and outer layers (Shigeta, 2009). Plagioglypta and ?Laevidentalium, however, are ornamented with being very thin. The shell is ornamented encircling fine threads that probably reflect growth lines, whereas, these specimens with 18 small acute ribs. are longitudinally ornamented with acute ribs. The specimens here appear to have a dentaloid shell and longitudinal sculpture indicating that they are members of the family Dentaliidae (Palmer, 1974). In addition the shell microstructure is similar to that described for Dentalium (Majewske, 1974). The genus Dentalium, however, has become a dustbin taxon for deep time scaphopods (Yochelson, 2011), these specimens are, therefore, only identified to family level to avoid synonymy.

-346- cf. Plagioglypta Circular, smooth shell. Shell is composed These specimens differs to Dentaliidae sp. in lacking acute ribs which are of one layer. When cut along the sagittal visible in transverse section, and having small rounded folds when viewed plane it appears as a small cone with small transversely. Small reference material appears to have the same morphology as rounded folds. Plagioglypta identified from the western US (Nützel and Schulbert, 2005). These specimens are les slender than the other Lower Triassic scaphopods genus ?Laevidentalium.

Lingularia Shell is small, straight, feebly convex and Lingularia specimens were only identified in polished slabs in the Aggtelek Karst smooth. Shell has five recognised layers. and, therefore, a more specific identification could not be made. The multiple layers of the shell probably correspond to the thin alternations of mineralised and organic layers of lingulid shells (Iwata, 1981). Discriminating between L. yini and L. borealis from the reference material was not possible. In addition, a large number of Lower Triassic lingulid species have been described from central Europe and species-level identifications are, therefore, not feasible.

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Rhynchonellid sp. Slightly convex brachiopod shell. Smooth, This brachiopod morphology is restricted to the Bellerophon Formation and is very thin shell. similar to Rhynchonellid species described from the Bellerophon Formation and Tesero Member (Posenato, 2009). It differs to Brachiopod sp. in being less convex.

Brachiopod sp. Highly convex, smooth shell, with three As it was only observed as disarticulated shells it is unknown what the layers. Only observed as disarticulated morphology of the accompanying shell looks like. shells.

Holocrinus Only preserved as isolated ossicles. If an The pentagonal shape and the observation of Holocrinus ossicles from the ossicle is cut transverse to the polished same beds in the field suggest that these ossicles belong to Holocrinus. Other surface it has a pentagon shape and in crinoid genera from the Lower Triassic in the western Palaeotethys, including some specimens slightly rounded edges. the Aggtelek Karst, have not yet been recorded. Species-level identifications of Centre of the ossicle has a small circular Holocrinus have not been made for specimens from central Europe although central lumen, and five petal-like areola previous authors (Hagdorn and Baumiller, 1996; Hagdorn, 2011) have areas between the tips of the pentagon and considered them to represent a separate species than those recorded in Japan the centre which are filled with the (Kashiyama and Oji, 2004) and the western US (Schubert et al., 1992). Other surrounding matrix. Occasionally, the Lower Triassic crinoid genera, i.e. Baudicrinus (Oji and Twitchett, 2015), grooves between the culminate can be differ to these specimens as they have a circular, rather than pentagonal, observed as small V shapes between the columnal ossicles. areola areas. Along the sagittal plane the -348-

crinoid ossicles appear as rectangles with rounded edges. In instances where the ossicle was cut along the centre of the ossicle the central lumen is visible.

Ophiuroidea Only preserved as isolated ossicles. The only ophiuroid species to be identified from the Lower Triassic of the Crescent to arched shape, generally with a western Palaeotethys is Praeaplocoma hessi (Mostler and Rossner, 1984; bilateral symmetry depending on where Broglio Loriga and Cavicchi, 1972). This species, however, is unknown from the vertebrae have been cut by the the Aggtelek Karst and without identification of body fossils assigning these polished slab. ophiuroids ossicles to a species is not possible.

Ostracod When cut transversely, it has kidney-bean A diverse suite of ostracod species have been described from the Bellerophon shaped shell, with a smooth thin shell. and Werfen formations. Distinguishing between the different ostracod to even Along the sagittal plane the shell has an family level in the polished slabs, therefore, is not possible. arched shape with a smooth thin shell.

-349- cf. Porifera Oval shaped with one end slightly tapered. Sponges are rarely recorded from the Lower Triassic, and have not yet been The shell is ornamented by ~15 acute ribs identified from the Lower Triassic of central Europe. The morphology, that point towards the tapered end of the however, is very similar to the Porifera, with what appears to be a porous shell oval. The shell has 3 layers, the outer layer wall and the opening at the tapered end of the shell may reflect the osculum. is thick and black and the middle layer is thick and white, and the inner layer is a thin black layer.

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Appendix 3.1: Height/Length plot of Claraia wangi-griesbachi and C. aurita from the Lower Triassic of the Aggtelek Karst, Hungary and Dolomites, Italy.

Figure A3.1: Measurements of Claraia wangi-griesbachi and C. aurita from the Aggtelek Karst, Hungary, and the Dolomites, Italy.

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Appendix 3.2: Raw faunal counts from the Aggtelek Karst.

laevigatus

c.f.

incurvata

cf. cf.

sp.

aurita wangi-griesbachi aurita

Pleuromya Dentalium

Bakevellia aurita Claraia clarai Claraia Claraia Claraia costata Costatoria Eumorphotis hinnitidea Eumorphotis kittli Eumorphotis multiformis Eumorphotis venetiana Eumorphotis Neoschizodus ovatus Neoschizodus ? tirolicum Scythentolium ?Unionites canalensis ?Unioites fassaensis ?Unionites Lingularia Holocrinus Ophiuroidea Microconchida transverse Microgastropod Indet. Microgastropod werfensis Coelostylina costata Natiria rectecostata Werfenella ? Sample Bakevellia PQ-1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-5 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-10 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-15 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-17 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-18 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 22 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-19 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-20 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-21 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 11 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-23 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 10 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-25 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-27 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-28 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-29 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-30 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 33 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-31 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-33 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 22 51 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-34 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PQ-36(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-38(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-39(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PC-49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 13 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balogh (1944) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PW-50 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PW-51 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 2 0 0 PW-52 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 1 0 0 0 PW-53 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 14 0 0 5 0 0 0 PW-54 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PW-55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 PW-55(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 2 0 0 13 0 0 PW-56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 15 0 0

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laevigatus

c.f.

incurvata

cf. cf.

sp.

aurita wangi-griesbachi aurita

Pleuromya Dentalium

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Appendix 3.3: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Aggtelek Karst

Group A Average similarity: 73.47

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% ?Unionites 9.23 68.78 4.84 93.62 93.62

Group B Average similarity: 38.99

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% ?Unionites 4.3 26.5 ####### 67.96 67.96 Eumorphotis 5.37 12.49 ####### 32.04 100

Group C Average similarity: 93.12

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 9.93 93.12 15.64 100 100

Group D Average similarity: 80.64

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 7.58 35.73 11.06 44.31 44.31 Microconchida 4.22 15.85 3.42 19.66 63.97 Eumorphotis 3.36 12.56 2.05 15.57 79.54 Neoschizodus ovatus 1.99 8.71 4.92 10.8 90.34

Group E Average similarity: 54.70

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus ovatus 6.59 25.64 1.4 46.87 46.87 Microconchida 4.28 16.63 2.52 30.4 77.27 Coelostylina werfensis 2.19 6.93 1.48 12.67 89.94 Natiria costata 1.51 2.58 0.51 4.72 94.66

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Appendix 3.4: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Aggtelek Karst

Table A3.3: PERMANOVA pairwise test results between sub-stages.

PERMANOVA PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Stage'

Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(Monte Carlo) Griesbachian, Dienerian 1.1768 0.272 927 0.277 Griesbachian, Smithian 2.1033 0.001 757 0.012 Griesbachian, Spathian 4.31 0.001 996 0.001 Dienerian, Smithian 2.4705 0.001 985 0.001 Dienerian, Spathian 6.3498 0.001 996 0.001 Smithian, Spathian 3.7977 0.001 997 0.001

Table A3.4: PERMDISP pairwise test results between sub-stages.

DEVIATIONS FROM CENTROID F: 17.327 df1: 3 df2: 41 P(perm): 0.001

PAIRWISE COMPARISONS Groups t P(perm) (Griesbachian,Dienerian) 0.89287 0.5 (Griesbachian,Smithian) 1.1208 0.401 (Griesbachian,Spathian) 4.6259 1.00E-03 (Dienerian,Smithian) 0.70099 0.596 (Dienerian,Spathian) 5.9951 1.00E-03 (Smithian,Spathian) 3.5396 5.00E-03

MEANS AND STANDARD ERRORS Group Size Average SE Griesbachian 6 14.544 2.6423 Dienerian 15 17.815 2.0504 Smithian 7 20.86 4.6778 Spathian 17 42.751 3.4584

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Appendix 3.5: SIMPER analysis on ecofacies from the Aggtelek Karst

Group A Average similarity: 68.76

Mode of Life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% shallow infaunal, facultatively motile, suspension feeder 8.05 40.48 4.22 58.88 58.88 surficial, stationay, attached, suspension feeder 3.55 15.66 6.58 22.78 81.65 surficial, slow motile, grazer 2.31 6.27 0.9 9.12 90.78

Group B Average similarity: 84.05

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% surficial, stationay, attached, suspension feeder 7.34 45.53 10.21 54.17 54.17 shallow infaunal, facultatively motile, suspension feeder 6.52 38.52 4.56 45.83 100

Group C Average similarity: 83.61

Mode of Life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% shallow infaunal, facultatively motile, suspension feeder 9.38 77.02 3.89 92.11 92.11

Group D Average similarity: 77.64

Mode of Life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% shallow infaunal, facultatively motile, suspension feeder 8.74 48.67 12.86 62.68 62.68 surficial, stationay, attached, suspension feeder 3.56 16.16 2.66 20.81 83.49 surficial, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder 2.07 9.84 4.38 12.67 96.16

Group E Average similarity: 93.12

Mode of Life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% surficial, slow motile, grazer 9.93 93.12 15.64 100 100

Group F Average similarity: 90.29

Mode of Life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% surficial, slow motile, grazer 7.39 39.81 20.26 44.09 44.09 surficial, stationay, attached, suspension feeder 6.02 31.81 13.04 35.23 79.32 shallow infaunal, facultatively motile, suspension feeder 2.14 10.24 3.85 11.34 90.66

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Appendix 4.1: Raw faunal data from the Dolomites

C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-5B C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 Brachiopod sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhynchonellid sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lingularia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Lingularia borealis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lingularia yini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bivalve sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bivalve sp. B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bivalve sp. C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bivalve sp. D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Avichlamys tellinii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bakevellia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bakevellia c.f. incurvata/albertii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bakevellia exporecta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Claraia (c.f. clarai and c.f. stachei) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Claraia aurita 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Claraia clarai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Claraia stachei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Claraia wangi-griesbachi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Costatoria costata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eumorphotis 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 6 1 1 Eumorphotis multiformis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Neoschizodus laevigatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Neoschizodus ovatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Scythentolium tirolicum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unionites spp. 47 1 0 1 124 0 0 2 0 11 3 9 0 Unionites canalensis 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unionites fassaensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Holocrinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ophiuroidea 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 54 20 29 Plagioglypta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High-spired gastropod transverse. 12 0 0 0 11 0 0 8 0 50 31 5 4 Allcosmia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coelosytilina werfensis 28 0 0 0 21 0 0 45 0 169 156 11 5 Polygyrina sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 20 12 4 0 High-spied gastropod sp. A 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 c.f. Worthenia 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Murchisoniina w ith costae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bellerophontidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bellerophontidae w ith costae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Werfenella rectostata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Natiria costata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 gastropod sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ostracod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Microconch 21 0 0 0 3 0 0 145 0 81 55 7 5

MNI 155 1 4 2 164 1 1 205 1 373 318 59 44 -357-

C-13 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-18 C-17 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-23 C-23B C-24 C-25 C-22 C-27 C-28 C-26 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-33 C-34 C-35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 23 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 61 0 35 12 0 1 1 20 34 0 3 0 0 11 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 14 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 71 12 0 3 15 0 9 270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 348 23 145 301 0 0 36 0 0 1 0 58 362 23 14 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 17 6 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 18 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 39 9 0 101 0 38 7 0 0 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 61 0 0 34 0 38 40 0 6 0 5 9 0 13 25 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 12

233 390 2 1 188 7 122 62 1 166 364 89 80 3 24 58 2 88 12 4 3 53 20 357 324 -358-

C-36 C-37 C-38 C-39 U-1 U-2 U-3 U-4 U-5 U-6 U-6B U-6B U-7B U-8 U-9 U-7 U-10 U-11B U-11 U-12 U-13 U-14 U-15 U-16 U-17 U-18 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 2 4 26 4 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 21 2 56 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 49 20 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 22 0 9 128 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 130 28 27 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 7 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 18 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 32 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 15 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 6 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 22 59 162 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 8 2 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

152 33 91 116 22 52 81 122 318 3 5 3 2 2 5 64 6 6 6 25 2 65 148 1 24 16 -359-

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1113 38 244 197 36 278 63 47 5 127 40 120 80 31 126 1 1 317 474 79 107 129 98 45 62

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S-18 S-19 S-20 S-21 S-22 S-23 S-15 S-24 S-25 S-25B S-26 S-27 S-28 S-29 S-30 S-31 S-32 S-33 S-34 S-35 S-36 S-37 S-40 S-41 S-38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 105 14 0 259 0 61 32 0 6 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 0 188 0 44 0 25 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 19 0 35 13 0 0 0 0 0 11 6 0 3 0 13 0 16 2 3 22 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 302 0 492 0 0 297 80 0 103 101 0 0 0 0 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 9 152 0 64 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 45 0 32 0 2 0 5 11 29 2 21 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 0 32 0 8 0 2 3 38 3 37 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 15 0 0 0 9 1 2 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 40 0 7 0 7 5 0 21 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 47 0 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 4 0 0 4 0 10 0 5 0 6 1 0

87 302 260 492 84 36 323 95 53 111 109 36 104 135 288 90 357 19 112 62 81 55 110 7 1

-365-

S-39 S-41B S-42 S-43 S-43B S-43C S-44 S-45 S-46 S-47 S-48 S-48B S-49 S-50 S-51 S-52 S-53 S-54 S-55 S-56 S-57 S-58 S-59 S-60 S-61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 15 0 158 3 0 20 5 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 46 0 32 11 0 24 136 1 0 57 0 20 1 5 1 86 1 98 0 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 36 162 15 3 0 1 10 0 0 38 0 105 0 0 0 45 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 96 202 24 0 0 2 24 0 0 30 0 75 0 0 0 28 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 6 2 2 6 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 16 0 2 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 9 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 9 7 5 12 0 27 19 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 11

1 27 2 140 1 1 13 213 373 239 39 39 94 223 1 1 170 1 217 1 7 1 173 2 425 -366-

S-61B S-62 S-63 S-64 S-64B S-65 S-65B S-66 S-66B S-67 S-68 S-69 S-70 S-71 S-72 S-73 S-74 S-74B S-75 S-76 S-77 S-78 S-79 S-80 S-81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 108 15 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 57 58 2 23 1 14 0 1 0 166 0 85 114 23 233 1 1 0 1 28 54 173 185 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 38 23 0 23 0 47 0 0 63 203 24 0 6 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 25 38 0 54 0 25 0 0 79 143 45 4 19 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 8 0 0 5 0 18 0 0 14 22 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 6 0 45 0 0 22 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 7 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 6 0 8 0 4 0 0 18 13 11 22 19 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3

2 83 307 157 2 144 1 153 109 1 196 600 84 111 161 62 303 1 1 37 1 39 54 173 188

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S-82 S-83 S-84 S-85 S-86 S-87 S-88 S-89 S-90 S-91 S-S1 S-S2 S-S3 T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8 VA-1 VA-2 VA-3B VA-3 VA-4B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 255 119 42 51 2 16 26 93 132 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 32 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 7 67 87 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 16 18 30 187 426 0 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 18 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 11 20 78 46 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 9 0 0 0 2 0 8 0

43 261 121 42 64 70 129 110 366 663 34 79 1 1 6 10 1 1 52 32 2 14 211 14 153 2

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VA-4 VA-5 VA-5B VA-5C VA-6 VA-7 VA-8 VA-9 VA-10 VA-11 VA-12 VA-13 VA-14 VA-15 VA-16 VA-17 VA-18 VA-19 VA-20 VA-21B VA-21 VA-22 VA-23 VA-24 VA-25 VA-26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 15 1 0 15 0 32 39 34 45 45 18 14 8 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 122 52 5 8 37 3 13 30 34 30 68 0 24 5 1 0 0 10 28 48 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 15 1 0 0 11 20 0 0 0 0 1 22 9 9 1 5 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 40 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 354 244 11 0 282 66 212 121 16 73 11 2 0 25 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 26 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

79 29 1 57 72 133 73 5 42 77 59 69 84 53 49 77 356 275 21 1 286 68 223 149 73 125

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VA-27 VA-28 VAB-2 VA-29 VA-30 VAB-1 VAB-3 VAB-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 120 133 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 96 4 0 0 0 37 168 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

102 46 3 1 30 38 297 149 -370-

Appendix 4.2: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on alpha diversity between the different members of the Werfen Formation.

Table A4.1: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on species richness between the different members of the Werfen Formation. GO = Gastropod Oolite. The Andraz Member is excluded as no samples were retrieved from this member.

Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San lucano Tesero 0.74 0.44 1.00 0.08 0.19 0.47 0.54 Mazzin <0.01 0.17 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.47 Siusi 0.06 <0.01 0.07 0.44 0.77 GO <0.01 0.40 0.89 Campil <0.01 0.16 Val Badia 0.34 Cencenighe 1.00

Table A4.2: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson Diversity between the different members of the Werfen Formation. GO = Gastropod Oolite. The Andraz Member is excluded as no samples were retrieved from this member.

Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San lucano Tesero 0.67 0.94 0.27 0.90 0.78 0.78 0.54 Mazzin 0.03 0.73 0.04 0.05 0.22 0.35 Siusi 0.02 0.24 0.46 0.46 0.17 GO 0.01 0.03 0.13 0.37 Campil 0.62 0.07 0.18 Val Badia 0.35 0.14 Cencenighe 0.12

Table A4.3: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on functional richness between the different members of the Werfen Formation. GO = Gastropod Oolite. The Andraz Member is excluded as no samples were retrieved from this member.

Tesero Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San Lucano Tesero 0.79 0.23 0.50 0.08 0.26 0.37 1.00 Mazzin 0.01 0.99 <0.01 0.04 0.15 0.56 Siusi 0.01 0.15 0.61 0.44 0.25 GO <0.01 0.04 0.20 0.26 Campil 0.50 0.06 0.15 Val Badia 0.37 0.27 Cencenighe 0.27 San Lucano Table A4.4: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson functional diversity between the different members of the Werfen Formation. GO = Gastropod Oolite. The Andraz Member is excluded as no samples were retrieved from this member.

Tesero Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San Lucano Tesero 0.22 0.12 0.06 0.16 0.05 0.05 0.03 1.00 Mazzin 0.67 0.79 0.27 0.69 0.52 0.27 0.48 Siusi 0.26 0.59 0.19 0.53 0.62 0.19 GO 0.12 0.48 0.98 0.68 0.14 Campil 0.03 0.25 0.20 0.21 Val Badia 0.61 0.11 0.17 Cencenighe 0.94 0.14 San Lucano 0.12 -371-

Appendix 4.3: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on alpha diversity between the sedimentary facies of the Werfen Formation.

Table A4.5: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on species richness between the different sedimentary facies.

Mid-shelf Oolitic shoal Inner shelf Peritidal Outer shelf 0.60 0.24 0.59 0.48 Mid-shelf 0.28 0.93 0.36 Oolitic shoal 0.43 0.13 Inner ramp 0.40

Table A4.6: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson diversity between the different sedimentary facies.

Mid-shelf Oolitic shoal Inner shelf Peritidal Outer shelf 0.20 0.02 0.04 0.91 Mid-shelf 0.16 0.15 0.40 Oolitic shoal 0.93 0.05 Inner ramp 0.09

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Appendix 4.4: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on alpha diversity between the sedimentary facies within each Lower Triassic sub-stage.

Table A4.7: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on species richness between the different sedimentary facies within the A) Griesbachian, B) Dienerian, C) Smithian and D) Spathian.

A) Griesbachian Oolitic shoal Mid-shelf Outer shelf Oolitic shoal 0.22 0.67 Mid-shelf 0.09 B) Dienerian Peritidal Inner shelf Oolitic shoal Mid-shelf Peritidal 0.13 0.72 0.91 Inner shelf 0.49 <0.01 Oolitic shoal 0.39 C) Smithian Inner shelf Mid-shelf Inner shelf 0.14 Mid-shelf D) Spathian Inner shelf shoal Mid-shelf Inner shelf 0.83 0.93 shoal 0.03 Mid-shelf

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Table A4.8: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson Diversity richness between the different sedimentary facies within the A) Griesbachian, B) Dienerian, C) Smithian and D) Spathian.

A) Griesbachian Shoal Mid-shelf Outer shelf Shoal 0.87 0.14 Mid-shelf 0.01 Outer shelf B) Dienerian Peritidal Inner shelf Shoal Mid-shelf Peritidal 0.09 0.22 0.79 Inner shelf 0.96 0.01 Shoal 0.09 Mid-shelf C) Smithian Inner shelf Mid-shelf Inner shelf 0.96 Mid-shelf D) Spathian Peritidal Inner shelf Shoal Mid-shelf Peritidal 0.85 0.23 0.93 Inner shelf 0.96 0.79 Shoal 0.33 Mid-shelf

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Appendix 4.5: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Werfen Formation.

Group A Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Bivalve sp. A 58.75 58.75 Bellerophontidae 41.25 100

Group B Average similarity: 86.03

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Ostracoda 9.83 81.97 41.19 95.28 95.28

Group C Average similarity: 86.91

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Claraia aurita 9.75 86.09 6.75 99.05 99.05

Group D Average similarity: 68.59

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Claraia clarai 9.32 68.59 4.76 100 100

Group E Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Plagioglypta 74.51 74.51 Unionites 23.53 98.04

Group F Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 58.06 58.06 Claraia clarai 38.71 96.77

Group G Average similarity: 62.10

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Ostracoda 5.9 27.7 7.92 44.61 44.61 Unionites 5.06 18.86 2.11 30.38 74.98 Micoconchida 2.61 5.85 0.76 9.42 84.4

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Group H Average similarity: 67.40

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Bellerophontidae 7.94 40.74 10.66 60.44 60.44 Coelystilina werfensis 3.44 15.69 8.07 23.28 83.72

Group I Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 45.45 45.45 Microconchida 18.18 63.63 Coelostylina werfensis 9.09 72.72 Murchisoniina with costae 9.09 81.81

Group J Average similarity: 87.11

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 9.78 85.5 8.32 98.15 98.15

Group K Average similarity: 89.76

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 9.27 61.01 ####### 67.96 67.96 Ostracoda 2.45 14.38 ####### 16.02 83.98

Group L Average similarity: 62.81

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelystilina werfensis 4.69 16.17 2.57 25.74 25.74 Unionites 3.94 13.7 2.98 21.81 47.56 Bellerophontidae 3.34 9.63 1.28 15.33 62.89 Microconchida 2.43 7.68 1.82 12.22 75.11 Claraia clarai 3.03 5.68 0.62 9.05 84.16

Group M Average similarity: 57.98

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 5.07 21.31 9.49 36.76 36.76 Claraia clarai 3 12.22 40.54 21.08 57.83 Micoconchida 4.31 9.66 0.58 16.66 74.49 Polygyrina gracilor 3.9 7.91 0.58 13.65 88.14

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Group N Average similarity: 73.60

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 6.94 33.69 8.41 45.78 45.78 Claraia aurita 5.6 24.66 3.6 33.51 79.29 Microconch 2.8 11.68 9.49 15.86 95.16

Group O Average similarity: 67.84

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 7.5 38.46 4.16 56.69 56.69 Coelystilina werfensis 3.97 14.48 1.37 21.34 78.03 Microconch 3.17 11 1.16 16.21 94.24

Group P Average similarity: 70.38

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelystilina werfensis 9.07 57.49 5.42 81.68 81.68

Group Q Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Lingularia 54.43 54.43 Microconchida 36.29 90.72

Group R Average similarity: 72.32

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Microconchida 7.48 40.82 4.18 56.44 56.44 Claraia aurita 5.68 28.09 3.22 38.84 95.28

Group S Average similarity: 67.65

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Microconchida 7.88 40.89 2.94 60.44 60.44 Coelystilina werfensis 3.79 13.89 1.57 20.54 80.98

Group T Average similarity: 58.91

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 6.22 25.92 1.67 44 44 Micoconchida 4.19 14.91 1.99 25.31 69.31 Eumorphotis 3.65 10.39 1.08 17.64 86.95

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Group U Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus ovatus 46.43 46.63 Scythentolium 28.57 75 Unionites 14.29 89.29

Group V Average similarity: 69.27

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Eumorphotis 6.67 33.75 3.88 48.72 48.72 Neoschizodus ovatus 5.94 27.39 1.88 39.54 88.26

Group W Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Bakevellia 42.86 42.86 Neoschizodus ovatus 28.57 71.43 Eumorphotis 10.71 82.14

Group X Average similarity: 69.68

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus ovatus 9.01 52.48 8.03 75.33 75.33 Microconchida 2.37 8.23 1.12 11.82 87.14

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Appendix 4.6: PERMANOVA pairwise test results.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Member'

Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Campil Member, Val Badia Member 3.4529 0.001 994 0.001 Campil Member, Cencenighe Member 4.5194 0.001 999 0.001 Campil Member, Tesero Oolite Member 3.1943 0.022 45 0.001 Campil Member, Mazzin Member 2.9325 0.001 999 0.001 Campil Member, Siusi Member 2.5603 0.001 999 0.001 Campil Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 1.3623 0.17 998 0.153 Campil Member, Bellerophon Formation 4.5694 0.02 45 0.001 Campil Member, San Lucano Member 2.9566 0.117 9 0.001 Val Badia Member, Cencenighe Member 4.0359 0.001 999 0.001 Val Badia Member, Tesero Oolite Member 2.9482 0.008 91 0.002 Val Badia Member, Mazzin Member 4.0617 0.001 999 0.001 Val Badia Member, Siusi Member 4.8914 0.001 999 0.001 Val Badia Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 4.0192 0.001 998 0.001 Val Badia Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.5355 0.016 91 0.001 Val Badia Member, San Lucano Member 2.3071 0.08 13 0.006 Cencenighe Member, Tesero Oolite Member 2.9414 0.006 228 0.001 Cencenighe Member, Mazzin Member 5.4845 0.001 999 0.001 Cencenighe Member, Siusi Member 6.6027 0.001 999 0.001 Cencenighe Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 5.5176 0.001 999 0.001 Cencenighe Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.3682 0.005 227 0.001 Cencenighe Member, San Lucano Member 0.8448 0.543 21 0.536 Tesero Oolite Member, Mazzin Member 2.2341 0.002 413 0.001 Tesero Oolite Member, Siusi Member 2.2849 0.004 816 0.005 Tesero Oolite Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 2.5024 0.002 264 0.002 Tesero Oolite Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.0686 0.332 2 0.048 Tesero Oolite Member, San Lucano Member 1.8001 0.326 2 0.262 Mazzin Member, Siusi Member 4.4237 0.001 999 0.001 Mazzin Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 3.2978 0.001 998 0.001 Mazzin Member, Bellerophon Formation 2.2586 0.001 431 0.006 Mazzin Member, San Lucano Member 1.6867 0.021 32 0.047 Siusi Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 2.9119 0.001 999 0.001 Siusi Member, Bellerophon Formation 2.9497 0.001 818 0.001 Siusi Member, San Lucano Member 1.9457 0.011 74 0.01 Gastropod Oolite Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.0523 0.002 266 0.001 Gastropod Oolite Member, San Lucano Member 1.9888 0.043 23 0.026 Bellerophon Formation, San Lucano Member 11.035 0.309 2 0.042

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Appendix 4.7: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Werfen Formation. Group A Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Bivalve sp. A 73.81 73.81 Bellerophontidae 26.19 100

Group B Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus laevigatus 96.97 96.97

Group C Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Bakevellia 43.39 43.39 Neoschizodus ovatus 28.3 71.69 Scythentolium 18.86 90.55

Group D Average similarity: 100.00

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Bakevellia 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group E Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Holocrinus 55.56 55.56 Unionites 27.78 83.34

Group F Average similarity: 80.63

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Holocrinus 9.62 74.85 10.12 92.83 92.83

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Group G Average similarity: 67.73

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus ovatus 6.81 34.5 2.47 50.94 50.94 Eumorphotis 5.71 27.14 2.23 40.07 91.01

Group H Average similarity: 75.15

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus ovatus 9.04 52.46 8.2 69.81 69.81 Holocrinus 3.13 15.74 7.35 20.94 90.75

Group I Average similarity: 70.71

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Holocrinus 6.98 34.01 6.82 48.1 48.1 Neoschizodus ovatus 5.93 26.51 5.16 37.49 85.58 Scythentolium tirolicum 1.79 4.4 0.89 6.22 91.81

Group J Average similarity: 61.15

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Lingularia 9.08 61.15 ####### 100 100

Group K Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Claraia aurita 88.97 88.97

Group L Average similarity: 94.41

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Claraia aurita 9.91 94.41 11.53 100 100

Group M Average similarity: 74.54

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Claraia aurita 7.4 42.01 11.69 56.36 56.36 Microconchida 5.84 30.73 4.37 41.23 97.6

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Group N Average similarity: 67.96

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Claraia clarai 9.01 55.7 3.79 81.95 81.95 Ophiuroidea 2.11 4.62 0.61 6.8 88.75 Bellerophontidae 1.62 3.11 0.56 4.57 93.33

Group O Average similarity: 86.18

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Ostracoda 9.86 82.9 23.05 96.19 96.19

Group P Average similarity: 79.81

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Ostracoda 7.24 33.22 ####### 41.62 41.62 Coelystilina werfensis 4.65 18.65 ####### 23.37 64.99 Unionites 3.68 14.83 ####### 18.59 83.58 Microconchida 2.56 6.12 ####### 7.66 91.24

Group Q Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Plagioglypta 61.29 61.29 Unionites 37.09 98.38

Group R Average similarity: 74.87

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 7.18 36.28 8.47 48.47 48.47 Claraia aurita 5.8 26.89 3.73 35.91 84.38 Microconch 2.06 8.9 10.18 11.89 96.27

Group S Average similarity: 81.94

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 9.14 55.01 15.25 67.14 67.14 Coelystilina werfensis 2.81 15.34 6.21 18.72 85.86 Claraia clarai 1.89 7.22 1.07 8.81 94.66

Group T Average similarity: 87.13

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 9.79 85.95 8.29 98.64 98.64

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Group U Average similarity: 78.46

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 8.46 51.13 9.72 65.17 65.17 Micoconchida 4.06 21.92 4.26 27.94 93.1

Group V Average similarity: 66.77

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 7.7 45.19 20.82 67.68 67.68 Claraia clarai 4.74 21.58 2.13 32.32 100

Group W Average similarity: 74.62

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Microconchida 5.58 24.09 ####### 32.29 32.29 Unionites 5.3 22.72 ####### 30.44 62.73 Ostracoda 3.39 14.91 ####### 19.97 82.7

Group X Average similarity: 70.58

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 7.46 40.19 23.12 56.94 56.94 Ostracoda 5.28 25.58 4.36 36.23 93.18

Group Y Average similarity: 71.29

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Claraia clarai 5.9 21.33 2.63 29.91 29.91 Unionites 4.53 17.79 6.9 24.95 54.86 Coelystilina werfensis 4.01 12.02 1.82 16.86 71.72 Microconchida 2.24 8.08 4.74 11.34 83.06

Group Z Average similarity: 83.99

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelystilina werfensis 8.33 47.62 13.29 56.7 56.7 Unionites 4.74 25.6 19.39 30.48 87.18

Group AA Average similarity: 79.70

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 6.9 32.43 5.54 40.69 40.69 Coelystilina werfensis 5.69 25.99 5.52 32.61 73.3 Claraia clarai 2.53 9.44 2.17 11.84 85.14 -383-

Group AB Average similarity: 70.97

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 5.94 23.03 4.79 32.45 32.45 Coelystilina werfensis 4.3 16.11 3.81 22.7 55.15 Bellerophontidae 3.11 9.72 1.24 13.7 68.86 Microconchida 2.59 9.03 3.1 12.73 81.58

Group AC Average similarity: 62.37

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Bellerophontidae 7.42 35.93 6.89 57.61 57.61 Coelystilina werfensis 3.24 13.85 5.68 22.21 79.82 Unionites 3.92 9.38 0.58 15.04 94.86

Group AD Average similarity: 79.92

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 8.66 51.01 10.82 63.82 63.82 Ophiuroidea 4.09 18.7 6.4 23.39 87.22

Group AE Average similarity: 54.79

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Ophiuroidea 6.46 26.89 2.57 49.08 49.08 Microconchida 2.8 8.58 1.24 15.66 64.74 Eumorphotis 3.29 7.78 0.85 14.19 78.93 Coelystilina werfensis 2.06 5.43 1.05 9.92 88.85

Group AF Average similarity: 73.34

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelystilina werfensis 9.29 63.01 7.75 85.92 85.92

Group AG Average similarity: 65.08

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelystilina werfensis 7.17 31.72 8.35 48.74 48.74 Microconch 3.59 12.26 1.73 18.83 67.58 Polygrina gracilor 2.86 11.09 4.83 17.04 84.62

Group AH Average similarity: 68.79

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Microconchida 8.12 44.67 3.75 64.93 64.93 Unionites 3.12 11.32 1.26 16.45 81.38 -384-

Appendix 4.8: Two-way PERMANOVA results from the Werfen Formation.

Griesbachian Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Mid-shelf, Shoal 1.738 0.021 999 0.029 Mid-shelf Outer shelf 1.4517 0.103 999 0.116 Shoal, Outer shelf 1.5021 0.103 960 0.102

Dienerian Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Mid-shelf, Inner shelf 3.9071 0.001 999 0.001 Mid-shelf, Shoal 1.1362 0.273 994 0.289 Mid-shelf, Peritidal 2.0072 0.016 953 0.015 Inner shelf, Shoal 1.7468 0.048 713 0.057 Inner shelf, Peritidal 2.9809 0.002 457 0.003 Shoal, Peritidal 1.8219 0.03 35 0.084

Smithian Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Mid-shelf, Inner shelf 0.56293 0.717 999 0.741

Spathian Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Mid-shelf, Inner shelf 4.9155 0.001 988 0.001 Mid-shelf, Oolitic shelf 5.5528 0.001 997 0.001 Inner shelf, Shoal 2.575 0.006 987 0.007

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Appendix 5.1: Raw fossil counts from the Servino Formation.

sp.

Eumorphotis Promyalina

Scythentolium

. Bakevellia .

cf costata Costatoria cf. multiformis Eumorphotis Neoschizodus Neoschizoduslaevigatus Neoschizodusovatus cf. cf. Unionites canalensis Unionites fassaensis Unionites A Indeterminate Bivalve B Indeterminate Bivalve telleri cf. Eumorphotis Ophiuroidea Lingularia Holocrinus transverse Microgastropod werfensis Coelostylina gracilor Polygrina Indet. Microgastropod Allcosmia cf. costata Natiria Microconchida Ostracoda CD-01 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 5 0 CD-02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-03 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-04 0 0 118 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 227 0 0 0 0 37 0 CD-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 4 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-06 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 5 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-07 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 179 0 1 0 0 CD-08 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 CD-09 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 562 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-10 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 211 353 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-11 0 0 4 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 215 769 0 0 0 0 1 0 CD-12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 391 1078 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-13 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 54 0 0 0 0 1 0 CD-16 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 334 0 0 70 991 0 0 0 0 5 0 CD-17 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 89 0 0 0 0 237 0 CD-19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 27 0 CD-20 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 35 CD-21 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 CD-23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 CD-25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 19 0 18 0 CD-26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1471 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 CD-27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 CD-28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 CD-29 0 0 0 0 0 0 288 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 1 6 20 0 0 0 0 2 0 CD-30 0 3 0 0 0 0 376 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 1 1 14 27 0 0 0 0 2 0 CD-31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 CD-32 0 11 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 214 0 0 7 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 CD-33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-34 0 19 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 CD-35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 0 0 CD-37 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 122 0 0 CD-38 10 0 28 0 0 0 38 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 23 0 0 CD-39 0 1 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD-41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 105 0 0 CD-42 0 1 1 0 0 0 203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 CD-43 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 45 0 0 CD-44 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 77 0 0 MR-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127 199 6 0 0 0 7 0 MR-02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 10 0 0 0 0 1 9 MR-03 1 0 182 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 MR-04 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MR-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 MR-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 64 1 0 0 0 3 0 MR-07 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 549 0 0 0 0 0 0 MR-08 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 211 842 0 0 0 0 0 0 MR-09 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 249 903 0 0 0 0 0 0 MR-10 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 396 0 0 0 0 2 0 MR-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 199 601 0 0 0 0 3 0 MR-12 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 MR-13 0 2 11 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 2 0

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Appendix 5.2: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Servino Formation.

Group A Average similarity: 45.45

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Unionites 7.48 41.07 2.94 90.36 90.36

Group B Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 60.87 60.87 Microconchida 39.13 39.13

Group C Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 92.77 92.77

Group D Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 96.06 96.06

Group E Average similarity: 100.00

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group F Average similarity: 66.16

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Natiria costata 8.44 43.36 83.11 65.53 65.53 Neoschizodus ovatus 1.96 8.4 7.95 12.69 78.23 Ophiuroidea 1.72 7.84 4.77 11.85 90.08

Group G Average similarity: 53.21

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Micoconchida 8.27 53.21 5.57 100 100

Group H Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelostylina werfensis 47.61 47.61 Ostracoda 42.86 90.47

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Group I Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelostylina werfensis 61.11 61.11 Lingularia 38.89 100

Group J Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelostylina werfensis 68.85 68.85 cf. Eumorphotis 18.15 87

Group K Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelostylina werfensis 81.01 81.01

Group L Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelostylina werfensis 89.37 89.37

Group M Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelostylina werfensis 92.99 92.99

Group N Average similarity: 93.99

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Coelostylina werfensis 9.96 89.63 25.08 95.36 95.36

Group O Less than 2 samples in group

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus ovatus 94.44 94.44

Group P Average similarity: 93.56

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Neoschizodus ovatus 9.23 57.62 ####### 61.58 61.58 Coelostylina werfensis 3.47 21.6 ####### 23.09 84.67

Group Q Average similarity: 51.88

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% cf. Eumorphotis 6.37 22.19 ####### 42.77 42.77 Neoschizodus ovatus 4.6 19.5 ####### 37.59 80.37 -388-

Appendix 5.3: PERMANOVA pairwise test results.

Table A5.1: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the members of the Servino Formation.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Member'

Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Ca'San Marco, Gastopod Oolite 0.78983 0.667 703 0.578 Ca'San Marco, Acquaseria 1.2604 0.144 428 0.214 Ca'San Marco, "Myophoria beds" 1.8478 0.009 844 0.019 Gastropd Oolite, Acquaseria 0.69369 0.711 995 0.645 Gastropod Oolite, "Myophoria Beds" 2.8845 0.001 998 0.001 Acquaseria, "Myophoria Beds" 3.1728 0.001 996 0.001

Table A5.2: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the facies of the Servino Formation.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Facies'

Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Inner Shelf, Shoal 2.0154 0.009 999 0.007 Inner Shelf, Inner Shelf (s) 0.82872 0.663 716 0.608 Inner Shelf, Marine Sabkha 0.92335 0.592 78 0.527 Inner Shelf, Mid-shelf 1.549 0.035 907 0.065 Inner Shelf, Distal mid-shelf 1.5856 0.009 67 0.049 Shoal, Inner Shelf (s) 1.2124 0.171 905 0.213 Shoal, Marine Sabkha 2.6 0.014 136 0.005 Shoal, Mid-shelf 3.2029 0.001 965 0.002 Shoal, Distal mid-shelf 3.1626 0.008 121 0.001 Inner Shelf (s), Marine Sabkha 1.2931 0.204 15 0.257 Inner Shelf (s), Mid-shelf 2.1285 0.027 126 0.012 Inner Shelf (s), Outer shelf 2.204 0.078 11 0.045 Marine Sabkha, Mid-shelf 1.4185 0.138 21 0.173 Marine Sabkha, Outer shelf 1.9319 0.337 2 0.19 Mid-shelf, Outer shelf 1.1603 0.244 11 0.309

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Appendix 5.4: SIMPER analysis on ecofacies from the Servino Formation.

Group A Average similarity: 100.00

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Epifaunal, slow-moving, grazer 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group B Average similarity: 88.63

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Epifaunal, slow-moving, grazer 9.72 69.44 ####### 78.35 78.35 infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 0.99 6.4 ####### 7.22 85.56

Group C Average similarity: 69.03

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% Epifaunal, slow-moving, grazer 7.78 42.03 4.3 60.88 60.88 epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 3.51 11.89 1.07 17.22 78.1 infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 3.38 9.99 0.96 14.47 92.57

Group D Less than 2 samples in group

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 42.37 42.37 epifaunal, slow-moving, surface deposit feeder 30.51 72.88 epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 27.12 100

Group E Less than 2 samples in group

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 95.37 95.37

Group F Average similarity: 100.00

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group G Less than 2 samples in group

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 67.9 67.9 epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 22.22 90.12

Group H Average similarity: 96.59

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 9.25 59.6 ####### 61.7 61.7 epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 3.47 22.23 ####### 23.01 84.72

Group I Average similarity: 68.18

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 7.82 48.24 4.06 70.75 70.75 epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 4.92 19.45 1.08 28.53 99.27

Group J Less than 2 samples in group

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 47.62 47.62 epifaunal, slow-moving, surface deposit feeder 42.86 90.48 -390-

Group K Less than 2 samples in group

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 61.11 61.11 infaunal, facultatively motile attached, suspension feeder 38.89 100

Group L Average similarity: 95.08

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 9.95 89.12 22.34 93.72 93.72

Group M Average similarity: 88.72

Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.% epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder 9.22 63.71 18.17 71.8 71.8 infaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder 3.6 23.51 44.65 26.5 98.3

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Appendix 5.5: PERMANOVA pairwise test results.

Table A5.3: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the members of the Servino Formation.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Member'

Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Ca'san Marco, Gastropod Oolite 1.0501 0.354 907 0.36 Ca'San Marco, Acquaseria 1.1993 0.189 707 0.238 Ca'San Marco, "Myophoria beds" 1.3258 0.161 946 0.185 Gastropod Oolite, Acquaseria 0.25853 0.904 990 0.919 Gastropod Oolite, "Myophoria beds" 3.3098 0.001 998 0.001 Acquaseria, "Myophoria beds" 3.2633 0.001 997 0.001

Table A5.4: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the facies of the Servino Formation.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Facies'

Unique Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC) Inner Shelf, Shoal 1.4598 0.116 997 0.114 Inner Shelf, Inner Shelf (s) 0.50993 0.891 642 0.859 Inner Shelf, Marine Sabkha 1.1474 0.296 78 0.279 Inner Shelf, Mid-shelf 2.0033 0.01 837 0.009 Inner Shelf, Outer shelf 2.1704 0.016 67 0.011 Shoal, Inner Shelf (s) 8.85E-02 0.976 888 0.975 Shoal, Marine Sabkha 2.4672 0.019 135 0.01 Shoal, Mid-shelf 3.3581 0.001 963 0.001 Shoal, Distal mid-shelf 3.3438 0.007 121 0.001 Inner Shelf (s), Marine Sabkha 1.3055 0.186 15 0.243 Inner Shelf (s), Mid-shelf 2.0042 0.051 91 0.038 Inner Shelf (s), Outer shelf 2.2221 0.064 11 0.029 Marine Sabkha, Mid-shelf 1.1664 0.378 21 0.299 Marine Sabkha,Outer shelf 2.0118 0.321 2 0.176 Mid-shelf, Outer shelf 1.3323 0.259 11 0.241

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Appendix 5.6: Species range data from the western Palaeotethyan region. C1 = pre-Hindeodus praeparvus Conodont Zone; C2 = H. praeparvus Conodont Zone; T1 = Claraia wangi-griesbachi s.l. Bivalve Zone; T2 = C. clarai Bivalve Zone; T3 = C. aurita s.l. and Eumorphotis multiforms Bivalve Zones; T4 = E. hinnitidea Bivalve Zone; T5 = E. kittli Bivalve Zone; T6 = E. telleri Bivalve Zone; T7 = Tirolites carniolicus Ammonoid Zone.

Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia borealis - - 1 1 1 1 - - - Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia cf. smirnovae 1 ------Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia polaris - - - - 1 - - - - Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia sp. - - 1 ------Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia sp. A - - 1 ------Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia tennuisma - - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia yini - - 1 1 - - - - - Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Araxathyris? protea 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania aeqalotis 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania haueri 1 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania megalotis 1 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania merlai - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania triangularis 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicothyris laterosulcata - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicothyris recticardinis - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps aquilina 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps cadorica - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps papilio - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps peracuta - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Septospirigerella sp. - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Spirigerella teseroi - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Neoretziidae Hustedia sp. 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Orthetetida Derbyidae Derbyia regis 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Orthida Rhipidomellidae Rhipidomella sp. 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Rhynchonellida Pontisiidae Prelissorhynchia sp. 0 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferida Ambocoeliidae Crurithyris extima - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferida Ambocoeliidae Orbicoelia dolomitensis - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferida Ambocoeliidae Orbicoelia tschernyschewi - 1 ------Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferinida Reticulariinidae Reticulariina cf. netchaewi 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthetetida Derbyidae Diplanus dilatus 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthetetida Schubertellidae Goniarina subulata 0 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthetetida Schuchertellidae Teserina nerii - 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Meekellidae Ombonia tirolensis 1 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Meekellidae Orthothetina ladina 1 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Schuchertellidae Sreptorhynchus sp. - 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Schuchertellidae Tropidelasma ptomatis 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Productida Productellidae Haydenella sp. 1 ------Brachiopoda Strophomenata Productida Productellidae Spinomarginifera sp. 0 1 ------Cnidaria Anthozoa - - Waagenophylum indicum 1 ------Cnidaria Anthozoa Stauriida Hapsiphyllidae Neozaphrentis permicus 1 ------Cnidaria Anthozoa Stauriida Metriophyllidae Asserculinia sp. 1 ------Cnidaria Anthozoa Stauriida Pentaphyllidae Pentaphyllum leptoconicum 1 ------Echinodermata Crinoidea Isocrinida Holocrinidae Holocrinus sp. ------1 1 1 Echinodermata Crinoidea ossicles 1 1 ------Echinodermata Echinoidea Cidaroida Miocidaridae ?Miocidaris sp. - 1 ------Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Praeplocoma hessi ------1 1 - Echinodermata Ophiuroidea ossicles - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiida Kalenteridae Stutchburia sp. A 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiida Permophoridae Permophorus sp. 0 0 1 0 1 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiida Permophorinae Permophorus jacobi 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Myalinida Myalinidae cf. Promyalina n/a - 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Myalinida Myalinidae Promyalina eduliformis ------1 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Myalinida Myalinidae Promyalina vetusta - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreida Bakevelliidae Hoernesia sp. ------1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreida Pteriidae Pteria cf. ussurica - - 1 0 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida - cf. Leptochondria sp. - 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida - Leptochondria albertii ------1 1 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Aviculopectinidae Indet sp. 1 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Aviculopectinidae Pseudomonotis "loczyi" - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium discites - - - - - 1 1 1 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium microtis - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium piriformis - 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium sp. - - - - 1 1 0 1 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Indet sp. 1 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Pernopecten latangulatus - 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Pernopecten tirolensis 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Scythentolium eurasiaticum - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Scythentolium sp. A - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Scythentolium tirolicum ------1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis beneckei ------1 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. beneckei - - - - - 1 0 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. gronensis ------1 - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. hinnitidea - - - 1 1 1 1 - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. kittli ------1 - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis hinnitidea - - - - 1 1 1 1 - -393-

Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis kittli ------1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis lorigae - 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis multiformis - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis praecurrens 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis reticulata ------1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis sp. A - - 1 1 - - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis striatocostata 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis telleri ------1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis tenuistriata ------1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis venetiana - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pseudomonotidae Pseudomonotis loczkoi - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia aurita - - - 1 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia clarai - - 1 1 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia dalpiazi - - - - 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia intermedia - - - - 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia stachei - - - 1 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia wangi-griesbachi - - 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pholadida Pleuromyidae Pleuromya elongata - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pholadomyida Edmondiidae Edmondia dubia 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pholadomyoidea Pholadomyidae "Homomya" sp. ------1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys csopakensis ------1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys sp. ------1 - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys tellenii ------1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys voelseckhofensis ------1 - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia albertii ------1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. binneyi 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. ceratophaga 0 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. costata ------1 1 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. incurvata ------1 0 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. ladina ------1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. mytiloids ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. socialis ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia costata ------1 1 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia exporecta - - - - - 1 1 1 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia incurvata ------1 1 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia ladina ------1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia pannonica - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Towapteria scythica - 1 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Towapteria wahneri 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Costatoria costata ------1 1 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Costatoria subrotunda - - - - - 1 1 - - Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus elongatus - - - - 1 - - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus laevigatus - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus orbicularis - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus ovatus - - 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus planus - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus praeorbicularis - - - - 1 1 - - - Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Schizodidae Schizodus sp. 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Anthracosiidae Unionites canalensis - - - 1 1 1 1 1 - Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Anthracosiidae Unionites cf. canalensis - - 1 ------Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Anthracosiidae Unionites fassaensis - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticidae "Polinices" subtilistriata ------1 - - Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis arctica - - - - - 1 - - - Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis depressa 1 ------Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis gaillardoti ------1 1 1 Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis pusioncoia 1 ------Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis sp. - 1 0 0 1 - - - - Mollusca Gastropoda - Polygyrinidae "Polygygrina" gracilor - - 1 0 1 1 0 1 - Mollusca Gastropoda - Pseudozygopleuridae Pseudozygopleura sp. 1 ------Mollusca Gastropoda - Purpurinidae Werfenella rectostata ------1 1 1 Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda - Trachynerita sp. 1 ------Mollusca Gastropoda Bellerophontida Euphemitidae Bellerophon sp. 1 1 ------Mollusca Gastropoda Bellerophontida Euphemitidae Warthia vaceki 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - Mollusca Gastropoda Euomphalina Craspedostomatidae Natiria costata ------1 1 1 Mollusca Gastropoda Euomphalina Craspedostomatidae Natiria semicostata ------1 - - Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Coelostylinidae Coelostylina werfensis - 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Coelostylinidae Omphaloptycha sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Lophospiridae Worthenia sp. A - - - - - 1 1 - - Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Murchisoniidae Pseudomurchisonia kokeni - - - - 1 - - - - Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa - Allocosmia sp. ------1 1 - Mollusca Gastropoda Bellerophontidae Indet sp. A - - 1 0 1 - - - - Mollusca Scaphopoda Dentaliida Dentaliidae Plagioglypta sp. - - - - 1 - - - - Mollusca Tentaculita Microconchida - Indet sp. - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mollusca Tentaculita Microconchida - Microconchus phycataena - - 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Mollusca Tentaculita Microconchida - Microconchus valvata - - 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Porifera Calcarea - - Paruvanella minima 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Intrasporeocoeliidae Intrasporeocoelia hubeiensis 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Maeandrostiidae Meandrostia sp. 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Preperonidellidae Precorynella sp. 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Virgolidae Virgola sp. 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Epipolasida Heliospongiidae Coelocladia sp. 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Tabulospongida - Spherolichaetetes sp. 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Colospongiidae Platythalamiella newelli 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Colospongiidae Subascosymplegma sp. 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Cystothalamiinae Discosiphonella mammilosa 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Cystothalamiinae Discosiphonella sp. A 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Cystothalamiinae Discosiphonella sp. B 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Sebargasiinae Amblysiphonella sp. 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Solenolmiidae Preverticillites cf. columnella 1 ------Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Tebagathalamiidae Graminospongia girtyi 1 ------

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Appendix 7.3: Extended Methods

The databases were constructed from data downloaded from the PaleoDB (last downloaded on February 2nd 2015). In addition to taxonomic information, palaeolatitudinal and palaeolongitudinal coordinates were downloaded (based on rotation protocols provided by Christopher R. Scotese: The Paleomap project, , which is built into the PaleoDB). Stratigraphic, lithological and environmental data were also downloaded.

Vetting of the data follows (Miller and Foote, 2009); taxonomically uncertain or questionable occurrences of genera, as marked in the PBDB by the qualifiers “aff”, “cf.”, “ex.gr”, “sensu lato”, “?” “[quotation marks]”, and “informal” were excluded. Form taxa, ichnogenera and higher taxonomic names that appeared in the genus field were excluded. Latest synonymies and re-identifications (i.e. Hautmann et al., 2012) were used where possible following the Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology and the PaleoDB. Additionally, in a few cases where taxa were incorrectly incorporated into the PaleoDB were corrected. If stage designations were not available occurrences were excluded. If stage but not sub-stage designations were available for the Triassic intervals the genus in question was considered to have occurred in all related sub- stages. Using the ecological categories and definitions for tiering, motility and feeding of (Bambach et al., 2007), each genus was assigned to a bin in the ecospace model. Modes of life were inferred by using data from extant relatives, previous publications and functional morphology and relate to functional lifestyle from a taxon’s adult stage.

Binomial standard error bars in Fig. 1 represent one standard error either side of the observed

푝(1−푝) value √[ ] (Buzas (1990) see also Raup et al. (1991)), where 푛 = number of indivduals 푛 before the extinction and 푝 = the number of individuals that crossed the P/Tr boundary.

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Appendix 7.5: Highlighted changes to the results between Chapter 7 and Foster and Twitchett (2014).

Figure A7.1: Figure 7.1 with changes in extinction rates with Foster and Twitchett (2014) highlighted. Increases in extinction rates are highlighted in blue and decreases highlighted in red. These changes, however, do not affect the observed trends.

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Figure A7.2: Figure 7.2 with changes in extinction rates with Foster and Twitchett (2014) highlighted. Increases in modes of life and generic richness are highlighted in blue and decreases highlighted in red. These changes, however, do not affect the observed trends.

935

Figure A7.3: Figure 7.4 with changes in the results with Foster and Twitchett (2014) highlighted. Increases in modes of life and green coefficient values are highlighted in blue and decreases highlighted in red. These changes, however, do not affect the observed trends.

936