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Lauterbrunnen, Ore Smelting Facilities at Trachsellauenen

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Lauterbrunnen, Ore Smelting Facilities at Trachsellauenen Overview of the rear of Lauterbrunnen Valley Ground plan of the smelting works and miners’ living quarters 635 635 1 Former smelting plant Sichellauenen 530 520 15 2 Ruins of the smelting facilities at Trachsellauenen 3.06 3 “Good Hope” gallery 2.82 4 “Sun of Mercy” gallery 1243.00 5 “Luck bestowed” gallery 6 “Increased Blessings” gallery 2.61 2.55 1.88 1.90 05m 1.54 1.82 2.08 N 1.65 20 UK 1.52 P B 1.60 1.72 1.10 152620 1.35 1.37 1241.85 1241.79 1.50 1.67 25 2.29 1.74 2.01 2.09 2.04 3.06 2.64 1.60 1.64 1.74 2.10 1.60 1.32 2.06 1.73 2.16 1 2.31 2.58 1.75 1.26 Erziehungsdirektion des Kantons Bern 0.47 1.54 A. 1 1241.66 1.17 1240.07 1.63 Direction de l’instruction publique du canton de Berne 2.72 | A. 2 1.62 Amt für Kultur Office de la culture 1.38 1.71 UK 1.52 30 1.99 Archäologischer Dienst des Kantons Bern 1.18 A UK 1.65 1.64 Service archéologique du canton de Berne 1.80 2.13 1.66 A. 3 2.02 1.36 1.50 Postfach 5233, 3001 Bern 1.00 1.62 1.85 1.48 UK 1.78 Telefon 031 633 98 22 1.86 1.49 1.50 UK 1238.92 0.95 1.66 1.47 1.65 [email protected] E 1.46 152630 www.be.ch/archaeologie 0.95 1.60 UK 1.40 2.61 35 C 1.48 1.21 D 1241.48 1.34 1.56 Useful information: Getting here by postbus 141 from Lauterbrunnen to the 0.70 3 1.56 stop “Stechelberg Hotel” (timetable www.stechelberg.ch). From there it is an 0.74 1.00 hour’s walk via the Mountain Restaurant Trachsellauenen to the ruins of the 0.58 LAUTERBRUNNEN 1239.20 smelting furnace and the miners’ living quarters (information panels on site). 80 75 70 65 4 The galleries may only be entered with an expert guide. Ore smelting facilities 2 Stechelberg Tourism provides guided tours and further information: Smelting works and living quarters, original features Tel 033 855 10 32, [email protected], www.stechelberg.ch at Trachsellauenen A Smelting room A.1 Large smelting furnace References: Adriano Boschetti, Daniel Gutscher, Die Ausgrabungen in (left: shaft furnace, right: reverberatory roasting furnace) den Verhüttungsanlagen bei Trachsellauenen 1992. In: Archäologie im A.2 Small smelting furnace (silver smelting?) Kanton Bern 5, 2004, 543–576; Walter Thut, Kristalle, Metalle, Steinkohlen A.3 Forge – der Bergbau. In: André Holenstein (Hrsg.), Berns goldene Zeit – Das B Bellows room 18. Jahrhundert neu entdeckt, Bern 2008, 115–118; Jean-Pierre Saheurs, C Kitchen Die Blei-Zink-Baryt-Lagerstätten bei Trachsellauenen (Berner Oberland / D Miners’ common room Schweiz). Diss. Bern 1974. E Stairwell Frontispiece: The conserved remains of the smelting works and miners’ Repairs and alterations living quarters as seen from the northwest. 5 Cellars beneath the kitchen Picture credits: Historical view: Bernisches Historisches Museum; Overall map: Swisstopo JA100012; all others: Archaeological Service of Berne. 6 Smelting furnace walls destroyed by an avalanche in 1931 © ADB 2013 / Daniel Gutscher (text), Anna Simonin-Schmocker (graphics), Archäologischer Dienst des Kantons Bern Map: reproduced by permission of swisstopo (JA100012) Sandy Hämmerle (translation). 8/2013 Service archéologique du canton de Berne Datentransfer\Mitarbeiter\Ruckstuhl Katharina\Trachsellauenen\Schmelzkarte_1.eps M 1:25 000 Gallery no. 2 (No II) in The ore smelting site in Plan of the site with the Baroque lettering beside Trachsellauenen once smelting works and the entrance. miners’ living quarters (1), comprised 18 gallery “residence” (2), stamp Mouth of the “Sun roofs. The depiction mill (3) and Freuden- of Mercy” gallery from 1790 shows the en- stein (4). (1785–1805). tire site within its largely deforested surroundings with the mining galleries in the background. From 1990 to 1992 the Archaeological Service of Canton Bern carried out an investigation. The foundations of the smelt- 3 ing works were con- served in 1994 with sup- 1 port from the lottery fund, the municipality and private individuals. 0 50m 2 Watercolour by Johann N Niklaus Schiel, 1790 4 (Bernisches Historisches Museum). The mining industry – Boom and decline Smelting The different mines From the stamp mill the crushed ore was brought to the Ore extraction took place underground in mining galleries, Besides lime and charcoal burning, the extraction of silver, In 1805 Hans Conrad Escher, a civil engineer and geologist smelting works where the silver was extracted. The process allowing year round operation. The poetic names of the lead and iron has been an important source of income in the from Zurich (builder of the Linth Canal) was tasked by the consisted of four steps: by roasting the clean ore in a hearth, galleries suggest expectation was greater than return: sun of Lauterbrunnen Valley since the Middle Ages. Once almost Bernese government with evaluating the productivity of the the so-called litharge, or lead oxide formed. Subsequently, mercy, luck bestowed, increased blessings and good hope. completely deforested for firewood, the valley is now part of plant. Based on his assessment, mining was officially sus- it was smelted into crude lead in a shaft furnace. The shaft of The surviving maps show an ingenious system of galleries the UNESCO World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch pended, although the mine continued to be operated on a that furnace was still upstanding to a height of some 7 m until which followed the veins of galena and zinc-blende down to and promotes its natural beauty. smaller scale by locals until around 1860. it was destroyed by an avalanche in 1931. Massive masonry a depth of 300 m. The silver content was around 30–120 ppm The economic crisis prompted by the Thirty Years’ War blocks can be seen to the west of the shaft furnace. – hardly more than 2,3 kg of silver would have been extracted motivated Bern to reactivate the area, and in 1638 a depart- In order to extract the small amount of silver contained in over the mine's entire lifespan. The yield of lead was not ment was created for that purpose. The focus was on lead, the crude lead, it had to be oxidised and melted in a so-called significant either; even during the heyday of the smelting zinc and barite deposits in the crystalline rock. The effort cupel, which separated the silver from the lead oxide. The works it would not have exceeded 1500 kg per year. The rock actually outweighed the returns, however, and hardly any Rock sample with a vein fourth step involved reintroducing the lead oxide into the containing ore was separated from the barren rock outside revenue ever reached the treasury. The mine quickly became of silver-rich lead ore, or shaft furnace, where it was reduced to pure lead. The huge the galleries. This is still attested to by massive rock dumps a popular tourist destination, and one of its visitors was more precisely galena bellows inside the smelting works were driven by a water- in front of the gallery mouths. The ore was dragged on or galenite (PbS). The veins Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who came to the valley to walk are 10–50 cm, in exceptional wheel and helped heat the fire to the necessary temperature sleighs to the stamp mill and washing plant, sometimes on the Tschingel Glacier in 1779. cases up to 1 m thick. of between 800 and 960°C to melt the ore. overcoming differences in altitude of 800 m. .
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