Reclamation Era, Vol. 30, No. 11, November 1940

THE RECLAMATION ERA NOVEMBER 1940

BOULDER OAM-20,000 VISITORS WITNESSED TEST OF ll OF ITS 12 NEEDLE VALVES ON SEPTEMBER 28 I

President Roosevelt Greets National Reclamation A ssociation Convention

TO a very serious minded convention of reclamationists from 17 Western States which convened in Great Falls, Mont., September 24- 26, President Roosevelt sent the following message:

"It is with pleasure that on the occasion of the ninth annual convention of the National Reclamation Association I again send greetings to those western leaders who are interested in the promotion of sound programs for water and land conservation.

"In grave times it is important that we do not permit our attention to be distracted from our long-range plans for a better America. It is important that, consistent with the efforts that must be made for national defense, we do not permit the disruption of work essential to those long-range plans. Conservation of our resources is a part of that program. The United States in another day will be stronger because of such conservation works as Grand Coulee Dam and its counterparts on numerous smaller streams, stronger because of the power that will flow from them, stronger because of the stable homes which will be founded on the land they will irrigate, and stronger because of the great new wealth that they will create. We must conserve, guard ourselves today, and continue to build for tomorrow.'' PRI CE ONE DOLLAR A YEAR CLA VOLUME 30 • NOVEMBER 1940 • UMBER 11

National Reclamation Association Convention

A LARGE and enthusia tic group of reclarna­ passed. Mr. Blaine bas been a constant dele­ people, not only in respect to water r esources, tionists from 17 Western St.ates gathered at gate to irrigation a nd reclamation meetings but nlso as to the use of such areas for for­ Great Falls, Mon t., September 24 for a 3-day all "over the \Vest ever since he attended his estry, mining, grazing, wild life, and high­ session devoted to their interests. first one in Colorado Springs in 1903 or 1904, ways : Now, therefore, be it The appreciation by the group of lheir and he has devoted bis entire adult li.fe to R eso lved, That the National Reclamation president, 0. S. \Varden, was expressed in the promotion of we. -tern irrigatiou. Mr. Association opposes the creation of a ny new his unanimous election for a sixth term as O'Donnell began irrigating in 1882, helped national parks, monuments, or recreation president of the association, and further ex­ found the National Irrigntion Associntion in n reas, or additions to those now exi ting, vression was given to this sentiment by the the nineties, and aided for 10 years to ·ecm e except with the consent of the legislatures of surprise presentation of a plaque. The pre­ the enactment of the Reclamation ln w. He, the States co ncerned; and, further , it opposes sentation was made by Robert \V. Sawyer. like Mr. Blaine, is an ardent "convcntionist," the enactment of H. R. 0351, or ilny other It is elaborately printed find framed and is having attended every com-ention of the Fed­ measure which would authorize the President signed by GoYernor Ayers of Montana, a so­ eral Irrigation Congress for 48 years. Mr. of the United States, in llis di. cretion, to ciation directors, and Secret>1ry-Manager Shepherd is chairman of the board of direc­ transfer by ExecutiYe order Yirtually any or Hagie. It reads : tors of the North Side 'l'-win Falls project nll of the unreserved or unappropriated lands "A testimonial of appreciation presented to near J erome. H e is a former Montannn and to national park status, thereby prohibiting Oliver Sherman Warden by the 17 States of began his career in the ca ttle busi 11 c ·s there. the use of such a reas fo r water, timber, the National Reclamation A~socialion as ·cm­ His active interest in reclamntion begnn in minerals, grazing or highway purposes, 1111d bled in annual convention on this 24th da, 1896 when, with the help of professors at locking up the areas exclusively for recrea­ of September in the year 1940. Bozeman, Mont., he planned the first irriga­ tion, educational, and inspirational purposes. "True pioneer of Montana and western tion ditches for the F lying U Ranch. No. 4.- Whereas the National Reclamation America; substa ntial, unselfish servant of Phoenix, Ariz., was selec ted by the conven­ Association at its eighth annunl convention in public good in community a ud nation through tion as the 1941 convention city. Denver , Colo., in November 193!l, call ed ntten­ more than half a century ; uut'alteringly Seventeen resolutions adopted are digested tion to the handicaps under which the Bureau co urageous thinker and molder of public as follows: of Reclamation operates through limitntions thought; aggre~~iYC nchoeatc of improved No. l .-R esolved by th-is assoeicition, 'l'hac on appropriations that may be expended in highway and aYiarion facilities; persevering the Congress of the United States is urged to the District of Columbia, and since this un­ protagonist of water CtH1se 1·,·a tion as a provide through proper legislation fo r the ~atisfactory condition has not been remedied: sound policy, virile, indefatiga bl e force for progressi,e, orderly expansion of the pro­ Therefore, be it reclamation as a national betterment; wise, duction of beet suga r within the United R eso lved, That the National Reclamation foresighted, tactful counselor and leader ; States and to maintain the beet su"'ar in­ Association reaffirms the position taken in the J'h-e-time president of the National Heclnma­ dustry on a reasonable income basis by quota resolution referred to and urges prompt action tion Association- regulations and adequate tariffs on foreign to the end that restrictions on appropriations "In recognition of thesP fir;;t liYc epoch­ sugar. for personnel services in the Di strict of Colum­ making years of :se rvke. this grateful No. 2.-R esoi'rnd, Tliat thi association rec­ bia shall be removed so that there shall be acknowledgment, as a sincere personal tribute ommends that authorizations for projects be sufficient fl exibility in the offi ce of the Com­ from innumerable friends in 17 States, is not further delayed during the present emer­ missioner of Reclamation to eua ble it to dis­ lt erewith tendered with respectful affection to gency where the immediate security of estab­ charge promptly the additional administratiYe Oliver Sherman Wa rden." lished agricultural communities may be in­ duties imposed by recent legislation. Others reelectetl b~· acclamation were Ora Yo!ved and where local participatioll in the No. 5.-Wliereas F e cl e r a 1 Reclamation, Bundy, Ogden, Utah. first vi ce president; costs thereof is assured. through its incidental activities such as power Robert W. Sawyer , Bend, Oreg., second vice No. 3.-Whereas the economic life of the production, paves the way for advantageously president; and J. A. Foret Spokane, Wash., people depends largely upon available and processing minerals of the vVest that are yitnl treasurer. The directors of the association, usable water resources, and the recl::unntion to the national defense for which the coun­ IL- de up of one member from each of the 17 policy is based on the multiple use of our try has depended upon foreign ources, and States having membership in the association, water resources, for irrigation, flood control, Jor the operation of esseutial industries; ancl unanimously reelected F loyd 0. Hagie, sec­ power, grazing, domestic and industrial water \Vhereas agricultural production through retary-manager. supplies, and the abatement of strcn m pollu­ reclamation assures the nation of adequate Another highlight of the co nYeniion was tion, and food supplies, including such commodities as the honor paid to three "grand old men'' of \Vbereas no dams or reservoirs for the sugar and wool for which the coun try has reclamation, E. F. Blail1e, 83, of Grandview, storage of water can be constrncted in any been largely dependent on ocea n transporta­ Wash. ; I. D. O'Donnell, 80, of Billings, national park, and the enormous increase in tion; and Mon t.; and R. E. Shepherd, 80, of Jerome, na tional parks, and national park a reas, par­ \Vh ereas * * *: Therefore, be it Idaho. All three men stn rted in irrigation ticularly in the public land States, constitutes R eso l -re

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 301}

.J vigorous promotion and support of nationa I tie, sheep, wool , grain, fruits, and food sup­ the ·w est in the last 7 years to more than reclamation is necessary for the accomplish­ plies is vitally essential in the interest vf 21/2 billion dollars; and ment of a complete ancl coorclinatecl program national defense ; and Whereas the Weather Burea u and other offi­ of national defense. Whereas because of increased uses of cial reports show the drought has not been No. 6.- Whereas in response to Resolution '\V.P.A. labor in connection with various Gov­ broken and that westward migrations are No. 3 adopted at the eighth a nnual convention ernment construction work there is a marked continuing; and of this association in Denver, Colo., in Novem­ deficiency in the number of men aYailable for Whereas completion of the F ederal Recla­ ber 1939, some progre s has been made in work under W.P.A. , and ma tion program as now authorized with reim­ providing personnel for the purpose of ad­ Whereas there is much C.C.C. labor that is bursable funds and its expansion to meet vising and instructing settlers regarding irri­ not being clel'Otcd to purposes of Yalue in critical situations in the Great Plains and gation practices; and the Nation's preparedness program: Now, elsewhere will require in 10 years an amount WherPns, witll the transfer to the Depart­ therefore, be it less than one-fourth of the Federal relief ment of the Interior of certain soil con servn ­ R esolvecl, That the proper goYernmental expenditures in these States : Therefore be it tion duties, tl1 ere will be further responsibility agencies be urged to establish camps and to R eso lved, That the National Reclamation on the Bureau of Reclamation with respect authorize the use of C.C.C. enrollees in the _\ssociation in its ninth annual convention to conditions on reclamation projects: There­ work of construction of clams and otherwise urgently recommends: fore, be it to assist in the development and construction 1. 'l'hat in order to ancllor rural and 11011- R esolvecl, That the National Reclamatio11 of such reservoirs. ngricultural families in their present loca­ Association recommends to the Bureau of No. 8.- Whereas the 1940 census reports tions in the Great Pla ins and other areas and Reclamation that the staff of irrigation or show t he disastrous effects of continued to reduce the necessity for further migra­ reclamation advisers be expanded to cover alt drought on the economy of the Great Plains tions, the Case-Wheeler Act (Public 398, 76th projects under its jurisdiction and that the and other areas with consequent dislodgment Cong., 1st Sess. ) be implemented with an an­ Bureau of Reclamation seek the active cooper­ of thousands of rural and nonagricultural nual appropri ation of reimbursable funds of ation of other F ederal agencies and of State families and heavy losses in population in $10,000,000, to be supplemented by labor and colleges of agri culture, experiment stations, areas without water conservation facilities ; materials from C.C.C. camps and other F ed­ and other State and local agencies in meeting and eral agencies, including direct and indirect problems incident to soil and water conserva­ Whereas these reports reflect the impact of relief agencies, for the construction of water tion practices. the migration westward of more than 125,000 consen-ation projects. No. 7.-Whereas within the Western States, destitute families ; and 2. That in order to provide irrigated land many small reservoirs may be constructed Whereas co nditions incident to the drought promptly for migrant farm families and ,u under the Case-Wheeler Act; and and the migration of destitute families and stabilize established communities threatened ·whereas said act contemplates the use of the lack of presently available irrigated lanrls by inadequate water supplies and the contin­ W .P .A. , C.C.C., and other labor in the con­ of the West upon which to settle the newly ual loss of population the current reclamation struction of such projects; and arrived families have resulted in raising F ed­ program be provided with appropriations of Whereas the raising of farm products, cat- eral relief expenditures in the 17 States of reimbursable funds at a rate of approximately $75,000,000 a year. 3. That in order that there may be a rail­ Reelected officers. Seated, left to right: 0. S. Warden, President; Floyd 0. Hagie, able to the Federal Government and the arid Secretary-Manager. Standing, left to right:). A. Ford, Treasurer; Robert W. Sawyer, and semiarid land States a complete inventory Second Vice President; and Ora Bundy, First Vice President of unused wa ter supplies and information as to ways and means by which they may be utilized for the national benefit, the Bureau of Reclamation shall be provided with not less than $1.000,000 annually for inYestigations. No. 9.- Wbereas, the forest lands serve fun­ damentally as Na ture's reservoir, helping to regulate streams, reducing damaging flood s nncl erosion, sustaining underground water supplies, and contributing immeasurably to western Reclamation; and Whereas due to lack of funds in the face of rapidl y expanding duties the Forest Service finds it impossibl e to fully administer the a reas now under its direc tion, particularly with reference to fire control, disease control, range improvements, reforestation, and other activities related to water conservation ; and \Vh erens in the opinion of this association a 111a f erial increase in the appropriations for the Forest Service to cover these phases of its ope-ration would constitute an essential in­ ,·c-stment to protect the interest of western area~ and preserve their natural resources: :\To\\'. therefore, be it R esolved, That this association request ade­ quate appropriations to enable the Forest Serv­ ice to administer its operations upon a sound and adequate basis. No. 10. - R es olved, That the nctivities of the

{ 302} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 National Resources Planning Board sponsoring orderly, comprehensiYe, and basin-wide water deYelopment and a program of drainage basin committees which bring together local, State, and F ederal agencies, be approved and the necessity for continuance of such work recognized. No. 11.-Resolved, That the National Recla­ mation Association recommend to Congress the appropriation of a sufficient sum of money to make a comprehensive study of noxious weed control on Forest Reserves, Grazing Re­ serves, and Reclamation projects. No. 12.-Whereas many existing projects, financed in whole or in part by Federal funds, are in need of canal and works betterments; of replacement of structures, of additional storage and other work necessary to make ade­ quate the supply of water for their projects, the cost of which is beyond the ability of the projects to raise, and Whereas the difficulties of these projects re­ fl ect upon the success of reclamation and pre­ v<'nt proper profits to those projects : Now, thcr·efore, be it R esolved, That the National Reclamation Association asks that a study of the needs of The 3 "Grand Old Men." Left to right: E. F. Blaine, I. D. O'Donnell, R. E. Shepherd existing projects be made and that a program of betterments on those projects be formulated to be carried out over a period of several State law covering the ownership, control, and gation projects not only in reconstruction year of time to go hand in hand with work use of the waters of these Western States: find betterments to irrigation works, but also on new projects in Reclamation State ·. Now, therefore, be it the financial consolidation of indebtedness No. 13.- Whereas the Federal Government, R esolved, That the National Reclamation under a Government loan at a low rate of in proceedings before the Supreme Court of Association recommends and reaffirms and interest; and the United States, has asserted claim to all strongly urges that these several acts, and Whereas the efficiency of these agencies has the unappropriated waters of nonnavigable all similar acts, be amended a t the earliest been increased and more coordination is exer­ streams of the Western States, and also that posible date to include provisions requiring cised between them, to the end that more the return flow resulting from the irriga tion that in the prosecution of all works designed definite results are obtained within a reason­ of F ederal Reclamation projects is the prop­ for water conservation and use the particular able time ; and erty of the Federal Government, and therefore Federal agency or depa rtment involved, shall, Whereas these agencies are servicing a free of the sovereign control and supervision in all respects, compl y with Sta te laws relat­ class of projects that are in dire need of of the States in which such waters and proj­ ing to the ownership, control, administration, physical and financial aid that is and cannot ects are located, which is contrary to the fun­ and use of the wa ters of these Western be reached by any other Government agency: damental principles of water laws in these States. Now, therefore, be it several Western States; R eso lv ed, That * *: fi nd be it further R esolved, That we recommend the contin­ Whereas, section 8 of the Reclamation Act R esolv ed, That all F ederal agencies con­ uance of the ·w ater Facilities Act program contains a definite and specific provision re­ structing works of any nature for the conser­ with sufficient funds available, whereby small quiring compliance with the water Jaws and vation and use of water within the membet· loans may be obtained by worthy borrowers recogni zes vested rights acquired thereunder; States of this association be advised of the 11ot only for the rehabilitation of existing and necessity of observing the laws of the re­ projects, but also for the construction of new W'hereas Federal judicial decisions affirm spective States governing the appropriation, facilities for providing supplemental water that sovereignty over such waters is vested in storage, ancl use of water; and that no struc­ on lands now inadequately irrigated. the States and not in the United States; and tures or series of structures, however small, No. 15.-Be it resolved, That this associa­ Whereas, the Flood Control Act of June 28, built for the use of water be constructed tion hereby expresses its endorsement of and 1938, and later acts authorizing the construc­ \Yithout consulting the appropriate State ad­ appreciation to the United States Geological tion of certain public works on rivers for flood ministrative officials concerning the necessary Survey for its topographic surveys and for control and other purposes; the Pope-Jones requirements of the State law respecting the the systematic collection and publication of Act, otherwise known as the Water Facilities same. * * * basic information on surface and ground wa­ Act, authorizing the construction of water No. 14.- Whercas there was passed by the ter resources, essential to development, use conservation and utilization projects in the Xational Congress in 1937, the Pope-Jones and control thereof, which during this period Great Plains and arid and semiarid regions of Bill, known as the Watet· Facilities Act, au­ of national emergency are of particular im­ the United States; the Case-Wheeler Act; the thorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to portance to the welfare of our country; a nd Taylor Grazing Act; and possibly other acts plan, construct, or cause to be constructed, be it further authorizing the construction by F ederal agen­ small facilities for water conservation proj­ R esolved, That this association urge ade­ des of works for the control and use of waters ects, for irrigation and other agricultural quate appropriations by the Congress a nd the in the Western States, contain no statement purposes ; and State legislatures to permit the continuation that the activities of the Federal Government, Whereas the scope of duties of the agencies and extension of this important work upon under the provisions of the various Federal administering this act has been so broad­ the cooperative basis now existing; and that acts, shall be carried out in conformity with ened as to include the rehabilitation of irri- this nssocifl tion urge that F ederal appropria-

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 303} tions be increased to meet national needs in sary for the consideration of equitable ap­ harn been financed directly by the Federal expanding the network of strictly Federal portionment of the waters of such rivers is Bureau of Reclamation there are many other gaging stations and observation wells. of paramount importance; and irrigation projects which represent an acreage No. 16.-Whereas interstate litigation over ,vhereas the settlement of interstate river equal to or greater than Federal Reclamation waters of interstate rivers on which irriga­ contro,ersies by compact based upon ade­ projects which have been financed or refi­ tion is dependent requires enormous expendi­ quate engineering investigation has proved nanced by other Federal agencies, and are tures of public monies and results in long more satisfactory, basically sound and in the now paying interest on construction costs at a delays with an impairment of necessary wa­ interest of the ,vater user: Now, therefore, rate of 4 percent per annum and amortized in ter development and in decrees which often be it 30 years, and ripen into further and prolonged litigation; R esolved, That in all cases involving inter­ Whereas reclamation projects and irriga­ and such procedure is unsatisfactory from state ri,er controveries where no adjudica­ tion projects financed by other Federal agen­ a practicable standpoint to the water user; tion exists an attempt be first made by the cies are generally contiguous and adjacent and interested States to reach equitable adjust­ to reclamation projects and are producing sim­ Whereas the principles controlling the ment by compact based upon adequate joint ilar crops at comparable production costs: equitable apportionment of water,; of an in­ engineering studies and investigations by Now, therefore, be it terstate river have been well settled by the competent and impartial agencies; and that ResoivedJ, That this association endorse and Su1)reme Court of the United States; and litigation be initiated only as a last resort. recommend the enactment of Federal legis­ engineering investigation of all pertinent No. 17.-Whereas the reclamation of the lation providing for a more equitable rate of facts by an impartial, competent agency for arid West is a Federal problem, and interest and amortization payments on such the purpose of determining all factors neces- Whereas in addition to the projects which projects. Interstate Migrations Investigations

At the invitation of Representative John H. Tolan of California, supplies west of the 100th meridian. These indicated the supply is chairman of a special congressional committee investigating inter­ sufficient to irrigate 22,000,000 additional acres and provide a firm state migrations, Bureau of Reclamation officials discussed with the supply for 11,700,000 acres presently irrigated which will require sup­ committee at two hearings in the West in September, major features plemental water. A total of 428,000 new family-size farms could of the Reclamation program and related matters. ultimately be created. Commissioner Page at Lincoln, Nebr., on September 17 emphasized At San Francisco on September 25, Walker R. Young, supervising effects of continued droughts in accelerating migrations from the engineer, detailed the objectives of the Central Valley project. Great Plains and the resulting pressure of population on irrigated Impact of migrations has been specially heavy in this area. On the areas to the westward. He cited the contribution Reclamation is same day at San Francisco, Dr. E. N. Torbert, field coordinator, making to stabilization of the West and the settlement and employ­ Columbia Basin project, explained investigations under way in con­ ment opportunities that will be afforded if appropriations for con­ nection with planning the settlement of the areas to be irrigated by struction are continued at the present rate. Census records were Grand Coulee Dam. cited showing an increase in population of the irrigation States Because of the importance of solutions of the migrant problem twice the average for the country. to the development of irrigation in the West, the statements pre­ E. B. Dehler, hydraulic engineer, Denver office, presented at Lin­ sented by Commissioner Page and Mr. Dehler are reproduced in this coln results of recent preliminary investigations of unused water issue of the ERA.

Reclamation Offers Solution for Migrant Farmer Problem in the West

By JOHN C. PAGE, Commissioner of Reclamation

DROUGHTS have visited the Great Plains which make irrigation necessary and to re­ ficient for normal crop production. In this region periodically. One between 1886 and view the work which has been done under western arid and semiarid section are 153,- 1895 accelerated demands for participation our historic Federal Reclamation policy. 600,000 acres of land which on the average by the Federal Government in conservation The 100th meridian makes a north and receive less than 10 inches of rain a year, and of the scanty water supplies of the arid and south line on the map of the United States 588,700,000 acres which receive between 10 semiarid lands of the West, and in so doing through the States of North and South Da­ and 20 inches. A total of 39 percent of the influenced the adoption of the national irri­ kota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and land area of the United States, therefore, gation policy embodied in the Federal Recla­ Texas, passing near Bismarck, N. Dak., ancl receives too little rainfall for a safe general mation .Act of June 17, 1902. Pierre, S. Dale, and between North Platte and agriculture unless water can be supplied arti­ It might be well at the outset to outline Kearney, Nebr. East of this line the rain­ ficially by irrigation works. briefly the conditions existing in the West fall generally exceeds 20 inches annually and Since its inception the Bureau of Recla­ is sufficient for crop production. West of the mation has constructed irrigation works to 1 Statement made at Lincoln, Nebr., September 17, line, except for high mountains and a narrow reclaim 2,500,000 acres and to provide a 1940, before Special Committee of House of Repre­ sentatives. investigating interstate migration of strip along the northern Pacific coast the dependable water supply to 1,500,000 acres destitute citizens. rainfall generally is 20 inches or less, insuf- partially irrigated and settled through otner

( 304} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 means. O:1 the la nds made newly habitable may provide the best information. I have extremes of the record. Not all · localities by this construction almost a million persons made some investigations, however, which atflicted by the drought have suffered with make their homes on more than 50,000 farms may be pertinent. For the first time in the equal severity at all times, and indeed in some and in some 250 villages and towns which history of the States of this r egion, the 1940 areas where the drought bas been severe the have grown up on these projects. It is nota­ census is showing a net loss in population in rainfall in individual years exceeded the long­ ble that these results have been achieved by the Great Plains area. The accompanying time average. The deficiency of moisture in the expenditure of about $250,000,000, all of tabulation is self-explanatory, and no doubt the soil and subsoils, however, makes t·he which is reimbursable, contracts with the will be of interest in this connection. relief furnished by a year of normal or even water users having been written under which a bnormal rainfall of short duration. Varia­ the cost of the construction will be returned L oss of population in Great Plains,11930-40 tions from the normal of 2 or 3 inches in areas to the United States without interest. where the average rainfall is barely sufficient These States of the high plains were settled N Coun- Per­ ma y bring a disaster of a severity that would originally under the homestead laws which em­ ties _Kot Joss cent­ not be matched in a more humid region by a State coun- _show- 1n P?PU- age of drought constituting a variation from the bodied a land settlement policy appropriate in ties ~~~a~!; the humid areas but wholly inadequate to the ,__ normal for that area of 10 inches. needs of the semiarid and arid territories. Ka.Gsas______105 90 82, 184 4.4 Recalling now that the census figures show a Nebraska______93 77 64, 495 4. 7 Men of vision who were familiar with the west­ N orthDakota______53 43 41,155 6.0 net loss in population in the Great Plains areas Oklahoma______77 18 61,603 2.6 during the clecade 1930--40, it is inte1·esting to ern country pointed out the inadequacy of the South Dakota______69 61 52,877 7. 6 homestead laws and the need for some other T ota\__ 397 ~ 302.314 note that the bulletin The People of the plan of settlement and development based on 1 Drought States, issued in 1937 by the Works integration of grazing and irrigation. The 1 P reliminary census reports iudicate that a majority or t he Progress Administration, showed that the 101 counties in western Texas classified as in t he Great Plains change in policy, however, was not made until States showed losses in population. Practically all non­ migration from and the migration to (plus the irrigated counties in the eastern parts or Montana, Wyo­ much too late to prevent the creation of the ming, Colorado, and New Mexico, coun ted as part of the births ) the drought areas between 1930 a nd problem we now face in the Great Plains. Great Plains, likewise showed decreases. 1935 were about equal. It is evident that the By 1886, when the drought mentioned at the great migra tion set in during and after the While the increase in population for the opening of this statement set in, much land critical drought of 1934. Not all of the people United States as a whole in the decade covered had been plowed in the high plains and during who left these areas went westwa1·d, of course, by the 1940 census will approximate 6.5 per­ the trying years which followed, thousands of but between July 1, 1935 and January 1, 1040, cent, the increase in the population of the 11 families migrated. They did but join the more than 180,000 persons from the Great Mountain and ·Pacific States, generally con­ multitudes which were streaming west to a Plains who were "in need of manual employ­ sidered the irrigation States, apparently will frontier which still was open, and their trag­ ment" were checked at the border patrol sta­ approximate 13 percent or more. It is espe­ edies mingled and were lost in a greater tions of California alone. cially significant, therefore, that in typical drama. By 1902, when the Reclamation Law Well-founded estimates indicate that about counties devoted to dry farming in the West­ was enacted, it was generally recognized that 230,000 persons entered the States of Wash­ ern States the 1940 census shows substantial irrigation was essential to general farming in ington, Oregon, and Idaho from the Great losses in population during the 10-year period the arid and semiarid region and for close set­ Plains in the IO-year period from 19·30 to of drought. tlement of any considerable part of the West. 1940. These estimates do not indicate that The recognition of these facts and the institu­ * * * the families entering the P acific Northwest tion of a Federal irrigation program, however, In 1900 Scottsbluff County had 2,552 residents were destitute on leaving the Great Plains, did not prevent expansion of settlement in the and was largely devoted to dry farming and but it may be safely assumed that they bad Great Plains during a later series of wet years cattle raising. The North Platte project was not salvaged much when they abandoned their and under the spur of wartime prices for begun in 1905. By 1910 the population of homes and made the journey westward in the wheat. When in 1930 the extended and criti­ Scottsbluff County bad increased to 8,355; by old and second-hand automobiles which clut­ cal drought which still is with us set in 1920 to 20,710; by 1930 to 28,644 and through tered the roads in those years. in this region, the stage thus had been set for the IO-year drought by 1940 to 33,875, a gain of * * * * * a greater human tragedy. about 13 times. The increase from 1930 to The impact of the drought on the peo pl P. 1940 was 18.3 percent as compared with a net D istress necessitatell rel-ief measures of the Great Plains and of other western loss for the whole State of Nebraska of 4.7 areas was indeed staggering. Like oal, percent. There a re irrigated in Scottsbluff The migration of the thirties was attended leaves in an autumn wind, some held on more County now 190,000 acres. At least 80 percent by widespread distress due to lack of setue­ firmly than others, but with the first blast of the population there derives its income men t opportunities and of employment. The a few were scattered and as the storm rose directly or indirectly from irrigated agricul­ results have been reflected in the relief bur­ and fell there were flurries of those that ture. The only industries are those engaged dens on the Federal, State, and local govern­ bad been shaken loose. The great dust in processing farm products. The city of ments. No complete figures are available as storms of 1934 which threw a pall over all Scottsbluff, the largest municipality in the to expenditures by other than the Federal of eastern United States, together with the county, reflected the stability of the farming Government but these tell a striking story. stream of jalopy caravans on the highways, area. Its population bas increased 41.5 per­ During the period from 1933 to July 1, brought a realization that the agriculture of cent in the past 10 years. 1940, the Work Projects Administration and its this r egion was out of balance with nature, * * * * predecessors expended 2½ billion dollars in and that major readjustments of land-use A comparison of the population records fo r the 17 States of the arid and semiarid region. programs were overdue. irrigation counties in contrast with the records Excluding Texas, where less than one-fourth * * * * * of the dry farm counties is evidence of the of the population is in the drought area, the It has been most difficult to obtain reli­ importance of irrigation in the development outlay was $250,000,000 more than the 1930 able figures on the number of families that and the secure growth of these Western States. population would seem to have justified on a have joined in interstate migrations as a The drought of the past decade bas not been per capita basis. result of the drought. In some areas there one long, continuous period of no rainfall In South Dakota, where the entire State have been other influences, such as mechani­ but rather a period of relatively low rainfall. was affected by the drought, for instance, the zation of cotton plantations. Others who The significance of this fact is found, in my excess relief expenditures in the 7-year period have made original studies of this question opinion, in the averages rather tha n in the were more than $25,000,000. California, where

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 305} the impact of migrations has been most severe, showed an excess outlay on a population basis of more than $80,000,000. * * * * * Few Water Users Required Relief Reports from typical reclamation project areas in 1937 showed that very few water users were on relief and that most of those who did require public assistance were new­ comers. In other words, the irrigated areas of the West, generally speaking, supported their normal population while Federal relief expenditures were largely due in these rural areas to the influx of migrant families. A survey by the Works Progress Adminis­ tration, in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, revealed that from 1933 to 1936 the heaviest expenditures in Federal aid of all kinds were in the counties which appeared to be most seriously affected by drought. In 137 counties where the popula­ tion loss was heaviest, the per capita ex­ penditures for the period averaged $175; in 179 counties, where conditions were less seri­ ous, the expenditures averaged $58 per capita. l It is evident that the distress which has resulted from the migrations has necessitated relief expenditures which are at the very least $250,000,000 above what might be called nor­ mal requirements. The relief expenditures directly traceable to this cause probably are much higher. It is evident also that a detailed analysis of conditions in the irrigated areas would show that relief expenditures among bona fide farmers there were extremely small. It is not suggested that if all of the land In the area west of the 100th meridian for which there is water available were under ir­ rigation, the migrations and attendant drain on the Federal Treasury for relief could have been avoided. But in the absence of an adequately implemented water conservation program in the Great Plains and sufficient irrigated land to the westward, relief ex­ penditures were imperative. That course admittedly afforded no permanent solution for the problems here faced. In this connection it may be pointed out that under the Federal Reclamation program in 38 years there has been .expended about $250,000,000 on projects completed and in operation, as distinguished from those under construction. The amount approximates the excess relief expenditures in the past 7 years directly traceable to drought and migrations. YVhen all projects under construction are com­ pleted, the cost in reimbursable funds of these

Upper: Sand dunes in an Oklahoma orchard Center: Soil blown by "Dust Bowl" winds piled up in large drifts on a farm near Liberal, Kans., March 1936 Lower: Adobe farm house of rehabili­ tation client, Cimarron County, Okla. Courtesy of Farm Sec1trily Administration

{ 306} Reclamation Era, November 1940 permanent improvements will be but a little more than half of the Federal relief costs in the area in 7 years. With an expenditure of about $250,000,000 on a reimbursable basis, the Bureau of Recla­ mation has actually created homes for about 1 million persons on farms and in project towns. In addition to making these successful homes, the projects have been and will con­ tinue to be important sources of new wealth. These projects also make valuable contribu­ tions through assistance in the stabilization of surrounding areas. For example crops valued at $2,657,987,768 have been produced since their beginnings on the projects. On an aver­ age, it has been estimated each irrigated acre supports 3 to 4 acres of range land. '.rhus the 4,000,000 acres for which the Fed­ eral irrigation works are prepared to provide with a full or supplemental water supply give value to 12,000,000 to 16,000,000 additional acres . .As a further indication of an important service, I cite the stabilization of local and State governments through creation of taxable wealth. Irrigated land has an assessed valua­ tion in most of the Western States of 10 to 15 times that of adjoining dry land. In eastern Wyoming Federal project land is assessed at an average of more than $30, while unirrigated farm land surrounding it has an assessed valuation of $2.35 an acre. In South Dakota, the valuation of irrigated land for purpose of taxation is $30 an acre and the best dry farm land in the vicinity of a Federal project is assessed at $4.50. The average is much less. In irrigated areas to the westward assessed values, where specialty crops are produced, run as high as $200 or $300 per acre. The per acre value of crops produced on Federal Reclamation projects from 1931 to 1939 averaged $36.33 compared with a national average of all field and fruit crops in the United States of $14.41. * *

F ellerai R eel am al ion P er111an e11t Federal Reclamation is not an emergency program, nor can it be used in an emergency through rapid expansion immediately to meet critical developing needs. Construction of a project requires painstaking investigations, for to build a project for which there was insufficient water or on which the lands were not of properly high quality could result only in failure. To build dams and big canals after the project has been approved and authorized also takes time. 'l'he Bureau of Reclamation builds for permanence as it feels that its projects will serve indefinitely into the future. F or these reasons, the Bu-

Upper: New home built by settlers on a Federal Reclamation project Center: Reaping oats on the Riverton project, Wyoming Lower: Irrigating on a Federal Reclama­ tion project

Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 307} reau has had few new farmsteads to offer to '.l'he most recent estimates show there is addition, it is estimated that 600 families also the public during these years just past when water available to irrign te more than 21,- can be rehabilitated in adjacent dry-land areas the need was critical. The expansion of our 000,000 additional acres of productive land by reason of farm unit and population read­ construction program was coincidental with in the 17 States of tlte West. This figure justments in the dry-farmed areas thus made the drought and the start of these migrations. may be more meaningful when compared with possible. Since 1930, however, the Bureau has com­ the present total of irrigated lands in J-hose Reimbursable appropriations made for these pleted facilities to provide a full water supply States west of the 100th meridian. In irriga­ water conservation and utility projects rep­ to 381,000 acres of land, and storage facilities tion projects of all types there arc now about resent approximately 40 percent of the oul­ have been completed to provide supplemental 20,000,000 acres. lay necessary to construct them and to make water to an addHional 304,000 acres already Of' the 2,500,000 acres included in the new­ the land ready for cultiYation. The remainder irrigated, but inadequately supplied with wa­ la nd projects G80,634 are in public land in the of the funds is allocated by the President ter. Thus in this decade more than 15,000 States of California, Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, for labor and materials from the Work farm families have been settled or made \Vasbington, and Wyoming. Projects Administration or other govern­ secure. mental agencies and is not necessarily reim­ In advancing the )federal program, which Congress Approves Pol-icy bursable. The authority for projects of this seeks to contribute to a solution of the mi­ type is contained in the Interior Depart­ grant problem, the Bureau of Reclamation From the first, the Congress has looked upon ment Appropriation Act of 1940 (53 Stat. is now engaged in the construction of three the Federal Reclamation program as conserva­ 685) and the Wheeler-Case Act of 1939 (53 types of projects : tion activity in which settlement of people was Stat. 1418). Amendments to the latter act First: Those which within the next 10 to a primary concern. At the outset the policy suggested to the Congress are designed to 20 years, under present plans, will bring established in the days of the passage of the clarify its provisions ancl expedite construc­ 2,fi00,000 acres of newly irrigated land into homestearl laws that ownership should be by tion. cultivation for the settlement of 40,000 to family-sized units was applied to reclaimed Under this legislation a total of $8,500,000 50,000 families and which will provide sup­ lands. From time to time other provisions of reimbursable appropriations has been port for an additional 75,000 to 100,000 fam­ were made, such as the authorization for made. For construction and land prepara­ ilies in nearby cities and towns. These proj­ establishment of qualification requirements tion of 10 to 12 projects, $10,000,000 to $12,- ects are located in Washington, Oregon, Cal­ for settlers; provisions to prevent speculation 000,000 additional in labor and materials ifornia, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, Mon­ in project lands and thereby to protect the from the Work Projects Administration or tana, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. interest of the legitimate settler; and a special the Civilian Conservation Corps will be re­ Second: Projects which will assure supple­ act permitting the acceptance of credit ex­ quired. Much of the latter moneys will be mental water for 3,900,000 acres of presently tended to needy prospective settlers by the in lieu of relief expenditures on less perma­ developed irrigated areas threatened with Farm Security Administration as fulfillment nent construction. desolation by shortages. These undertakings of capital requirements made on applicants for A tentative 5-year program submitted by will serve the double purpose of maintaining entry to the new farms. Among the most Secretary of the Interior Ickes to Senator established communities, agricultural and significant of these, however, is that which Carl Hayden of Arizona, under date of Jan­ urban, and, through shifts in agricultural was included this year in the Department of uary 18, 1940, outlined 75 small projects in practices, will provide opportunities for settlc­ the Interior Appropriation bill for 1941 (Public the Great Plains and arid States to tbe west­ men t and employment of a larger population. 640, 76th Cong.), which is as follows: ward designed to anchor farm families at There are now about 85,000 farm families on "It is hereby declared to be the policy of their present locations. Over -all construction the land covered by these projects and about the Congress, in opening to entry of newly costs were estimated at around $60,000,000 250,000 additional families in the urban areas irrigated public lands, preference shall be with about half to be made available on a dependent on them. given to families who have no other means reimbursable basis. \Vater would be supplied Third: Water conservation and utility proj­ of earning a livelihood, or who have been for areas on which 8,000 to 10,000 families ects which will pave the way in the Great compelled to abandon, through no fault of would be resettled. Plains and other arid and semiarid areas for their own, other farms in the United States, What the reclama tion programs can ac­ land-use readjustments that will anchor fam­ and with respect to whom it appears after complish in the next 10 yea rs will be governed ilies where they are now located and reduce careful study, in the case of such family, that by the amount of money made available for the necessity for further migrations. Under­ thet·e is a probability that such family will be this work. HoweYer. with appropriations of takings of this type under construction or for able to earn a livelihood on such irrigated reimbursable funds continued at the cur­ which funds have been provided will, it is lands." rent rate, and with a limited diversion of estimated, assure rehabilitation of 2,250 farm There can be no doubt that it is intended relief funds for water conservation and util­ families who otherwise in all probability that the Reclamation program shall assist ity projects, results that may be expected with would be compelled to join the army of where possible in relocation of the migrant confidence at the end of 10 years can be migrants seeking a means of livelihood else­ people who are qualified to accept the respon­ summarized as follows : where. Although urged for several years as sibilities which go with the opportunity to 1. Forty to fifty thousand farm families a means of combaJing conditions incident to develop new farms by irrigation. already in the West will be settled on irri­ the droughts, the fiscal year 1940 saw the first With respect to the projects of the water gated land where they will be self-sustaining. appropriations arn.ilable for small projects of conservation and utility type especially de­ 2. Seventy-five to one hundred thousand this type. Those under way are in North and signed for the Great Plains and similar areas, additional families will be supported in cities, South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska. it is found from estimates of the Farm Secu­ towns, and villages which will rise or expand A fourth phase of the Bureau's program is rity Administration which has the responsi­ in the wake of irrigation developments. concerned with surveys and investigations of bility for settlement of the projects of this 3. Eighty-five thousand farm families in wate t· resources and land available for irriga. type so far authorized for construction, that areas now faciug shortages of water will be tion. There are now approximately 175 loca­ about 1,100 fan:rilies can be rehabilitated on made secure in their present locations, while tions in the 17 arid and semiarid States where each 100,000 acres irrigated by this method. cities and towns with three times the rural surveys are going forward or are proposed. An existence, precarious at best, is provided population will be stabilized as well. Included arc about 50 projects in the Great for families settled only one-third as thickly 4. Twenty to twenty-five thousand families Plains extending from the Canadian border on typical areas that have been selected for remaining in the Great Pia ins and similar to the Rio Grande. development under the program to date. In areas will be rehabi.litaterl .

{ 308} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 Stabilization by Irrigation

By E. B. DEBLER, Hydraulic Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation 1

PRELIMINARY reports of the 1940 census from irrigation activities in this area. The whole. The objec tive of irrigation here is to show that water conservation is today a Bureau of Rec lamation is not active in this provide farming opportunities for potential greater factor than ever in assuring eco­ area except in a few minor instances. migrants, and to nssist iu stabilizing adjacent nomic security for the increasing population Grca,t Pl(l,ins region.- Bordered on the east towns, dry-farmed areas, and range lands. of a reas in the arid :rnd semiarid West where by the subhumid area a ud on the west by the i\fuch of the dry-farmed a rea should be inigation dominates agricultural production. arid lands bordering the intermountain a rea, depopulatecl and 1·estored to range. The fact tlmt so many counties thus classified the Great Plains region, 200 to 300 miles in Although several streams crossing the Great show substantial gain ;;\ in population em­ width, reaches from the Canadian border Plains have their origin in mountain snows, J)hasizes the importance of an authoritative through U1e 'l'exas Panhandle. Average rain­ notably the Missouri, Platte, and Arkansas inventory of present and potential irrigation fall varies from 15 to 25 inches ppr year, but Rivers, only the Mi:ssom·i a nd Yellowstone development and the influence that it can and often falls off a fourth or more for yea rs on Rivers carry large flows of rnount'ain wate rs w ill exert as a stabilizing factor. end. The easterly border has normally a into, a nd th rough, the a1·ea. The others, like ,vith respect to irrigation characteristics. mixed agriculture, turning more strongly to the locn l streams, are dependent on erratic the Western United States may be divided wheat in the drier years. Centrally of the rains, except where sanely soils maintain into four zones. area, wheat is king wherever lands a re sui t­ stead.v base flows, already largely utilized. Snbhwnid rer1ion.- The most easterly zone able for bonauza farming; a year of drought Utilization of Missouri and Yellowstone occupies n north-south belt of some 200,000,- brings economic coma; protrncted drought, Ril·e r waters involves pumping with moderate 000 acres, with its westem border along the wholesale migration. T he westerly portion acre costs for constrnction but formidable 08th meridian. Designated the subhumid i,; frankly regarded as a pla in agricultural annual costs for power. While numerous area, it is characterized by long periods of gamble, sparsely ,:ettled and booming only small projects exist, there a re also la rge proj­ years when precipitation is generally ade­ with providential rainfall coming a ll too ects costing up to $100,000,000 without oppor­ quate in amount and distribution for satis­ seldom. Average farr11 holdings incrense from tunity for favorable partial developments. factory crop production. Grazing is limited about 160 acres at the eastern border to f ull y All other streams require costly storage reg­ to areas unsuited to cultivation. Irrigation GOO acres at the west. ulation. Droughts fostering irrigation also receives a ttcntion only in periods of pro­ Irrigation in this region, while imporhtnt i11 impair stream flows, while lack of cheap reser­ tracted drought comfog at long intervals and some localities, is negli gible for the area as a voir sites precludes holdover from years of is quickly dropped when rains resume. \,Vhile water resources are plentiful, eYen in drought periods, for extensive development, Who's Who on Grand Coulee Dam, Washington. Left to right: A. F. Darland, irrigation projects a re not justified as they Construction Engineer; F. A. Banks, Supervising Engineer: Bert Hall, Chief Inspector; would be deserted between drought periods ]. H. Miner, Assistant Supervising Engineer and their rehabilitation in times of need would be too slow for effectiveness and too costly for justification. In this area there are innumerable opportunities for small reservoir and pumping developments, in the main adequate for stock watering a nd garden irrigation, but in times of need capable of saving small acreages of high-valued crops. Migration from this region is not believed ex­ tensive and the major benefit of such de­ velopments is the improvement of morale. Of some 2,000,000 farms involYed, probably not more than a half would benefit sufficiently by irrigation to justify its adoption. Not 1oore than one-fourth would care to make the effort even with material assistance. With such assistanee limited to cement, steel, or pumping equipment and the landowner per­ forming all labor, the cost is estimated at an average of $1,000 per farm, or a total of $500,000,000. Such a program would require years of' education. The farm population directly benefited would total about 3,000,000; indirectly the benefits would touch fully 10,- 000,000 persons on the farms and their near­ by business centers. Stabilization, rather than an increase in population, is anticipated

1 Statement presented to Special Committee of House of Representa tives investigating interstate migration of destitute cit izens, Lincoln, Nebr. September 17, 1940.

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 309} 2072~2- 40--2 better flow. In such developments, allowance development. No further generali zations arc ments in the Los Angeles region. Some is necessary for stream depletion being applicable. farmed areas will be more intensively farmed effected through thousands of small reservoirs The Columbia Basin project of central and subdivided but such gains will be offset yet to be constructed for livestock watering, Washington, to cost about $400,000,000 for ir­ by equal or greater losses in areas con­ recreation, and minor irrigation. rigation and power development, will irrigate yc•rtecl to nonagricultural uses. The average irrigated area per farm in this 1,200,000 acres of lands of negligible present The All-American Canal projec t of southern area should be around 80 acres, with a farm population. With crops ranging from alfalfa California and the Gila project in Arizona population of 4 persons per farm and a town to small fruits, the average farm area is es­ will ultimately place about 800,COO acres of population of 8 persons per farm. Stabiliza­ timated at 50 acres, the farm population at desert, largely public land, under irrigation tion should enable adjacent lands to absorb a u persons per farm, and the town population at a cost of about $100,000,000. More than population equal to those at present on lands a t 2 persons to 1 on the farm. The Roza half the ultimate area will rece iv e service to be irrigated. Division of the Yakima project, also in central from works now under co nstruction. The A small part of the available water in this Washington, will bring into production 72,000 aYerage farm area for these lands is esti­ area would be used to supplement areas al­ acres of similar lands. To the east of the mated a t 50 acres with 4 persons per farm ready irrigated. Opportunities for power de­ Columbia Basin project another 400,000 acres in addition to the present farm pop ul ation , velopment are very limited in this region. may ultimately be developed, though at pres­ and a town population of three t im es as Flood control is nd often warranted. ent satisfied with dry farming, and mainly many. Much of the a rea is a sanely desert Although not truly a part of the Great wheat. soil, adapted only to specinli7.ed crops after Plains region, the lower Rio Grande Valley The Puget Sound - Willamette Valley, al expP11 sive prepa ration. has been included in the statistics for the ready in cultivation except for a moderate in­ R epayment of construct-ion cos t s.-Con­ Great Plains region. crease through further clearing, is gradually strnd ion by the Bureau of R eclamation falls Intermoitr1tain r egion.-This region includes adopting irrigation to o,·ercome lack of sum· into four categories. The Boulder Canyon the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains mer precipitation and secure increased yields project, with its All-American and Coachella and reaches westerly to within a few hundred and improved quality. Irrigation sentiment is Canals serving Imperi al and Coachella Val­ miles of the Pacific coast. It is essentially weak and its development will come slowly. leys, the Central Valley project of Califol'nia , an area of range and irrigation as dry farm­ Irrigated areas in this valley are expected to a nd the Columbia Basin project with H:-: ing is almost negligible. Livestock production reach 500,000 acres with an average of 40 Gran<1 Conlee Dam, comprise a group of rnnl ­ heavily influences farming operations. Irri­ acres and 6 persons per irrigated farm. A tiple- p11l'pose projects especially antl1orizetl gation development will be limited by water corresponding town population of 3 persons off' for co 11 stl'uction with general funds. Boulder supplies and will never exceed 5 percent of the farm to each 1 on the farm is anticipated. Dam costs will be repaid almost wholly by the land area. Lands to be irriga ted are The Central Valley of California contains power revenues, as w ill substantial invest­ arid and unpeopled. Thousands of small nearly 2,000,000 acres requiring supplemental ments in the Cen tral Valley project a ncl reservoirs built for range improvement have water a nd about 7,000,000 acres still to be Grand Coulee Dam. Cost of the All-American depleted irriga tion supplies. Other thousands irrigated at a constn1ction cost of about 1 and Coachella Valley Canals will be repaid are proposed. Care should be exercised in billion dollars for works to provide flood con­ um1er the Reclamation law; on the others, such construction to avoid unnecessary waste, trol, irrigation, and incidental power devel­ costs allocated to irrigations will be so repaid. by useless evaporation, of waters needed for opment. The entire cost of this development, irrigation. aside from proper allocations to flood control l'rovisi,01is of R eclamation Appropriation Act About one-half the remaining unused water, and navigation, will be r epaid by revenues of 1931) and in places all, wi ll be needed as a sup­ from the sale of water and of power. The Most projects now unclcr construction were plemental supply for irrigation systems built present authorized project, with a cost of authorized under provision s of the Reclama­ in times of better run-off. More money will about $228,000,000, will provide needed sup­ tion law and depend on appropriations from need be expended for reservoirs than for other plemental water and enable the irrigation of the Heclamatio:1 fuud. Prior to 1939, practi­ purposes. Opportunities for incidental power about 175,000 acres of new lands, mostly in cally all costs were charged to irrigation, to development abound and power sales will a~­ the San Joaquin Valley. The provision of be repaid in most cases in 40 years without sist in effecting repayment of costs beside:s supplemen tal water supplies will provide set­ interest, and power rcYenues assisted in re­ providing needed power for proper develop­ tlement possibilities equivalent to a new area payment. The Reclamation l'roject Act of ment, including that of mineral resources. of 200,000 acres. 193!) provides for a lloca tion of construction Flood control is generally desirable and can The 7,000,000 acres of new lands that even­ cost to irrigation, power, fl ood control, and be advantageously combined with irrigation tually may be irrigated a re about equally d i­ other purposes, with irrigators responsible regula tion. vided between uncultivated lands largely in only for the repayment of costs allocated to Parts of the irrigated area are overpopu­ the San Joaquin Valley and thinly peopled irrigation. All major projects i1wolve mul­ lated, particularly in Utah, and other areas grain lands, largely iu Sacrnrnento Va lley. tiple uses. l'ower reYenues assist materially are trending in that direction. Supplemental With irrigation, farms are expected to aver­ in meeting other costs. water to increase production power of the age 40 acres with 5 persons each, in San A 1939 appropriation of $G,000,000 provides land, and to enable crop changes, will stem a Joaquin Valley, and 80 acres with 6 persons for construction and settlement of projects in migration that is already ala rming in special each in Sacramento Valley. '.l'own popula­ the Great Plains region. 'l'he projects in­ a reas. Settlement opportunities for migrants tion in this valley is estimated at 4 persons cluded in this program at this time include will be afforded to the extent that irriga­ per farm person. the Buffalo R apids Units 1 aud 2 in l\fontana, tion development outstrips the needs for local Southern California, exeept in the Imperial Rapid Valley project in South Dakota, the population increases. and Coachella Valleys under the All-American Bufford-Trenton and Bismarck 11rnj ects in W es t coast region.-Comprising Washing­ Canal, offers little opportunity for added irri­ North Dakota, the Mirage Flats project in ton, western Oregon, California, and south­ gation as its wa ter supplies are so la l'gely Nebraska, rrnd the Eden project in ·wyoming. west Arizona, this region represents the area and intensively utilized. The Metropolitan 'l'he Saco D;viclc Unit of the Milk Rive r proj­ directly tributary to tidewater cities. With Aqueduct importa tion of 1,050,000 acre-1'eet· ec t in Montana may be added. Construction few exceptions water supplies exceed land annually from the Colorado River will do is carried out with "\VPA labor and repayment areas that may be developed. A rapidly little more than overcome defi ciencies in irri­ requirements a re limited to expenditures from growing population, due more to immigration gation supplies for existing areas and meet the $5,000,000 appropriation, t·o be repaid in 40 than local increase, has spurred irrigation growing municipal and industrial req uire- years without interest.

{ 310} The R eclamation Era, November 1940 The Wheeler-Case law of August 11, 1989, we are 110w able to make with respect to fu­ which might otherwise be employed on less authorizes construction of projects with the ture irrigation deYelopmen ts in the arid and permanent work. aid of WPA, CCC, and other Federal agencies. semiarid region. There a re at this time ap­ At the present rate of development, supple­ Outside assistance may also be accepted. Re­ proximately 20,000,000 acres under irrigation mental water woulcl be annually extended payment is required in 40 years, without in­ in the 17 Western States. Our inYestigations to an average of 2.500 farm units, a nd the terest, of funds expended from appropriations have brought a conviction that unused waters resulting reduction in size of farms would under this act, together with such other ex­ can be conserved to give an assured supply release 1,000 farm units for new settlers. New penditures as the President may direct, not to the present lands and to reclaim an addi­ irriga tion projects would bring in 7,000 new exceeding costs allocated to irrigation. An ap­ tional area slightly larger than the present farm units per year. The farm and town propriation of $3,500,COO was made for the area. Supplemental water for areas already population supported by these deH•lopments fiscal year 1941. Projects are to be limited to developed will bring a larger measure of secm·­ would average 110,000 persons per year and a maximum use of $1,000,000 of Wheeler-Case ity and increased productivity to 11,000,000 their wealth would increase at the rate of funds, per project. acres, or 123,000 farms, which are now or will $300,000,000 per year. In the Great Plains region project construc­ be in the future faced with retrogression be­ Construction of irrigation projects is well tion costs are estimated to average $125 per cause of existing or developing water adapted to providing constructive work in acre, with $75 estimated as the limit of repay­ shortages. I' a reas where it is needed, and where the alter­ ment ability. Here annual costs for operation I am referring, of course, to about what now native is largely one of direct relief. The are made unusually high by power costs for seems to us the ultimate development. This irrigated regions are practically devoid of the many projects requiring pumping. Flood picture, in other words, is what might be seen industrial establishments that will benefi t by control allocations are seldom justified and nt some time far in the future when the proj­ war defense activities. In some localities in­ construction must therefore largely come un­ Pc ts have all been built and our waters utilized creased mining will provide some employment·, der the Great Plains and Wheeler-Case author­ ns far as practicable. but not in numbers. The program of construc­ izations. Some, however, are too large to 'L'here is water and suitable land to create tion of schools, municipal improvements, and come under the Wheeler-Case law and at pres­ approximately 383,000 new farms. On these highwny construction fostered by various ent can only be built by special authorization new farms to be irrigated, and in the towns forms of Federal financial assistance in the under the 1939 Reclamation Jaw. which will grow up nmong them, nearly past 7 years, has very largely filled all justi­ In the Intermountain region many of the G.000,000 pernons will mnkc their homes. fiable needs of this nature. smaller projects can only be constructc

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 311 } Home on a reclamation project

Arizona Desert An irrigated farm

Farm and Home Opportunities

[See Norn at close of listings]

Yuma Project, Arizona Belle Fo 11 rche P roject, S011th D akota

Description Price and owner Rrmarks Description Price and owner Remarks

15 acres, sandy so il ; no alkali; on Contact Bureau or Recla- All in full bearing Marsh 160 acres, 6 miles west of Newell, $6,000; $1,000 cash and 8-room house in good improved road 3 miles to pave

( 312} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 Walker R. Young Appointed Assistant Chief Engineer

WALKER R. YOUNG, Supervising Engineer of In 1916 he headed the mechanical and dam the Central Valley project, California, has been division of the designing department in the promoted to the position of Assistant Chief Chief Engineer's Office in Denver, in which Engineer of the Bureau division are prepared of Reclamation, with the designs and esti­ headquarters in the mates for the Bureau's Denver Office, as an­ storage works, includ­ nounced on October 16 ing dams of all types by Secretary ofthe Inte­ and their spillways and rior Harold L. Ickes. outlet works. The Central Valley In 1921 Mr. Young project, of which Mr. was placed in charge Young has been in su­ of field investigations pervisory charge since leading to the adop­ the fall of 1935, is be­ tion of the plan for the ing built by the Bureau development of the of Reclamation to pro­ Colorado River. He vide the Great Central formulated the original Valley of California designs and estimates with a much needed for Boulder Dam. supply of supplemen­ In 1924 he was de­ tary water for irriga­ tailed to an investiga­ tion. tion of the salt water Born in Butler, Ind., incursion from Sacra­ May 7, l885, Mr. mento Bay into the Young was graduated Sacramento and San from the University of Joaquin Rivers, and Idaho with a B. S. degree in engineering in 1908. two years lacer was appointed construction He worked as chainman, rodman, surveyor, and engineer of the Kittitas Division of the Yakima topographer for the Great Northern Railway project, Washington. and other private concerns until 1911, when he With his designation in 1931 as construction was appointed Assistant Engineer in the Bureau. engineer in charge of the building of Boulder As a Reclamation engineer he took part in Dam, for the second time in his career he partic­ designing the Arrowrock Dam, on the Boise ipated in the building of the highest dam in the project, Idaho, which, when completed in 1915, world, continuing in supervisory charge during was the highest dam of its type in the world. the entire construction period.

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 313} All-American Canal Celebration

OC'l.'OBER 12 was a gala clay for the Imperial was closed heroically in 1907. Even the chil­ is little doubt that the water, upon which Valley as water from the All-American Canal ctren here know that these events led years rests the security of the homes in the Im­ was turned into the East Highline Canal. The later to the subjugation of the Colorado Hiver perial Valley, is now amply assured. East of Board of Supervisors had passed a resolution b· the eom,truction of Boulder Darn and the us, the mesa eventually will be green with declaring Saturday, the 12th, a special holiday All-American Canal. the irrigated crops of farmers who will make and called upon business houses to close for I come here with a full heart to participate homes there. A long arm of the All-Ameri­ the afternoon in order that there might be a in this occasion today. It was my good for­ can Canal will reach north beyond Salton full attendance at the ceremony. tune to be one of those assigned from the out­ Sea into the Coachella Valley to extend sim­ King Neptune's arrival escorted by Imperial set to the work of building Boulder Darn. •.ro ilar security and also to help make new homes Valley sheriff's posse and Quechan Indians me, the sight of water flowing from the All­ there. was a feature of the progra m. The Yuma American Canal into your canal system sig­ A Federal Reclamation project is success­ High School band and Calexico Cavalcade nalizes the completion of the greatest work ful only insofar as the families who have Serenaclers gave color to the occasion. Mark entrusted to the Bureau of Reclamation. made homes there are successful in main­ Rose, promoter of the project, who was to Boulder Dam is a maguificant thing. It is the taining decent levels of living. I am glad, have addressed the gathering attended only ring in the nose of the wild bull of the Colo­ therefore, that the All-American Canal h as a silent witness because of the recent death rado which makes it possible for us to lead making it possible to put electric lights and of Mrs. Rose. His appearance on the platform him and make him do our ·will. Its genera­ power on the farms in the Imperial Valley. was greeted by a I-minute period of silence in tors already are furnishing about half of the This water, now flowing into the East High­ deference to him. 'l'he ceremony started with power used in the Los Angeles metropolitan line Canal on its way to irrigate fields, has the introduction of visiting dignitaries and area, and thus they assume great importance turned two turbines-one drivi g a great gen­ speeches were made by Chairman Evan T. in the economy of the whole Southwest. erator at Boulder Darn to ruu factories ill Hewes, of the Imperial Irrigation District Boulder Dam makes possible the transmission Los Angeles and to smelt ore in Nevada, and Board of Directors; Commissioner of Recla­ of domestic water to the southern California the other driving a smaller unit where the mation Johu C. Page ; nnd Phil D. Swing, coast. It controls floods and improves naviga­ All-American Canal drops off the mesa, this former representative in Congress from Cali­ tion. It has created beautiful Lake Mead one to light the stores in your cities and the fornia, who was instrumental in the passage where great numbers find relaxation, pleasure, houses on your farms. E lectrification of of the Boulder Ca11yon Project Act, being and solace. But to those who work in tht> these farms distinctly marks a rise in the co-author with Senator Johnson of the bill Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder Dam was not level of living of the people. The canal will which was enacted into law. complete until through this canal waters algo contribute to your prosperity. Then' Some of the highlights of the address of flowed on to your land to irrigate your crops. should be no droughts to cut the size of yolll' Commissioner Page are as follows: In recent years, the Reclamation revolving harvest; there will be less silt to adcl to th,• As we turn the water from the new All­ fund has been supplemented by funds made expense of mainta ining yonr canals; there c:111 American Canal into the East Higbline Canal, available from the general treasury in order be more farms to assist in repaying your which has been serving you these many years, that large projects might be undertaken. The common debt. we mark the dawn of a new era in the Imperial Boulder Canyon Project Act, which my good It probably is an old story to you, but T Valley. It will be an era of security from friend and your good friend, Phil Swing, often think when I am in this fruitful valley drought, of complete control of the transmis­ helped to guide through the Congress, stands of the proposal originally macl e in co11nectio 11 sion of your vital irrigation water, and of a as the authority for the appropriation of gen­ with it. It was made in the belief that the large measure of protection from floods. eral funds for the construction of the All­ valley was utterly worthless. It was tha t· 'l'he Bureau of Reclamation and the Im­ American Canal. The All-American Canal, the Colorado River should be turned into the perial Valley had their beginnings at about despite technical bookkeeping, is one of our below-sea-level Salton Sink to make a lake the same time. The Bureau was born of the growing family of l<'ederal Reclama tion proj­ which would be easier than the desert to idea that the Federal Government should par­ ects. cross. The proposal was given some serious ticipa te in the development by irrigation of consideration in the very early clays when • the arid and semiarid ·west to create farm F'ltndamentals of Reclamation Americans first came down the Gila Valley homes and to add to the national wealth. headed for adventure and gold in California. Your valley was born of Rockwood's dream ; 'l'he fundamental purposes of the Reclama­ The very fact that the Imperial Valley has of the vision of an engineer who saw that he tion program are to provide the opportuni­ twice escaped the fate of being inundated-­ could make a garden in the mo-st forbidding ties for the establishment of homes and to once at the ha nds of the thoughtless and the desert on the continent by irrigation with increase the security of agriculture in this unimaginative who felt that it would be easier water taken from the Colorado River. dry region. The Boulder Canyon project­ to cross a lake on their way to exploit the Boulder Dam and the All-American Canal-­ California gold fields, and again at the hands Early Discoiiragements serves admirably these ends. of the uncontrolled river which turned furi­ Boulder Dam establishes a firm control of ously on the new communities the pioneers It has taken nearly 40 years and many the Colorado River at a point below all but were making here-the fact that the valley viciss.itudes to bring us together here. The two sizable tributaries. Lake Mead is large has twice escaped seems to emphasize the pioneers among you will r emember some of enough to store the normal flow of the Colo­ the tribulations: the low water of 1904, which raclo River for 2 years, and it now contains contributions to the national welfare that led to the cutting of the bank of the river i11 sufficient water to supply the usual irriga­ haYe been made here. Now more than 60,000 order to drain the last drop to the struggling tion demands of the Imper ial Valley and all people have mane homes by irrigating the settlers in the valley; the floocl of 1905, which other irrigated sections downstream for more desert valley. From this peculiarly endowed turned the whole river through a break at than 3 years. With this storage capacity­ place, all winter long vegetables move in that temporary heading; ::mcl the slashing, more than 32,000,000 acre-feet- and the re­ carload lots to the farthest corner of the Na­ ripping floods that followed until the break serve which already has been bnilt up, there tion. The wealth that has been created here

{ 314} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 runs into many hundreds of millions of dol­ that an a roused public could prevent the de­ within the Government structure but to facil­ lars. The United States is much healthier liberate, wasteful destruction of resources. itate them. During the present period, how­ and much richer because the Imperial Valley After the Colorado had demonstrated its ever , the urgent needs of the Government it­ was irrigated. might iu the floods of 1905-0G, an aggressive self may demand the retention of personnel There are elements of drama in the stories campaign originated here for the control of in positions in which they can render the of nearly all of the irrigation de,elopments in the river and the consenation of its water,:. most valuable service to the national defense the ,vest. I know of none, however, which so Boulder Dam aud the All-American Canal now program. Consequently, shifting them to forcefully a s that of the Imperial Valley illu­ conserve the waters of the greatest river in other agencies in which their services would strates the principal advances made so far the Southwest and control the stream to mak,~ not be as valuable might justifiably be pre­ in the conservation of our resources. it wholly useful. This is a marker in the vented or postponed." At one stage in our history when people more recent adYance to an active IJOlicy of Under the provisions of this order certain were bent on exploitation, serious considera­ presenation and prudent use of our national administrative aml field offices of the Bureau tion was given to the destruction of a great resources. of R eclamation ha ve been certified in the resource- the Imperial Valley- in order to I am glad that it is in this work that the category of na tional defense units. These make a very slight and nonproducth·e gain­ Bureau of R eclamation is engaged. are as follows : that of easing the journey from Yuma to the I assure yon that it is a great pleasure to ,vashington, D. C.; Denver, Colo.; Boulcler mountains. Fortunately the Nation soon was me and my sf·aff and to constrnctiou engineer Canyon, Arizona-California-Nevada; Colum­ awakened to the fnct that only by irrigation Leo J . Foster and his men to participate with bi a Basin, ,vashington; and Central Valley, could a civilizntion be built in the arid and you in marking the completion of the All­ California.. semiarid West. Once this was realized, noth­ American Canal to your lands. This has been The highly trained engineers of the Bureau ing so foolish a s the flooding of the Salton a big job among the big jobs the Bureau has of Reclamation have been greatly in demand Sea could be permitted. This was a. marker been doing. I am happy that the canal is now and other agencies of the Government in the showing that the first step was being taken ; serving you for whom it was built. construction field have, by making promo­ tional offers, secured their services. Among those requesting transfers was the Chief of Engineers of the Army, and by special request New Reports Available of Presi.cl ent Roosevelt, Assistnnt Secretary of ,vn r Patterson issued instructions in October 'l'HREE ncltlitionnl bulletins of the Boulder der Dam," and "Stress Studies for Boulder to the Chief of Engineers not to take anyone Canyon Project Final Reports Series a.re avail­ Da m"; arnl Bulletins Nos. 1 a.ncl 2 of Part from the Bureau of Reclamation. able in printed form. This series of reports VI- Hydraulic I1westigations, entitled "Model is being prepared to record the history of the Studies of Spillways" and "Model Studies of Heart Mountain Contract Boulder Canyon project, the r esults of tech­ Penstocks and Outlet ViTorks." A CONTRACT for the construction of an nical studies and experimental investigations, P enstock: Analysis and Stiffener Design additional 28 miles of branch canals 0r and the more unusual features of design and contains information about pipe shells and laterals to serve approximately 5,600 a cres construction of one of the greatest engineering suppor ts for the Boulder Dam penstocks. It in the Heart Mountain Division of the Sho­ feats of all time. is 139 pages long, hus 36 illustrations and 16 shone project, Wyoming, was awarded October The three bulletins, Penstock Analysis and tables. 8 by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. Stiffener Design, Model Tests of Arch and Model 'l'ests of Arch a nd Cantilever Ele­ Ray Schweitzer of Los Angeles, Calif., sub­ Cantilever Elemenf·s, and Thermal Properties ments contains a description of the cross­ mitted the lmv and successful bid of $166,- of Concrete, are exprcted to be of great value sectional or slab moclels of Boulder Dam, 196.90, ni11 e proposals having been receivecl to the engineering world. pertaining principally to internal stresses ancl and opened by the Bureau of R eclamation at The entire Boulder Canyon project is char­ deformations in the cantilever and arch sec­ its Cody, Wyo., office on September 6, HJ40. acterized by the extraordinary. The h eight tions. It has 140 pages, 3G illustrations, and This co ntract covers earthworl, and struc­ and base thickne-ss of the dam, the size of the 16 tables. tures for three laterals, designated as power uni ts, the dimensions of tlle fusioJ1- Thermal Properties of Concrete discusses Laterals H- S!l, H - 103, a nd H- 105, and some welded, pla te-steel pipes, the novel system of the conductivity, specific heat, and dilfusity sublaterals. Structures include checks, weirs, nrtificially cooling the concrete, the speed and of co ncrete. It h as 154 pages, 55, illustrations, drops, and siphons under the tracks of the coordination of construction, and other major and 34 tables. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R a ilroad. features are without precedent. The magni­ The bulletins may be obtained from the The contractor is required to complete a ll tude of the undertaking intrncluce cl many new Bureau of Reclamation in Washington, D. C., of the work within 425 days. problems and intensified many usual ones, re­ or in Denver, Colo. The three new bulletins When the distribution system is completed quiring investigations of an extensive aud released are priced at $1 a copy with paper water will be available for irrigating approxi­ cli,~ersified character to insnre structures rep­ binding ancl $1.50 with cloth binding. mately 41,000 acres of land, of which more resenting the utmost in efficiency, safety, and than 38,000 acres are public land that will be economy of construction and operation. Reclamation RuledDefense Agency opened for settlement in accordance ,vith pro­ Penstock Analysis and Stiffener Design is visions of the R eclamation Law. Bulletin No. 5 of Part V- Technical Investiga­ Under elate of July 29, 1940, the Civil The Shoshone Canyon conduit heads at the tions. Model Tests of Arch a nd Cantilever Senice Commission issued an order inviting Shoshone Dam a nd tunnels down the south Elements is Bulletin No. 6 of P art V. Thermal attention to Departmental Circular No. 225 side of the Canyon, about 3 miles. '.rhe H eart Properties of Concrete is Bulletin No. 1 of setting forth in full a letter elated July 1, 1940, Mountain Canal begin s at the outlet of the Part VII- Cement and Concrete Inves tiga­ from l\fr. ·wrniam H. McReynolds, Adminis­ conduit, is carried over the Shoshone River by tions. trative Assistant to the President, rega rding a n inverted siphon, and extends in a northeast The-se three reports bring to nine the total the desirability of placing restrictions on direction about 28 miles. number of studies now available in the series. shifting personnel to and from defense agen­ About 23 miles of the Heart Monntain Previous reports published are Bulletins Nos. cies. Mr. McReynold's letter includes the fol­ Canal are completed. Contracts have al­ 1, 2, :.1, a nd 4 of Part V, entitled "Trial Load lowing paragraph: ready been awarded for the construction of Method of Aualyzi11g Arch Dams," "Slab "In ordinary times, it "vould seem to be about 40 miles of laterals to serve 10,000 Analogy Experiments," "Model Tests of Boul- goocl poli cy not only to permit transfers freely acres of land.

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 ( 315} Use ofFloating Pans in Lake Mead

By TOM C. MEAD, Associate Engineer, Boulder City, Nevada

MORE WATER is lost yearly by evaporation from Lake Mead, the reservoir impounded by Boulder Dam, than would be required to com­ pletely fill Madden Reservoir, the lake which makes possible operation of the Panama Canal, and in any set of detailed calculations on the Colorado River water supply, the evap­ oration from Lake Mead would have to be taken into account. Where water is limited, the loss from evap­ oration must be measured to complete the in­ ventory of net dependable water supplies. There are times when this loss can be obviated to some extent by practical measures as pro­ posed in Utah, by diking off a portion of Utah Lake. No similar suggestion is inferred for Lake Mead, but the large amount of evaporation from this body entitles it to attention.

Biireait Conducts R esearch on Newly F'orme1l Lalce

In the fall of 1935, when Lake Mead began to spread out from the channel of the old Colorado River, the Bureau of Reclamation installed three evaporation pans on rafts anchored in the lake, one each on the wind­ ward and lee sides of the first large basin up­ No. 2.-Floating evaporation pan on the south side of the Las Vegas Wash. In stream from Boulder Dam, and one in the center within white fence is the Nevada land evaporation pan

No. 1.-Technician prepares to measure evaporation in pan basin nearest Pierce Ferry some 42 miles, airline distance, upstream from the dam. The two pans nearer the darn were assumed to measure evaporation in the large exposed areas of the Jake, and lhe pan near Pierce li'erry was assumed to measure the evapora•· 1ion in more sheltered deep-canyon portions of the lake. The ideal sought in using a partly sub­ merged pan on a raft was to obtain condi­ tions as nearly as possible identical with those on a natural lake surface. Unfortu­ nately, natural conditions cannot help being disturbed. 1'he pan itself and the necessary protective baffles, to shield the pan from wind and waves, hinder the free circulation of air and water, creating an a rtificial con­ dition differing from that on the surrounding lake. This shielding increases evaporation from the pan. For a Class A Weather Bn­ reau pan, such as used here, some experiments indicate that the floating pan evaporation is about 1.3 times the natural lake evaporalion. That assumption is made in connection with the t ests at Lake Mead. Photograph Ko. 1 shows the general con­ struction of two of the rafts. The timbers nre intended to stop waves breaking into the pan. The sides of the pan project above the

( 316} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 lake level affording additional protection. A triangular baffle inside the pan helps to pre­ vent water slopping out.

Ohan_qe in Water Level 1Yleas11red P eriod'ically

Twice a week nn observer visits encb pnn to measure the ehnnge in water level. This he does with a portable hook gage from a stilling well support. The stilling well is a section of pipe attnched to an ndjustable triangular base. Hook gage and stilling well in position for observer's use are seen a foot or two ahead of the observer in photograph No. 1. At each visit the observer replenishes evaporated water with water from the lake. Occasionally he renews it entirely to prevent gradual concentration of the dissol\"Nl solids carried in solution in lake water. No. 3.-Pierce Ferry floating pan with land pan on shore in the distance In photograph No. 1 will be seen three folded papers held to the rim of the pau by wire clamps. These pnpers contain powdered ratio of the ern [lurMion of the floating pan pressure of 300 pounds per square inch and indelible pencil nnd should rain, waves, or to that from the land pan is obtained during with a flow of 8,000 cubic feet per second flying spray wet them in the period between periods of contemporaneous record. This through the rnlve. Xorrnally the valve will be observer·s vi sits, the dye from the indelible same ratio is assumed to hold when there arc operated with no flow in the penstock. pencil will run, serving warning to the ob­ gaps in the floating pan record. When wind, The contractor is required to ship the valve server that change of level in the pan during waves, and othe1· disturbances have spoil ed a within 425 da~·s after receipt of notice of that period is only 1mrtly due to evaporation. floating pan record, the observer uses in its mvard of contract. He puts down the doubtful record as "miss­ place the land pan evaporation for the missing ing" and replaces the discolored indicator period multiplied by the ratio just referred to. papers with new. At the time the pans were installed the Boulder City Residential Leases A substitute for a missing floating pan procedure followed here might be considered record is supplied as will be explained. On a standard one. However, at the present RENTAL rates to go into effect at Boulder the shore opposite each floating pan is a pre­ time the Bureau is watching with keenest in­ City, Nev., and the regulations governing the cipitation gage and a Weather Bureau Cla ss terest promising new methods developed and issuance of leases of residential sites in the A land pan. Photographs Nos. 2 and 3 show brought to the front by research workers, hop­ model governrnentHl city were announced by lrmd stations in the distance. Readings are ing that one or a combination of methods will the Department of the Interior on October 14, made at the land pan exactly as they are at be practical for a daptation to Lake Mead con­ 1940. the floating pan except correction is made ditions so that eventually the evaporation loss Monthly rental rates for Jots approximately for the effect of rainfall. Each month the can be measured with greater exactness. 50 by 100 available as residential buildin;: sites will range from $2.50 to $20 dependi11g on the location. The minimum construction values of houses to be erected range from $3,000 to $10,000, also Secretary Ickes Orders Additional Power depending on the location. '.rhe highest priced residential sites command a view of beautiful Equipment far Boulder Dam blue Lnke Mead, Boulder Dam's reservoir, thr· largest artificial body of water in the world. Lessees must sati sfy City l\lanager Sims Ely POWER equipment for Unit A-5, the eleYenth transformers to be furnished under one of that they are citizens of the United States, of large generating unit for the Boulder Dam the contracts awarded will be installed on a good character, fin a 11 ciall~- responsible, and power plant, was ordered October 9. platform along the river side of the Arizona without intention of leasing for speculation. Two contracts were awarded, amounting to wing of the powerhouse. Renewals of present leases are also within the $457,648. The General Electric Co. of Schenec­ A contract for a 14-foot butterfly valve to discretion of the city manager for periods of tady, N. Y., on its bid of $411,099 will furnish be used as a shut-off valve for the turbine of 10 years from their date of expiration. three 27,500-kilornlt-ampere transformers and Unit A-5 was awarded October 4. Rental rates are not to be increased within three 230-kilovolt, 800-ampere oil circuit The Consolidated Steel Corporation, Ltd., the life of a lease but may be lowered by the breakers. of Los Angeles, Calif., submitted the success­ Secretary of the Interior at the end of a11;y The Graybar Electric Co., Inc., of Denver, ful bid of $148,500, which was the lowest of Ci-Year period from promnlgation of the three proposals received and opened by the Colo., on its bid of $46,549, will furnish six regulations. disconnecting switches. Bureau of Reclamation at its Denver, Colo., These two companies submitted the lowest office on September 12, 1940. bids for the respective items of 11 proposals This 14-foot butterfly valve of alloy cast Annual Meeting received and opened by the Bureau of R ecla­ steel will be bolted to the flanged end of the mation at its Denver, Colo., office on Septem­ penstock or pipe that will supply water to THE annual meeting of the Association of ber 5, 1940. the 115,000-horsepower turbine. It will serve Land Grant Colleges and Universities will be Unit A-5 will be installed in the Arizona to shut off the flow of water to the turbine held at the Drake Hotel, Chicago, November wing of the U-shaped powerhouse. The under emergency conditions w ith a maximum 11- 13, inclusive.

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 317} CCC Accomplishments on Federal Reclamation Projects FISCAL YEAR 1940

By ALFRED R. GOLZE, Supervising Engineer, CCC

IN 'l'I-IE fiscal year 1940 the 44 CCC camps the work of the CCC during the past years ing was the completion of the upper embank­ allocated to the Bureau of Reclamation di­ this responsibility has become less of a bur­ ment of the Deer Flat Reservoir on the Boise rected their activities to the permanent im­ den. Weed control, rodent control, leveling project, raising Clear Lake Dam on the provement of 30 Reclamation projects in 15 of spoil banks, planting of trees for wind­ Klamath project, constructing the parnpet Western States. Work on all projects con­ breaks, experiments with different types of wall on the Moon Lake Dam on the Moon tinued to go forward with little delay, except pasture grasses, and the fighting of forest Lake project, the Pine View Dam on the where it was disturbed by unusual conditions and grass fires a re only a few of the other Ogden River project, and the Agency Valley of weather or other circumstances beyond the activities carried on by the CCC on reclama­ Dam on the Vale project, making miscel­ control of the project authorities. tion projects. laneous improvements at the Boca Dam on The problems of each Reclamation project Emergency work has, as in past years, con­ the Truckee storage project and the Taylor differ somewhat from those of each other tinued to occupy much of the time of en­ Park Dam on the Uncompahgre project, and project ; however, there is a certain similar­ rollees. Canal breaks on the Owhyee project, cleaning up the area around Arrowrock Darn. ity on the whole, particularly true of tl1e an earthquake on the Yuma project, and operating projects, that is responsible for a Hoods on the Orland project, at Tule Lake Work on Op erating Projects general uniformity in the type of work car­ and on the Yuma project were particularly ried on by the CCC camps on Reclamation severe. Fires, both forest and grass, were On operating projects, as in past J·ears, projects. Water-control structures vary in numerous in the dry summer of 1939 and the principal attention was given to rehabilita­ design on the different projects, but their early summer of 1940. Searching for per­ tion of physical features, with the objective construction is well suited to the CCC en­ sons drowned in canals or rivers or lost in of conserving water by means of permanent rollee whether it be on a project in Montana the desert or mountains bas become a routine construction. or one in New Mexico. Operating roads a re responsibility of the Reclamation camps, in On the Belle Fourche project in South essential everywhere to facilitate the travel cooperation with the local authorities. Dakota enrollees manufactured concrete pipe of ditch riders and other officials in their and used it in the construction of culverts. duties connected with the safe delivery of Improvements to Dams and turn-outs. Other structures were com­ irrigation water to its ultimate consumer. pletely rebuilt with concrete, and canals were Protection of this water in transit is a re­ Improvements to the dams of the Bureau lined with concrete where necessary. A sponsibility of no small degree resting on the of Reclamation were a primary work project large concrete flume on the South Canal was shoulders of the opera ting official. Through of the CCC in the fiscal year 1940. Outstnnd- built by the CCC enrollees. General improvement of the distribution. system of the Boise project, Idaho, was cou­ Enrollees burn the trees and brush cleared from Shasta D am R eservoir site, Central tinued. Canals and laterals of the project Valley project, California were riprapped, cattle guards were built on operating roads, the Mora Siphon was rebuilt, 96 concrete weirs for accurate measurement. of water were installed, and a weed-control campaign was actively conducted. In addition to the Hackberry Draw flood­ control works, on the Carlsbad project, New Mexico, attention was directed to the land­ scaping at Avalon Dam, rock and concrete· lining of canals, and the control of rodents. Work was begun at Alamogordo Dam for a recreational development, and some work was. done to improve the spillway channel below the dam. In Colorado, the Grand Valley project saw the reconstruction of minor structures and lining the main canals and laterals make excellent progress. On the Huntley project in :\lontana, replace­ ment of structures, riprapping ditches with rock a nd gravel, and construction of operating roads continued as a major activity; an ad­ ditional headgate was placed under construc­ tion for the Huntley main canal to supplement the project water supply. Experiments were in progress with bentonite to determine its value as a sealiug ugent. Construction of a road to provide access to

{ 318} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 recreational areas at Alcova Reservoir on the Kendrick project in central Wyoming was 65 percent complete at the end of the year. Plans for full use of this area are under considera­ tion by the National Park Service. The raising of Clear Lake Dam with the assistance of CCC forces was completed and will materially increase the water supply of the Klamath project in southern Oregon and northern California. The lining of canals with concrete and the permanent replacement of structures will safeguard the delivery of this water. The main dike on the Tule Lake sump was reinforced with riprapping and sheet piling to protect it against the pressure of flood waters. Control of noxious weeds oc­ cupied much of the time of the enrollees on this project. On the Lower Yellowstone and Milk River projects in Montana, the replacement of struc­ tures, the construction of operating roads, the leveling of spoil banks, the riprapping of canals and structures, and the control of weeds were the principal activities. Park development at Lake Walcott on the Minidoka project, Idaho, was continued aud extended. The rock paving and riprapping of the project drainage and distribution sys­ tem was the major activity. Other activities CCC constructed scenic highway skirts Alcova Reservoir on the Kendrick project, included the gravel and clay lining of canals, Wyoming construction of minor structures and operat­ ing roads, weed and rodent control, and aid CCC forces have worked to improve the Gov­ included the construction of operating roads, to the Fish and Wildlife Service in develop­ ernment's system of irrigation works. Oper­ the building of drain ditches, and weed co11- ment of the wildlife refuge at Lake Walcott. ating roads were built along the canals, water trol, the latter a vitally important matter In Nevada the CCC camps continued their control structures were replaced, spoil banks on this particular project. work in rehabilitating the Newlands project were leveled, and ditches were fenced for CCC forces continue their work on the through the construction of structures, level­ pasture. The Texas lateral was extended and drainage system of the Vale project in Ore­ ing of spoil banks, and weed and rodent con­ the banks of the Franklin Canal in El Paso gon and the improvement of the laterals and trol, and began construction of the Scheckler were reconditioned prior to being fenced. The structures, the construction of operating Reservoir, designed to conserve the winter foundations of the Mesilla Dam were recon­ roads, cattle guards and the control of ro­ flow of water from the Lahonton Reservoir. structed. dents and noxious weeds. A detail from A great variety of work occupied the four At Elephant Butte Reservoir a fish hatch­ the Vale camp constructed the parapet and camps on the North Platte project in Ne­ ery was completed and landscaping was curb wall on the Agency Valley Dam. braska and Wyoming. Recreational work was begun. Overnight cabins, sewer and water CCC work was well distributed over the continued at Guernsey Reservoir and Lake lines, riprapping of reservoir banks, con­ extensive Yakima project in Washington. Minatare. Work in the irrigated area in­ struction of shore roads and the planting Beginning with the storage reservoirs in the cluded the construction of telephone lines, of trees and shrubs were continued in the mountains, CCC forces continued the clearing cattle guards, operating roads, lining of canals recreational area. of water-killed timber from Lake Kachess with concrete, rock and gravel, construction The Shoshone project in northern Wyom­ and Lake Keechelus. Concrete pipes varying of water control and measuring devices, manu­ ing benefited by the construction of operating in sizes from 30 to 42 inches were installed facture of concrete pipe, the planting of 150,- roads, rebuilding of minor structures and re­ in many places on the distribution system of 000 trees, the operation of three nurseries, construction of several major structures, in­ the project; 46- and 56-inch wood stave pipe and weed and rodent control. cluding the .Allj:ali Creek incline drop. Experi­ siphons were reconstructed at several loca­ CCC forces on the Orland project, Cali­ ments in weed control and pasture grasses tions. Operating roads were built, spoil banks fornia, were mainly concerned with the re­ were continued. leveled, canal banks strengthened, and siphons building of earth laterals, lining them with On the Sun River project in Montana op­ built to replace flumes. Canals were rip­ concrete, the construction of operating roads, erating roads were constructed with CCC rapped and lined with concrete, gravel, or and miscellaneous small structures. forces, canals were blanketed and riprapped. asphalt. Weed control was not neglected. On the Owhyee project in Oregon the CCC Spoil banks were leveled and work was con­ In the sunny climate of southern Arizona have been a valuable aid in assisting new set­ tinued on the Willow Creek Feeder Canal, and California, CCC enrollees on the Yuma tlers by the reconstruction of the antiquated expected to be completed early in the fiscal project worked throughout the year, irrespec­ distribution systems brought within the year 1941. tive of local temperatures. Accomplishments Owhyee project. Emergency work and con­ On the Uncompahgre project in Colorado included the placing of drain tile, the construc­ struction of operating roads were other pri­ replacement of deteriorated structures took tion of operating roads, pouring considerable mary activities 'of the CCC men on the precedence as the most essential part of the concrete lining, and the building of canal project. CCC program. The riprapping of canals and structures. Precast concrete panels were in­ Down in southern New Mexico the Rio laterals and the banks of the Uncompahgre stalled as a lining in the lateral system, and Grande project extends more than 100 miles Tiiver continued the project plan for full spoil banks were leveled. The CCC men were along the Rio Grande. Throughout this area erosion control of all 'waterways. Other work called for emergency work following a flood

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 ( 319} rollees receiYed training under this program in many fields of activity associated with the consen7 ation work of the Bureau of Reclama­ tion. Credit must be given to the CCC engineers, camp superintendents, foremen, mechanics, and other employees who are charged with the responsibility of conducting the job training programs in the camps. It is because of their efforts that the past year has seen the train­ ing work greatly strengthened in all the camps.

M ethod of Train-in.lJ

During the day on the job the foreman explains to the enrollees in his charge the proper way to do their work. One or two eYen­ ings a week he holds a class in camp to teach the boys of his crew the reasons for doing the work the proper way, and some of the funda­ mentals that underlie these reasons. Classes are scheduled in all subjects relating to the field work. In the classroom work the assist­ ance of regular Bureau employees has been helpful in teaching qualified enrollees techni­ cal subjects and subjects of a clerical nature, such as property accountability and cost­ Part of the equipment operated by CCC enrollees on the Deschutes project, Oregon keeping. All job training work is outlined to insme presentation of the material in an orderly in November 1939 and an earthquake in May large bridge over the Provo River on the and logical manner and to coordinate the 1940. Weed and rodent control were allied Charleston-Midway Highway was completed. training on the job with the classroom work activities through the year. The volume of the work that the CCC boys off the job. Each foreman-instructor pre­ are doing on Reclamation projects is illus­ pares his own outline, usually on the basis of Work on Constritetion Projects trated well by the following table of a few of covering the subject in 6 months, the length of the more common types of work completed one enrollment period. For men who reenroll On the construction projects the greatest in the fiscal year 1940: 30,000 rods of fences ; for a second, third, and fourth 6-month period, amount of work with CCC enrollees was done 56 miles of telephone line ; 224 cattle guards ; advanced courses are given in the subjects on the Deschutes project, where at the end of 373 signs ; 983 rods of walls ; 400 miles of related to the field work for which they show the year 18 miles of the 65-mile main canal operating roads; 45,000 linear feet of pipe a special aptitude. had been nearly completed and 3 additional lines; and 2,358 water-control structures. Concrete and timber construction are per­ miles stripped of earth was ready for In addition, enrollees in 1940 cleared haps the most common subjects in the Recla­ drilling. During the summer period enrollees 2,500,000 yards of channels and 2,200 acres in mation camps with the exception of equip­ continued the construction of the Wickiup irrigation reservoirs. They lined 380,000 ment operation. Particular stress has been Dam and Dike and clearing of the Wickiup square yards of canals and laterals and ex­ given to the training of operators who manage Reservoir area. cavated 3,380,000 cubic yards of earth and the large fleet of motorized equipment in the Enrollees continued with the clearing of the 172,000 cubic yards of rock for ditches. They custody of the camps on Reclamation projects. reservoir area at Shasta Dam on the Central placed 465,000 square yards of rock and con­ The hundreds of trucks and tractors are op­ Valley project. Mechanized in part, this work crete riprap, they moved 472,000 cubic yards of erated by enrollees who thereby acquire a has none the less been outstanding, and a testi­ earth in leveling spoil banks, planted 162,000 vocation, not only of value to themselves in monial to the amount of work that can be trees, conducted weed control on 13,000 acres securing a job on leaving the CCC, but likely nccomplished by previously untrained men and rodent control on 200,000 acres; 11,000 to be helpful to the Nation in solving the under adequate supervision. rnan-days were spent battling forest and grass problems arising from troubled world condi­ On the Moon Lake project, Utah, the Mid­ fires and another 11,000 man-days for miscel­ tions. view Feeder Canal dfrersion darn and head­ laneous emergency work, including floods and The success of the CCC camps on Reclama­ gate structure on the Duchesne River was earthquakes. tion projects. has been due in no small measure completed and placed in service. Schedule 1 to the success of the training program. It of the Yellowstone Feeder Canal (10 miles) Trai-ning of Enrollees is anticipated that as the supervisory person­ was also completed and schedule 2 (7 miles) nel and others in charge of the training work nearly completed. The young men who enroll in the Civilian become more familiar with the problems in­ North of Salt Lake City on the Ogden River Conservation Corps are generally untrained in Yolved it will reach an even higher degree of project some improvements were made to the the types of work that the camps are doing efficiency. Expansion of the work of the Ogden-Brigham Canal, and the South Ogden on Reclan1ation projects. To enable the en­ Bureau in new areas will provide greater op­ Canal extension and wasteway which were rollee to do good work while in the CCC and portunities for employment of enrollees in 75 percent complete at the encl of the year. to provide him with the experience with work of mutual benefit to them and their The clearing of the Deer Creek Reservoir which to secure gainful employment when Government. There is every reason to be­ 011 the Provo River project, Utah, of trees leaving the CCC, is the twofold purpose of lieve that the accomplishments of the camps and buildings continued. Fencing of the res­ the training program established in each camp. in future years will continue to surpass each enoir right-of-way made good progress. A Through the past year large numbers of en- previous year's outstanding record.

{ 320} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 NOTE S FOR CONTRACTORS

Low bidder Award Specifica- Bids Work or material Bid 'Terms Of COD · tion No. Project opened tract ap­ Xame Address proved

928 Boulder Canyon, Ariz.- Sept. 5 Power transformers, high-voli- General Electric Co_·----··--· · Schenectady, N. Y .. 1 $248,694. 00 F. o. b. Boulder City, Nev. Oct. 2 Nev. age switching equipment . . _. . do .... -···--··-··· ··-····- --. . . _.do_······· · -· · -··-- ·· ' 162,405. 00 . .._.do_ ·-·--·-·------· ··· ·· Do. and lightning arrester for WestinghouseElectric& M an- Denver, Colo .- · ·-· --··· '9,285. 00 ____ . do·---- -·-· ···-··- -- --· (') unit A-5, Boulder power ufacturing Co. plant. Graybar E lectric Co., Inc..·--· . . __ _do..·------··--·· • 46,549.00 . __ . . do._ ...... ••... ______Oct. 2 929 Central Valley, Calif__ __ Sept. 6 Two 250-ton traveling cranes for the Shasta power plant. 930 Boulder Canyon, Ariz.- Sept. 12 One 168•inch butterfly valve Consolidated Steel Corpora- Los Angeles, Calif. ___-·- Oct. Nev. for Boulder power plant. tion, Ltd. 931 Columbia Basin, Wash_ Sept. 10 Generator voltage bus struc- I. T . E. Circuit Breaker Co.... Philadelphia, Pa_.·· · -·­ '104,300.00 F . o. b. Odair, Wash__· · -· - Sept. 30 tures and oil circuit breaker General Electric Co . . •---·--·-· Denver, Colo ...·-· -· · ··· '21,000.00 . . . . . do·---·- -··-··-·--·· -- - Do. for Grand Coulee power plant. 932 Shoshone·Heart Moun- Sept. 6 Earthwork and structures on Ray Schweitzer ..--·----· -· --· Los Angeles, Calif...... 166,196.90 Oct. 2 tain, Wyo. laterals H-89, H- 103, and H- 105 and sublaterals. 34, 018-A Mirage Flats, Nebr_____ Aug. 27 Automobile stakebody and General Motors Corporation Detroit, Mich.·-···--· · ­ 63,027.87 Sept. 18 dumpbody trucks. (Chevrolet Division). YcllowTrnckand Coach Man• Pontiac, Mich__ _· ·-·-··· ' 1,679.40 Do. ufacturing Co. Diamond T M otor Car Co... . Wash ington, D. C ... • 19, 632.00 F. o. b. Chicago, Ill.; dis• Sept. 2/i count $40. 1407-D Columbia Basin, Wash _ Sept. 5 Pipe, fittings, Yalves, and U.S. Pipe Bending Co ___· -· ··· San Francisco, Cali f. '11,000.00 Item 1, f. o. b. Odair, Oct. 1 cocks for Grand Coulee W ash.; item 2, F . o. b .. power plant. San Francisco. 1422- D Colorado River, Tex___ _ Sept. 17 48 upper tracks for hulkhead­ VaJley Iron Works·--··--··· ·· - Yakima, Wash·--· -··- • 17,500.00 Discount ½percent...... Sept. 25 gate frames for Marshall Ford Dam. 1423-D Gil a, Ariz ______Sept. 18 Absorptive fo rm lining for Wood Conversion Co ..--····-· St. Paul, Minn__· --· -··· 1, 26:i. 00 Discount 2 percent...... (' ) pumping plant No. 1. 1417-D Buffalo Rapids (Second Sept. 2 m otor•driven pumping units_ Fairbanks Morse Co .. . --- --·- Kansas City, Mo.--·-·· 12,426.00 Oct. 2 Division). Mont. 1388-D Shoshone-Heart Moun• Aug. 7 Furnishing- and installing an O'Kcefe Elevator Co. ______. Oma.ha, Nebr______7 15. 150. 00 Oct. tain, Wyo. electric elevator for the Sho­ shone Canyon Conduit con­ troll ing works. 1425-D Kendrick, W yo· --·-···· Sept. 27 Preparation of concrete aggre• l\L J . Gi!palrick ______· - -··---- Riverton, Wyo·--···-·· 3,810.00 Oct. gates. 1424-D Colorado River, Tex____ Sept. 25 288 trash racks for outlet works Stupp Bros. Bridge & Iron Co. St. Louis, MO------·-·· 50, 388.00 Discount~• percent_ ____ .. Oct. 10 at MarshaJI Ford Dam. 14 29-D Boulder Canyon, Ariz.- Sept. 30 Structural steel for support­ International Derrick & Equip- Torrance, CaliL·----·-· 4,1 39.00 ·-··-do. --·-··· -·------· Oct. 8 Nev. ing structures for the South· ment Co. of California. ern California Edison Co. transformer circuit and switching station. 1426- D Colorado River, 'rcx______do ___ _ Structura.J·steel, gate•handli ng Paxton & Yicrl ing lron Works Omaha, Kebr. ____ ·-···- 1,575.00 -...do. ___ ·-·-· -··---·--· Oct. lO frame. 1428-D Yakima-Roza, Wash __ ._ Oct. 2 Earthwork, pipe lines and Fyle & Co ...·-·-·-·· · -····· · · Nyssa, Oreg···---· ·-·-·· 17,916.35 Do. structures, 'I'errace Ileights pump lateral, Yakima Ridge Canal. 1434-D Columbia Bas in , Wash _ ._.do. --. Structural steel, rotor-erection Arnerican B ridge Co .* ______Denver, Colo ______11,992. 00 F.:o. b. Gary, Ind.. -- --··- Oct. 14 p lat fo rm , rotor•erection girders and base, and stator· erection platform for Grand Coulee power plant . 1433-D Boulder Canyon, Ariz. . Oct 4 Coupling capacitors, distribu• General E leciric Co .._ Schenectady, N. Y -· ··-· '8. 267. 00 F . o.'b. Boulder City..... Oct. 17 Nev. tion transformers with pro· .. . ..do .·-·-··· ···-···- -··-do .--······- -· ·····- 72, 210.00 . ....dO ---·· ·······-·---·- Do. tective devices and acce.s• sories. and carrier line traps for Boulder power plant. 1436-D Central Valley, CaliL _. Oct. 3 15 bulkhead•gate frames and John W. Beam ____ ·-··---·-· Denver, Col0 - - - -·-··- • 9,000.00 F.:o. b. Chi cago, Ill ._ ..___ Oct. :1 guides for main·nn it turbine T he Paulson Machine Works. Portland, Oreg __·--·--·· 7 1,'ii5.00 Do. draft tubes; 2 bulkhead•gate frames and guides for sta· tion service unit draft tubes: 34 gate latches for bulkhead gates at Shasta power plant. 1440-D Colorado River, Tex_ _.. Oct. 16·ton hand•operated trolley Cyclops Iron " ·orks ______San Francisco, Calif ____ _ 2, 750.00 Discoun t¾ pe-rc-rnt______Do. with one equalizer beam and trolley stops for gate·han· dling fr ame. 1441- D Boulder Canyon, Ariz .. _..do .. -· 2 fl owmeters for measuring the Simplex Yalve & ::vr etcr Co ... Philadelphia, Pa_...... 2,310. 00 Discount 1 percent. . ·-·--- no. Nev. flow of water through the 115,000·horsepower hydran· lie turbines at Boulder power plant. 925 Columbia Basin, Wash_ Aug. 12 Resid ences at Leaven\vorth, West Coast Constru c-t ion Co __ Seattle, Wash ... ______iO 29, 38 1. 00 . . . . _..-...... -. . ...-. -. - -- (') E ntiat and Winthrop sta· tions fo r migratory fish control. 1431- D Ceo tral Valley, CaliL . . Oct. 2 2 oil purifiers and 1 filter­ The DeLarnl Separator Co ___ Chicago, Ill. ...__ . __ _ '9,675. 00 paper dry ing oven fo r the Shasta power plant. 1438-D All-America n Canal, Oct· Radial gates and radial•gate Worden Al len Co . . . ..· -·•-· · - Milwaukee, Wis.- . . 6 2, :330. 00 ·-··--·-··-· · ····-···---·-·- Oct. 1., Ariz.•Calif. hoists for Coachella Canal. Western Foundry Co . · --·-·-· Portland, Oreg .. _.. . 73,366. 00 -- -··-····•·· · ······ · · Oct. 17 1437-D Parker Dam Power, ...do.--· Gate frames and gate latches Valley Iron Works.·-·· ---··-· D enver, Colo . _. .. . . 41 ,990.00 Discount ½ percent ... . _.. Oct. 21 Ariz.·Cali f. for 22· by 35-foot fixed•wheel penstock gates for intake structure at Parker power plant. 34018-B Mirage Flats, Nebr.._. . Sept. 23 One 1 ½-cubic yard dragline Harnisehfeger Corporation ____ Milwaukee, " ·is . . ·-···· • 35, 300.00 Discount 2 pe rcent _. _.·-. . Do. excavator and two dragline buckets. 28337-A Buffalo Rapids (First Oct. 4 D iesel·engine·powered I Caterpillar Tractor Co __ __····[ Peoria, IIL._ ·------· - · - 22,805.00 Discount $50 each unit. Do. D ivision) Mont. crawler tractors.

1 Schedule 1. • Schedule 2. ' Schedule 3. ' Schedule 4. ' A II bids rejected, 'Item 1. 7Item 2. s Item 3. • Items I. and 2. 10 Sc bed ule 5.

The Reclamation Era, November 1940 { 321} Bonneville to Market Grand Coulee Power

THE Bonneville Power Administration was and substations and appurtenant structures provisions of law and allocations of cost recently set up by an Exe~utive order as the and facilities necessary for marketing the made pursuant thereto shall determine the marketing agency for the world's largest sup­ power and energy delivered to him from the basis on which the Administrator and the ply of hydroelectric power, generated at Grand Coulee Dam project; except that the Bureau shall compute the returns to be made Grand Coulee (Washington) and Bonneville Bureau of Reclamation may construct, oper­ to the Bureau for power and energy clelivered (Oregon) Dams, both on the Columbia River. ate, or maintain such transmission facilities as to the Administrator from the Grand Coulee The Executive order aims at an integration the Secretary of the Interior, in his discre­ Dam project pursuant to this order. All re­ and coordination of the electrical facilities of tion, deems necessary or desirable. The Bu­ ceipts collected by the Administrator from the two projects. It paves the way for the reau of Reclamation and the Administrator, transmission ancl sale of power ancl energy expeditious marketing of vast blocks of elec­ with the approval of the Secretary, shall agree shall be deposited with the Treasurer of the tric power for the development of defense upon and schedule the installation of addi­ United States for credit to a special account, industries in the Pacific Northwest. tional generators at the Grand Coulee Dam subject to allocation by the Secretary of the Under the terms of the order signed by the project. Interior in accordance with the computations President August 26, 1940, the Bonneville "3. Tlle Bureau of Reclamation, with the above provided for. Upon certification by the Administrator is authorized to construct, op­ approval of the Secretary, shall provide the Secretary of the Interior, the amounts of erate, and maintain the transmission lines Administrator with a basic schedule of the receipts properly allocable to the Bonneville and other facilities necessary for marketing power, and energy to be available to him from project shall be covered into the Treasury of the power delivered from Grand Coulee Dam. the Grand Coulee Dam project. The Bureau, the United States to the credit of miscellaneous The power delivered from Grand Coulee with the Secretary's approval, may revise the receipts subject to the provisions of section 2 for distribution and sale for which the Bonne­ schedule from time to time, except that no of the act of August 20, 1937, 50 Stat. 731, 732. ville Administrator will act as agent will C()n ­ revision decreasing the amount of power and The amounts certified by the Secretary of the sist of the energy not required for operating energy available under an existing schedule Interior as being allocable to the Grand Coulee the project including its irrigation features. shall be effective unless agreed to by the Ad­ Dam project shall be covered into the Treasury The Grand Coulee Dam project is under ministrator. The Bureau will make power for credit to the Reclamation Fund to the construction by the Bureau of Reclamation, and energy from the Grand Coulee Dam proj­ extent authorized by law. Department of the Interior. Its completion ect available to the Administrator in accord­ "5. In aid of this delegation of authority to will make water available for the irrigation ance with these schedules. the Secretary of the Interior, the Commis­ of 1,200,000 acres of dry but fertile Columbia "4. 'l'he Administrator shall market the sioner of the Bureau of Reclamation and the Basin land. It is the largest hydroelectric power and energy delivered to him from the Bonneville Power Administrator shall, sub­ development in the world with a capacity of Grand Coulee Dam project at rates to be fixed ject to the approval of the Secretary of the 1,044,000 kilowatts. Three generating units by the Secretary of the Interior consistently Interior and the terms of this order, enter of 108,000 kilowatts each are now being in­ with all applicable provisions of law and al­ into any and all agreements that are necessary stalled and the first is expected to go into locations of cost determined as provided there­ for the interconnection of the Bonneville proj­ operation in October 1941. under. From time to time the Secretary of ect and the Grand Coulee Dam project and to The Bonneville project was constructed un­ the Interior, consistently with all applicable carry out the provisions of this order." der the Public Works Administration pro­ gram and has been operating for some months. It has a capacity of 518,000 kilo­ watts and is marketing power to Pacific Northwest municipalities, public utility dis­ ------tricts and private industry.

1'ra,nsmissfon Line Connects Projects

The Grand Coulee and Bonneville projects have been interconnected with a high power transmission line. The completion of trans­ mission and generating facilities in the two projects will make large blocks of power available for defense industries. Coule(' ­ Bonneville ultimate power capacity will ap­ proach 2,500,000 kilowatts, a capacity far beyond any other source known. The President's Executive order reads as follows: "1. The Bonneville Power Administrator is hereby designated, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of the Interior, as agent for the sale and distribution of electri­ cal power and energy generated at the Grand Coulee Dam project and not required for op­ eration of that project, including its irriga­ tion features. () .;o "2. The Administrator shall construct, op­ Smle of \liles erate, and maintain the transmission lines

{ 322} The Reclamation Era, N ovember 1940 IRRIGATED HARVESTS Alien Registration Dead-Line Board assisting in the defense construction Mr. Harding was born in Plainfield, N. J ., program, and of the Federal Advisory Council June 13, 1889, and was married in 1913 to December 26, 1940 for Employmeut Security. His connection Miss Marie Ruth McCarty of Plainfield. He with the Associated General Contractors for 21 is survived by his wife, a son, Edward J. WITH the Alien Registration program reach­ years required extensive travel ,and his ac­ I-Jarding, Jr., an ensign in the Supply Corps ing its peak, Director Earl G. Harrison of the quaintance with contractors and their prob­ of the United States Navy now on sea duty Alien Registration DiYision is urging that lems was unequaled. with the U.S. S. Colorado in Hawaiian waters, citizens cooperate with noncitizens in helping His first contact with the construction in­ and a daughter, Miss Ruth Anai's Harding. them to comply with the Alien Registration dustry was in 1906 in connection with the H. E. Foreman, assistant managing director Act. Passed by Congress as a national de­ condemnation of land for the Hudson Tunnels. of the Associated General Conn:actors, has fense measure, the Alien Registration program Ile worked on the tunnels and the Hudson been named to succeed Mr. Harding as man­ went into effect August 27, and will continue Terminal Building in New York City. From aging director, and J. D. Marshall, manager through December 26, 1940. 1917 to 1921 he was manager for the .James of the heavy construction and railroad divi­ Director Harrison's request for cooperation Stewart Co., general contractors, of New York sion, has been appointed to succeed lVIr. Fore­ is partly directed to employers who have non­ City. man as assistant managing director. dtizens in their employ. He points out that their sympathy and advice can do a great deal to dispel any fears the alien may have about registration, particularly wilh respect to the security of their employment. Many of them realize that their forefathers were, at one time CONTENTS or another, aliens in this Nation, and they know that the great majority of noncitizens THE RECLAMATION ERA • NOVEMBER 1940 are as true to the letter and spirit of Ameri­ can laws as are patriotic American citizens. Inasmuch as an alien is subject to $1,000 fine President Roosevelt greets Na­ Reclamation ruled defense agency . 315 tional Redamation Association or 6 months imprisonment if he does not Heare Mountain contract . . . . 315 register by December 26, employers have a Convention . . . Inside front cover direct interest in helping their noncitizen National Reclamation Association Use of floating pans in Lake Mead workers comply with the law. According to Convention . . . . . 301 Tom C. M ead 316 a recent statement to employers from the Interstate migrations investiga- Secretary Ickes orders additional Alien Registration Division, this interest is tions ...... 304 power equipment for Boulder purely voluntary and i1wolYeS "no compulsion." Dam ...... 317 Reclamation offers solution for migrant farmer problem in the Boulder City residential leases . . 317 EDWARD JOSEPH HARDING West . . . . . John C. Page 304 Annual meeting of Association of Stabilization by irrigation Land Grant Colleges and Uni- 1889-1940 E. B. Dehler 309 versities ...... 317 EDWARD JOSEPH HARDING, managing Farm and home opportun1t1es CCC accomplishments on Federal director of the Associnted General Contractors (Yuma, Rio Grande, Belle Reclamation projects, fiscal year of America, died suddenly at Plainfield, N. J ., Fourche) 312 1940 . . . . . Alfred R. Golz_e 318 on October 5 while en route with his wife to New Boulder and Buffalo Rapids Notes for contractors ...... 321 New York City to take a boat for n short vaca­ maps ...... 312 tion cruise to the West Indies. Bonneville to market Grand Coulee In addition to his official position with the Walker R. Young appointed power ...... 322 Assistant Chief Engineer Associated General Contractors, Mr. Harding 313 Edward Joseph Harding dies 324 was a member of the Construction Advisory All-American Canal celebration 314 Alien registration dead-line De- Committee to the Armr >tnd Nnvy Munitions New reports available 315 cember 26, 1940 324

CUT ALONG THIS LINE

CoMMISSIONER, (Dace) ...... Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, D. C.

Sm: I am enclosing my check 1 ( or money order) for $1.00 ro pay for a year's subscription to TH E RFCLAMATION ERA . Very truly yours,

November 1940. (Name) ......

(Address) ...... 1 Do not send stamps. Check or money order should he drawn to the Treasurer of t lie l"nited States and forwarded to the Bureau of Reclamation. NOTE.- 36 cents postal charges should be added for foreign subscriptions.

{ 324} The Reclamation Era, November 1940 267232 U. 5 . GOVE RNM ~ NT PRINTIN G OFFI CE: 19.(0 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION HAROLD L. ICK ES, SECRETARY O F T H E INTERIOR John C. Page, Commissioner Harry W. Bashore, Assistant Commissioner J. Kennard Cheadle, Chief Counsel and Assistant to Commissioner; Howard R. Stinson, Assistant Chief Counsel; Miss Mae A. Schnurr, Chief, Division or Pnblic Relations; George 0 . San• lord, General Supervisor of Operation and Maintenanr.e; f,. H. Mitchell, Irrigation Adviser, Wesley R Nelson, Chief, Engineerin,: Division; P. I. Tnylor, Assistant Chief, A. R. Golz6, Supervising Engineer, C. C. C. Division; W. E. Warne, Director of Information; Wl!liaru F. Kubsch, Chief Accountant; Charles N. McCulloch, Chief Clerk, Jesse W. Myer, Assistant Chief Clerk; James C. Beveridge, Chief, Mails and Files Section; Miss Mary E. Qallnghor, Secretary to the Commissioner Denver, Colo., United States Customhouse S. b. Harper, Chief En~.; W.R. Young, Asst. Chier Eng.; .r. L. Savage. Chief Designing Eng.; W. H. Nalder, Asst. Chief Designing Eng.; L. N. McClellan, Cl,iP.f Electrical Eng.; Kenneth B. Keener, Senior Engineer, Dams; H. R. McBirney, Senior Engineer, Canals; E. B. Debler. Hydraulic En~.; r. E Houk, Senior Engineer, Tochnical Studies; Spencer L. Baird, District Counsel; L. R. Smith, Chier Clerk; Vern H. Thompson, Purchasing Agent; C. A. Lyman and Henry W. Johnson, Examiners or Accounts Projects 11nder constr11ction or operated in whole or in part by the B11rea11 of Reclamation

Official io charge District counsel Proiect Office Chief clerk Name Title Name Address

AII-Arnericnn Canal______Yumn, Ariz_·•--···-··-··· Leo J . F ost.er •••••.·-··· Constructio n engineer-••••.•• J . C. Thrailkill•••••••••• R . J. CoffeY·--··---·~·· Lo11 Angelf'-s, Calif. Altu"------Altu11, Okla••.•. _••.•.•••• Russell S. Lieurance·--·· Construction engineer •.• ·---· Edgar A. Peek••- ••••••• H.J. S. Devries.·-·--··- E l Paso, Tex. Delle l''ourcho•••••••••• ______Newell. S. Dak••••••• _•••• F . C. Youn~blutt·-··-·-· Superintendcnt.-·-··-··--··· ·····--·-·-····-·-····-· W. J. Burke·-······-··· Billinp, Mont. Boise______------Boise, Idaho••..•• _•• __ •• _ R. J. NewelL-----··-··- Construction engineer_••••••• Robert B. Smith--·--·-- D . E. Stoutemyor•••-·--· Portln.nd. Oreg. Boulder Canyon I __ .-- · ------· ­ Boulder City, Nev-······-­ ; rving C. Harris_...... Director o{ power••• -···-···, Gail H. Baird--·-··-··-· R . J. Coffey·--··-··-··- Los Angeles, Calif. BufTalo Rapicls-----·--·------·-···-·- - -- G lendive, Mont••• _••• __ •. Paul A. Jones_•••••••••• Construction engineer••.••••• Edwin M. Bean~·--····· W J. B urke •••·-······· Billing8, M ont. Buford-Trenton·-. ___ •• __ • __ ••• _••••_. __ \Villiston, N. Dak.·-·-···· Parl ey R. Neeley•••••••• Resident engineer·-· •··-··-- Robert L . Newmun·-·-·· \V. J. Durke_ ••••••••••• DillingrJ, Mont. Co.rlsbaencer- • • - .•• Con!'truction eng ineer 2·-···- ···-···----····-····--·­ J. R . Alexander___ ..____ Salt Lake C ity, Utah. J{endrick. ______•••• __ • _. __ • _. __ • _• ••. Casper, \Vyo• ••...•••••••• Jrvin J. Matthews•• ·---· Construction engineer 2---··· George \V. Lyle--····• · ­ W. J. Burke...... Billings, Mont. 1(1:unnth••-·--. __ •••• -- - - •• • - •• - • -- ••-· l{lamath Falls, Oreg••• - ••• B. E. llayden--··-----·· Superintendent_.·-····-····· W . I. Tingley••••••• •••- B . E. Stoutemyer• • •. • -.. Portland, Oreg. Milk nivor••·-·····-----··---······· _•• lVlnlta, Mont•••.••·-·-··-· H arold W. Genger• • -···- Superiutendent•••·-·-·-·---· E. E. Chabot.._•• __ •• __ W ..J. Burke.··-·····--· Billin11,;s , Mont. Miuidokn•.- ·-···-··-·-·--··-···---·--·· Burl01y, Jdaho••••--····--· Stanley R. Marenn _••• ·- Suoerintendent.---·-••· • •• •• G. C. PAUerson. ···-· __ • B. E. Stoutemyer•. - ••••• Portlan

I Boulder Dam and Power Plant. 2 Acting. f Island Park and Grassy Lake Dams. Projects or divisions of projects of Bureau of Reclamation operated by water nsers

Oporatinr official Sccretars Pro,ect Organization Office Name TitJe Nnme Address

D·,ker••••··---··-··-··-······-··· Lower Powdn ll.iver irrigatioL district. •••••• Baker, Oreg_•• ··-·--·--·­ A. Oliver_··········-··--· Pre41ident•••••••-···-··· Marion Hewlf!tt_.-···-·. Keating. Bitter Root•._.·-·-··--·-···-.... Bitter Root irrigation dist.rict. _•••••.•.. • __ • Hamilton, Mont••---·--·-· G. R . Walsh_··········--· Manager•••••••••••··-. E lsie \V. Oliva---·--··~- Hamilton. Boise 1---·········-····-·· .•.•... Board or Control____ ·--·---·········-·-· ·- Boise. Idaho__ • ••••• _•••• _ \Vm. H. Tu!ler__ ····-·-·-- ProJect manager_·-- · ···· L. P. J ensen.·-----····- Boise. Boffle t •••-.•····--··--·-···-···-· Black Canyon irrigation district.·--··-······ Notus, ldnho. _ __ ····-·-·· Cba!'I. W. Holmes__ _...•••• Superintendent._._•••••• I.. M. Watson.·-·--··-·· Notu8. Burnt River••·-·-···· ·······-·-·· Burnt River irrigation district._·- ··-·-- - - ··· Huntington, Oreg••••..••. Edward Sullivan_ ••..••••• PreeidenL••••..•••••. ·­ Haro!d H. Hursh---··--· Huntington F'renchtown• . • • •• _•••.••.·-_••••_. Frenchtown irrigatien district. •.••••.••••••• Frenchtown, M ont• •• • - ..• Tom Sheffer•••••••••••••• Superintendent.••••••••• Raloh P. SchefTer __ ···-·· Huson. }' ruitgrowen Dam.•.••···-·-··---­ Orchard City irrigation district••.••..• _•.._. Austin. Colo• •••••. •• - •.•• S. F. Newman•••••••••.•• Sul)Crintendent..•••····­ A. \V. Lanning__ .•.•.••• Austin. G rand Valley, Orchard J\erintendent••• • ·-·-·· C. J. McCormick__•••- •• Grand Jctn. Humboldt_._ •••·-.__ • __ ._•• _. ___ • Pershing County water conservn.tion d istrict_. Lovelock., Nev.····-·•···­ Roy F. MeffleY.·-···--·-· Superintendent. __•.••·- . C.H. J ones•••• -·-··-··· Lovelock. l-Juntley 4·-··--·-·--·-·--··-··-·· Huntley Project irrigation district. •••••••• __ Ballantine, Mont.• _••.•.•• E . E. Lewis.•.•••••••.•••. M anager ••··-·-··· • •• ·­ H. S . Elliott. •• • -··~·-·· Ballantine. Hyru1n 3··---·-··-··--····-······ South Cache \V. U. A ·---··--···---······-· Logan, Utah_•••••••....•• IL Smit h Richards•• • • •.•. Superintendent•.•.••••.• Harry C. Parker.•••••__ Logan. l{ lnmath, Ln11gell Valley l·---··-·-­ I,angell Valley irrigation district·--···-···-· · Bonanza, Oreg.•···---·--· Cha8. A. Revell. • •• .•••••• Manager• • • · - --·-·_••.• Chas. A. Revell ••••••••• Bonanza. J{lamath, H orsefly I_·--·-·--·---· · Horsefly irrigation diatrict·-··-·-·-··-·-···· Bonanza. Oreg·-·-·----·-· Benson Dixon·-·····-··-·· President••·--·--····-•• Dorothy Eyers••••••• ___ Bonanza. l,ower Yellowstone 4.---··-··-··-·· Board or ControL-·-·-···--·-· ···-···---·· Sidney, Mont..·-·--····-· Axel Persson--··-··--··--· Manager. ___ ••• __ •••• __ Axel Persson.•• __ .••_... Sidney. ~Jilk River: Chiaook Uivliion f ••••• Alfalfa Valley irrigation district.-··-._. __ • __ Chinook. Mont.•••. •-··-··­ A. J. Benton.•••..••..••_ President••• _•••·-·••••. R . H . C larkson...... Chinook. Fort Belknap irrigation disnict.·-·-···· ····· Cbinook, Mont• • .•-· · ·-··­ H. B. Bonehrigbt••••••.•• .. President•••••···-· • •••• L. V. BogY. - - -··-···-·• Chinook. Chinook, Mont.~--····•··­ C. A . \Vatkins. _·········­ President._••• ___ •._.-·. H. M. Montgomery_..... Chinook. ~~:l~~/i~irt!~i~nd~~~~J~t::::==:::::::: :: : : : Hnrlem, M ont ••••••••.••• Thos. M. Everett•••••••••• President·--··-····-·-·· R. L. Barton.•· -·-·-·-·- Harlem. Paradise Valley irrigation district.._ •. •..-·-· Zurich, Mont. •••.••••• •.. C. J. \Vurth·-·····-··-··· President_••• ·-••••••·-· J. Ji'. Shnrplos ,_ .••• _. ___ Zurich. Minit.lvko.: Gravity 1- ··-··········- Minidoka irrigation district••.••••••.••••••• Rupert, Idnho••••• _.•.••. Frank A. B allard_ •• _·-··-­ Mann.ger. _. ·--·-······­ 0 . ,v. PauL.--•·-·--·-- Rupert. Pu,npin a: ••••··--···-···-··••• B11rley irrigation diatrict•• -- - -·········---­ Burlt-Y. Idaho••• _._._._ . _. Hugb L Crawford.•••••••• Manager_·· ·--······-·· Frank 0 . Jtedfiel- ··-···--· Manager··-······-·•••• Nelson D. Thor1>--··-·-· Okanogan. Salt H.ivcr 2 · ·-·---·-············· Salt River Valley W. U. A.•··-·-········-·• Phoenix. Ariz--··········­ H.J. Lawson_··-··•··--·- Superintendent• •••••••• _ F. C. Jtenahaw._•••••••• Phoenix. Sanpete: Ephraim d ivision_ ••••••.• Ephraim Irrigation Co.·---·-····-·---··-·· EPhraim, Utah__···-··-·-· Anrlrew Hansen••••• ______Preaident·----··-··.···­ John I{ Olsen •••••••• • _ Ephraim. Sprin1t City division• •••••••••• Horseshoe Irrigation Co-- ····-·····-··--··· Soring C ity. Utah ••• •••••• Vivian Larson•••• ·-·- ·-·-· Pre&ident.••_._ ••••••.•• James W. Blnin·--·--··· Spring Cit:1·. Sho8hone: Garland division•- - -···· Shoshone irrigation district.···--·-····-· ·-· Powell, Wyo••• J.••.·---·· Paul Nelson••••·--·-··-·· Irrigation suoerintendeut. Harry Barrowa•••· --·-·· Powell. Frannie division•----·-·-····- Deaver irrigation district.•••••••••• ••••• ••• Deaver, \Vyo ••••••••••••• Floyd Lucas•••••••••••••• Manager•••••• ·-····•·· Jt. J. Schwendiman-·-··- Deaver. Stanfielcl •• ··•·-··--·---··-·-····- Stanfield irrigation district._•••..••••••••••• Stanfield, Oreg_·--···-·•·· Leo F. Clark•••••--·-··-·· Superintendent••••••••_. F . A. Daker.·-·---·-·-·- Stanfield. Strnwberry Valley.••••••••••-·---· Strawberry \Vater Users' Assn_ ••••······--· P ayson, Utnh·-······-·--­ S. W. Grotegut•••••••-·--· President•••••·--····-·· E.G. Breeze•••••.••••_. Payson. Sun River: Fort Shaw division f •••• Fort Shaw irrigation district••·-·--·····---· F ort Shaw. Mont.•• ••••••• C. L. BaileY. · -···-·-····· Manager----·····--···· C. L. Bailey•••••.•••• __ Fort Shaw Greenfields division••••••••• _•• Greenfields irrigation diatrict -·-·••••··-··-· Fairfield, Mont.••• •••·-·-· A. W. Walker_•••••••••••• Manager••·-··-·-·-·--­ H.P. Wangen•• ·--····· Fairfield. Umntilla. Enst division 1----·--·--· Hermi11ton irri11;ation district_•.•••••••••••.• H errniston, Oreg__ ··-···-· E. D. Martin·-·······--·­ M ana11:er. ··-·-····••••• Enoa D. Martin_···-··-- Hermiston. West division! __ •••••••••••••• West Extension irrigation district•••• ••• ·-··· Irrigon, Oreg··-··-··-···-­ A. C. Hougbton.-·--··-·-· Manager• • ··-·-·-···••• A. C. Houghton••••-·--· Irrigon. Uncompahgre s-·-·-·-·•-·-········ Uncompahgre Valley VV. U. A.•· -··-···-···­ M ontrose. Colo ••• •• _••••. Jesse R. Thompson.••.-·-· Manager.··-····-··.··­ H. D. Gallowo.y•••••••• _ Montrose. Upper Snake River Storage••·-····· Fremont-Madi.son irrigation district••••• __ .•• St. Anthony, Idaho••••_••• H. G. Fuller•••••••••·-··· PrP!'lident.--•· ••••·-···· J ohn T. White.•--·-···· St. Anthony Weber Hiver·--·-·····-··········· Weber River W. U. A.••·--······-····-···· Ogden, Utnh••.••••••.••. _ D. n . Harris•••••••••..••• Manager.·-··- · ·-····-­ D. D. Harri.,.•· -··--··-- Ogden. Yakima, Kittilas division I • •••••••• Kittitas reclame.t.iton

1 B. E . Stoutemyer, district counsel. Port.land, Ore,i. 3 J. R. Alexander, district counsel, Salt Lake City, Utah. 2 R. J. Coffey. district counsel, LosAngeles, Calif. 4 \V. J. Burke, district counsel. Billin&"s, l\font.

Issued monthly by the Bureau of Reclamation, Department or the Interior, as approvad hy the Director or the Budget. SALLIE A. B. CoE, Editor. CELEBRATING BOULDER DAM'S FIFTH "BIRTHDAY " YTESTING ITS NEEDLE VALVES. INSPECTION FROM THE CABLEWAY PLAT 'l°RM IS QUITE ATHRILL