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Early Ecclesiastical Sites in Scotland: a Field Survey, Part II

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Early Ecclesiastical Sites in Scotland: a Field Survey, Part II Early Ecclesiastical Sites in Scotland: a Field Survey, ParI I t by A. D. S. Macdonald and Lloyd R. Laing INTRODUCTION This paper continues the work started by the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments in 1967 (see PSAS, c (1967-8), 123-34), and represents fieldwork carried out in 1968 and 1969. What was said in the first paragraph of the introduction to Part I applies here, but the restrictions necessarily imposed by other commitments within the Ancient Monuments Department has meant thae geographicath t l distributio sitee th sf o nliste described dan d belo ws somewhai t haphazard. Againfeatureo s brie e havd b y , an fo visitst ema beed sha n overlooke misinterr do - preted. Again t urge,no alsos di t thai , t surviving structura Earle l remainth f yo Christiae sar n period. The drawings are sketches based usually on the OS 25-in sheets and the titles are usually those which appear in the OS 6-in sheets. Sources frequently referred to have been abbreviated and listed in alphabetical order below. Other references appea fuln i r l unde relevane rth t entries. A brief discussion, with references, of the word which appears in the sources as abthania, abthein, etc, sometimes in translation as abbatia, and which is taken to denote the existence, at time th writinf eo formerlyr go monastia f ,o c communit Earlf yo y Christian type, wil foune lb d under Dull placename Th . e element nemed similarls i y treated under Fortingall Abernethyn O . , Rosemarkie, Dunkeld, Dunblane and Mortlach in particular, Professor G Donaldson's 'Scottish Bishops' Sees Befor Reige eth f Davino d I', PSAS, LXXXVII (1952-3), 106-17, shoul cone db - r Abernethysultedfo d AndersoO An . M , Scottishn ni Historical Review,d an (1949) 8 . 2 if 5 3 , 29 (1950), 13 if is a key source. We have made some slight attempt thespu eo t tsite s int contexoa perspectivd an t f o e sort notingy sb , where evidenc readils ewa y existencavailable th , us prehistorif o et o c (especially Iron Age contemporard an ) y secular occupatio close th en n i vicinit churce th f yo h site under review. This information is taken from the OS Archaeology Division's 6-in working-sheets, with permission. besr Ou t thank offeree sar d once Archaeolog more th o et y Divisio Ordnance th f no e Survey, Edinburgh their fo , r unfailing generosit quoto t d ean froallowinye n i mus o theit s gu r field-maps and records, and for their helpful comments and discussion. Without their active support, it would have been very difficult to proceed with this survey. ABBREVIATIONS ACD Mackinlay AncientM ,J Church Dedications Scotlandn i (scriptura non-scriptural)d lan , Edinburgh (1910 and 1914), 2 vols. / Anderson Anderson, J Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2 vols. (1879 and 1880). 13 | 0PROCEEDING S OF THE SOCIETY, 1969-70 Arbroath Liber . ThomeS Aberbrothoc,e d vols2 , Bannatyne Club (1848). Bain Bain, J (Ed) Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 4 vols (1881-8). CPNS History Watsone Celtice Th th f J o Place-NamesW , of Scotland, Edinburgh (1926). Early Sources Anderson, A O Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500-1286, 2 vols, Edinburgh (1922). Easson Easson MedievalE D , Religious Houses: Scotland, London (1957). Eccl Arch Scot MacGibbon Rossd an EcclesiasticalT ,D , Architecture of Scotland, vol3 s (1896-7). ECM Romilly Alien, J The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, 3 parts, I vol., Edinburgh (1903). Macfarlane Macfarlane, W Geographical Collections Relating to Scotland, ed Sir A Mitchell, Scottish History Society vols3 , , Edinburgh (1906-8). NSA New Statistical Account (1845). Named Ol BookONE (OS) . OPS Innes (EdC , ) Origines Parochiales Scotiae, Vol . Bannatynsn , , i12 ;;2 e Club (1841-5). OS A Old Statistical Account (1794). RCAHMS Royal Commissio Anciene th Historican d no an t l Monument Scotlandf so : Inventories by counties. REA Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis, 2 vols, Spalding Club (1845). RMS Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum, 1306-1424 (1912). t AndrewsS Liber Cartarum Prioratus Sancti Andree Scotia,n i Bannatyne Club (1841). Stevenson Stevenson, J Documents Illustrative of the History of Scotland, 1286-1306,1 (1870). Stuart Stuart, J Sculptured Stones of Scotland, 2 vols, Spalding Club (1856 and 1867). PERTHSHIRE 1. Abernethy Parish Church. NO 189164 Garbled and conflicting accounts of foundation. Two main traditions. (1) Early Sources, i, cxx, cxxi Chronicle :th accordinPictsf e o th f C ,e o d Nechta versiono gt an B , nsA Morbet, Kin f Pictgo seconn s(i d A halV D f o ffro m positio Kinn i g lists), gave d Abernethan d Go o yt St Bridget of Kildare early in his reign. But the paragraph containing this statement and the nexparagrapho tw t containinA n si granextene e th th Aberneth) o f t o g t(a y (see also loc cit, i, reasogrante e th th insertion e r ) ar n, fo (b 122originae d th )an n si l text Bridget .S t died tradition- all 524yc : abbess Dairlugdac texn hi anachroniss ti mthao t t extent Early) (2 . Sources, i, 121-2: according to versions D & H of Chronicle of Picts and Fordun, Abernethy founded by Gartnait, Kin Pictsf gdiedo o ,wh ? 601-2 (Irish Annals); versio attributenF s this foundatio Gartnait'o nt s successor Nechtan diedo (Iris1 wh , ?62 h Annals) Chronicln I . Pictse th f ,eo f Gartnaio n so s i t Domelch (A), Domech (B), Domnach (C), Dormath (D), Dompneth (F), Donath (I), Dompnach (K, Fordun): loc cit, i, cxxiv. (Chronicle of the Picts is essentially a king-list with a few notes). The Brev Aber appears to have a conflation of the two traditions: Grauerdus son of Domath, King of Picts, warned divinely to call Bridget from Ireland. She founds a church at A, and the King and all his household are baptised. For Grauerdus, cf Garnard(e), Gernerd, variant forms, mainl DFIn yi Fordund Kan Gartnair fo , ABCf o t ; with transpositio 'nd 'a'd 'Vf an ,nan o misread as 'u'? lattee Th fifte r halth h f centurfo earlmonastico a r to ys yfo i foundation Nechf herec t -Bu . tan's connection wit t BuitthS e (died trad traditioe . th foundatio e 521d th f an )n o churca f no h at Fordun by Palladius 432 (loc cit, i, cxx, cxxi): persistent, if vague and, by themselves, unreliable literary traditions of very early Christianity in this part of southern Pictland. Here the distribution of long-cist cemeteries in the Forth-Tay region becomes significant (PSAS, LXXXTX (1955-6), 266). Ther they nema have been some sor Christiaf o t nADI alse sitC V . r oeSe A late o herth eV n ei Thomas in Barley and Hanson (Eds), Christianity in Britain 300-700 (1968), 105-8. But the MACDONALD AND LAING: EARLY ECCLESIASTICAL SITES IN SCOTLAND, PART II | 131 monastic foundation f earlyi , , probably belong periosecone e th th f o dst o d trad.r : o lat I eV early VII AD. Version F's attribution may be due to confusion with story of versions A, B and C. Note in this connection that Nechtan Morbet is son of Er(i)p; son of Wirp in A's insertion: Early Sources I, cxx, cxxi. Gartnait's successor Nechtan is Uerb's grandson (Uerd (A), Uerp (C), , IrFordun))b(F : loc cit , cxxivI , , 145. Perhaps connected with Kildare; t equallybu , perhaps originally different St Bridget. Easson, 190: Culdees here mentioned 1189-99. Abbot of A. who appears in this record was probably a layman, holding office which had become secularised and hereditary. Prior and Culdee controversn si y with Arbroath before 1214. Prio f Culdeeo r recorn so d 123 1239d 5an . Culdees became r wereo , replace , Augustiniadby n canons 127 r 12732o . For lands etc belonging to Abernethy by this time see Arbroath, I, 25-7, 147-9. Chronicle of Picts insertion interesting as possible record of what Abernethy claimed at an earlier date. See also Easson, 74, 174. B.C. incise sculptured dan d stones: ECM, in, 282, 308-1 figd 311n 0o san , 312. Irish-type round r descriptiontowerFo . : AD probabl I X , etcd ymi , Eccl Arch Scot, i, 175-8; JAnderson (1879) 42-5. In 1821 excavation inside base of tower exposed skeleton and 'fragments of a light green urnf carvino , w witro g ha roun bottoe neck'e dth th f mo . (Probabl ymedievaa l depositr fo : possible explanations of presence of pot, seePSAS, xcvn (1963^1), 252-3 andPSAS, LVI (1921-2), 27-32). Below this were thin broad flagstones with many more human bones below, including seven skulls l adulal , t male accordinbonese mosp th u Andre v f g o tRe : sextoo du gt wo nwh Small, Roman Antiquities in Fife (1823), Appendices 12-16. Not said whether any of skeletons underlay foundations of tower, if this was even noticed during the digging. Skulls are unsatis- factor r sexingyfo nothino S . realln g ca mad e yb f thieo s account (Small's wor extremels ki y uncritical even for its time and totally unreliable in most respects). Old church ruins removed 1802: ONB. 'A great church with pillars' survived 1722. Mac- farlane, 1,117. 'Extensive foundation lately discovered' beyond present church: Small citc ,lo 168. Monastery situated on N side of graveyard and part of its walls still stood c 1780. The school was kept in monastic buildings earlier in XVIII AD. Nothing remained in 1823: Small loc cit, 165, 167. These references musmedievao t e b t l buildings givy indication ea ma t positioe bu ,th f no n of earlier structures.
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