APPLICATION FOR PRIOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE (FORM-1M, PFR &EMP) (Submitted as per EIA Notification2006 & amended thereof)

OF

BUILDING STONE QUARRY OF M/S. MANNARKAD TALUK KARINGAL QUARRY OPERATORS VYAVASAYA SAHAKARANA SANGAM LTD Applied area: 0.8419 Ha (Non Forest Private Land) Production Capacity: 30,000 MT

AT

Re Survey No: 242/1A1, Pottassery 1 Village Mannarkkad Taluk, Palakkad District, Kerala

FOR PROJECT PROPONENT

Sri.C.H. Sakkariya President, Mannarakkad Taluk Karingal Quarry operators vyavasaya sahakarana sangam limited Palakkad District (D), Kerala – 678582 Email ID: [email protected] Phone No: 9744443057,8281729725

PREPARED BY

Mr. NAZAR AHAMED K.V DMG/KERALA/RQP/7/2016 N SQUARE MINING & ENVIORMENTAL SOLUTIONS .LTD KARIMBANAKKAL BUILDING, P.O EDAPAL MALAPPURAM (Dist), KERALA-679576 Email:[email protected] Mobile No.8547097533, 9447177533

1 Table of Content

Sl No Particulars Page No

1 FORM 1 M AND QUESTIONNAIRE 3-15

a. Basic Information 3-5

b. Activity 5-13

c. Environmental Sensitivity 14-15

2 PRE FEASIBILITY REPORT 16-61

a. Chapter 1 - Introduction 17

b. Chapter 2- Project Description 18-20

c. Chapter 3- Process Description 21-31

d. Chapter 4- Environmental Base-line Data Description 32-38

e. Chapter 5- Environmental Management Plan 38-51

f. Chapter 6- Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan 51-54

g. Chapter 7- Environmental Control Measures 54-59 ANNEXURES 1 By -Law of the Society, Certificate of Regn of By-law etc. 61-81

2 By-law Amendment Authorizing the President 82

3 ID Proof of the President 83

4 Possession Certificate 84

5 Consent from Land Owner 85-86

6 Land Documents 87-94

7 Letter of Intend, Old Quarry Permit 95-97

8 Lab Reports 98-103

9 RQP Certificate 104

10 Recent Photos of the Site 105

11 District Survey Report 106-192

FORM 1M (I) Basic Information

Sl No. Item Details

1 Name of the project/s Mr. C.H. Sakkariya

2 S. No. in the schedule Re Sy No. 242/1A1

3 Proposed capacity/area/length/tonnage to be handled/ Proposed capacity MT/Year- command area/lease area/number of wells to be drilled 30000MT/year Area - 0.8419 Ha (2.0803 acres) 4 New/Expansion/Modernization New

5 Existing Capacity/Area etc. Proposed only

6 Category of Project i.e. ’A’ or ‘B’ B

7 Does it attract the general condition? If yes, please No specify 8 Does it attract the specific condition? If yes, please No specify 9 Location The proposed granite building stone quarry is situated in Village – Pottassery 1, Taluk: Mannarkkad Taluk, District: Palakkad, State- Kerala. Sy.No. Re Sy No. 242/1A1, Geographical location of the site: Lat.(N) 10° 59’ 59.11” -11° 0’ 1.95” Long.(E) 76° 30' 02.67"- 76° 30’ 7.89” Plot/Survey/ Khasra No. Re Sy No. 242/1A1

Village Pottassery 1

Tehsil Mannarkkad Taluk

District Palakkad

State Kerala

10 Nearest railway station/ airport along with distance in Parali 9.75KM KM

3 11 Nearest Town, city, District Headquarters along with

12 Village Panchayats, Zilla Parishad., Municipal Pottassery 1, Pottassery (P.O), Corporation, Local body (complete postal Palakkad District (D), Kerala – addresses with telephone nos. to be given) 678598, 13 Name of the applicant Mr. C.H. Sakkariya

14 Registered address Mannarakkad Taluk Karingal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Limited, Mannarkkad Taluk, Palakkad District 15 Address for correspondence: Mannarakkad Taluk Karingal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Limited, Mannarkkad Taluk, Palakkad District Name Mr. C.H. Sakkariya

Designation(Owner/Partner/CEO) President

Address Mannarakkad Taluk Karingal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Limited, Mannarkkad Taluk, Palakkad District Pin Code 678595

E-mail Mkdsociety @gmail.com

Telephone No. 9744443057, 8281729725

16 Details of Alternative Sites examined, if any. Location No. Alternative sites. of these sites should be shown on a topo sheet. The mine area is located in the topo sheet no. 58B/5/NE 17 Interlinked Projects Nil

18 Whether separate application of interlinked project Nil has been submitted? 19 If yes, date of submission Nil

20 If no, reason Nil

21 Whether the proposal involves approval/clearance Nil under: if yes, details of the same and their status to be given

4 (a) The Forest (Conservation) Act,1980? (b) The Wildlife (Protection) Act,1972? (c) The C.R.Z. Notification,1991? 22 Whether there is any Government Order/Policy Nil relevant/relating to the site? 23 Forest land involved (hectares) Nil

24 Whether there is any litigation pending against the Nil project and / or land in which the project is propose to be set up? (a) Name of the Court (b) Case No. (c) Orders/directions of the Court, if any and its relevance with the proposed project

(II) Activity Check list

1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions, which will cause physical changes in the locality(topography, land use, changes in water- bodies,etc.)

S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/ Details (with approximate No quantities/rates wherever possible) with source of information data. 1.1 Permanent or temporary change in land use, Yes The land as per the revenue records land cover or topography including increase in marking in own private patta land. intensity of land use (with respect to local land Topography of the current and use plan) Is highest 235 msl and lowest is 210 msl. Almost more than half ofthe area is fresh. Excavated area is converted to plantation area.

1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation and Yes The area is mostly of rubber buildings? plantation, also coconut trees in between and some area is covered with shrubs & bushes. 1.3 Creation of new land uses? Yes As per the revenue records the land is classified as private own patta land. Mostly covered of rubber plantation and some area are covered with shrubs & bushes.

5 1.4 Pre-construction investigations e.g. bore No - houses, soil testing? 1.5 Construction works? No Office and rest room in the site. 1.6 Demolition works? No - 1.7 Temporary sites used for construction works or No - housing of construction workers? 1.8 Above ground buildings, structures or earthworks including linear structures, cut and fill or excavations. 1.9 Underground works including mining or No - tunneling? 1.10 Reclamation works? Yes The proposed project activity involves76%of the lease area for exploring granite building stone. At the end of life of mine pit will be utilized as water storage and plantation area. 1.11 Dredging? No - 1.12 Offshore structures? No - 1.13 Production and manufacturing processes? Yes The mining will be done at opencast semi mechanized, the bench heights average at 5 m, Average width of the bench is 5- 100 m, the materials loading and hauling to the delivery points, excavated material is transported in varies sites as per the order and demand of the material. The depth of the mine is Around 45 m from top bench.

1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or materials? No - 1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of solid Yes Solid Waste. waste or liquid effluents? About 180 MT of topsoil and 7500MT of Overburden is estimated in the first 5years and 825MT of Topsoil and 13888MT of Overburden during the lifetime in the proposed mine the topsoil stored in a pre- determined area and re- utilize for the plantation purposes. Liquid effluent The sewage of the tune of 1.0Kld generated in the mines office and it will be diverted into septic tank followed by soak pit.

6 1.16 Facilities for long term operational workers? N Local Labour so no housing o is required 1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during No - construction or operation? 1.18 New road, rail, air waterborne or other No - transport infrastructure including new or altered routes and stations, ports, airports etc.?

1.19 Closure or diversion of existing transport No - routes or infrastructure leading to changes in traffic movements? 1.20 New or diverted transmission lines or No - pipelines? 1.21 Impoundment, damming, converting, No - realignment or other changes to the hydrology of watercourses or aquifers? 1.22 Stream crossings? No - 1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water form ground No -- or surface waters? 1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land surface No There will be no change in the water affecting drainage or run-off? bodies. The change in the land surfaces due to mining will not affect the surface drainage. 1.25 Transport of personnel or materials for Yes Outer Vehicles are used for the construction, operation or decommissioning? transportation of the minerals. 1 trucks / trips of 5 Mt.in capacity, will be utilized for the transportation of the minerals. 1.26 Long-term dismantling or decommissioning or No - restoration works? 1.27 Ongoing activity during decommissioning No - which could have an impact on the environment? 1.28 Influx of people to an area either temporarily or No - permanently 1.29 Introduction of alien species? No - 1.30 Loss of native species or genetic diversity? No - 1.31 Any other actions? No -

7 2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply):

Details there for (with Sl.No. Information/checklist confirmation Yes approximate quantities /rates, /No wherever possible) with source of information data 2.1 Land especially undeveloped or No The project area is only 0.8419 Ha , agricultural land (ha) it is a private own patta land.

2.2 Water (expected source & competing Yes The daily water demand only in 3 kld, users) unit: KLD the domestic water demand met in well. 2.3 Minerals (MT) Yes The mining product is granite building stone. Per year production is 30000MT, and total production of the mine life is 277750MT. Mine life is 9 years only. 2.4 Construction material – stone, aggregates, No - and / soil (expected source – MT) 2.5 Forests and timber (source – MT) No -

2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels Nil - (source, competing users) Unit: fuel (MT), energy (MW) 2.7 Any other natural resources (use No - appropriate standard units)

3. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health. Details therefore (with S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of Information 3.1 Use of substances or materials, which are hazardous (as per No - MSIHC rules) to human health or the environment (flora, fauna and water supplies) 3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or affect disease vectors (e.g. No - insect or water borne diseases)

8 3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing living conditions? No -

3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could be affected by the project No - e.g. hospital patients, children, the elderly etc., 3.5 Any other causes No -

4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning(MT/month) Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, Sl.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No wherever possible) with sourceof information data

4.1 Spoil, Yes About 180 MT of topsoil and overburden or 7500MT of Overburden is mine wastes estimated in the first 5years and 825MT of Topsoil and 13888MT of Overburden during the lifetime in the proposed mine will be removed and re utilize for the plantation and other reclamation purposes. 4.2 Municipal waste (domestic and or No - commercial wastes) 4.3 Hazardous wastes Management (as per No - Rules) 4.4 Other industrial process wastes No - 4.5 Surplus product No - 4.6 Sewage sludge or other sludge No - from effluent treatment 4.7 Construction or demolition wastes No - 4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment No - 4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials No - 4.10 Agricultural wastes No - 4.11 Other solid wastes No -

9

5. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air(Kg/hr)

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) Sl.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No with source of information data

- 5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels No - from stationary or mobile sources 5.2 Emissions from production processes of the Yes Dust is the main pollutant due to mining vehicles. activity. It will be generated in drilling, blasting, excavation and vehicle movement, Dust suppressed in following methods. 1. Green belt developing all boundaries. 2. Water sprinkling on haul roads 3. Over loading of vehicles will be avoided. 4.Speed limit of the vehicles. 5.3 Emissions from material handling including Yes There will be a fugitive emission storage or transport generated during material handling, transportation, loading and unloading etc. Regular water sprinkling of the haul road will suppress the dust and prevent airborne diseases. 5.4 Emissions from construction activities No - including plant and equipment

5.5 Dust or odours from handling of materials No - including construction materials, sewage and waste 5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste No -

5.7 Emissions from burning of waste in open air No - (e.g. slash materials, construction debris) 5.8 Emissions from any other sources No -

10 6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat:

S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data with source of information.

6.1 From operation of equipment e.g. Yes Noise generating equipment. engines, ventilation plant, 1. Excavator - 95 -100db crushersetc. 2. Jack hammer - 95- 100db 3. Compressor - 90 - 95db 4.Tipper - 80 - 85db 6.2 From industrial or similar processes No -

6.3 From construction or demolition No -

6.4 From blasting or piling No - 6.5 From construction or operational traffic No Run as per the KSPCB norms.

6.6 From lighting or cooling systems No - 6.7 From any other sources No -

7. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:

Sl. No Information/Checklist Yes/No Details thereof confirmation (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data. 7.1 From handling, storage, use or spillage of No hazardous materials 7.2 From discharge of sewage or other effluents to water No - or the land (expected mode and place of discharge) 7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to air into the land No - or into water 7.4 From any other sources No -

7.5 Is there a risk of long term buildup of pollutants in the No - environment from these sources?

11

8. Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect human health or the environment

Details thereof (with approximate S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information

8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc. from storage, No - handling, use or production of hazardous substances 8.2 From any other causes No The accidents in due to the operation of equipment’s, and mining activities, A good safety measures are taken in the site, First aid facility provided in the office. 8.3 Could the project be affected by natural disasters No There is no history causing environmental damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes, landslides, cloud burst etc.)?

12 9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with other existing or planned activities in the locality

Details thereof (with approximate S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities/rates, wherever Possible ) with source of information data 9.1 Lead to development of supporting. Yes The proposed project is laities, ancillary development or support directly/indirectly development develop the area by Stimulated by the project which could have providing employment. It impact on the environment will help for the infrastructure development. • Supporting infrastructure (roads, power supply, waste or waste water treatment, etc.)

• Housing development

• Extractive industries

• Supply industries

• Other 9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could have an Yes After the life of the mine, impact on the environment the site will be converted for re-planting of tree species and plants.

9.3 Set a precedent for later developments Yes There will be other developments.

9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity to other No - existing or planned projects with similar effects

13 (III) Environmental Sensitivity

Aerial distance (within 15 S.No. Areas Name/ km.) Identity Proposed project location boundary 1 Areas protected under international conventions, Yes Silent Valley National Park national or local legislation for their ecological, 3.5 KM East Landscape, cultural or other related value 2 Areas which are important or sensitive for Yes Silent Valley National Park ecological reasons - Wetlands, watercourses or 3.5 KM, Kanjirappuzha Other water bodies, coastal zone, biospheres, Dam 4KM, Attappadi mountains, forests Reserve Forest-9KM 3 Areas used by protected, important or sensitive Yes Silent Valley National Park species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, 12.5 KM East foraging, resting, over wintering, migration 4 Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters Yes Kanjirappuzha Canal 0.5 KM, Nellippuzha 0.81KM Arabian Sea-68KM 5 State, National boundaries Yes Kerala-Tamil Nadu boundary- 19.25 KM East 6 Routes or facilities used by the public for access Yes NH933- Nottamal-2.5KM to recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas 7 Defense installations No -

8 Densely populated or built-up area Yes Schoolpadi Pottassery, 0.35 KM 9 Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses Yes Govt. HS SCHOOL, (hospitals, schools, places of worship, community Pottassery 0.65 KM facilities) Govt Hospital Kanjiram 2.65KM 10 Areas containing important, high quality or scarce No resources (ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals) Areas already subjected to pollution or No - environmental damage. (those where existing legal Environmental standards are exceeded) 12 Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could No - cause the project to present environmental problems (earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)

14

16 Chapter- I Introduction 1.1 Brief Foreword of Project proponent and Project Site Sri. C.H. Sakkariya, has applied a fresh quarrying permit for operating Granite Building Stone quarry over an extent of 0.8419Ha at Re Sy No. 242/1A1 in Pottassery 1 Village, Mannarkkad Taluk, Palakkad District, Kerala. Possession certificates are enclosed as Annexures .

Mining Plan for Granite Building Stone quarry of Mr. C.H. Sakkariya at Re Sy No. 242/1A1 in Pottassery 1 Village, Mannarkkad Taluk, Palakkad District, Kerala for total mine permit area of 0.8419Ha is approved by District Geologist, Department of Mining and Geology, Palakkad.

This Granite Building Stone Quarry to submit application to statutory authorities like Department of Mining & Geology, DEIAA and to receive Environmental Clearance from DEIAA, Kerala. Attested Copy of Photo ID of the Authorized Signatory is enclosed as Annexures.

This feasibility report for Granite Building Stone Quarry over an extent of 0.8419Ha at Survey No Re Sy No. 242/1A1 in Pottassery 1 Village, Mannarkkad Taluk,Palakkad District, is prepared towards getting environmental clearance from DEIAA Kerala.

17 Chapter- II 2.1 Project Description Project Proponent C.H. Sakkariya Mailing Address Sri.C.H. Sakkariya President, Mannarakkad Taluk Karingal Quarry operators vyavasaya sahakarana sangam limited Palakkad District (D), Kerala – 678582 Email ID: [email protected] Phone No: 9744443057,8281729725

Survey No’s Re Sy No. 242/1A1 Location Pottassery 1 Village Mannarkkad Taluk Palakkad District Kerala State Quarry Permit Area 0.8419Ha Type of land Private Land

2.2 Salient features of the study area Latitude 10° 59’ 59.11” -11° 0’ 1.95” N Longitude 76° 30' 02.67"-76° 30’ 7.89” E Nearest Town Mannarkkad- 5KM

Nearest Railway Station Parali Railway Station – 9.75 Km

Nearest Airport Karippur Airport – 60 Km Highest 235m above MSL. Elevation in (M SL) Lowest 210m above MSL. Top most level 226m above MSL Working depth Bottom most level 181m above MSL

18

The Google Map showing Location of the permit area is given below:-

Table 1: Description of Each Pillar in the Permit Area

BOUNDARY PILLAR LATITUDE (N) LONGITUDE (E)

BPl 11° 0' 0.16" 76° 30' 02.82"

BP2 11° 0' 0.46" 76° 30' 04.30"

BP3 11° 0' 1.95" 76° 30' 05.73"

BP4 11° 0' 1.72" 76° 30' 07.89"

BP5 10° 59' 59.42" 76° 30' 07.26"

BP6 10° 59' 59.32" 76° 30' 04.30"

BP7 10° 59' 59.11" 76° 30' 03.82"

BP8 10° 59' 59.18" 76° 30' 02.67"

2.3 Land use plan of the project site Proposed quarry permit area is 0.8419Ha. Land use pattern of the permit area is shown on the surface plan. The present, plan period and conceptual land use pattern of the permit area is shown below:

19

Table No.2 – Land Use Pattern of the Permit area

S. Particular As on date Plan Period Conceptual No. period

1. Area Excavated due to Mining 0.000 0.12 0.5499

2. Area under Plantation 0.000 0.412(Green 0.5499(Green Belt+ Belt+ Plantation Plantation in in Excavated Excavated area) area)

3. Undisturbed Area 0.8419 0.4299 0.292

Total area 0.8419Ha 0.8419Ha 0.8419Ha

At the end of life of mine, the excavated pit will be 0.8419Ha and will be reclaimed with stacked dumping and overburden and rehabilitated by plantation. The details of the post mine land use are given below:

Table No-3 –Details of Post Mine Land Use pattern Sl. Extent in Post mining land use of Type of activities Extent in Ha. No Ha degraded land Water Pond 0.2 Area under Quarry 1 0.5499 Backfilling and pit(mining area) 0.3499 Reclamation Green belt / 2 0.292 Green belt / Plantation 0.292 Plantation

Total 0.8419Ha Total 0.8419Ha

2.3 Employment Generation It is proposed to employ 10 people from nearby villages for the said quarry. This project will also create additional employment indirectly.

2.4 Project Cost Total Project cost: Rs. 25,00,000/-

20

Chapter- III

3.1 Process description The Quarrying operation is carried out in different stages. A flow chart depicting the operations is shown below:

OPENCAST METHOD

DRILLING & BLASTING 32 mm BLAST HOLE. Nitrate Mixture Explosive

BENCH FORMATION 5.0 m HEIGHT & 5.0 WIDTH

EXCAVATION BY EXCAVATORS

LOADING BY EXCAVATORS / LOADERS

TRANSPORTATION BY TRUCKS / TIPPERS

DESPATCH TO CLIENT / CUSTOMER

The quarry is proposed to work with conventional open cast with bench system method with mechanized mode of operation. Based on the mode and method, taking into the consideration of geological parameters of the charnockite body, the quarry pit will be so designed such that the height of the bench is kept about 5.00 m max.

21 3.2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY The district can be broad divided into five geological terranes viz. i) lowland of charnockite country in the west; (ii) Migmatite Complex in the east, extending into adjacent Coimbatore district of Chennai; (iii) Khondalite Group, occurring as linear bodies in the northeastern hill region; (iv) Wynad Group, occurring as high hills in the north in Attapady area and (v) Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) confined to the north of Bharathapuzha river.

The area forms a part of the Precambrian metamorphic shield having a complex geological set up. Wynad Group is represented by rocks of upper amphibolites to lower granuliefacies metamorphism. This complex can be divided into an ultramafic dominant upper group and amphibolites dominant lower group. The ultramafic group comprises talc-chlorite schist, talc-pyroxene-garnet schist. The amphibolite group consists of hornblende-biotite schist and gneiss with amphibolites bands garnet. These rocks are exposed in the Attappadi area. Hornblende –biotite gneiss and pink granitegneiss of Peninsular Gneissic Complex are exposed in the north, especially north of Bharathapuzha river. The Khondalite group, which outcrops northeast of Malalbuzha reservoir, comprises garnet-sillimanite gneiss and calc-granulite. Narrow bands of calcgranulite are exposed along the Walayar river bed. Numerous thin bands of calcgranulite associated with crystalline limestone and calciphyre have been observed in the area. Charnockite group is predominant in the west. This group comprises massive charnockite/gneissic charnockite, pyroxene granulite, pyroxenite and norite and magnetite quartzite amongst which massive charnockite/gneissic charnockite is the most widely distributed. Pyroxene granulite and magnetite quartzite occur as narrow bands. Thin impersistent segregations of pyroxenite and norite occur in the ‘Palghat Gap’. The Charnockite Group is succeeded by the Migmatite Complex represented by hornblende-biotite gneiss and quartz-feldspar gneiss. These rocks occupy the eastern part and the ‘Palghat Gap’. They are melanocratic and foliated. These rocks are intruded by pegmatites, quartz veins and gabbro and dolerite dykes. Basic intrusives, especially dolerite, have two distinct trends in the district; one being NW-SE, which is common throughout the State and the other NE-SW, seen in the northeastnorth of Attapady. In the westernmost part, south of Bharathapuzha, a few isolated occurrences of Warkalli sediments are noticed capping small mounds. The valleys are occupied by fluvial alluvium of Quaternary age. Lateritisation is widespread in the west.

3.2.1 LOCAL GEOLOGY The permit area is covered by Charnockite. These rocks in general are massive and

22 show moderately well-developed gneissosity.

3.2.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF FORMATIONS

The geological parameters / features of the ore body as obtained from the field mapping and exploration studies reveal the following: Length of the ore body: ranging from 44 M to 174M (Avg-95) M

Width of the ore body: ranging from 35 M to 93M (Avg -99)M

3.3METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF RESERVES

The estimation of ore reserves is made by conventional parallel cross section method using geological cross section. The geological cross sections are prepared across the strike of the ore body. The area of individual litho units in each and every cross section is calculated separately. The volume between the cross section is arrived on the basis of the average area of production cross section and multiplying sectional interval. And tonnage is arrived at by multiplying by bulk density.

Note : Following are the parameters considered for reserve estimation:

(i) In the allotted area, the mineral is exposed from the lowermost level of 90m MSL to the top most part of the hill at 235m MSL. Hence, the reserve for proved category has been considered up to 210m MSL.

(ii) Bulk Density of Stone and associated minor minerals is taken as 2.5Ton /M3.

3.6 RESERVES OF MINERALS

Considering the above parameters and exposures observed in the existing pit in the allotted area, the surface geological plan and geological cross-sections & longitudinal section are prepared. Accordingly, the reserves for Stone and associated minor minerals have been estimated on cross- sectional area method.

Geological Reserves: -

23 Table 4- Section wise Geological Reserve Estimation

Geological Reserves Section Area of cross Influence Vol. in m3 Total Ton line section (m2) length (m) 4278 50 213900 534750MT Total 534750MT

Mineable Reserves: - To estimate the minable reserves, the reserves blocked under 7.5 statutory barriers and due to formation of systematic benches up to Ultimate Pit Limit have been considered.

Table 5- Section wise Mineable Reserve Estimation

Proved Reserves Section Area of cross Influence Vol. in m3 Total Ton line section (m2) length (m) A-A’ 2222 50 478800 277750 Total 2,77,750 MT

Total Geological Reserve = 5,34,750MT Total Mineable Reserve = 2,77,750 MT

Table 6- Reserve Estimation Table

SECTION A-A' MINEABLE RESERVE BENCH height in AREA meters IN Density/Sp. Metric (RL) Sqm SI Gravity Tonne 226 24 50 2.5 3000 221 90 50 2.5 11250 216 165 50 2.5 20625 211 253 50 2.5 31625 206 328 50 2.5 41000

24 201 322 50 2.5 40250 196 298 50 2.5 37250 191 272 50 2.5 34000 186 248 50 2.5 31000 181 222 50 2.5 27750 TOTAL 277750

3.3.2SUMMARY OF GEOLOGICAL & MINEABLE RESERVES In this area the building stone exposures are bordering to the permit boundary. The mineable reserves are arrived after deducting the reserves locked in mines barrier along the boundary in compliance with Metalliferous Mines Regulations 2015. Summary of Geological and mineable reserve is given below.

Table No. 7- SUMMARY OF GEOLOGICAL & MINEABLE RESERVES

Reserves in MT Category R O M Geological reserves 5,34,750MT Mineable reserves 2,77,750 MT Blocked reserves 2,57,000MT

Note : Geological Reserves =Mineable Reserves + Blocked Reserves

Of the above Geological reserves of 5,34,750MT, only 2,77,750 MT of reserves can be exploited / mined, while the balance of 2,57,000MT of reserves is getting blocked which cannot be mined, due to the boundary and practical constraints. Hence for all practical purpose (for production and future planning) only Mineable reserves are considered.

3.4 Method of Quarrying The quarry is proposed to work with conventional open cast with bench system method with mechanized mode of operation. Based on the mode and method so adopted and taking into the consideration of geological parameters of the ore body, the quarry pit is so designed such that the height of the bench is kept about 5.00 m (2.50 m x 2 sub benches) max., and the width is also kept 5.00 m, maintaining 45˚ pit slope. Benches are advanced side ward and lateral to win the material at lower level /depth.

25 The System or method of working shall be performed as stipulated under Rule 69(1) by formation of benches as per the Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 2015, issued under the Mines Act, 2015.The area is covered with a thin layer of weathered charnockite; recovery of saleable material is about 95% of ROM.

During the first year of mining, the work will be carried out from 226 to 211m MSL by bench cutting method as shown on sections A-A’. During the second year of mining, the work will be carried out from 216m to 206m MSL for benches as shown on sections A-A'. During the third year of mining, the work will be carried out from 211m to 201m MSL by forming benches as shown on section A-A' . During the fourth year of mining, the work will be carried out from 206m MSL to 196m MSL as shown on sections A-A'. During the fiftth year of mining, the work will be carried out from 201m MSL to

191m MSL as shown on sections A-A'. 3.4.2 Proposed Rate of Production and Expected Life of Mine-

The annual production targets have been planned, the average proposed production (ROM) will be about 30,000MT for the quarrying permit period. As per the production capacity proposed the life of the quarry will be 5 years.

Table 8- Proposed Production details of the Quarry for the first 5 years S. No. Year ROM (in MT) 1 I Year 30,000MT 2 II Year 30,000MT 3 III Year 30,000MT 4 IV Year 30,000MT 5 V Year 30,000MT

3.5 Extent of Mechanization List of Quarrying machinery deployed for quarry operation along with their capacities, efficiencies and other details are shown in below:

26 Table No.9 – Machinery Details

Sl.No Equipment/ Machinery No. of units Size/ Capacity 1. Excavator 1 150 HP 2. Excavator 1 100 HP 3. Tipper 3 - 4. Jack hammer 1 - 5. Compressor 1 -

3.6 Quarrying Activity The quarry is proposed to work with conventional open cast with bench system method with mechanized mode of operation. Based on the mode and method so adopted and taking into consideration of geological parameters of the Charnockite body, the quarry pit is designed such that the height of the bench is kept about 5.00 m max., and the width is kept min 5.00 m, maintaining 45˚ pit slope. Two sub benches are created of 2.50 m height each, when it reaches its ultimate limit, all the two benches will be joined together to form a height of 5.0 m. Topsoil is sparsely distributed in the area, this topsoil will be removed separately and it will be used for plantation purpose. As the rock is mainly hard to medium hard in nature, drilling and blasting is required to dislodge/loosen the material from the main rock mass. The broad blasting parameters are determined in subsequent paragraph. The operation flow chart of the quarry activity is given in the above chapter – III under head Process Description.

3.6.1 Explosives Management, drilling and Blasting

BLASTING

Granite is compact rock, at places it is fractured also. Production from the fractured zone will be obtained with the help of excavator, whereas from compact zone the production will be obtained by drilling and blasting. Drilling will be done by jack hammer with the help of air compressor. • Hole location will be properly dressed by excavator to remove the loose boulders for efficient drilling and for avoiding jamming of drilling hammer and bits. • Drill holes of 32mm diameter and 1.5 M in depth will be made.

27 • To reduce the noise level the holes will be blasted by using nitrate mixture and Milli-second delay detonators. • To maintain the bench height of 5 M, sub bench of 2.5 m will be formed first, later on two benches will be merged and one bench of 5m will be formed and maintained • The spacing and burden will be kept at 1.0 M. • About 30 holes will be blasted in one day • Yield per hole will be 1.5 x 1 x 1=1.5M3. • Number of blasts per day will be 2 blasts of 15 holes each

3.6.2 Blasting Pattern:

The blasting pattern entirely depends on the situation of the joints present in the rocks. The drilling is done as per the requirement of the rock fragmentation with desired production of mineral.

3.6.3 Requirement of explosive • Charge per hole will be 250 grams • Yield of explosive - about 5.34 M3 per Kg. or 13.36 ton/Kg • For 30,000 ton per year or 2500 tons per month the requirement of explosive will be about 187 kg per month.

3.6.4 Precaution during blasting No explosives other than those provided by company, the agent or manager shall be used in the mines and the explosives shall not be taken inside any building except magazine approved by the licensing authority under the Indian Explosives Act 1884. Cases and containers for carrying explosives shall be of substantial construction and securely locked as required under MMR157. Containers of steel or iron shall be galvanized and not more than 5 Kg explosives shall be carried in one case or container. The manager shall fix maximum number of shots that a blaster may fire in one shift and should not exceed 80 in case of electrical firing or 50 in case of firing with igniter codes as fixed under MMR (160). Shot firing tools conforming to MMR (161) will be used and provisions under 162 on drilling, charging, stemming and firing

28 of shot holes shall also compiled with.

As static charge can be generated and stored on bodies of persons wearing synthetic fiber cloths and/ socks and such potential may go up to 30,000 volts during dry months, especially on a cold day in a dry climate, blasters /shot fires and their helpers should not ware such clothes while on duty. They will be provided only non- conducting type of shoe or boots eg leather sole footwear as prescribed under (cir.Tech.1/1985).Chapter XV on Explosives & Shot firing i.e MMR 153 to 169 shall be enforced and followed in the quarry.

3.6.5 Type of Explosives to be used Only class 2 and class 6 explosive is proposed for use as given below:- Booster (20%) Slurry explosive Explosive Nitrate Fuel oil (NFO). (Column charge) (80%) The NFO mixture can be readily produced at a site by mixing nitrate (94.5 %) with diesel oil (5.5 %). Initiator Delay /Electric detonators

a. Safety precautions to be adopted. PRECAUTIONS: • Blasting in the open cast pit will be done only during day time at designated hours. • Only competent blasters will be appointed to handle explosives. • Explosives will be stored in approved and licensed magazine as per Explosive Act/ Rules. • Explosives will be brought from magazine to blasting site in licensed Explosive Van under the care of blaster. • Sufficient warning signals will be given before blasting the holes. • Guards will be posted on all roads and paths at least 250 m distance to stop entrance to the danger zone during blasting hour. • Controlled blasting will be practiced to control vibrations and flying

29 fragments. • Optimum charge will be used, while blasting near office complex/ infrastructure site. 3.6.6 Excavation and Crushing The quarry is proposed to work with conventional opencast with bench systems and operating in a mechanized mode. The bench height and width is kept at 5m maximum with a pit slope of 450. Subsequent to the drilling and blasting, the material so dislodged/loosen from the rock mass, the big boulders are broken in to small boulders with a help of rock breaker. There after the material is loaded into trucks/tippers of 10tonnes capacity with the help of the excavator.

3.7 Topsoil: The area is more or less covered by exposed rock and there is less topsoil in these areas. The remaining land is sparsely vegetated and having topsoil with average thickness of 1.0 m.This will be removed separately as and when it occurs during the course of quarrying. The topsoil so removed will be stacked separately and will be used judiciously for plantation purpose. Precautions will be taken to limit the height of the top soil dump to 5-6 m in order to preserve its fertility and shelf life. It will be suitably protected from soil erosion and infertility by planting fodder grass and leguminous plants during temporary storage.

The total amount of topsoil existing within the permit hold is calculated as below: Area - 841.9 sq.m Buffer zone - 292 Sq M Exposed Area - 249.9 Sq M Total Available Area - 300 Sq M Depth - 1M Bulk density - 1.50 600 X .5X 1.50 = 450 tons.

30 3.8 Mine Waste Management About 13888 tons of mine waste will be generated throughout the mine life and it will be stacked in the area earmarked for it. This waste will be utilized for lying of haul road as well as for backfilling. At the end, this mine waste can be partly utilized as soil base for plantation.

3.9 Site Security and Safety Copies of all safety and management documents will be made available to on site, personnel and mandatory training for operations at the Quarry will take place. The Area Coordinator will ensure that operations are consistent with other management plans, terms and conditions of the issued permits, and safety procedures for the Project. Security signage will be posted at the entrance to the quarry. The remoteness of the quarry and the onsite presence of operations personnel will make perimeter fencing unnecessary. Audible warning systems will be employed for all blasting operations at posted intervals prior to any detonations.

Loose rocks will be properly dressed and nature of rocks and available structural planes will be studied to avoid any slip. Explosives will be stored in safe approved and licensed magazine. Competent blasters (with blasting certificate of competency issued by DGMS) will only handle explosives to avoid any accident. Proper and full proof security will be provided to the magazine to avoid any theft, unauthorized entry etc. proper fencing with sign boards will be provided to separate out the magazine. Blasting and processing operations will be suspended if incursions into the quarry occur. On site monitors for animals will provide warnings if the approach of any animals is noted.

Before the onset of monsoon, drains are cut along the toe of the quarry faces to divert the surface run off. Garland drain is provided at the quarry top to regulate monsoon water and direct the same to the settling ponds / quarry pit to contain the quarry wash off and to avoid the same joining to the adjoining surface water bodies / water courses. It also helps to avert eventual collapses and damages to the quarry faces. The pit will be fenced by barbed wire, such that no habitats can enter the pit and watch and ward is provided round the clock.

31 Chapter –IV Environmental Baseline data Description

4.1 Air Environment The Reconnaissance survey of the quarry area reveals that there will be possible dust emissions that would result from transportation of vehicles and the stone powder generated during the drilling, blasting and dislodging activity.

To assess the ambient air quality status, monitoring stations were identified on the basis of Meteorology in the upwind and downwind direction as well as to represent the cross sectional scenario of the project site. Based on the production activity, the parameters chosen for assessment of air quality are Particulate Matter

(PM10&PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

4.1.1 Analysis of Baseline Concentrations The Ambient Air Quality data were collected in the month of July 2017 from the four corners of the project site .The data have been collected on 24 hourly basis for parameters of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX.

Table No.10- Ambient Air Quality Field Monitoring Values

Direction PM10 PM2.5 Sulphur Nitrogen dioxide dioxide Near Quarry Site 46 µg/m3 20 µg/m3 7.0 µg/m3 7.4 µg/m3 500 M down wind direction 48 µg/m3 21 µg/m3 7.4µg/m3 7.6 µg/m3

From the field measurement results of the ambient air, it is observed from the report that the ambient air quality at site within the prescribed standards (NAAQS) with respect to PM10, PM2.5, NOx and SO2.

4.2WATER ENVIRONMENT The purpose of this study is to:- • Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters; • Predict the likely impacts on water quality due to the project and related activities.

32 4.2.1 WATER MONITORING To analyse the suitability of water for domestic purpose, sample from open well near to the project site and Surface water were collected by NABL accredited laboratory and samples were analysed for physical, chemical and biological parameters. Table No. 11 - Water Quality Monitoring Values Parameters Bore Well Water

Colour <5 Hazen Unit

Turbidity 2 NTU pH 6.96 TDS 410 mg/l Total Hardness 180 mg/l

Chloride 61 mg/l Calcium 32 mg/l Magnesium 19 mg/1 Iron <0.02 mg/1 Sulphate 34 mg/1 Coliform Absent E coli Absent

Results & Conclusion: - The water samples collected and analysed from the locations discussed above it is observed that the water quality of water is fit after filtration, disinfection & treatment for domestic consumption and for activities attached with the mining operations except pH value, Turbidity, & Coliform bacteria. 4.2.2Water & Hydrogeology Environment The aquifer system in the district can be broadly divided into hard rock aquifers, laterite aquifers and sedimentary aquifers. The hard rock and laterite aquifers constitute major aquifer system of the district while the sedimentary aquifers are seen along the coast and river courses. Groundwater occurs under phreatic, semi

33 confined to confined conditions in the weathered and fractured portions of the crystalline formations and occurs semi-confined and confined condition in deep seated fractured and sedimentary formations. The depth to water level in pre-monsoon period ranges from 1.57 to 14.42 m bgl and in post monsoon period 0.53 to 11.73 mbgl. In general the water level is shallow during both monsoons particularly along valleys and topographically low areas. The data of ground water monitoring wells shows that around 13 % of the wells fall within 10.00 to 15.00 mbgl categories while 55% of the wells fall in the water level showing 5.00 to 10. 0 mbgl category and 23% of the wells falls in the 2.00 to 5.00 mbgl category and 9 % of the wells falls in the 0.00 to 2.00 mbgl during the pre monsoon. The post monsoon data reveals that the 13 % of the wells falls under 10.00 to 15.00 mbgl category and 54 % wells falls than 5.00 to 10.00 mbgl category and 8 % of the wells fall in the 0.00 to 2.00 mbgl. The depth to water level ranges of pre & post monsoon data of April& November . (CGWB report March 2009).

The ground water level measured from the nearest well is about 15-20 m below the ground level. The ultimate depth of the working of the quarry is 72m MSL. Since the working is much above the general ground water table, it does not affect the ground water.

4.3Noise Environment The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the base line noise levels and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated during the mining operations in the project site. Instant sound level meter is used for the collection of data related to noise at an interval of one hour per reading. Noise level for 24 hours was conducted in a day within the site. Table No. 12- AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING RESULTS IN dB (A) Monitoring Location Ambient Sound Level in Ambient Sound Level in Day Time Night Time Near Quarry Office 42.6 dB (A) 38.5 dB (A) Near Quarry Gate 43.4 dB (A) 37.6 dB (A)

34 Results and Conclusion:- It is seen from the monitoring results that the Noise levels at monitoring station are within the prescribed national standards.

4.4 Biological Environment Biodiversity means the diversity or variety of plants and animals and other living thing in a particular region or area. An observation in the land use show that the area was mainly covered by coconut and rubber plantation and the entire permit area is devoid of any endemic flora and fauna. Faunal diversity is also observed to be not very rich with the occurrence of some common birds, amphibians, mammals and reptiles.

4.4.1 Aim of this report The assessment is conducted to develop a database on the floral and the faunal characteristic of the quarry of Mr. C.H. Sakkariya. The report gives information regarding plants and animals around the mining site.

4.4.2 Methodology For the preliminary data collection field survey in the site was conducted and species list is developed after proper identification of the samples collected/ photographs taken and consulting relevant taxonomic literature. The assessment was focused on all taxonomic groups, such as plants, birds, fishes amphibians, insects, reptiles.

4.4.3 Flora: A detailed survey was carried out in the study area. Only a few number of flora were observed. Interviews were carried out with local people to collect information about the flora. Based on this, a detail list is prepared.

4.4.4 Fauna:

Mammals: The mammals in the study area were listed along the frequency of occurrence for sighting, calls, scats / fecal matter, track marks or other indirect signs transects as well as quadrant.

Birds: The birds on the area were studied by frequency of occurrence for sighting, calls as well as other indirect signs and road kills along the sector.

Reptiles and Amphibians: The reptiles and amphibians were studied by direct

35 sighting and indirect signs like molt as transect as well as quadrants.

4.4.5 Biodiversity of the Study Area

An observation in the land use show that the area and its surrounding was mainly covered by rubber plantation and the entire permit area is devoid of any endemic or endangered flora or fauna. A flora and fauna report is attached in Annexures.

Table 13. List of plants recorded from the quarrying and adjacent area Sl. Conservation No Botanical Names Family Common Name status 1 Eupatorium odorum Asteraceae Kammunistpacha Least concern 2 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Thottavady Least concern 3 Albizia odoratissima Mimosaceae Vaga Least concern 4 Solanum torvum Solanaceae Chunda Least concern 5 Gliricidia Sepium Fabaceae Sheemakkonna Least concern 6 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Kashumaavu Least concern 7 Mangifera Indica Anacardiaceae Maavu Least concern

FAUNA Reptiles & Mammals On the basis of field survey and communication with the local people, a list of reptiles and mammals in the study area are given in the table below:- Table 14. List of Reptiles & Mammals recorded from the core & buffer zone

Conservation Sl.No Scientific Names Common Names Malayalam Names status Reptiles

1 Ptyas mucosa Rat snake Chera Least concern 2 Calotes versicolor Garden lizard Oondu Least concern 3 Sphenomorphus sp. Skink Arana Least concern Mammals

1 Mus musculus Mouse Chundeli Least concern 2 Felis domesticus Cat Poocha Least concern

36 Birds

Birds diversity in this region is very less compared to other part of Kerala. Some of the common birds in the study area are given in the table below.

Table 15 List of Birds recorded from the core & buffer zone Malayalam Conservation Sl.No Scientific Names Common Names Names status 1 Acridotheres tristis Common myna Myna Least concern 2 Milvus migrans Black kite Chakhi parundu Least concern 3 Motacilla cinerea Grey wagtail Vazhikulakhi Least concern 4 Corvus splendens House crow Kaka Least concern

CONCLUSIONS

The floral and faunal diversity of the area is found to be low when compared to the diversity of the country sides of Kerala. The present study area do not possesses any specific group of ecological important assemblages. Majority of the surrounding area was planted by coconut &rubber plantationand also this region does not come under any conservation reserves.

This region does not have any endemic or endangered species, so any development activity in the region does not have any direct bearing or significant influences in the ecosystem stability or biodiversity.

4.5 Socio Economics The major occupation of the Palakkad and adjacent Kozhikode district is Cultivation, Household activity, Livestock, Forestry, Mining, Quarrying activities. The quarrying activity will benefit local villages in both directly and in-directly. Direct beneficiary will be those who get employed in Quarry as skilled and unskilled workers.

a. Addressing concerns of local inhabitants like health, water, employment, resettlement / rehabilitation Proponent shall provide required Medical facility to all the employees at the quarry

37 such as first aid, regular checkup, ambulance etc. In addition proponent also provides the medical checkup camps to the local villagers, supply of drinking water, and contribution of funds for social and cultural program. The proposed permit area extends over an area of 0.8419Ha. There are no settlements within the permit hold area, hence there is no resettlement or rehabilitation of the same. b. Compensation for loss of land, crops and other adverse impacts on account of mining Entire permit area belongs to lessee hence there is no compensation for loss of land. Due to the quarry activities, if any crop/s are damaged to the adjacent land, the lessee will pay the compensation for the said crop which will be decided by the agriculture / concerned department.

Chapter- V ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) The Environment Management Plan (EMP) for a development project prescribes the mitigation measures to be adopted to nullify or to minimize various anticipated environment impacts so as to ensure nil low impact due to the project to the surrounding environment. This will ensure sustainable development and environment friendly mining operations. The Environment Management Plan for various facets of environment is given below: -

5.1AIR ENVIRONMENT Anticipated Potential Impacts Drilling, Blasting & Transportation Apart from the mining operations of drilling & blasting, movement of vehicles like dumpers, trucks, tankers etc. will generate dust. The transportation activities on unpaved area will results in fugitive emissions to the tune of 1.261 kg/VkmT for PM10 and 0.126 kg/VkmT for PM2.5.(Calculation based on USEPA- AP 42 series.).

38 Gaseous Emission rate due to transportation CO 5.45 g/kWh HC 0.78 g/kWh NO2 5.0 g/kWh

Mitigation Measures: Mining activities will generate certain quantities of dust during drilling, blasting, loading and transportation operations. The following measures will be taken to mitigate the fugitive dust from these operations. • Laying of haul road as per the standards, black topping of permanent haul road and service road to avoid or eliminate air – borne dust.

• To avoid the dust generation from the drilling operations, wet drilling method will be adopted.

• Drill machines will be equipped with dust collectors.

• Use of appropriate explosives for blasting and avoiding overcharging of blast holes.

• Controlled blasting techniques will be adopted.

• Watering of haul road and other road at regular intervals.

• Provision of dust filters/ mask to workers for highly dust prone and affected areas.

• Provision of green belt all along the periphery of the permit area.

• Periodical monitoring of ambient air quality in and around the permit area.

39 The extracted mineral will be transported from the quarry to the end user by adopting following measures so as to minimize dust emissions.

• In case of long transportation the trucks after loading will be covered with tarpaulin sheets.

• Speed of the vehicles will be maintained within the prescribed limits.

• Trucks will not be over loaded and will be maintained to the body level.

5.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT 5.2.1WATER FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION Anticipated Potential Impacts From the analysis report of the water sample collected from the open well, it is observed the water from the open well is having Turbidity & Coliform bacteria which are in excess of the permissible standard. The consumption of non potable water can lead to water borne diseases and which will affect the health of workers attached to project.

Mitigation Measures: It is suggested to adopt appropriate treatment / filtration / disinfection of water before consumption.

5.2.2DOMESTIC SEWAGE Anticipated Potential Impacts The domestic sewage generation, if discharged untreated, can contaminate the groundwater and other ground & surface water sources. Mitigation Measures: The sewage generated from the site will be diverted to the septic tank followed by soak pit.

40 5.2.3STORM WATER CONTAMINATION WITH SILT Anticipated Potential Impacts Mining activities may cause adverse impacts due to siltation due to runoff/ storm water. An impact due to soil erosion during monsoon period is also significant in nature. This also has the potential to clog the water channels and to spoil agriculture. Mitigation Measures: Some of the control measures adopted for controlling water pollution due to the siltation of storm water by mining operations are as follows:- • Storm water drains with silt traps will be suitably constructed all along the periphery of the pit area (Garland drains) to collect the run-off from the permit area and divert into the storm water pond/tanks proposed within the complex.

• Appropriate channelization of storm water with channels of sufficient width

• All measures will be taken not to disturb the existing drainage pattern adjacent to the other property.

• De-siltation traps and storm water collection pond proposed for silt removal.

• The storm water collected from the permit area will be utilized for dust suppression on haul roads, plantation within the premises, etc.

• The layout of channelization of storm water from the project site is shown in the environmental plan and in the storm water drainage plan.

• Construction of check dams and collecting channel all around at the foot of the hill to prevent soil erosion during the monsoon season and also to collect the storm water for various use within the mine permit area.

5.2.4. CONSUMPTION OF WATER – A NATURAL RESOURCE Anticipated Potential Impacts The mining operations require large quantity of water for dust suppression, wetting of roads etc. Therefore, if appropriate measures are not adopted, it will lead to

41 withdrawal of large quantity of ground water and which will deplete the ground water table.

MITIGATION MEASURES – CONSERVATION OF WATER • The quarry site has got potential to store large quantity of storm water. The storing of surface run-off can be done in a storm water collection pond. Stored storm water can be used for dust suppression & greenbelt development which will reduce / eliminate the usage of fresh water. Therefore, the conservation of water is achieved.

• Further, in the mine closure phase of the mine, a large area is proposed to be used as surface run-off storage structure. The stored rain water will be used for maintenance of eco-restoration carried out in the mine permit area.

5.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT The Noise is the environment attribute associated with the quarrying activity and operation of heavy machinery operation which causes vibration and noise. The quarrying operation will be restricted to only day time. To attenuate noise, various measures shall be taken up from the source point. The activity such as drilling shall be updated to latest technology which involves wet drilling technology and blasting will be carried out with controlled mechanism. Persons who are exposed to critical operation like drilling and operation of excavators are being provided with personal protective equipment’s (PPEs) as Occupational Safety Measures. Greenbelt will be developed, which will act as an acoustic barrier for noise transmission.

Mitigation Measures The following noise control measures are undertaken to bring down the noise levels:- • Proper maintenance of machinery, equipment’s and improvement on design of machines.

• Use of personal protective devices i.e., earmuffs and earplugs by workers, who are working in high noise generating areas.

42 • Creation of wide green belt of dense foliage between mine areas and residential colonies.

• Regular medical check-up related health problems

• Proper training to personnel to create awareness about adverse noise level effects.

• Planned noise monitoring at suitable locations in the plant and outside location for proper effective remedial actions.

5.4.1LAND ENVIRONMENT Anticipated Potential Impacts A. Land use change B. Loss of Top soil & overburden C. Soil erosion due to storm water

Mitigation Measures In order to minimize the adverse effects, the following suggestions have been made. • Concurrent eco restoration will be carried out.

• Construction of check dams and collecting channel all around at the foot of the hill to prevent soil erosion during the monsoon season and also to collect the storm water for various use within the mine permit area.

• Green belt development along the boundary of the permit area.

• It is proposed to reclaim the pit area and this area will be suitably planted with local species for eco-restoration in all possible means.

• Proper barricading and monitoring of the water stored area will be taken up to prevent accidents (if any)

43 5.4.2OTHER ANTICIPATED POTENTIAL IMPACTS IN LAND ENVIRONMENT 5.4.2.1. GROUND VIBRATIONS • The only source of ground vibrations is due to blasting operations. Based on the ground vibration studies made earlier proper care will be taken during blasting.

5.4.2.2. BLASTING HAZARDS • Blasting in mining areas may give rise to ground vibrations. Fly rock is another problem that deserves attention. Based on the ground vibration studies made earlier, proper precautions will be taken during blasting operations for controlling the ground vibrations.

Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures for addressing the various impacts due to blasting operation are presented below.

Controlled blasting technique will be adopted in this project in order to reduce blast vibrations. Further, charge per delay will be regulated to minimize blast vibrations. Proper hook-up will be adopted while firing the drill holes. Moreover the experience gained in other open cast mines would be gainfully utilized to limit the ground vibration levels within the prescribed limit of 15 mm/sec (as per DGMS). In practice, this is kept much less to about 10mm/sec.

In addition, the following guidelines will be adopted wherever required to check the ground vibrations:- • The maximum charge per delay will not be more than 10 kg so as to limit the PPV values to 10mm/ sec. (As against the permissible 15 mm/ sec.).

• Optimum delay sequence and stem to column ratio will be maintained to minimize the fly rock distance and ground vibration intensity.

• Basing on the distance of the nearest sensitive areas from the epicentre of the blast, large weight will be altered to meet the stipulated standards.

44 • Design of optimum blast hole geometry considering bench height, diameter of hole, type of explosive, nature of rock, level of fragmentation required etc.

• Divide total charge/ blast in several parts so as to keep minimum explosive per delay, i.e. use of millisecond delay detonators & relays.

• Avoid concentration of explosive by using deck charging.

• Avoiding blasting in unfavourable weather conditions.

5.4.2.3. FLY ROCK CONTROL MEASURES There are a large number of factors that influence fly rocks. Most important of these factors are long explosive columns with little stemming at the mouth of the hole, irregular shape of face, long water column in holes, loose stones on face of the surface blasting area, and strong wind.

Mitigation Measures Certain preventive measures will be taken to minimize the risks arising from flying fragments. These are given below:-

• Marking of danger zone: - The area falling within 100 m of the blasting area will be marked off as danger zone with red flags, or other appropriate signs, and entry of any unauthorized person into this zone will be prohibited during blasting operation.

• Warning signals: - An audible warning signal will be given, fifteen minutes before actual firing of blast to enable persons to move out of danger zone. For this purpose, a set of sirens/ hooters will be provided at appropriate places.

• Providing blasting shelters: - In order to protect the personnel engaged in blasting operations, blasting shelters will be provided for taking shelter during blasting.

45 5.4.2.4. AIR BLAST CONTROL MEASURES The permit of explosive energy through air and movement of fragmented rocks are primary causes for noise and air over pressure during blasting. Mitigation Measures Adoption of the following measures while carrying out blasting operation will help in reducing the intensity of air blasts and will also minimize the noise level associated with the air blasts. The measures suggested are given below:- • Avoiding overcharging of blast holes

• Adequate stemming

• Maintaining proper inter-hole & inter-row delays.

5.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Anticipated Potential Impacts Clearing and cutting of trees, shrubs & herbs during the mining operations will have impact on biological environment by way of loss of habitat, loss of biodiversity. In order to compensate the anticipated impacts due to the mining activity, the following measures are proposed:

Mitigation Measures 1. COMPENSATORY MASS PLANTATION PROGRAMME An area equivalent to about 10% of the area proposed for quarrying is reserved in the area owned by the project proponent outside the proposed quarry for compensatory mass plantation. The area selected is such that there is enough depth of top soil and overburden and the quarrying in this area is not proposed in future. In the instant project site, about 0.6 hectare of land is dedicated to green belt / tree plantation so as to minimize the loss of biodiversity due to the mining activity.

2. GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT/ ECO-RESTORATION In the concurrent eco-restoration of mine, about 290 trees will be planted in an area of 0.292 hectare.

46 3. RECOMMENDED SPECIES FOR ECO-RESTORATION PROGRAM For eco-restoration we are proposing inter cropping pattern of coffee and cocoa with rubber plantation.

5.6 MINE CLOSURE PLAN Various works that are to be taken up under the mine closure plan includes:- (i) Re-vegetation: It is proposed to develop green belt to about 80 % which includes areas like along mine permit boundary (7.5 m width), all along the periphery of the mine permit area and the reclaimed area. Grass and bushes will be planted in areas prone to erosion especially at the foot of the mine permit area. Other areas will be fertilized and planted with local species. The characteristics of this vegetation will resemble that of the natural environment except for the early growth, which may be a protective cover crop of non-seeding annuals. Before re-vegetation, the land will be properly prepared by spreading the top soil which is rich in organic contents. Vegetation will be self-sufficient after planting and require no fertilization or maintenance.

(ii) Buildings and Infrastructure a. Site office building, Rest Room and Toilets These structures may be utilized for the mining project as the life of the mine is much more than the present permit period. b. Support & Transport Infrastructures As such there is no major infrastructure facilities planned in this project and does not call for importance. The main mining site and secondary access road will be kept in a sufficient condition to allow access for monitoring till such time any other authorities wish to maintain and legally accept responsibility for the access roads. c. Surface Equipment and Heavy Machinery No heavy and surface equipment are proposed in this project. Open cast semi mechanized method is used in this case. The equipment’s and small machinery if used will be taken out of the premises.

47 d. Hazardous substances The hazardous materials and explosives will be totally evacuated from the mine site and the site will cleared of any such materials and substances.

(iii) Water Resource Management Prior to the commissioning of the project area the surface run-off used to flow naturally and used to join the nearby drainage nallahs/ streams. It is proposed to collect and hold this runoff/ storm water from the permit area including own property and use it for various purposes within the permit area. The grounding of the project will not be causing any alteration to the drainage pattern of the area. The quality of the water will be maintained in compliance with the general effluent standards / drinking water standards.

(iv)Monitoring: The monitoring of the mine closure plan is an essential requirement for review of the efficacy of the mine closure and to take corrective actions. The monitoring consists of measuring the air quality, water quality, preservation of landscape, aesthetic and other land use values.

(v) Submission of detailed Mine Closure Plan The detailed mine de-commissioning plan will be made on the above-mentioned principles, before the closure which will be submitted for approval. This plan will also provide the fund provision for the mine closure plan. The map showing conceptual plan (post mine closure plan) of the proposed mine area is available in the mining plan.

5.7 Social Responsibility To identify the needs of the nearby community to the project site, a community need assessment study was carried out. The main purpose of the study was to assist the project proponent in delivering their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). As per the guidelines of Company’s Act (Amendment) 2013, the study was mainly focused on the following areas.

48 1. PROMOTION OF EDUCATION 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 3. HEALTH CARE 4. SOCIAL ASPECTS As part of study the socio economic expert conducted interviews with different stake holders of the Panchayat. The list of stake holders are given below

Identified Corporate Social Responsibility The Socio - Economic expert conducted Need Assessment study and identified Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for the project proponent. The identified CSR activities are given below. 1. PROMOTION OF EDUCATION A. To improve the infrastructure facilities, the project will support the Pottessery Govt Senior Secondary school, near to our project. Particulars Total Amount Type of Expense Water Purifier 25,000 Non Recurring Toilet Construction 50,000 Non Recurring Library books 25,000 Recurring TOTAL 1,00,000

B. The project can start a scholarship and sponsorship programme for children’s. This initiation will help children to pursue higher education. Particulars Calculation Total Amount Type of Expense Scholarship for children 1,000 X 4 4,000 Recurring Special School Students School Kit (Bag, Uniform 1000 X 20 20,000 Recurring etc) TOTAL 24,000

49 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY A. The project can plant 300 saplings in the region in association with various schools and clubs. This will help to aware children and public about the importance of nature. Particulars Calculation Total Amount Type of Expense Sapling 20 X 300 6,000 Non Recurring Protection Net 150 X 300 45,000 Non Recurring Maintenance 50 X 300 15,000 Recurring Working Cost 10,000 Non Recurring TOTAL 76,000

3. HEALTH CARE A. The project can support the people of Pottassery 1 Village, to construct Toilets and Houses. This initiation will help them to lead a safe and secure life. Particulars Calculation Total Amount Type of Expense Toilet 25,000 X 2 50,000 Non Recurring house 50,000 X 1 50,000 Non Recurring TOTAL 1,00,000

B. Drinking water and food kit supply to nearby area Pottassery 1 Village Particulars Total Amount Type of Expense Drinking Water Supply 50,000 Recurring Food kit 50,000 Recurring TOTAL 1,00,000

4. SOCIAL ASPECTS To Conduct Medical camp association with private hospital Particulars Total Amount Type of Expense Medical camp 50,000 Recurring TOTAL 50,000

50 Table No.16-SUMMARY OF CSR ACTIVITIES PROPOSED FOR THE FIRST 5YEARS

Sl. Area of Intervention No of Recurring Nonrecurring No Intervention Expense Expense 1 Promotion of Education 2 49,000 75,000 2 Environmental 1 15,000 61,000 Sustainability 3 Health Care 2 1,00,000 1,00,000 4 Social Aspects 1 50,000 TOTAL 2,14,000 2,36,000

CHAPTER VI RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 FALL OF SIDES • Flatter slopes angles are adopted where occurrences of loose earth are encountered. • No disaster like land slide, flood or inundation or fire is anticipated in this case. • Unmanageable heights are not created. • Loose rocks are properly dressed. • Nature and structure of the rocks are properly studied for their slips. • The faces will slope at 45°. • The hanging wall, footwall & mineralized zone are competent to stand safely for long time.

6.2 STORAGE AND USE OF EXPLOSIVES • Proper and safe storage of explosives in approved and Licensed Magazine. • Proper, safe and careful handling and use of explosives by competent Blasters having Blaster’s Certificate of Competency issued by DGMS. • Proper security system to prevent theft/ pilferage, unauthorized entry into Magazine area and checking authorized persons to prevent carrying of match box, mobile phones, cigarette etc.

51 • The explosives of class 2 will be used in their original cartridge packing and such cartridge shall not be cut to remove explosive for making cartridge of different size. • Detonators will be conveyed in special containers. These will not be carried with other explosives. • The holes which have been charged with explosives will not be left unattended till blasting is completed. • Before starting charging, clear audible warning signals by Sirens will be given so that people nearby can take shelter. • Blasting operations will be carried out in day times only. However, in this project the mining operations are proposed to be carried out in day times.

6.3 STORAGE OF OIL AND FUEL • Due care will be taken to avoid oil spillage. • Storage will not be allowed beyond necessity. • Fuel oil and lubricants will be stored only in approved containers in separate storerooms. Match box, lighters, mobile phone, dry wood, plastic paper sheets and smoking will not be allowed near the storage area.

6.4 WATER • Due care will be taken to provide channel all around the foot of the hill to collect run off and also to avoid soil erosion. • There is no danger of flood or inundation as the proposed working is above the normal ground level. The area is not susceptible to floods.

6.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN During mining activities, proper measures will be taken to ensure safety at site. In order to handle disaster/ emergency situations, an organizational chart entrusting responsibility to various project personnel will be prepared with their specific roles during emergency.

52 6.6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY The main areas of concern for ensuring adequate occupational health and safety are:- • All working places will have safe means of access, safe working platform and exit. Persons working in hazardous dust prone area will be provided with dust mask.

• Personal protective equipment’s like respirators, ear plug, noise muff, helmet etc. Will be provided to the workers.

• Proper unit design and engineering controls in order to protect workers, including by control of process and fugitive emissions.

• Adequate arrangement of drinking water will be done.

• Education & training will be provided to the workforce about facilities, protective equipment, risk associated, potential health effects, etc.

• Display board will be provided showing the hazards associated and recommended precautionary measures.

6.7 Site Management Measures The Quarry Permit area is an undulated rocky terrain with thin layers of soil as substratum and shrubby growth of weeds. The site is a rocky area with an outcrop of charnockite without extensive vegetation. The weeds and shrubby growth of plant are cleaned manually. The loose soil layer is removed and stored in the non-mining area, which will be used for plantation purpose. The boulder and the underneath rock bed consist of rock mass, which is the mother rock where the extraction of products shall be undertaken.

The number of workers for the current production including the machinery operators and drivers is 10(adult workers). The quarry shall not employ any children below 18 years. Also the workers are from nearby villages and no migrated laborers are employed for the current quarry operation. Thus settlement of migrated worker is not involved inside the Quarry Permit area, as the workers shall be daily waged

53 laborers of the area. The main activity is drilling, excavation, storage and transportation of final product.

6.8 Drainage Management Before onset of monsoon, drains are cut along toe of the quarry faces to divert the surface run off. Garland drain is provided at the quarry top to regulate monsoon water and direct the same to the settling ponds / quarry pit to contain the quarry wash off and to avoid the same joining to the adjoining surface water bodies / water courses. It also helps to avert eventual collapses and damages to the quarry faces if any. The quarry is currently designed to avoid surface water courses and drainage channels. Sources of contamination from the operation that could affect water quality include dust from blasting and refueling for equipment. Blast residues from explosives will be managed by ensuring that all material is ignited during the blasting process. Vehicle fueling will be conducted at a centralized fueling facility off site that has proper containment and spill response capability. Fueling for non-moveable onsite equipment, such as generators, will take place in a secured area with approved spill containment.

Chapter VII Environmental Control Measures

7.1 Environmental Management measures The entire quarry area is planned systematically and scientific method of mining with 5.0 bench height and 5.0 m bench width. Once the reserves are exhausted, the quarry pit will be reclaimed to the extent possible by suitable plantation. Some area of the pit will be retained as water pond with fencing around the quarry permit. Qualified Mines Manager will supervise mined area management. Mines Manager will identify the suitable personnel for implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

54 7.2 Safety and Environment Management measures • Mitigation measures will be taken in respect to non - compliance. •Review of the safety practices being followed and additional safety measures if necessary. • Identification of unsafe conditions/ practices prevailing in the area and mitigation measures, If any. • Arrangement of training to develop safety awareness among all staff including laborers. • Preparation of safety codes/ manuals of operations which will be distributed to workers.

7.3 Occupational Health measures An occupational health unit will be organized and the proposed measures will be adopted: • Periodic Medical Checkup program for all the workers. • Compulsory medical checkup program for risk group • Training for workers regarding occupational hazards. • Lung function test for workers exposed to dusts.

7.4 Post Environmental Clearance Monitoring Programme An environmental monitoring cell will be constituted for constant monitoring of environmental parameters like air, water, noise and soil to assess the status of environment during mine operations and other activities. The environmental monitoring cell will conduct routine monitoring as given below to ensure the protection of environment from any degradation. Besides, the compliances to all environmental clearance conditions and consents from KSPCB / MOEF will be monitored and reported periodically.

55 Table No.17- Post Environmental Clearance Monitoring Programme

SI Potential Actions to be Followed Parameters Frequency of Locatio No Impact for Monitoring n Monitoring

1. Air Emissions Ambient air quality within the PM10,PM2.5, Once in a year Atleast

project site from four corners. SO2 and one

NOx location at site and nearest habitati on Good conditioned vehicles shall Systematic Daily Records Main be used to ferry the rock maintenanc Entranc fragments by making minimum e of Vehicle e number of trips from the logs project site. Periodic vehicular servicing shall be carried out to limit the vehicular emission within the standard prescribed by PCB The main source of the dust emission is from haulage road and quarry site .To minimize the dust emission, periodic maintenance of the haulage road, sprinkling of water along the haulage road and the quarry site, shall be carried out. 2. Noise Noise is mainly generated from Spot noise Once in a year Noise

56 quarrying activities and level measur operation of heavy machinery recording ement and vehicular movements. To during and at site minimize noise disturbance the after and quarrying operations shall be blasting. nearby restricted to day time, vehicular habitati movements shall be minimized, ons the drilling technology shall be updated to the latest and blasting shall be carried out with controlled mechanism and green belt can be developed which act as an acoustic barrier for noise transmission. 3. Waste water Waste water and solid waste No Periodic during - and solid generated from the domestic discharge operational waste activity will be disposed will be phases. discharge through septic tanks and soak made in to pits. or in the The quarry wash off will be vicinity of directed to the quarry pit. No water untreated discharge to be courses. made to the surface water, ground water or soil. 4. Drainage Drains will be cut along toe of Visual Periodic during - management the quarry faces to divert the inspection operation . surface runoff. of drainage phase. Garland drain shall be provided & mitigative at the quarry top to regulate measures. monsoon - storm water and direct the same to the settling

57 ponds. 5. Water quality Used water and ground water Comprehen Periodic during 3 and Water shall be monitored for sive operation location levels. assessing the quality and the monitoring phase surroun ground water level will be as per IS ding checked. 10500 the mine site 6 Energy usage Energy usage will be minimised Energy Annual audits - as possible. Consumption of audit and periodic conventional energy will be report. checks during reduced by utilizing renewable operational energy sources. phases 7 Emergency Assessment of fire protection Mock drill Periodic during - preparedness and safety measures to take records and operational such as fire care of fire and explosion onsite phases fighting hazards and steps taken for emergency their prevention plans 8 Maintenance Vegetation, green belt/green No. of During - of flora and cover development plants, monsoon fauna. species 9 Waste Implement waste management Records of Periodic - Management plan that identifies and solid waste during- characterizes every waste generation operation arising associated with and phase proposed activities and which disposal. identifies the procedures for collection ,handling and disposal of each waste arising 10 Health Periodical Medical check-up Occupation As per Mines - programmes, Training for al Health Acts

58 workers regarding occupational Checkup. hazards

7.5 Environmental control cost estimate S. No. Description of item Recurring cost 1 Air Pollution Control - Water sprinkling 50,000 2 Water Pollution Control 25,000 3 Environmental Monitoring and Management 50,000 4 Green belt Development 25,000 Total 1,50,000

Additionally, 1% of annual profit shall be given to concerned Panchayat for Biodiversity Management Committee toward eco-restoration.

Conclusion It is predicted that socio-economic impact due to this project will positively bring prosperity and improvements in physical and social infrastructure in the area. It will increase the chance of more employment to local people. There is no resettlement and rehabilitation involved in this project. Revenue of the state government and central government will be increased through collection of various taxes. The entire project area is devoid of any endangered flora and fauna.

It is proposed to reclaim the land to a maximum possible extent by providing green belt in refilling and surrounding areas. In addition to this 10% of the total area is converted to water pond. Thus the proposed project is not likely to affect the environment or adjacent ecosystem adversely. ***********

59

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ISTRAT ,-l.l) ( il'o.ge.tionl43 ,.$ ( _a me under 12 of the ( powers confened upotr 'fir certify that by virtue of I do hereby Bye-law to add the the amendment to the a8 KCS Act, 1969, lhave today registered cd, C|auseNo.21(1)'oftnet.itannart

( i:il Date of Registr alion | 27 07 '2017 .\|.1 t :ctd u^' / zu^^. | C.li' Date of lssued ' r'lt''0 clti iii (; Palakkad -Qt :?xlltiIIlJ'P?:i\ .Qi, qroE-sool (;:;:,i (,' (i:i1 ccii (,,J, ( *i' 1.., (. 'i,, ( jv, cj, rab-3/F/2016/Vr/V1 EnEllsh ("'k I ('" 6, {r,., 0w)d66)ld0DAII60- (;, ffiU'dl& dflffi ffi ruJffiltTlJ) ffi ( (P) Reg. No. SIND 179 . : 04924 ?35 725 C agpl6ools'- 678 582,,s,'o36rd

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No.DOP/l037120lTrA I Disftict of fice of the (', Departnent of Mlning & (, Town Bus Stand Conpiex, Palakkad. Dated : 24 05 1201,7 . (. 'q;t From (,r Geologist, tu Palakkad, \J To

Ci Sri, C.H, Sakkariya, Pres jdent Mannarkkad Taluk Karingal C,J, Quarry Operatbrs Vyavasaya Sahakarana (1, Sangam Ltd. S ir, Sub:- Mines & MineLals Minor Minerals -Granite Building Stone - application (,, - for quanying pennit under Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 201 5 - (.;, applied area - inspecteC - other documents to be produced - leiter of intent as per the Rules - forwarding of- reg: (_i Ref:- I ). Your application dated 17lQ4l2Ql7 for quarrying per:nit under CRPS. .\ -/ 2). Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 2015.

C"; Attention is invited to the above reference. As per the reference l'r cited you have C-r, applied for grant of quarrying permit under CRPS for the extraction of Granite Building (,' Stone ironr an area of 84.19 Ares in .Survey No. 242llAl of Pottassery-J Village ol C'i Mannzrrkkad Taluk of Palal

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C, (,, (" \ti;' (., \t Docu:nents to be Produced : (,i l). Consenr the (, for pollution Control Board Authorities concerned. 2). Explosive license from the authorities concerned. (i) 3). D&O License frorn the LSGD Authorities concemed. (,., 4). Environrnenral clearance from DEIAA, palakkad (chairnian, Distiict collector, (j) District Environment Impact Assessment Authority, palakkad). r"

is (ri It also informed that as per the provisions contained in the Ksrala Minor Mineral (; concessjon Rules, 2015, this letter of intent shall be sufficient for statutory authoritiss concerned (;, for issuing their licensesipermissions/ No objection certificates etc..

Cril (.] Yours faithfully, (3 Geol \ "l)

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C t*, Q .J C FORM M (' (See sub-rule (2) of rute 9) a (For all type of quarrying permits) 4 p D E A R r M E N r o *lffX p TA YSiJ":,i JEil,tS o F F I A L fl . ", c E, A K KA D QUARRYING PERMIT FOR EXTRACTION OF GRANITE BUILDING STONE- - .'- cRAt,tTED UNDER RULES 3(1), 9 AND 10 oF THE KERALA MINOR MINERAL CONCESSION RULES, 2015 (lssued vide No' Q.o(P) 1441201s/rD, Dated 05/10/2015 of Industries (A) Department)

I No. 1 4/GBS/DOP/1 1 1 1/201 6iA1lCRpS Dated. 01/06/2016

shri' c'H' sakkaria, president, h Mannarkkad raruk Ka.rinkar euarry operators vyavasaya sahakaran sangam C,r:lt Ltd., No. srND (p)-17g, putassery.p.o is rrerer.ry permitted to extract and remove Granite Buirding stone (Name (,it, of minerar) from an area of 13.76 Are pottassery-1 in sy.No. 242t1A1 of vilage of Mannarkkird raruk of parakkad C.,,i' District. Kerala state under rule g 3(1) and of the Kerala Minor Mineral Conce,ssron (',.,, Rules. 2015 subject to the conditions mentioned in rule 10,

("',1) Quanlity ol extraction of mineral permitted : N.A d (Not applicable in the case of CRp System) : .i Whether the permlt holder opted CRp System : yes c'd Number of mineral (? transit passes to be issued : 1,SOO Nos ct .t nt ff, (cfl

(;r,, Date of expiry permit of : 3110512017 cr} c.; c*l (ul at t.ii) / r-1

C ( ( c r€r$R qug Rich ( (1e7z)ft{FTk ( Cruddus Usrq RTEETT (A Government of ( ESTD,1858 rso 9001 co., ENGINEERS ( sg-*, rzd *c, @ E€Rlq-d \'* 69-D, 12th Street, SIDCO INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, ( .wqff, EFI - 600098. AMBATTUR, CHENNAI - 600 098, : 1, qFt: 0rt4-26254111 . 26255856 Phone 04+2625411 26255856 ( Grams: IROIWORKS E.mall : r_cruddas@hotmaiLcom An BO a00lr!01 eelabcruddas @yahoo.com ( c.ntnc.$on tlo. !t.t5 0I3 lla0 Website : www.ridtardsoncruddas.com

( CIN : U28920MH 1 973Go1016389

( ( ENVIRONMENTAL ( ENGINEERING LABORATORY (Accredited By NABL) ( lssued to : C.H.SAKKARIYA S.URVEY pottessery, No: 242/1A1, Mannarkad, palakkad District, ( Kerala Sampte Descriptjon : Ambient Air ( Quatity Sampte drawn By : Richardson & Cruddas (j972) Ltd ( lnstrument Used Respirable Dust Sampler & Fine particutate Sampter Sampling ( date & time 07.03.7017 & 24 Hour Samplirrg Report Date 15.03.2017 ( Report No 1212 (. Location Name C Parameter(s) 500m UNIT Proposed down Methodology NAAQ wind direction Quarry Site Limits ( to Quarry Sitc Vatidated Laboratory Partrcutate Matter, pM2.s pgl mr 21 70 Method 60 R&C / EE. LAB/TM/40 Particulate Matter, pMlo pg/mr Cz 46 48 lS 518? Part 23 : 2006 ( 100 3 Sutphur Dioxide, SO2 pglmt 7.0 7.4 15 5182 Part 2 : 2001 80

.- t*] ((l '|i llrtrogen Dioxide, NO, rrl 1211 Fg/ /,o 15 5182 Part 6 : 2006 80 (.. Lnd ot the \"*-)( (

( submitted for *,,. o", .*..*lJ"'ll?flffi i"""T;,]l';,1::::,,,.:l1T'.:i,r^-...j-:n:,j1::report. rhis report sha not be reproduced ..."pi TT'.. ii i"rf *iti""i ;;. ,Lif Tj;t?"[t; otherwjse stated. Retention period ;;ii ; '"#;;ilH;i"i'.:""11 i:il"Ii,i.; t of tested samples fS a"y, onfy unfui, oihirwrse specified. itfrd qTTF Nastr' LBgu!frlMflg! rg, qq.qri.S.S itcRqa \r*d F3, MIDC M.drdVlihC R'{rqr ns, Hlr€ne RoEq C I!tsf&!4mm. TrrI$ - 440 016. Nagpur . 4,10 01 6. Fd: 022r559(Egg tEiR : 07104.237693 Faxrdn04-237638 c". Phoner(U{5611grc et{ : o7ru.2s7o6r Phorc:07|0+237(b1 )? C ( t\c rt-q'gfl-f, qrg Rich0l (1s72)Rft*s (ruddos ( Fsrq RTqEIT (A Governmsnt of India ESTD.1858 rso 9001 co,, ENGINEERS t- sg-fr,rzEi era,M {€GFd \'@ 69-D, 12th Street, SIDCO INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, -s[qE{, FJ - 600098. AMBATTUR, CHENNAI - 600 098. ' Phone ; g+2625411 1 26255856 fl' W;I: o4/L2a2s41 I 1. 262ss8s6 , : err{{T{d Grams: IRONWORKS ..*fu'fic E-mail : [email protected] q{fl: [email protected] l||Eon0l co4{t eelabcru ddas @ yahoo. com eelabcruddas@yahoo,com c.nrb bn lb.3l.ll ols l|10 Webslte : wr,lw.ddrardsoncruddas.com ft RFa wwrv.rlchardsoncruddas,com r CIN : U28920Mt11 973G01 016389 r r a

(Accredited By NABL) f\ rssued to F C.H.SAKKARIYA Noi 242/1A1 pottessery, .SURVEY , Mannarkad, palakkad District, Kerala ( Sampte Description Noise Level L Sample drawn By Richardson ( & Cruddas (1972) Ltd Instrument Used c Integrated Noise Level Meter Sampting Coltect on 07 .03.2017 t c Report Date 15.03.7017 Report No 1713

Mean Leq. Noise Level, dB(A)

Night time, Leq. Day time, Leq. Noise Level Noiselevel (18.00 - (06.00 - 18.00 Hrs.) 05.00 ( Hrs. c ) E (- Proposed Quarry Site f1 Near proposed Quarry Entrance I CPCB LIMIT

T \. rn f\ AUTHORIZED SIGNATOR tl.f,j:?:.:_':'j:i'-::y_* sample submitLed for tu,t. rny.o.r..tiJn'";;;.i;0",;ju"i";;;: [.j:; 11f"]ticurar *i*,."i."u, other ise stated. l? *iitt.",#;;;riil;i"T:l:",";:"il.;;"""; r. f#: ,.T;l:g"Tj::ii::::^:.E?::.:""'-::._:l:Retention period of rested samples t S aaysltr onty untess o.ireiiv;r:':;":iii;d: R&C/EE.LAB/ r r^ ( i,ffd rIT{FT{ N{pJr LB$8*litsg rg, qii,sd.d.m :isRsa c+d F3, MIDC Indurtrlrl Eetate, Hlngna R€4 L Irllud$/bC frrn-{r tg, i,frnb6[-4d]m. qFIr$ - 440016. Nagpur. 4,10 016. r.) rEiN a Fo(: 022-2569€88 : 0710+237693 Fa(: ffl 06237693 t6tT Phor€:0710l2f,l(61 /-r Phone. (n2{56'11973 : ozl o4.2s7o61 Q (

( k+*qqw Richo ( (1e72)frrft2s ( ( Cruddqs Fsr€ RrEATT (qr{?I TI{-i5R ?6I SrHtrT) (A Government ot ( ESTD.1858 tso 9001 co., ENGIN ( es.ff , rzd \n*c 69-0, 12th Street, SIDCO INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, *c, @ FERgd .600 ( .€Kq{, iFt - 600098. AMBATTUR, CHENNAI 098. . : 26255856 qFI: 044-262541 1 1, 262558s6 Phone 044-26254111, ( 2ftfiq: Grams: IROI,IWORKS E-mall : [email protected] I: r-cruddas @ hotmall.com **,fi An BO r0trls eela bcruddas @ yah oo.co m ( [email protected] c.rt alfon xo. l: tl 0I3 $40 Website : www.ridndsoncruddas.com ?liRIlfZ www.richardsoncruddas.com ( CIN : U28920MH1 973GO101 6389 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ( (Accredited By NABL) ( Issued to : C.H.SAKKARIYA SURVEY No: 242/1A1, Pottessery, Mannarkad, Palakkad District, ( Kerala Sample Description : Well Water, Near ML Area Sampling Collect on : 07 .03.2017 ( Sampte drawn By : Richardson & Cruddas (1972) Ltd Report Date : 15.03.2017 o 1214 ( lS: 10500-2012 Norms Sl. No. Parameter Unit Result ( Desirable Permissible

1 Cotou r Hazen U nits <5 5 15 ( 2 Odour Agreeabte Agreeable Agreeable 3 Agreeabte Agreeable Aqreeable ( !, Tur-b:dity !']TU 2 1 i pH 6.96 6.5-8.5 6.5 -8.5 ( 6 TotaL dissotved sotid mq 410 500 2000 7 TotaL Hardness (as CaCOI) mg/ [ 180 200 600 ( o Catcium (as Ca) me/ t 32 200

( 9 Magnesium (as Mg) mq/t 19 30 100 10 lron (as Fe +2) mq/ t 0.02 0.30 1.0 ( 11 Chtorides (as Ct) mg/t ol 250 1000 12 Sutphates (as SO4) mglt 34 200 400 ( 13 Nitrates (as NO3) mg/ [ Nit 45 45 14 Fluorides (as F) mg/ t .0.001 1.0 t.f, { '15 Phenots (as C6H50H) mq/ ( .0.001 0.001 0.002 tb Mercury (as Hg) mgi I <0.001 0.001 0.001 { 1/ Lead (as Ph\ mg/ r .0.001 0.01 0:01 18 Zinc (as Zn) mg/ r 0. 10 5 15 ( 19 Hexavatent Chrom jum (as C16+) mg/ t <0.001 0.05 0.05 0.5 ( 70 Mineral Oil mq/t Nit 0.5 71 Residuat Free chtorine mq/ t Nit o.2 1.O ( 27 Ioral CoLiforms IMPN/ 100 mt 0 Absent Absent

23 E -Coti i Nos/ 100m1 0 Absent Absent ( fn-t ;\ ( AUTHORIZED SI ,lote: Thrs rcport relates only to rhe particular sample submitted for test. Any correction not attesled shall invalidate this report. ( ro! be reproduced excapt in full wirhout our wrilten approval. 5ample dre not drawn by us !nless olherwlse stated. Retention ramDlas 15 davr onlv unless otherwisc specifiod. T{5 lffrd il17 11 U r"a.fr. nrd mt LB$r!blMflg. ro,F3 cc.wt*.mqc'i iekqa q+d F3, M|DC qft-{q HlngnsR€4 T{o.s ! nrdv'/bst frrmr n's, - 4oo oso. lllunH.4mm. iT{Y{ - 440 016. Nagpur. 440 016. Sqg ( t6-fi : 0t?.25590988 Fd: 9212569(888 rEiN : 07104-237693 Fac 010il.2376gt $t{ : o?2.i56i 1973 Phone: (n2-25611973 si{ : 0T10&232061 PhorE: 07l 0+237061 ( 9l t ( RTCHARDSON & CRUDDAS (1972) LTD. t (A Government of India Undertaking) 69-D, SIDCO Industrial Estate, c Ambattur, Chennai - 600 098, t Phone: +91 44 2625 4464 Fax: +91 44 2625 8295 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY c c lssued tb : C.H.SAKKARIYA ( SURVEY Noi Z4U1A1, Pottessery, Mannarkad, Palakkad District, Kerala t, Flora Observed in and around the proiect site ( March 2017 )

€, Vern acu lar Name / Sl. No Name of the specres Family Name t English Name TREES e 1 Xyliaxylocarpa lrulpool Fabaceae C 2 Sch e ich erao leos a Poovam ( Lac tree) Sapindaceae 3 Pterocarpusmarsupium Venga (lndian kino tree) Fabaceae s 4 Mangiferaindica Mavu (Mango tree) Anacardiaceae C 5 Cocusnucifera Thengu (Coconut) Arecaceae 6 Anacardiumoccidentale Kappa mavu (Cashew) A na ca rd iacea e t l H avea b ra s illiensis Rubber Euphorbiaceae 9 SHRUBS 1" La nta na camera l(o ngin i (Lantana) Verbenaceae caesalprnraceae C 2 bau n lnra purpurea Kamcnan Eupatoriu m oldorition Communist pacha a 3 Asteraceae (Ch ritsmas ) c HERBS O I Achyra nth esasp e ra Kadaladi Amaranthaceae 2 P en n isetu morientale Fo u ntain G rass Poaceae c 3 Spem ecocelatifo lia Pachhapalla Rubiaceae g 4 Synedrellanodiflora Mud ianpacha (Syned rella) Asteraceae 5 Phvsa lisa n gu lata Pottichedi (Su nberry) Solanaceae E o Ocimum sanctu m Tulsi Lamiaceae a N , AUTHORIZED SIGNAT ORY (J (, g (, (, (, e 8a (4 (- ( , I

(.a (o a RICHARDSON & CRUDDAS (1972) LTD. ( (A Government of India Undertaking) o 69-D, SIDCO Industrial Estate, c Ambattur, Chennai - 600 098. o Phone: +91 44 2625 4464 Fax. +91 44 2625 B2g5 ENVIRONMENTAL oa ENGINEERING LABORATORY C o lssued to ; C,H.SAKKARIYA pottessery, oa SURVEY No: 242/1A1, Mannarkad, palakkad District, Kerala C Fauna Observed in and around the proiect ( a site March 20t7 ) ( a C - o Zoological name | Family Common name An ima ls oc ( Tr,"pp€ EI (fkh r.t) nisfamiliaris Canidae o lRattusrattus C Muridae li / Chuha o indicus Bovinae Pasu (Cow) C o ubalusbubalis Bovinae Buffalo C Reptiles a Ba nga ru sca e ru Ieus Ela p ida e ( Krait t mucosus Colubridae Dhaman C Avifa una in the studv area , sittaculakrameri Psitta cid ae Parrot ( I Pycn onotuscafer )ycnonotidae Bulbul C Ac rid ot h e rest r ist is Sturnidae ommon myna I Milvusmigrans Accipitridae Common kite C t 3o rvu ssple n d ens Sorvidae flouse crow CI C I AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY C O ( o ( a (- o I( I( C D ( D 6-> C b_) (t D (' (( r(

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( GOVERI\]I,,1ENT OF KERALA ( ,i i)l::ir,t iil'f'/r!:f{l {ifl t,,ilfilli(r i l\f , {.f:{.ri i:ii..\: of Mining and pattom palace pO, ( . _Directorate Geology, Kesavadasapuram, Thiruvananthapuram_6gS004, ( Kerala www. dm g. kera la. gov. in ( FORM q ( GERTTFTCATE OF RECOGNITTON ( AS QUAITFIED PERSON TO PREPARE MINING PLATTIS FOR QUARRYIilG MINOR MINERATS IN KERAUT . (Issued under Rule 54 ( ofthe Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules. 2015)

( Shri, Nazar Ahamed K.V, S/O Shri. A.K.K, Ahamedf Karuveetil, ( Vellancode p.O, Malappuram, - 679 S99, Kerala, having given ( satisfactory evidence of his qualification and a"p"r,an"" is hereby granted RECOCNTTT'N under ( Rure 54 0f the Kerara Minor Minerar concession Rures, 2015 as qualified person ( to prepare Mining plans for quarrying minor minerals in Kerala. (. The reglstration number is DMG / KERA A / Rep / 7 / 20 t6 ( This recognition is valid for a period of 10 years endang tg/LZ/2O26 ( (

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( ( f, K, Ramakrishnan ( OF MINING AND GEOLOGY [I/CJ ( I I(, RAMAKRISHNAN ( (

( Place: Th lruvananthapu ram ( Date: 20-12-2016

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GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF MINOR MINERALS (EXCEPT RIVER SAND)

Prepared as per Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 issued under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 by

DEPARTMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY www.dmg.kerala.gov.in

November, 2016 Thiruvananthapuram

Table of Contents Page no. 1 Introduction ...... 3

2 Drainage and Irrigation ...... 3

3 Rainfall and climate...... 6

4 Geology ...... 6

5 Geomorphology ...... 9

6 Soil types ...... 10

7 Land use ...... 11

8 Groundwater scenario ...... 11

9 Natural hazards ...... 16

10 Mineral Resources ...... 16

10.1 Major minerals ...... 16

10.2 Minor Minerals ...... 16

10.2.1 Ordinary Earth ...... 16

10.2.2 Ordinary Clay (tile/brick clay) ...... 21

10.2.3 Ordinary Sand ...... 23

10.2.4 Laterite ...... 24

10.2.5 Granite Dimension Stone and Granite (building stone)...... 26

11 Details of minor mineral concessions and revenue collection ...... 27

List of Figures

Figure 1: Geology and mineral resources of Palakkad.

Figure 2: Geomorphology of Palakkad.

Figure 3: Land use of Palakkad.

Figure 4: Geohydrology of Palakkad.

Figure 5: Geotechnical and natural hazards map of Palakkad.

List of Tables

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 1

Table1: Details of revenue collection for the period 2013-’14, 2014-’15 and 2015-‘16

Table 2a: Details of Quarrying Permits granted for Granite building stone in Palakkad district

Table 2b: Details of Quarrying Permits granted for Laterite building stone in Palakkad district

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 2

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF MINOR MINERALS PALAKKAD DISTRICT

(This report is to be submitted along with application for Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of all minor minerals except river sand)

1 Introduction

Palakkad (Palghat) is the land of Palmyrahs and Paddy fields. Palakkad is a major paddy growing area of the State. It is often called as the ‘Gateway of Kerala’. There is considerable change in the land use and cropping pattern in the district for the last five years. Due to low income from paddy and coconut, farmers are changing the cropping pattern to cash crops like sugarcane, vegetables and flower cultivation. Over dependence on groundwater for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes in the district has led to the lowering of water table and water scarcity especially along the eastern parts. In most of the areas especially in eastern part of the district decline of water levels necessitates deepening of existing dug wells and putting deep bore wells thereby increasing cost of pumping and quality deterioration. Local enquiry revealed that farmers have taken loan from the banks for putting bore wells and fitting pump sets for irrigation purposes. The district receives on an average 2362 mm of rainfall annually. During 1998 the district recorded a good rainfall of 2407 mm and subsequently the rainfall has been decreased considerably.

2 Drainage and Irrigation

The district is drained mainly by two rivers, viz. Bharathapuzha and Bhavani Rivers. Of these Bhavani is east flowing and form a tributary of the Cauvery River. Bharathapuzha basin can be divided into 50 watersheds and 290 mini watersheds. Soil erosion is more in the upstream parts of the basin. Dendritic is the common drainage pattern. 75 % of the population is depending on surface water resources for their irrigation needs, mainly from Bharathapuzha, its tributaries and other water bodies. There are 12 reservoirs in the district associated with two major rivers and its tributaries viz - Parambikulam, Peruvaripallam, Thoonakadavu, Chulliyar, Pothundi, Moolathara, Meenkara, Walayar, Malampuzha, Gayathri, Kanjirapuzha and Mankulam.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 3

There are number of irrigation projects major and minor, existing in the district. The major projects are Malampuzha, Chittoorpuzha, Kuriar Kutty, Karapara, Kanjirapuzha and Attappady Valley Irrigation Project.

The major irrigation schemes are irrigating about 90,000 hectare of land and minor schemes irrigating about 2000 hectares of land. The main crops grown under the irrigation scheme are paddy, coconut, aracanut, plantain, grams, vegetables etc.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 4

The Shiruvani dam constructed across the river Shiruvani, a tributary of Bhavani is the source of drinking water for the Coimbatore urban population.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 5

3 Rainfall and climate

Based on Thornthwaite’s climatic classifications the district experiences humid type of climate.

The district receives maximum rainfall during the south west monsoon followed by the north east monsoon. The other months receive considerably less rainfall. The temperature is pleasant from December to February. The annual rainfall varies from 1883 to 3267 mm based on long term normal .The district receives on an average 2362 mm of rainfall annually. Major rainfall is received during June to September in the southwest monsoon (71%). The northeast monsoon contributes about 18%. The western part of the district around Pattambi receives the maximum rainfall whereas in the rain shadow area of Chittur in the eastern part receives the minimum rainfall.

At Palakkad the maximum temperature ranges from 28.1 to 37.40C whereas the minimum temperature ranges from 22.2 to 25.30C. The average annual maximum temperature is 32.30C and the average annual minimum temperature is 23.40. The wind is predominantly from west and east during morning as well as in the evening hours. The wind speed is high during August (13.6 kmph). The humidity is higher during the monsoon period i.e. from June to September. It is around 90% during this period. All through the year, the humidity is high during the morning hours.

4 Geology

The district can be broad divided into five geological terranes viz. i) lowland of charnockite country in the west; (ii) Migmatite Complex in the east, extending into adjacent Coimbatore district of Chennai; (iii) Khondalite Group, occurring as linear bodies in the northeastern hill region; (iv) Wynad Group, occurring as high hills in the north inAttapady area and (v) Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) confined to the north of Bharathapuzha river.

The area forms a part of the Precambrian metamorphic shield having a complex geological set up. Wynad Group is represented by rocks of upper amphibolites to lower- granulie facies metamorphism. This complex can be divided into an ultramafic- dominant upper group and amphibolites dominant lower group. The ultramafic group comprises talc-chlorite schist, talc-pyroxene-garnet schist. The amphibolite group consists of hornblende-biotite schist and gneiss with amphibolites bands garnet. These rocks are exposed in the Attappadi area. Hornblende –biotite gneiss and pink granite- gneiss of Peninsular Gneissic Complex are exposed in the north, especially north of

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 6

Bharathapuzha river. The Khondalite group, which outcrops northeast of Malalbuzha reservoir, comprises garnet-sillimanite gneiss and calc-granulite. Narrow bands of calc- granulite are exposed along the Walayar river bed. Numerous thin bands of calc- granulite associated with crystalline limestone and calciphyre have been observed in the area. Charnockite group is predominant in the west. This group comprises massive charnockite/gneissic charnockite, pyroxene granulite, pyroxenite and norite and magnetite quartzite amongst which massive charnockite/gneissic charnockite is the most widely distributed. Pyroxene granulite and magnetite quartzite occur as narrow bands. Thin impersistent segregations of pyroxenite and norite occur in the ‘Palghat Gap’. The Charnockite Group is succeeded by the Migmatite Complex represented by hornblende-biotite gneiss and quartz-feldspar gneiss. These rocks occupy the eastern part and the ‘Palghat Gap’. They are melanocratic and foliated. These rocks are intruded by pegmatites, quartz veins and gabbro and dolerite dykes. Basic intrusives, especially dolerite, have two distinct trends in the district; one being NW-SE, which is common throughout the State and the other NE-SW, seen in the northeastnorth of Attapady. In the westernmost part, south of Bharathapuzha, a few isolated occurrences of Warkalli sediments are noticed capping small mounds. The valleys are occupied by fluvial alluvium of Quaternary age. Lateritisation is widespread in the west (Figure 1). The geology of the district given above may be read with the “Geology of Kerala” which is given as Annexure 1 for better understanding of geological succession and stratigraphic sequence.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 7

Figure 1: Geology and m ineral resources of Palakkad. (Source: District Resource map, Palakkad district, Geological Survey of India)

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 8

5 Geomorphology

Physiographically the district is divisible into two zones viz. (i) the high hill ranges of the Western Ghats in the east and (ii) the low lying undulating midland region in the west i.e., the high land and mid land. A conspicuous landmark of the district is the ‘Palghat Gap’ which is a major E-W trending break, across the NNW-SSE running hill ranges of the Western Ghats. The ‘Gap’ having an elevation of 70-300m above msl is part of a well-defined low-level landform of the Western Ghats. The ‘Gap’ is bound by steeply rising Nilgiri hills in the north and Anamalai-Palani hills in the south. The width of ‘Palghat Gap’ is about 30km. The midland region of the district, of which the ‘Palghat Gap’ is also a part, represents an area of low undulating relief, with convex gently graded interstream tracts, sloping down to broad valley floors consisting of local erosional remnants. Thee erosional landforms are often seen interfingered with alluvial plains and lateritic hummocks, and the terrain as a whole represents a dissected pediment. The structural cum denudational hill ranges border the dissected pediment to its north and south. Towards west, the landform is more matured with laterite mesas and laterite interfluves separated by narrow valley flats and flood plains. Almost levelled and matured topography around 1200m above msl in the north probably represents a planation surface. The elevation of the landforms varies from 20 to 2386 m amsl.

Bharathapuzha is the major river draining the district. Gayathripuzha and Kunthi puzha are the important tributaries of the Bharathapuzha. The Attapady area is drained by Bhavani river, which unlike other rivers o Kerala is one among those three rivers that flows towards east. The district is not blessed with coastal tract and natural lakes. Ottapalam taluk lies completely in the mid land region whereas all other taluks lie both in midland and high land regions.

Morphology of the terrain has played an important role in the potential of groundwater in the district. In the ‘Palghat Gap’ and in the plains further west, groundwater is available at shallow depths through open dug wells. But the hilly terrain on either side of the ‘Gap’ is generally unsuitable for groundwater development. The amount of rainfall received in the district is also less compared to other districts of the State because of which scarcity of water is very common and in some parts even drought conditions prevail during the summer months (Figure 2).

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 9

6 Soil types

There are four types of soil - Laterite soil, Virgin forest soil, Black cotton soil & Alluvial soil.

Laterite soil - Seen in major part of Ottappalam, Alathur, Chittur and Palakkad taluks. These are most predominant soil type in the midland and gap areas. Laterites on high grounds are more compact when compared to the low lying areas.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 10

Virgin Forest Soil - Seen in Mannarkad taluk and in forest areas. They are rich in humus and organic matter.

Black Cotton Soil - Seen in Chittur and Attapady Valley of the Mannarkad Taluk, which is used for the cultivation of cotton. They exhibit mud cracks and have high water retaining power.

Alluvial soils are found along the banks of Bharathapuzha and its tributaries. In the Valley portion Valley fill deposits composed of talus and scree material are observed.

7 Land use

Moderate rainfall, thick soil cover and a number of irrigation projects have influenced the development of a particular type of land use in the district. A major portion of the district comes under arable land, ehich includes both irrigated and unirrigated land. Rice, pulses, vegetables and banana are the major crops grown. The north and south, comprising high hills of the Western Ghats constitute forest land. The area comes under the tropical evergreen forest. Considerable area of the forest land has been converted into plantation for cultivation of tea, pepper, reak and eucalyptus. There are pockets of waste land with thick capping of hard duricrust or exposure of basement rocks (Figure 3).

8 Groundwater scenario

Palakkad district is underlain by rocks of Archaean metamorphic complex. They include the granulite group, the gneisses and the schists above which laterite and alluvium are observed. Intrusives of pegmatites and quartz veins are also common in the northeastern parts of the district.

Groundwater occurs in all the geological formation from Archaean crystallines (hard rock) to Recent alluvium (soft rock). The entire district can be divided into three units based on hydrogeological information. 1) Valley fills/Alluvium 2) Laterite terrain and 3) Crystallines.

Groundwater occurs in phreatic condition in the laterite, alluvium and weathered crystallines. It is in semi confined to confined condition in the deep fractured rocks (Figure 4).

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 11

Figure 2: Geomorphology of Palakkad. (Source: District Resource map, Palakkad district, Geological Survey of India)

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 12

Figure 3: Landuse of Palakkad. (Source: District Resource map, Palakkad district, Geological Survey of India)

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 13

Figure 4: Geohydrology of Palakkad. (Source: District Resource map, Palakkad district, Geological Survey of India)

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 14

Figure 5: Geotechnical characteristics and natural hazards map of Palakkad. (Source: District Resource map, Palakkad district, Geological Survey of India)

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 15

9 Natural hazards

The area comes under zone III and indicates moderate seismicity (Figure 5).

10 Mineral Resources

10.1 Major minerals

Limestone, gold and magnesite ae some of the important minerals reported from the district. Crystalline limestone in association with calc-granulite is found at Panda and Vainamadai areas. Epigenetic quartz veins intruding into amphibolites/granite gneiss/quartz-biotite gneiss in Attapady area are known for gold mineralisation. Numerous thin bands of magnetite quartzite (iron ore) are reported from a number of places. Good deposits of kankar occur in Chittur and Kozhinjampara areas. From Attapady valley, magnesite, scheelite, mica, beryl and sillimanite are reported. White to buff coloured china clay occurs within the highly altered gneissic terrain in the vicinity of Palakkad. Iron ore bands occur in the north eastern and southern parts of the district at several places.

In this district the only major mineral that mined is limestone and the same is mined by M/s Malabar Cements Ltd. Walayar. The mine is operated in 245.69 ha in Malampuzha I and Pudussery East villages of Palakkad Taluk.

10.2 Minor Minerals

10.2.1 Ordinary Earth Ordinary earth is the common name used for the soils. Soil is made up of three main components – minerals that come from rocks below or nearby, organic matter which is the remains of plants and animals that use the soil, and the living organisms that reside in the soil. The proportion of each of these is important in determining the type of soil that is present. But other factors such as climate, vegetation, time, the surrounding terrain, and even human activities (eg. farming, grazing, gardening, landscaping, etc.), are also important in influencing how soil is formed and the types of soil that occur in a particular landscape. The formation of soils can be seen as a combination of the products of weathering, structural development of the soil, differentiation of that structure into horizons or layers, and lastly, of its movement or translocation. In fact, there are many ways in which soil may be transported away from the location where it was first formed. Soils represent one of the most complex and dynamic natural systems and are one of the three major natural resources, other than air and water.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 16

Knowledge of their chemical, physical and biological properties is a prerequisite both for sustaining the productivity of the land, e.g. agriculture, and for conservation purposes. Soil is an integral part of a terrestrial ecosystem and fulfills numerous functions including the capacity to generate biomass and the filtering or buffering activities between the atmosphere and the groundwater in the biosphere. Soils have many important functions. Perhaps the best appreciated is the function to support the growth of agricultural and horticultural crops. Soil is the mainstay of agriculture and horticulture, forming as it does the medium in which growth and ultimately the yield of food producing crops occurs. Farmers and gardeners have worked with their soils over many centuries to produce increasing amounts of food to keep pace with the needs of a burgeoning world population. The soil's natural cycles go a long way in ensuring that the soil can provide an adequate physical, chemical and biological medium for crop growth. As well as being essential to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and natural and semi- natural systems, soil also plays an important role for our fauna. The soil itself contains millions of organisms, the exact nature and role of which we are still trying to determine. Undoubtedly, the soil flora and fauna play a vital role in cycles which are fundamental to the ability of the soil to support natural and semi-natural vegetation without additions of fertilizer and other support mechanisms. They breakdown plant debris, take in components from the atmosphere, aerate the soil together with many other functions that make the soil such an important medium. Classification of soils (ordinary earth) commonly found in the district The topo-lithosequence along with variation in rainfall, temperature and alternate wet and dry conditions particularly from the western coast to high ranges in the east and swift flowing rivers lead to the development of different types of natural vegetation and soil. The soils can be broadly grouped into coastal alluvium, mixed alluvium, acid saline, kari, laterite, red, hill, black cotton and forest soils. Soil map given below may be referred to find out its occurrences. Mixed Alluvium These soils are developed from fluvial sediments of marine, lacustrine and riverine sediments or its combinations. They occur below 20m MSL in the lowland plains, basins, valleys and along the banks of major rivers. The mixed alluvium is mainly noticed close to coastal alluvium, Kuttanad and adjacent area and kole lands of Thrissur district. The soils are frequently flooded and submerged. The soils of depressions and broad valleys are subject to occasional flooding and stagnation. The ground water table of these soils is generally high and it reaches above the surface during rainy season. A wide variation in texture is noticed in these soils. Sandy clay loam to clay is the predominant texture. Sandy loam soils are also met with.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 17

Light grey to very dark brown is the common colour of the soil. Paddy, other annuals and seasonal crops like banana, tapioca and vegetables are grown here. Laterite soil Laterite and laterite soil are the weathering products of rock in which several course of weathering and mineral transformations take place. This involves removal of bases and substantial loss of combined silica of primary minerals. In laterite and laterite soils, over acidic rocks, induration and zonation are more pronounced. This induration is greater if the iron content is higher. These soils mainly occur in the midlands and part of lowlands at an elevation of 10 to 100m above MSL as a strip between the coastal belt and hilly mid-upland. The area comprises of mounds and low hills with gentle to steep slopes. Laterite soils are generally suitable for most of the dry land crops. It is mainly cultivated with coconut, arecanut, banana, tapioca, vegetables, yams, pepper, pineapple, fruit trees etc. The percentage of gravel content in the soil and reduced soil depth limits the choice of crops. In laterite outcropped area with shallow soils, only cashew can be grown with vegetables. Black Cotton Soil These soils are identified in alluvial plains, terraces and undulating plains of Chittur taluk in Palakkad district in patches. The elevation of the area ranges from 100 to 300m above MSL with gentle to moderate slope. These soils are developed on Khondalite suite of rocks traversed by lenticular bands of crystalline limestone and calc-granulites. These soils are very deep, black and calcareous. The texture of the soil ranges from clay loam to clay. They possess high shrink-swell capacity and hence exhibit the characteristic cracking during dry periods. A variety of crops such as coconut, sugarcane, cotton, chilly, pulses and vegetables are grown here. Hill Soil The hill soils mostly occur above an elevation of 80m MSL. The area is hilly and has highly dissected denudational hills, elongated ridges, rocky cliffs and narrow valleys. The general slope range is above 10%. The texture of these soils generally ranges from loam to clay loam with average gravel content of 10 to 50%. In addition, stones and boulders are noticed in the subsoil. These soils have reddish brown to yellowish red/strong brown colour. Generally, increase in clay content is noticed down the profile. The depth of the soil varies considerably from 60 to 200 cm depending on erodability of soil and past erosion. These soils are mostly friable and subject to heavy soil erosion. The area is suitable for all dry land crops like rubber, coconut, arecanut and fruit trees based on the topography. Crops such as banana, pepper, pineapple, vegetables can be grown in foot slopes.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 18

Forest Soil These soils are developed from crystalline rocks of Archaean age under forest cover. They occur along the eastern part of the State, generally above an elevation of 300m above MSL. The area is hilly and mountainous with steep slopes, escarpments, elongated rocky summits and narrow ‘V’ shaped valleys. The depth of the soil varies considerably depending on erosion and vegetative cover. The soils are generally immature due to slow weathering process. Rocky outcrops and stones are noticed on the surface. Gneissic boulders under different stages of weathering are noticed in the subsoil. The texture of the soil ranges from sandy clay loam to clay with reddish brown to very dark brown colour. Forest trees, shrubs and grasses are grown here.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 19

Figure 5: Soils of Kerala

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 20

Mining of ordinary earth Usually ordinary earth is mined for levelling of ground for construction of buildings. Since ordinary earth is very important to mankind, it is not wise to mine ordinary earth for filling purposes alone. However, for the construction of roads and other infrastructure, ordinary earth as mined after obtaining quarrying permit from the Department of Mining and Geology. Mining and transporting ordinary earth/soil without the permission of Department of Mining and Geology is an offence. Department issues pass for transport of ordinary earth. Dealer’s license is not issued for ordinary earth as it is not considered as a mineral mined for commercial purposes.

10.2.2 Ordinary Clay (tile/brick clay) Clays and clay minerals occur under a fairly limited range of geological conditions and are produced by weathering of silicate minerals containing calcium, magnesium, sodium, or potassium reacting with carbonic acid, carbonates, and bicarbonates. These soluble products are removed by ground water, while the remaining elements, aluminium, silicon, and oxygen combine with water to produce stable clay minerals. The environment of formation include soil horizons, continental and marine sediments, geothermal fields, volcanic deposits, and weathering rock formations. Extensive alteration of rocks to clay minerals can produce relatively pure clay deposits that are of economic interest. Clay formed at the site of the parent rock is known as primary or residual clay; the one carried away or transported and deposited elsewhere is known as secondary clay. For obvious reasons, the former is purer with less impurity (5%–15%), while the latter may contain mica, quartz, and iron oxide as impurities. Geological factors such as conditions at the time of deposition and post-depositional changes have an important influence on the properties of sediment. Buildings and utensils made of clay date back to the earliest periods of man's civilized development, and the use of clay is intimately associated with his history. Tile and brick kilns are closely associated with Kerala’s culture and traditional architecture, which is continued in modern buildings as well. In Kerala, tile/brick clay occurs in the wetlands/paddy fields in the lowlands and midlands. The clay extracted is used for a variety of purposes such as manufacture of roofing, flooring, and decorative tiles, wire cut (mechanically made) and ordinary bricks (manually made), and pottery wares. Studies carried out in clay mining areas of Kerala have proved that unprecedented increase in the development needs of the state and the subsequent increase in the resource extraction scenarios, especially that of clay mining, have led to rapid degradation

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 21

of the wetlands (paddy fields), which is significantly reflected in the declining agricultural productivity of the state. Mining of clays several meters below the prescribed levels, water draining from the unaffected paddy lands into the adjacent mine pits, and subsequent pumping of water for further mining impose severe problems on the hydrological regime, lowering the water table and creating severe water shortage problems in the mining areas. The additional expenditure incurred to meet the freshwater requirements of the people living in areas adjacent to mining sites is increasing year after year, which undermines the short-term economic benefits of resource extraction. Tile and brick clay mining and its processing provide employment opportunities to a considerable section of the people in the midland and lowland areas of Kerala. Adding to this, thousands of labourers in the construction industry also indirectly depend on the products manufactured from these clays. Under these circumstances and also with respect to the demand incurred, complete restriction of extraction activities does not prove to be viable. In the study report published by National Center for Earth Science Studies on the impact of clay mining, following recommendations were given with respect to tile/brick clay mining: “It is of imminent importance to regulate random mining from the paddy fields/wetlands of Kerala by allowing only location-specific resource extraction under well-conceived guidelines. It is also crucial to limit the extraction of tile and brick clays to meet indigenous and local demand only. This is to save the prime agricultural land and also to increase the rice production in the area. The depth of mining should be demarcated so as to regulate mining with respect to the water table condition in the summer season. Also, adequate measures are to be taken to regenerate the natural ground water table using the stored water in the clay mine pits for irrigating the agricultural crops of the hinterland areas. This will enhance the net agricultural productivity of the area in addition to saturating the aquifer systems in the hinterlands. Awareness creation among the public about the adversities of clay mining and as well as the economic benefits of using clay bricks for construction purposes will serve in the protection of our wetlands/paddy fields. Recycling of building materials should also be considered in order to reduce mining of tile and brick clays. The abandoned clay mine areas left behind as fallow lands or water logged areas can be used for productive purposes such as fish farm ponds or irrigation ponds that promise some utility to the society. Also, suitable guidelines should be framed to streamline the tile and brick clay mining activities of the state on an eco-friendly basis.” The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008 and Rules made thereunder which was enacted for conservation of paddy land and wetlands of Kerala imposes restrictions

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 22

in mining of tile/brick clays in such areas. The said Act and Rules are implemented by Revenue Department. In addition, Government have setup District Expert Committee to monitor and control the mining activities of ordinary clay. In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015, it is mandated that No Objection Certificate from the District Collector concerned, based on the recommendation of the District Expert Committee constituted by the Government in this regard, is to be produced by the applicant in the case of application for extraction of ordinary clay. In addition, Bank guarantee from any Nationalized or Scheduled Bank at the rate of Rs. 300/- (Rupees three hundred only) per cubic metre for the purpose of reclamation of pits that will be formed after quarrying in the area permitted, in respect of application for extraction of ordinary clay. Based on the request of the entrepreneurs working in tile/brick clay based industry, Government have instructed the Department of Mining and Geology to carry out survey to identify the mineable tile/brick clay deposits of Kerala and the work in this respect is progressing.

10.2.3 Ordinary Sand In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 2015, the ordinary sand is defined as sand used for non-industrial purpose. This includes both river sand and sand excavated from inland areas like palaeo-channels. Since a separate Act has been enacted by Government of Kerala namely, The Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand Act, 2001 (hereafter referred to as Sand Act, 2001) and since the mining of river sand is controlled by Revenue Department by virtue of the powers conferred by the said Act and the Rules made thereunder, the Department of Mining and Geology now regulates the mining of sand which do not comes under the purview of Sand Act, 2001. The ordinary sand (other than river sand) occurs in the palaeo-channels. The word palaeo- channel is formed from the words “palaeo” or “old,” and channel; i.e., a palaeo-channel is an old channel. Palaeo-channels are deposits of unconsolidated sediments or semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient, currently inactive river and stream channel systems. These are typical riverine geomorphic features in a location representing drainage streams, rivers, rivulets which were flowing either ephemeral or perennial during the past time and now stands either buried or lost or shifted due to tectonic, geomorphologic, anthropogenic process/activities, as well as climatic changes. When a channel ceases to be part of an active river system, it becomes a palaeo-channel. In order to tap the ordinary sand occurring in palaeo-channels, the Department entrusted the study of identification of palaeo-channels in major river basins of Kerala to Geological Survey of India (GSI). GSI resorted to remote

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 23

sensing studies using satellite imageries and delineated some of the palaeo-channels. However, since such deposits falls in paddy land/wetlands of Kerala, it is difficult to extract such sand on account of restrictions imposed by various Acts and Rules. The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008 and Rules made thereunder which was enacted for conservation of paddy land and wetlands of Kerala imposes restrictions in mining of ordinary sands occurring in wetlands and paddy fields. The said Act and Rules are implemented by Revenue Department. In addition, Government have setup District Expert Committee to monitor and control the mining activities of ordinary sand. In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015, it is mandated that No Objection Certificate from the District Collector concerned, based on the recommendation of the District Expert Committee constituted by the Government in this regard, is to be produced by the applicant in the case of application for extraction of ordinary sand. In addition, Bank guarantee from any Nationalized or Scheduled Bank at the rate of Rs. 300 (Rupees three hundred only) per cubic metre for the purpose of reclamation of pits that will be formed after quarrying in the area permitted, in respect of application for extraction of ordinary sand. The mining of ordinary sand from palaeo-channels also case some environmental concerns. Since sand is a good aquifer, the mining of aquifer system poses threat to ground water availability in surrounding areas. However in certain cases, the mining of such sand from paddy lands increase the productivity of paddy as excess sand in the paddy lands are not good for paddy. In Kerala, due to shortage of river sand and ordinary sand occurring in palaeo-channels, the construction industry now uses manufactured sand obtained by crushing of crystalline rocks. It may be noted that since the Revenue Department is taking care of all types of mining activities related to river sand and since sand auditing and other studies are carried out under the aegis of the Revenue Department, this report shall not be used for the purpose of obtaining prior environmental clearance for mining of river sand.

10.2.4 Laterite Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium, and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 24

resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Angadipuram Laterite is a National Geological Monument identified in Angadipuram town in Malappuram district. The special significance of Angadipuram to laterites is that it was here that Dr. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, a professional surgeon, gave the first account of this rock type, in his report of 1807, as "indurated clay", ideally suited for building construction. This formation falls outside the general classification of rocks namely, the igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks but is an exclusively "sedimentary residual product". It has a generally pitted and porous appearance. The name laterite was first coined in India, by Buchanan and its etymology is traced to the Latin word "letritis" that means bricks. This exceptional formation is found above parent rock types of various composition namely, charnockite, leptynite, anorthosite and gabbro in Kerala. The laterite profiles in different types of rocks vary depending on the composition of parent rock. For example in Charnockites, the thickness of the profile ranges from 2 m to 10 m with humus zone on the top with thin pebbly zone (with ferruginous pellets in clayey matrix), underlain by vermicular laterite with tubular cavities of various shapes and size filled with kaolinitic clay. This is followed by thin layer of lithomarge. Further below completely weathered, partly weathered or fresh parent rock occur. In some places one can see hard duricrust at the top. The mineralogical study of laterites reveals that all the silicate minerals have been transformed to a mixture of goethite, hematite and kaolinite in laterite samples developed over charnockite. Further studies revealed that pyroxenes have been altered to goethite while feldspars gave rise to kaolinite. Quartz is cracked, eroded and disintegrated. Monazite and Zircons are found as accessory minerals. Laterite and bauxite show a tendency to occur together. Aluminous laterites and ferruginous bauxites are quite common. The most common impurity in both is silica. Laterite gradually passes into bauxite with decrease in iron oxide and increase in aluminium oxide. The laterite deposits may be described on the basis of the dominant extractable minerals in it: (i) aluminous laterite (bauxite), (ii) ferruginous laterite (iron ore), (iii) manganiferous laterite (manganese ore), (iv) nickeliferous laterite (nickel ore) and (v) chromiferous laterite (chrome ore). Laterite with Fe2O3:Al2O3ratio more than one, and SiO2:Fe2O3 ratio less than 1.33 is termed as ferruginous laterite, while that having Fe2O3:Al2O3 ratio less than one and SiO2:Al2O3 ratio less than 1.33 is termed as aluminous laterite. Laterite can be considered as poly-metallic ore as it is not only the essential repository for aluminium, but also a source of iron, manganese, nickel and chromium. Furthermore, it is the home for several trace elements like gallium and

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 25

vanadium which can be extracted as by-products. In Kerala laterites are extracted as building stones which are used for construction of building. Laterite as a building stone possesses one advantage that it is soft when quarried and can be easily cut and dressed into blocks and bricks which on exposure to air become hard. In addition, laterite (aluminous laterite) is extracted for industrial purposes (for eg. Cement industry). In addition to aluminous laterite, bauxites are also mined in Kerala. Hence, while granting mineral concession for laterite it is necessary to carry out the chemical analysis to establish whether the mineral is bauxite or aluminous laterite.

10.2.5 Granite Dimension Stone and Granite (building stone) For administrative purpose the hard crystalline rocks which do not have any economic minerals are classified as granite dimension stones and granite (building stones). The definition given in the Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015 is as follows:- ‘Granite dimension stones include all types of granites, dolerite, charnockite, leptynite and other crystalline rocks of Acid, Intermediate, basic and ultra basic groups of igneous and metamorphic origin which are suitable for cutting to pre-determined sizes, polishing, carving and amenable for making value-added products in decorative monumental and ornamental fields of industry as a high-value item. Granite (building stone) include all those group of rocks specified above which are not suitable for using as dimension stones as specified therein, but can be used as ordinary building stones, road metal, rubble and ballasts after breaking into irregular pieces by blasting or otherwise as low value item. The Rules insists that the rocks having the quality of granite dimension stone shall not be quarried for granite building stone as these two types of rocks have different values/royalties’.

The major granite dimension stone occurrence in the district forms part of Charnockite- Khondalite belt and has colour ranging from pale green with mottled red, bluish green with cordierite, deep dark green, greyish white.

All Archaean and Proterozoic rocks of Kerala (refer section on Geology of Kerala) which are not listed above as granite dimension stone falls under the category of granite (building stone) and are found below ordinary earth/laterites/and other sedimentary rocks. In some cases such rocks are exposed as hillocks without any overburden.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 26

11 Details of minor mineral concessions and revenue collection Permission for mining will be granted on case to case basis on ascertaining the availability at the site and only if conditions stipulated in the KMMC Rules 2015 are satisfied (The reader may refer the KMMC Rules 2015 available in the website www.dmg.kerala.gov.in for more details in this regard). The concession will be granted only if other statutory licenses like Environmental Clearance, Explosive Licence, consent to operate issued by State Pollution Control Board, NOC issued by Revenue Department (as the case may be), Dangerous and Offensive Trade Licence issued by Local Self Government Institutions, NOC related to Coastal Regulation Zone (as the case may be), NOC issued by Forest (as the case may be) etc. The mineral concession will not be granted in the ecologically sensitive areas, ecological fragile zones etc.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 27

10.2 Status of mining in Palakkad district

Table1: Details of revenue collection for the period 2013-’14, 2014-’15 and 2015-’16 (amount in Rs.)

MINERALS 2013-‘14 2014-‘15 2015-‘16

MAJOR

Limestone 2,82,78,054 3,05,45,550 4,92,89,589

Laterite 2,75,000 ….. ….

Total (Major) 2,85,53,054 3,05,45,550 4,92,89,589

MINOR

Granite Building stone 1,94,86,850 4,65,86,941 9,21,61,393

Laterite 9,90,218 5,40,508 46,50,591

Brick clay/Ordinary clay 65,123 2,24,952 89,400

Ordinary sand 2,90,220 7,81,029 10,32,245

Ordinary Earth 27,63,012 8,20,622 2,71,10,265

River sand 44,74,400 86,46,600 …

Granite Dimesnion stone … 1,82,464 …

Total (Minor) 2,80,69,823 5,77,83,116 12,50,43,894

Grand Total (Major + 5,66,22,877 8,83,28,666 17,43,33,483 Minor)

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 28

List of valid mineral concessions

Table 2a: List of Quarrying Lease granted for Granite building stone Sl. Concession Holder's Concession No. Survey No/ Village Taluk Area Valid from Valid to No. Name & Address Re.Survey No. (Ha) 1 Jacob barry, Barry 269/2007- Resy.no. 340/2pt Alathur Alathur 1 Hectres, 12years, 24.07.2019 Estate, Kattussery(PO), 08/4448/M3/2007 25.07.07 Alathur. dated, 20.07.07 2 M.D.Anil kumar, 185/2007 - ReSy.No. 427 pt, Erimayur II Alathur 3.3630 10 Years 20.07.2017 M/s Macadam 08/4569/M3/2007/Da 435pt. hectres, 21.07.2007 Granites(P)Ltd, ted, 19.06.07 Pannikkode (PO), Palakkad 3 M/s. Sahara Granites, 63/2012- Sy.No. 35/2 & 35/3 Erimayur-I Alathur 1.8485 12 Years 01-05-2024 Erimayur P.O, 13/3857/M3/2012 Hectares 02/05/2012 Palakkad Dt. 28.04.2012 4 M/s. Sahara Granites, 65/2012- Re.Sy.No. 35/2 Erimayur-I Alathur 2.4282 12 Years 01-05-2024 Erimayur P.O, 13/3858/M3/2012 Hectares 02/05/2012 Palakkad Dt. 28.04.2012 5 M/s. Sahara Granites, 66/2012- Re.SyNo. 35/2 Erimayur-I Alathur 2.6102 12 Years 01-05-2024 Erimayur P.O, 13/3859/M3/2012 Hectares 02/05/2012 Palakkad Dt. 28.04.2012 6 Sebi. P.L., S/o P.C. 389/2011- Rsy No. 33/2 and Kannambra I Alathur 1.4504 12 years, 27.09.2023 Lonai, Panikulangara 12/7219/M3/2011 dt. 234/2 Hect 28.09.2011 House, Fashion Street, TVPM, 24.09.2011 Mission Quarters, Thrissur - 5 7 M/s Kottukapilly Sand 298/2011- Sy No. 3/2 Kizhakkachery II Alathur 2.8409 10 Years 22.09.2021 & Metals (p) Ltd., 12/5714/M3/2011 dt. Hect 23.09.2011 16.08.2011

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 29 Kalpathy P.O., Palakkad. 8 V.Sasidharan, 240/2008- Sy.no.663/4,8,9, Kuthanur.1 Alathur 1.4089 10 years 27.07.2018 Propreitor, M/s. SriSri 09/6739/M3/08/ 10 Hectres 28.07.08 Granites, dated, 14.07.08 Peecharoad, Chithali (PO), Palakkad 9 Johsn Thomson, 492/2008- Resy.no. 651/8 Kuthanur.1 Alathur 1.9320 12 years 04.01.2021 Proprietor, M/s. 09/9439/M3/2008/dat Hectres 05.01.09 Tropical Granites, ed, 15.11.08 Tropical Estate, Kuthanur. P.O, Alathur, Palakkad 10 P.P. Sebastian, 329/2010- Resy.No. 268/2pt Vadakkenchery I Alathur 0.4318 12 Years 26.09.2022 Poovathukaran House, 11/4775/M3/2010 dt. Hect 27.9.2010 Thalore P.O., Thrissur 20.08.2010 11 P.T.Davis, Managing 58/2011- Re.Sy. Nos. 208/1, Muthalamada I Chittur 4.8366 12 Years 12.05.2023 Partner, Thomson 12/2870/M3/2011 208/3,209/pt.,210/2 Hect. 13.05.2011 Metals, dt.04.05.2011 ,210/3,210/4,210/5 Kombidinjamakkal,PO, Thazekkad 12 Binil K John, Mg. 747/2010- Resy No. 330/2 Ambalappara I Ottappalam 1.5348 12 Years 10.02.2023 Director, Valluvanad 11/910/M3/2011 dt. pt., 330/3pt; and Hect 11.02.2011 quarries and 31.01.2011 331/1 pt. Granites(Pvt) Ltd., Angamally, Ernakulam. 13 Ajaiwilson, Managing 184/2008- Sy.Nos. 460/5pt, Ambalappara.1. Ottappalam 1.4164 12 years 17.07.2020 Partner, 09/7822/M3/2007 462/9, 462/5, 106/1 hectres, 18.07.08 M/s Malabar Blue dated, 19.08.08 pt Metal, Vengassery

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 30 (PO) Ambalappara, Palakkad. 14 Raphy.P.J., Pudussery 296/2008- Sy.no. 226/3 Chalavara Ottappalam 0.8094 10 years, 25.09.2018 pady House, Thrikkur 09/6890/M3/2008/dat Hect. 26.09.08 (PO), Thrissur. ed, 13.08.2008. 15 M/s Blue Chips Mines Pro.order.No. Sy No. 168/ 11 A, Chalavara Ottappalam 1.6100 12 Years 25.08.2023 & Industries, 668/2008- Hect 26.08.2011 Vembalathupadam, 09/7814/M3/08 dt Kailiyad P.O., Tvpm, 31.01.2009 Ottappalam. and 304/09- 10/7814/M3/08 dt. 14.09.2009 and Re execution vide Pro.No. 268/2011- 2012/7814/M3/2008 dt. 29.07.2011 of DMG 16 Geosons Aggregates, 32/2006- 59/4 Koppam Ottappalam 0.6070 12 years Amayur, Pattambi, 07/3471/M3/06 hectres, 07.06.2006. 06.06.2018 Palakkad. dated, 25.04.06 17 M.K.Joseph, Mg. 792/2010- Resy Nos. 365,366 Koppam Ottappalam 3.5204 12 Years 08.03.2023 Partner, M/s. 11/4999/M3/2010 dt. 367/5 Hect 09.03.2011 Malabar Granites, 24.02.2011 Amayur P.O., Pattambi, Palakkad. 18 M/s J & P Construction Pro.order No. Rsy No. Vallappuzha Ottappalam 1.6190 10 Years & J & P Granites, 535/2011- 7578/2 Hect. 30.11.2011 29.11.2021 Choorakode P.O., 12/7819/M3/2011 dt. Pattambi, Palakkad. 15.11.2011.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 31 19 M/s. Malabar Granite 860/2007- SyNo. 39/1pt Vaniamkulam.2 Ottappalam 1.5702 10 years 25.03.2018 Metal, Vaniamkulam 08/1283/M3/2008/dat 39/2pt Hectres 26.03.08 Mannannur (PO) ed, 28.02.08 Kavalappara,Palakkad 20 Binil K John, 418/2014- Re.Sy.No. 2/2, 5/2 Lakkidi -Perur-1 Ottappalam 1.7822 20-10-2014 30-10-2018 Managing Partner, M/s. 15/9639/M3/2014 Dt. Hectares Valluvanad Granites, 27/09/2014 Nellikkurussi. P.O, Mulanhur, Ottappalam, Palakkad 21 Smt.AnnieSannie, 482/2007- sy.no. 274 pt. Thirumittakkode.2 Ottappalam 1.7800 12 years 12.11.2019 Mg.Director, 08/7505/M3/07 Hectres 13.11.07 M/s Malayakam dated, 01.11.07 Aggregrates & Sands(P) Ltd, chazhiyattiri (PO), Palakkad 22 Saji Mon Abraham, 120/2010 - Resy.No: 110/1, Akathethara Palakkad 2.7721 12 Years 10.08.2022 S/o Abraham, 11/3355/M3/2010 dt. 110/3 Hect 11.08.2010 Palakkattu House, 26.05.2010 (6.85 Kummanoor, acre) Kidangoor P.O., Kottayam. 23 M/s. Royal Sand & 281/2014- Sy.No. 2/P, 14/P, Akathethara Palakkad 7.0655 12 years 21-08-2026 Gravels (P) Ltd.,Plaza 15/8473/M3/2014 Dt. 15/P, 16/1P Hectares 22/08/2014 Junction, Dhoni.(P.O), 02/08/2014 Palakkad 24 P.I.Devassia, Arumani 431/2007- Resy.no. 449/1pt Mundur.2 Palakkad 0.8174 12years, 30.11.2019 Estate, Nochipully, 08/6475/M3/2007 Hectres 01.12.07 Mundur, Palakkad. DATED, 05.10.07

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 32 25 Sabu Thomas, 200/2007- Resy.no. 320/2 Puthussery central Palakkad 1.4165 12 years 05.08.2019 Kalapurackal House, 08/4819/M3/2007 Hectres, from Ayarkunnam(PO), dated, 25.06.07 06.08.07 Kottayam.

Table 2b: List of Quarrying Permit granted for Granite Building Stone

Sl. Concession Holder's Survey No/ Area Concession No. Village Taluk Valid from Valid to No. Name & Address Re.Survey No. (Ha)

Alathur Taluk 1 P.J.Joshy, Managing 127/GBS/DOP/2429/ Re.Sy.No.278/35 Kizhakkanchery-II Alathur 99.72 23-11-2015 22-11-2016 Partner, M/s. Penta 2015/A1 Are. Granites, Neethipuram, Elavampadam 2 T.Santhosh, Managing 142/GBS/DOP/1688/ Re.Sy.No. 435, Erimayur-II Alathur 77.18 Are 07-12-2015 06-12-2016 Partner, M/s. Deepam 2015/A1/CRPS 437/1 Granites, Muringamala, Vemballur 3 P.J. Joshy, Managing 147/GBS/DOP/2623/ Sy.No. 119/1-2 Vandazhy-I Alathur 100 Are. 14-12-2015 13-12-2016 Partner, M/s. Pee Jay 2015/A1 Granites, Chittadi. P.O, Palakkad 4 A.G. Madhavan, 153/GBS/DOP/2622/ Re.Sy.No 463/7, 8 Thenkurussi-II Alathur 22.4 Are. 21-12-2015 20-12-2016 Managing Director, 2015/A1/CRPS M/s. Gayathri Aggregates (P) Ltd., Muringamala,

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 33 Vemballur. P.O, Thenkurissi, Palakkad. 5 O.P. Muhammed 156/GBS/DOP/2715/ Sy.No 490/1 Kuzhalmannam-I Alathur 48.56 23-12-2015 22-12-2016 Rasheed, Managing 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Partner, M/s. Bestonne Granite Metals Pvt. Ltd., Nochully.P.O, Kuzhalmannam, Palakkad 6 Unnikrishnan. A, 157/GBS/DOP/2292/ Sy.No. 1/1, 1/2 Vandazhy-II Alathur 49.80 23-12-2015 22-12-2016 Chekkini House, 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Paruvassery. P.O, Vadakkanchery 7 Vinumani, Managing 160/GBS/DOP/2778/ Sy.No. 223/ pt Vandazhy-I Alathur 37.40 Are 13-01-2016 12-01-2017 Partner, M/s. Paramout 2015/A1/CRPS Granites, Chittady. P.O, Kunnamkulam, Odukoor, Palakkad 8 P.P. Vincent, 178/GBS/DOP/2777/ Re.Sy.No. 208/8,9, Tarur-II Alathur 36.43 Are 02-03-2016 01-03-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2015/A1/CRPS 209/3 Gayathri Rock Products, Pazhambalakode, Palakkad 9 T.Santhosh, Managing 179/GBS/DOP/2732/ Re.Sy.No. Erimayur-II Alathur 64.55 Are 08-03-2016 07-03-2017 Partner, M/s. Deepam 2015/A1 444/2,3,4 Granites, Muringamala, Vemballur. P.O, Palakkad

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 34 10 Unnikrishnan. A, S/o. 01/GBS/DOP/1690/ Re.Sy.No. 80/1 Vandazhi-II Alathur 9.71 Are 13-04-2016 12-04-2017 Andi, Pulari House, 2015/A1/CRPS Chekkini, Paruvassery. P.O, Vadakkanchery 11 Unnikrishnan. A, S/o. 02/GBS/DOP/1691/ Re.Sy.No. 80/1 Vandazhi-II Alathur 9.72 Are 13-04-2016 12-04-2017 Andi, Pulari House, 2015/A1/CRPS Chekkini, Paruvassery. P.O, Vadakkanchery 12 K.M. Jalal, S/o. 09/GBS/DOP/1055/ Re.Sy.No. 35/2 Erimayur-I Alathur 80.97 Are 25-05-2016 24-11-2016 Muhammed Haji, 2016/A1 Kummenchery House, Puthupallipuram, Kanayannur, Chengampuzha Nagar, Ernakulam 13 K.V. Radhakrishnan, 13/GBS/DOP/1067/ Sy.No. 471/4 Kuzhalmannam Alathur 8.09 Are. 01-06-2016 31-05-2017 Kundil House, 2016/A1/CRPS Kuthanoor. Palakkad 14 Tomy Joseph, 19/GBS/DOP/1198/ Sy.No. 279/5 Kuthanur-I Alathur 100 Are. 15-06-2016 14-06-2017 Proprietor, M/s. St. 2016/A1 Joseph's Quarry, Chimbukkad. P.O, Palakkad 15 C. Rajeev, 20/GBS/DOP/1285/ Re.Sy.No. 361/1, Kuthanur-II Alathur 68.81 15-06-2016 14-12-2016 Chennathodi House, 2016/A1 362 Are. Edayur P.O, Valanchery, Malappuram. 16 Unnikrishnan. A, S/o. 40/GBS/DOP/962/ Sy.No. 1/1 Vandazhi-II Alathur 14.71 07-07-2016 06-07-2017 Andi, Pulari House, 2016/A1/CRPS Are. Chekkini, Paruvassery. P.O, Vadakkanchery

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 35 17 48/GBS/DOP/1194/ Re.Sy.No. 182/2 Vadakkanchery-I Alathur 8.9 Are 11-07-2016 10-07-2017 Unnikrishnan. A, S/o. 2016/A1/CRPS Andi, Pulari House, Chekkini, Paruvassery. P.O, Vadakkanchery 18 Danny Antony, 50/GBS/DOP/1301/ Re.Sy.No. 560/5 Kannambra-II Alathur 56.42 11-07-2016 10-01-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2016/A1 Are. Carmal Granites, Pannikode, Manjapra. P.O. 19 A. Unnikrishnan, S/o. 62/GBS/DOP/1547/ Re.Sy.No. 180/1 Vadakkanchery-I Alathur 8.09 Are. 22-08-2016 21-08-2017 Andi, Chekkini House, 2016/A1/CRPS Paruvassery. P.O, Vadakkanchery. 20 63/GBS/DOP/623/ Re.Sy.No.439/3 Vadakkanchery-I Alathur 9.00 Are 30-08-2016 29-08-2017 Unnikrishnan. A, S/o. 2016/A1/CRPS Andi, Pulari House, Chekkini, Paruvassery. P.O, Vadakkanchery 21 P.J. Joshy, Managing 65/GBS/DOP/2262/ Re.Sy.No. 119/1-2, Vandazhi-I Alathur 100 Are. 09-09-2016 08-09-2017 Partner, M/s. P.J. 2015/A1 119/1-3 Granites, Chittadi. P.O. 22 A.G. Madhavan, 79/GBS/DOP/1701/ Re.Sy.No. 34/5 Kavasseri-I Alathur 96.27 Are 24-10-2016 06-12-2016 Managing Director, A1/CRPS M/s. Gayathri Aggregates Pvt. Ltd., Alangad, Vemballur. P.O Chittur Taluk

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 36 1 S.Jayakumaran, S/o. R. 144/GBS/DOP/2613/ Re.Sy.No .37/6 Ayilur Chittur 9.71 Are. 09-12-2015 08-12-2016 Subbayan, R.M. Nivas, 2015/A1/CRPS Vithinassery, Nenmmara 2 Muthukumaraswamy, 154/GBS/DOP/2405/ Re.Sy.No. 21/2 Ozhalappathy Chittur 49.20 21-12-2015 20-12-2016 Kalathil House, 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Anpoor, Ozhalapathy, Palakkad 3 Smt. S. Bindu, W/o. K. 05/GBS/DOP/930/ Re.Sy.No. 103/1 Vallanghy Chittur 47.75 10.05.2016 09-05-2017 Santhakumar, M/s. 2016/A1/CRPS Are. Seethu Granites Pvt. Ltd., Kacheripadam Kalam, Vithinassery, Nemmara 4 Krishna Kumar, S/o. 07/GBS/DOP/1559/ Re.Sy.No. 298/8 Kollengode-II Chittur 9.71 Are. 10.05.2016 09-05-2017 Late. Kunchu, Kunnu 2015/A1/CRPS Parambu House, Vilayamchathanur, Vilayoor. P.O 5 Krishna Kumar, S/o. 36/GBS/DOP/1147/ Re.Sy.No.165/14,1 Koduvayur-II Chittur 38.24 22-06-2016 21-06-2017 Late. Kunchu, Kunnu 2016/A1/CRPS 5,16,17,18, 19 Are. Parambu House, Vilayamchathanur, Vilayoor. P.O 6 E.M. Pathumbi, 43/GBS/DOP/1393/ Sy. No. 325/1, Pallassena Chittur 29.54 07-07-2016 06-07-2017 Elavamkudi, 2016/A1/CRPS 327/5 Are. Muthedath, Ponjassery. P.O

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 37 7 K.P. Davis, Managing 47/GBS/DOP/1294/ Re.Sy.No. 20/1,2 Ozhalppathy Chittur 98.14 Are 11-07-2016 10-07-2017 Partner, M/s. KGP 2016/A1 Granites, Ravanakunnupara, Nattukal. P.O, Palakkad 8 K. Krishnakumar, S/o. 49/GBS/DOP/40/ Sy.No. 295 Kollengode-II Chittur 14.47 11-07-2016 10-07-2017 Kunju, Kunhuparamb 2016/A1/CRPS Are. House, Vilayanchathanoor, Vilayoor. P.O. 9 P.L. Joji, Managing 53/GBS/DOP/1350/ Re.Sy.No. 199/4 Nalleppilly Chittur 47.00 Are 27-07-2016 28-07-2017 Partner, M/s. Star 2016/A1/CRPS Metals, Karamkode, Thenari. P.O, Elappully. 10 C. Gopinath, Managing 56/GBS/DOP/1395/ Re.Sy.No. 268/1 Thekkedesam Chittur 36.75 Are 03-08-2016 02-08-2017 Partner, Rock & Rock 2016/A1/CRPS Granites, Kanakkampara, Kuttippallam. P.O 11 S. Jayakumaran, 69/GBS/DOP/1406/ Re.Sy. No. 37/6,7 Ayilur Chittur 19.00 Are 23-09-2016 22-09-2017 S/o. Subbyyan, R.M. 2016/A1/CRPS Nivas, Vithinasasseri, Vallanghy, Nenmmara, Palakkad 12 70/GBS/DOP/1403/ Re.Sy.No. 219/1 Elavanchery Chittur 45.22 Are 23-09-2016 22-09-2017 A.K. Sasi, S/o. 2016/A1/CRPS Krishnan, Athimattathil Veedu, Nellippadam, Nenmmara. P.O

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 38 13 Krishnankutty, 74/GBS/DOP/1443/ Re.Sy.No. 328/2 Pallassena Chittur 9.71 Are 17-10-2016 16-10-2017 Kulavaramb House, 2016/A1/CRPS Pallassena, Palakkad 14 Tom George, 75/GBS/DOP/2027/ Re.Sy.No. 232 Mangalam Dam Chittur 95.17 17-10-2016 31-01-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2016/A1 Are. TMT Granites Pvt. Ltd., Vadakkekalam, Mangalam Dam. 15 Tom George, 76/GBS/DOP/2026/ Re.Sy.No. 232 Mangalam Dam Chittur 91.06 17-10-2016 31-01-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2016/A1 Are. TMT Granites Pvt. Ltd., Vadakkekalam, Mangalam Dam. 16 Tom George, 77/GBS/DOP/2028/ Re.Sy.No. 232 Mangalam Dam Chittur 95.17 17-10-2016 31-01-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2016/A1 Are. TMT Granites Pvt. Ltd., Vadakkekalam, Mangalam Dam. Mannarkkad Taluk 1 C.H. Sakkaria, 135/GBS/DOP/2356/ Sy.No. 1/1 Alanallur-III Mannarkkad 9.71 Are. 30-11-2015 29-11-2016 President, Mannarkkad 2015/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND(P). 179, Pullassery. P.O,

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 39 2 C.H. Sakkaria, 146/GBS/DOP/2334/ Sy.No. 1/10 Thachampara Mannarkkad 32.38 Are 14-12-2015 13-12-2016 President, Mannarkkad 2015/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND(P). 179, Pullassery. P.O, 3 Moideen Koya. V.P, 165/GBS/DOP/1116/ Sy.No. 893/3 Agali Mannarkkad 14.57 08-02-2016 07-02-2017 M/s. Shad Mahal 2015/A1/CRPS Are. House, Marakkampoyil, Karaparamba, Kozhikkode 4 C.H. Sakkaria, 166/GBS/DOP/2673/ Sy.No.242/1A1 Pottassery-I Mannarkkad 9.71 Are. 08-02-2016 07-02-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2015/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND(P). 179, Pullassery. P.O, 5 C.H. Sakkaria, 04/GBS/DOP/1702/ Sy. No. 208/1 Alanallur-III Mannarkkad 9.712 Are 02-05-2016 01-05-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2015/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 40 6 C.H. Sakkaria, 11/GBS/DOP/575/ Sy.No. 242/1A1 Pottassery-I Mannarkkad 9.75 Are 30-05-2016 29-05-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 7 C.H. Sakkaria, 14/GBS/DOP/1111/ Sy.No. 242/1A1 Pottassery-I Mannarkkad 13.76 Are 01-06-2016 31-05-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 8 P.T.V Musthafa, M/s. 23/GBS/DOP/1150/ Sy.No. 347/5 Thachanttukara-I Mannarkkad 76.518 15-06-2016 14-12-2016 P.T.V Granites, 2016/A1 Are Nattukal. P.O, Mannarkkad. 9 C.H. Sakkaria, 32/GBS/DOP/1293/ Sy.No.53/4 Thachanattukara-II Mannarkkad 24.32 18-06-2016 17-06-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Are. Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 10 C.H. Sakkaria, 33/GBS/DOP/1296/ Sy.No. 53/5 Thachanttukara-II Mannarkkad 9.71 Are. 18-06-2016 17-06-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 41 11 C.H. Sakkaria, 37/GBS/DOP/1107/ Sy.No. 308/2 Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 9.716 22-06-2016 21-06-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Are. Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 12 C.H. Sakkaria, 38/GBS/DOP/1108/ Sy.No.339/2A Alanallur-III Mannarkkad 8.90 Are. 22-06-2016 21-06-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 13 C.H. Sakkaria, 39/GBS/DOP/1295/ Sy.No. 347/3 Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 13.30 23-06-2016 22-06-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Are. Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 14 C.H. Sakkaria, 41/GBS/DOP/1109/ Sy.No.208/1 Alanallur-III Mannarkkad 9.71 Are. 07-07-2016 06-07-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 42 15 C.H. Sakkaria, 42/GBS/DOP/1110/ Sy.No. 208/1 Alanallur-III Mannarkkad 9.71 Are. 07-07-2016 06-07-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 16 C.H. Sakkaria, 52/GBS/DOP/1437/ Sy.No. 53/2 Thachanattukara-II Mannarkkad 52.62 18-07-2016 17-07-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1 Are. Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 17 C.H. Sakkaria, 54/GBS/DOP/1447/ Sy.No. 347/2 Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 9.6 Are 03-08-2016 02-08-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 18 C.H. Sakkaria, 55/GBS/DOP/1583/ Sy.No.390/1A Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 9.6 Are 03-08-2016 02-08-2017 President, Mannarkkad 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. 19 Hamsa Pathari, Pathari 58/GBS/DOP/1366/ Sy.No.389/7B1 Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 41.3 Are. 08-08-2016 07-08-2017 House, Nattukal. P.O 2016/A1/CRPS

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 43 20 C.H. Sakkaria, 78/GBS/DOP/1697/ Sy.No. 54/8 Thachanattukara-II Mannarkkad 9.71 Are 19-10-2016 18-10-2017 President, Mannarkkad A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyvasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P) 179, Pullassery. P.O. Ottappalam Taluk 1 K.P. Moosakutty Haji, 130/GBS/DOP/1535/ Sy.No.298/4, 297, Cherplassery Ottappalam 39.44 25-11-2015 24-11-2016 S/o. Mammootty Haji, 2015/A1/CRPS 296 Are. Kulipilakkal Palliyalil House, A.R Nagar, Thirurangadi. 2 132/GBS/DOP/1635/ Re.Sy.No. 76/pt Karimpuzha-I Ottappalam 9.68 Are. 25-11-2015 24-11-2016 Sudhakaran. C, 2015/A1/CRPS Changanakkattil, Kundurkunnu. P.O, Mannarkkad 3 K.V. Mohanan, S/o. 158/GBS/DOP/1865/ Re.Sy.No. 568, Ambalappara-I Ottappalam 77.18 Are 11-01-2016 10-01-2017 Vijayan, 2015/A1 569/4, 576/1 Kuzhiyanveliyil House, Okkal.P.O, Kaladi 4 Sukumaran, President, 162/GBS/DOP/2639/ Re.Sy.No. 446/5 Lakkidi Perur - I Ottappalam 19.42 01-02-2016 31-01-2017 Ottappalam Taluk 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND(P) 176

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 44 5 Sukumaran, President, 168/GBS/DOP/2641/ Sy.No.452/3 Lakkidi Perur - I Ottappalam 9.68 Are. 10-02-2016 09-02-2017 Ottappalam Taluk 2015/A1/CRPS Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND(P) 176

6 Krishnan, Palakkavil 175/GBS/DOP/1578/ Re.Sy.No. 145/2 Vellinezhi Ottappalam 16.19 29-02-2016 28-02-2017 House, Adakkapurthur. 2015/A1/CRPS Are. P.O, Cherpulassery, Palakkad 7 Abhilash, Nayakath 176/GBS/DOP/1634/ Re.Sy.No. 49/13 Vellinezhi Ottappalam 40 Are. 29-02-2016 28-02-2017 Parambil House, 2015/A1/CRPS Njangattiri, Ottappalam, Palakkad 8 Sukumaran, President, 180/GBS/DOP/1692/ Re.Sy.No. 481/1 Vellinezhi Ottappalam 9.60 Are 09-03-2016 08-03-2017 Ottappalam Taluk 2015/A1/CRPS Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND(P) 176

9 Padmanabhan Nair, 16/GBS/DOP/1149/ Re.Sy.No. 330/2pt, Vellinezhi Ottappalam 69.00 Are 08-06-2016 07-12-2016 Pozhath House, 2016/A1 330/3pt Chunangad, Ottappalam 10 Murali. T, Thottingal 17/GBS/DOP/1425/ Sy.No. 61/4 Kadampazhipuram- Ottappalam 7.7 Are. 08-06-2016 07-06-2017 House, 2015/A1/CRPS I Kadambazhipuram, Palakkad

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 45 11 P.K. Abdul Khader, 22/GBS/DOP/1164/ Re.Sy. No. 291/3 Ambalappara-I Ottappalam 65 Are. 15-06-2016 14-06-2017 M/s. Fathima Granites, 2016/A1 Chunangad.P.O. 12 P.K. Abdul Khader, 24/GBS/DOP/1165/ Re.Sy.No. 291/3 Ambalappara-I Ottappalam 60 Are 15-06-2016 14-06-2017 M/s. Fathima Granites, 2016/A1 Chunangad.P.O. 13 P.K. Abdul Khader, 34/GBS/DOP/1195/ Re.Sy.No. 257/4 Ambalappara-I Ottappalam 27.53 20-06-2016 19-06-2017 M/s. Fathima Granites, 2016/A1/CRPS Are. Chunangad.P.O. 14 C.K. Kunhipocker, 64/GBS/DOP/1832/ Sy.No. 1/7 Vaniyamkulam-I Ottappalam 93.08 07-09-2016 06-09-2017 Managing Partner, 2016/A1 Are. M/s.Kalpaka Metal Crushers, Kailiyad. P.O 15 K. Saidhalavi, S/o. 68/GBS/DOP/1325/ Re.Sy. No.402 Ananganadi Ottappalam 100 Are. 19-09-2016 18-12-2016 Moideen, Kunnath 2016/A1/CRPS House, Pathamkulam. P.O 16 George Joseph, M/s. 72/GBS/DOP/1326/ Re.Sy. No. 179/1 Ambalappara-II Ottappalam 47.04 Are 03-10-2016 02-10-2017 PPK Granite & 2016/A1/CRPS Crusher Products, Chunangad, Ottappalam 17 K. Sukumaran, 73/GBS/DOP/34/ Re.Sy.No.188/1 Vellinezhi Ottappalam 9.42 Are 05-10-2016 04-10-2017 President, Ottappalam 2016/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd.,

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 46 18 K. Hussain, M/s. 81/GBS/DOP/1984/ Sy.No. 1/1 Ottappalam-I Ottappalam 1.00 31-10-2016 06-12-2016 Mubarak Metal A1 Hectare Crusher Unit, Varode. P.O, Ottappalam 19 K.T. Haridas, 82/GBS/DOP/2112/ Re.Sy.No. 456/2 Lakkidi Perur-I Ottappalam 100 Are. 31-10-2016 06-12-2016 Karuthedath House, A1 Palappuram, Mangalam, Palakkad 20 83/GBS/DOP/1864/ Sy.No. 434/1, Lakkidi Perur-I Ottappalam 38.04 Are 31-10-2016 30-10-2017 P.C. Syed Muhammed, A1 434/2, 437/3 M/s. Crescent Granites Products, Old Lakkidi, Akalur. P.O, Palakkad Palakkad Taluk 1 128/GBS/DOP/1244/ Re.Sy.No.201/1 Keralassery Palakkad 46.55 23-11-2015 22-11-2016 P.A. Said Muhammed, 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Managing Partner, M/s. Korian Granites, Mannur West 2 Krishnadas. K, 161/GBS/DOP/2719/ Re.Sy.No. 358/1/1 Pirayiri Palakkad 63.53 Are 18-01-2016 17-01-2017 "Krishna", Krishna 2015/A1 Nagar, C.N. Puram, Palakkad 3 P.K. Unnikrishnan, 21/GBS/DOP/1168/ Re.Sy. No. 75/4 Pirayiri Palakkad 81.68 15-06-2016 14-06-2017 Pulayaprambu House, 2016/A1 Are. Kodunthirapully, Palakkad 4 M.I. Antony, Mangali 51/GBS/DOP/1336/ Re.Sy.No. 6/6 Pudussery West Palakkad 93.10 Are 18-07-2016 17-07-2017 House, Pathiri Nagar, 2016/A1 Dhoni, Palakkad

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 47 5 K.J. Thomaskutty, 71/GBS/DOP/1875/ Re.Sy.No. 110/1 Akathethara Palakkad 99.38 Are 03-10-2016 06-12-2016 Managing Partner, 2016/A1 Kannanthanam Associates, Kannanthanathu House, Vadasserikkara Pattambi Taluk 1 M.T. Abdul Shukoor, 131/GBS/DOP/1668/ Re.Sy.No. 179/3 Koppam Pattambi 29.93 25-11-2015 24-11-2016 Mundakkattuthodi 2015/A1/CRPS Are. House, Mannengode, Prabhapuram, Pattambi. 2 K.V. Mohammed Ali, 136/GBS/DOP/1820/ Sy.No. 154/1 Pattithara Pattambi 29.55 30-11-2015 29-11-2016 Koombra Kannalath 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Valappil House, Mala. P.O, Kakkattiri, Thrithala, Palakkad 3 K.Sukumaran, 155/GBS/DOP/1459/ Sy.No. 114 Thirumittacode-II Pattambi 4.85 Are 23-12-2015 22-12-2016 President, Ottappalam 2015/A1/CRPS Taluk Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND (P). 176 4 Muhammed Musthafa, 163/GBS/DOP/1721/ Re.Sy.No. 33/3, Pattambi Pattambi 96.32 03-02-2016 02-02-2017 Joint Managing 2015/A1 33/4 Are. Partner, M/s. Super Granites, Sankaramangalam. P.O, Pattambi.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 48 5 164/GBS/DOP/2742/ Sy.No. 313/2 Anakkara Pattambi 9.41 Are. 03-02-2016 02-02-2017 V. Mohanan, 2015/A1/CRPS Varikkottil House, Malamakkavu, Koodalloor, Palakkad 6 174/GBS/DOP/1105/ Sy.No.114 Thirumittacode-II Pattambi 9.712 24-02-2016 23-02-2017 Sajeev George, 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Panjimaram, Melepura Estate, Chazhiyattiri, Peringode, Palakkad 7 P.P. Ashraf, Managing 177/GBS/DOP/1858/ Sy.No. 335/3 A1 Thrithala Pattambi 13.765 02-03-2016 01-03-2017 Partner, M/s. Mabrook 2015/A1/CRPS Are Granites, Kottappadam, Thrithala.P.O, Pattambi, Palakkad 8 Sukumaran, President, 181/GBS/DOP/2417/ Re.Sy.No. 299 Ongallur-I Pattambi 9.712 Are 09-03-2016 08-03-2017 Ottappalam Taluk 2015/A1/CRPS Karinkal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd., No. SIND(P) 176

9 Abhilash, Nayakath 183/GBS/DOP/2780/ Re.Sy.No. 471 Kulukkallur Pattambi 9.31 Are 14-03-2016 13-03-2017 Parambil House, 2015/A1/CRPS Njangattiri, Ottappalam, Palakkad 10 Sajeev George, 06/GBS/DOP/1106/ Sy.No. 114 Thirumittacode-II Pattambi 14.17 10.05.2016 09.05.2017 Panjimaram, Melepura 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Estate, Chazhiyattiri. P.O, Peringode

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 49 11 C.C. Thoufeeq, 12/GBS/DOP/1145/ Re.Sy.No. 22/3,4,2 Vallappuzha Pattambi 100 Are. 30-05-2016 29-05-2017 Cholakkal Chappala, 2015/A1 C.C. Manzil, Valavannur. P.O 12 Dilipkumar. K, 15/GBS/DOP/2364/ Re.Sy.No. 368/3 Ongallur-II Pattambi 15.25 01-06-2016 31-05-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2015/A1/CRPS Are. Capital Granites, Paruthipra, Shornur 13 Ahammed Shrief. T, 25/GBS/DOP/1044/ Re.Sy.No. 471 Kulukkallur Pattambi 49.50 Are 15-06-2016 14-06-2017 S/o. Abdul Rahiman, 2016/A1/CRPS Thottingal House, Vilayoor. P.O 14 K.J. Mathai, Managing 26/GBS/DOP/996/ Re.Sy.No. 99/3 Vallapuzha Pattambi 18.59 15-06-2016 14-06-2017 Partner, M/s. Three 2016/A1/CRPS Are. Star Metal Crusher, Choorakode. P.O, Vallapuzha. 15 Sukumaran, President, 57/GBS/DOP/1582/ Re.Sy.No. 141 Ongallur-I Pattambi 9.71 Are 03-08-2016 02-08-2017 Ottappalam Taluk 2016/A1/CRPS Karingal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd 16 Abdul Rahiman, 59/GBS/DOP/1209/ Re.Sy.No.180/1 Koppam Pattambi 100 Are. 08-08-2016 07-08-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2016/A1/CRPS Crescent Stone Crusher Unit, Prabhapuram, Mannengode. P.O. 17 Abhilash. N, Nayakath 60/GBS/DOP/1069/ Sy.No. 33/12 Pattambi Pattambi 9.31 Are. 10-08-2016 09-08-2017 Parambil House, 2016/A1/CRPS Njangattiri, Pattambi, Palakkad

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 50 18 Sukumaran, President, 61/GBS/DOP/1413/ Re.Sy.No. 35/1 Vallappuzha Pattambi 9.71 Are. 10-08-2016 09-08-2017 Ottappalam Taluk 2016/A1/CRPS Karingal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd 19 Abdul Shukoor, 66/GBS/DOP/1667/ Re.Sy.No. 179/3 Koppam Pattambi 100 Are. 19-09-2016 18-09-2017 Mundakkattuthodi 2016/A1 House, Mannengode. P.O, Prabhapuram, Pattambi 20 Sukumaran, President, 67/GBS/DOP/1579/ Re.Sy.No. 322/1 Kulukkallur Pattambi 9.72 Are. 19-09-2016 18-09-2017 Ottappalam Taluk 2015/A1/CRPS Karingal Quarry Operators Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd 21 K.V. Mohammadali, 80/GBS/DOP/1520/ Re.Sy.No. 471/1 Kulukkallur Pattambi 9.02 Are 31-10-2016 30-10-2017 Kandanath Velath A1/CRPS House, Choorakkode. P.O 22 Unniyankutty, S/o. 84/GBS/DOP/2025/ Re.Sy.No. 27/3 Koppam Pattambi 8.10 Are 16-11-2016 06-12-2016 Ayamutti, Kaddingal 2016/A1 House, Pulasseri. P.O, Koppam 23 Sunil Hassan, 85/GBS/DOP/1120/ Re.Sy.No. 459/3,5 Nagalasseri Pattambi 38.87 Are 16-11-2016 15-11-2017 Managing Partner, M/s. 2016/A1/CRPS KMK Granites, Velladikunnu, Nagalasseri

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 51 Table 2c: List of Quarrying Permit granted for Laterite Building Stone

Concession Holder's Survey No/ Sl.No. Concession No. Village Taluk Area (Ha) Valid from Valid to Name & Address Re.Survey No.

Mannarkkad Taluk 1 Rassak, S/o. Hamsa, 31/LBS/DOP/2408/ Sy.No.105/2 Thachanattukara-2 Mannarakkad 9.71 Are. 30-11-2015 29-11-2016 Kunnath House, 2015/A1/CRPS Nattukal, Thachanattukara 2 Sakkeer Hussain, 32/LBS/DOP/2387/ Sy.No. 12/1A Thachampara Mannarakkad 9.922 Are 02-12-2015 01-12-2016 Pallath 2015/A1/CRPS House,Kanjirapuzha, Pottassery, Palakkad 3 Muhammed Shameer, 34/LBS/DOP/2614/ Sy.No.523/8 Thachanattukara-I Mannarakkad 9.631 Are 07-12-2015 06-12-2016 Pattambi House, 2015/A1/CRPS Vazhan Kada, Anamangad. P.O, Malappuram 4 Muhammed Ali, 40/LBS/DOP/2603/ Sy.No.523/8 Thachanattukara-I Mannarakkad 9.712 Are. 08-02-2016 07-02-2017 Chungath House, 2015/A1/CRPS Nattukal. P.O. 5 Noushad. M, Malayil 41/LBS/DOP/2818/ Sy.No. 254/4 Thachanattukara-I Mannarakkad 9.71 Are. 08-02-2016 07-02-2017 House, Palode, 2015/A1/CRPS Nattukal. P.O. 6 Muhammed. T.P, 42/LBS/DOP/2682/ Sy.No. 305/2,9 Thachanattukara-I Mannarakkad 9.712 Are. 08-02-2016 07-02-2017 Thencheriparambil, 2015/A1/CRPS Palode, Mannarkkad

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 52 7 Abdul Rahiman. T.K, 01/LBS/DOP/174/ Sy.No. 41/10 Pottassery-II Mannarkkad 9.72 Are 13-04-2016 12-04-2017 T.K. House, 2016/A1/CRPS Kottiyode, Viyyakurussi. P.O, 8 Muhammedkutty, 02/LBS/DOP/363/ Sy.No.255/1 Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 9.712 Are 27-04-2016 26-04-2017 Chengodan, 2016/A1/CRPS Thachanattukara, Mannarkkad 9 Bhaskaran. C, S/o. 08/LBS/DOP/1204/ Sy.No.157/1 Kottappadam-II Mannarkkad 9.79 Are 06-06-2016 05-06-2017 Appu, 2016/A1/CRPS Changanamkkattil House, Kulikkiliyad 10 Hamsa.K, S/o. Syed, 12/LBS/DOP/1681/ Sy.No. 73/9B Thachampara Mannarkkad 9.7 Are. 08-08-2016 07-08-2017 Konnadan House, 2016/A1/CRPS Punnakkode, Thenkara.P.O. 11 Anoop, S/o. 13/LBS/DOP/1662/ Sy.No. 16/5 Thachampara Mannarkkad 9.72 Are 10-08-2016 09-08-2017 Krishnankutty, 2016/A1/CRPS Arakkal House, Thachampara. P.O. 12 Suresh.K, S/o. Ponnu, 14/LBS/DOP/1647/ Sy.No.9/1A Karakkurussi Mannarkkad 9.6 Are. 10-08-2016 09-08-2017 Kottilammaru House, 2016/A1/CRPS Pottassery. P.O. 13 Veerankutty, S/o. 15/LBS/DOP/1660/ Sy.No. 491/5A Alanallur-3 Mannarkkad 9.71 Are 17-08-2016 16-08-2017 Alu, Cheriyadan 2016/A1/CRPS House, Thiruvizhamkunnu. P.O 14 M.K. Radhakrishnan, 17/LBS/DOP/1715/ Sy.No. 6/1 Karakkurussi Mannarkkad 9.71 Are 30-08-2016 29-08-2017 Pariyani. House, 2016/A1/CRPS

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 53 Pullassery. P.O, Mannarkkad 15 Sainudheen, S/o. 20/LBS/DOP/1873/ Re.Sy.No. Karimba-II Mannarkkad 9.71 Are 05-10-2016 04-10-2017 Veeran, 2016/A1/CRPS 168/15A1A, Kanjirakadayam 168/15A1B, House, 186/7 Viyyakkurussi. P.O

16 Shakkeer Ussain, S/o. 21/LBS/DOP/2096/ Sy.No. 12/1A, Thachampara Mannarkkad 9.92 Are 17-10-2016 16-10-2017 Kunhali, Pallath 2016/A1/CRPS House, Kanjirapuzha, Mannarkkad 17 Ashraf. P, S/o. 25/LBS/DOP/1811/ Sy. No. 24/1A Karimba - I Mannarkkad 10.00 Are. 26-10-2016 25-10-2017 Unnean. P, Pilathara 2016/A1/CRPS House, Thachampara. P.O 18 Santhosh. P.M, S/o. 26/LBS/DOP/2164/ Sy.No. 144/1A1 Karakkurussi Mannarkkad 9.80 Are. 26-10-2016 25-10-2017 Narayana Gupthan, 2016/A1/CRPS Neduvani Veettil, Vakkadappuram. P.O, Karakurussi. 19 31/LBS/DOP/1982/ Sy.No. 107/1 Kottoppadam-III Mannarkkad 9.72 Are 02-11-2016 01-11-2017 Muhammed Basheer, 2016/A1/CRPS S/o. Hamsa, Achipra House, Kunthipuzha 20 Koyamon, S/o. 33/LBS/DOP/2236/ Sy.No. Kottoppadam-II Mannarkkad 9.75 Are. 14-11-2016 13-11-2017 Muhammed, Variyath 2016/A1/CRPS 146/1,145/1A1B Valappil, Bheemand, Kottoppadam

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 54 21 Salam. E, Chatholi 34/LBS/DOP/1349/ Sy.No. Kottoppadam-I Mannarkkad 9.76 Are. 14-11-2016 13-11-2017 House, 2016/A1/CRPS 287/6A1A3 Thirivazhamkunnu, Kottoppadam, Mannarkkad 22 Abu, S/o. 37/LBS/DOP/2252/ Sy.No. 255/1 Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 9.66 Are 14-11-2016 13-11-2017 Kunhayamu, 2016/A1/CRPS Kiliyatham Kuzhi, Aliparamb, Malappuram (Dist). 23 Muhammed Shameer, 38/LBS/DOP/1966/ Sy.No. 523/8 Thachanattukara-I Mannarkkad 9.004 14-11-2016 13-11-2017 Pattambi House, 2016/A1/CRPS Vazhakkada. P.O Ottappalam Taluk

1 Unnikannan.V, 35/LBS/DOP/1711/ Re.Sy. No.143/2 Vellinezhi Ottappalam 9.71 Are 07-12-2015 06-12-2016 Vettath House, 2015/A1/CRPS Vellinezhi. P.O, Palakkad 2 Muhammed Anees. P, 39/LBS/DOP/2406/ Re.Sy.No. Sreekrishnapuram- Ottappalam 9.72 Are. 16-12-2015 15-12-2016 Parayan Kallingal 2015/A1/CRPS 154/4 II House, Poombra, Karimpuzha, Ottappalam 3 Ayyappankutty, 03/LBS/DOP/368/ Re.Sy.No. 32/1 Sreekrishnapuram- Ottappalam 9.72 Are 27-04-2016 26-04-2017 Naduvil House, 2016/A1/CRPS I Thiruvazhiyode. P.O, Palakkad

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 55 4 Muhammed Anees. 04/LBS/DOP/806/ Re.Sy.No. Sreekrishnapuram- Ottappalam 9.712 Are 02-05-2016 01-05-2017 P, S/o. 2016/A1/CRPS 136/3 II Syed, Parayan Kallingal House, Pompra. P.O, Ottappalam 5 Showkathali, 07/LBS/DOP/762/ Re.Sy.No. Lakkidi-Perur -II Ottappalam 9.71 Are 01-06-2016 31-05-2017 Venmarathil House, 2016/A1/CRPS 114/4 Mulanjoor. P.O, Ottappalam 6 Krishnankutty Nair, 18/LBS/DOP/1863/ Re.Sy.No. 169/1 Sreekrishnapuram- Ottappalam 9.76 Are. 19-09-2016 18-09-2017 S/o.Kuttappan Nair, 2016/A1/CRPS I Kochupurakkal House, Varadiyam, Avannur. P.O, Thrissur. 7 Nishad. K, S/o. 19/LBS/DOP/1929/ Re.Sy.No. 228/3 Karimpuzha-I Ottappalam 9.44 Are 03-10-2016 02-10-2017 Kammu, 2016/A1/CRPS Kanjirathingal House, Karimpuzha. P.O 8 Babu. K, S/o. 27/LBS/DOP/2093/ Re.Sy.No. 58/1 Karimpuzha-I Ottappalam 19.42 Are 26-10-2016 25-10-2017 Narayanan, 2016/A1/CRPS Koodanthodi. House, Kottappuram. P.O. 9 Subramanyan, 35/LBS/DOP/2018/ Sy,No. 112/12 Vaniyamkulam-I Ottappalam 9.712 Are. 14-11-2016 13-11-2017 Thadathil Veedu, 2016/A1/CRPS Chalisseri, Thanneerkode 10 Shoukkathali, 36/LBS/DOP/2200/ ReSy.No. 154 Karimpuzha-I Ottappalam 9.51 Are. 14-11-2016 13-11-2017 Parasseri House, 2016/A1/CRPS Kottoppadam. P.O, Mannarkkad

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 56 Palakkad Taluk 1 Saidu Muhammed, 29/LBS/DOP/2162/ Re.Sy. No. 87/3, Mundur-I Palakkad 9.72 Are 31-10-2016 30-10-2017 S/o. Abdul Khader, 2016/A1/CRPS 87/11, 87/15 Poolakkal, Peroor. P.O Pattambi Taluk 1 Abdul Majeed. C.P, 33/LBS/DOP/2526/ Sy.No.44/2 Chalissery Pattambi 9.40 Are. 07-12-2015 06-12-2016 Cheeram Parambil, 2015/A1/CRPS Thaneercode. P.O, Palakkad 2 C.K. Mohammed Ali, 36/LBS/DOP/2404/ Sy.No. 153/1A2 Pattithara Pattambi 8.903 Are 09-12-2015 08-12-2016 Chullikunnath House, 2015/A1/CRPS Pattithara. P.O, Pattambi, Palakkad 3 K.K. Abdul Razak, 37/LBS/DOP/2537/ Re.Sy.No. 85/2 Thiruvegappura Pattambi 9.71 Are 14-12-2015 13-12-2016 S/o. Thenu. K.K, 2015/A1/CRPS Kolleth Karuvalappil House, Kadampuzhza. P.O, Malappuram. Dist 4 Manikantan, 38/LBS/DOP/2354/ Sy.No.307/ Anakkara Pattambi 9.61 Are. 14-12-2015 13-12-2016 Bhasmakuzhiyil 2015/A1/CRPS 1 A House, Kalladathur, Kumaranellur (Via), Palakkad 5 Anil Kumar, 43/LBS/DOP/2662/ Sy.No. 160 Anakkara Pattambi 19.43 Are. 24-02-2016 23-02-2017 Paramelthodi House, 2015/A1/CRPS Vadakkumpuram.P.O, Malappuram

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 57 6 Narayanan, 44/LBS/DOP/2661/ Sy.No.160 Anakkara Pattambi 9.611 Are. 24-02-2016 23-02-2017 Machingal House, 2015/A1/CRPS Vadakkumpuram, Tirur, Malappuram 7 Ali, Kunnumpadath, 45/LBS/DOP/2850/ Sy.No.31/3 Pattithara Pattambi 9.61 Are. 24-02-2016 23-02-2017 Othalur, Pattambi, 2015/A1/CRPS Palakkad 8 Kabeer, S/o. 46/LBS/DOP/57/ Sy.No.120/1 Thrithala Pattambi 9.712 Are. 09-03-2016 08-03-2017 Muhammed, 2016/A1/CRPS Thacharamkunnath, Trithala, Palakkad 9 Noufal, Pookath 47/LBS/DOP/2715/ Sy.No.18/2 Thrithala Pattambi 9.71 Are. 09-03-2016 08-03-2017 House, Angadi, 2015/A1/CRPS Pattambi 10 Sundaran. A, 05/LBS/DOP/463/ Re.Sy.No. 77/3 Parathur Pattambi 9.716 Are. ######### 19-05-2017 Ayakkattil House, 2016/A1/CRPS Karambathur. P.O, Paradur. 11 Anilkumar, 06/LBS/DOP/293/ Sy.No. Anakkara Pattambi 9.611 Are. 28-05-2016 27-05-2017 Paramelthodi House, 2016/A1/CRPS 307/1A Vadakkumpuram, Malappuram 12 K.P. Ali, 09/LBS/DOP/1335/ Sy.No.307/1A Anakkara Pattambi 8.09 Are. 15-06-2016 14-06-2017 Kunnampadath, 2016/A1/CRPS Othaloor. P.O, Pattambi, Palakkad 13 V. Sadhananthan, 10/LBS/DOP/346/ Sy.No.160 Anakkara Pattambi 96.82 Are. 18-06-2016 17-12-2016 Vazhathodiyil House, 2016/A1/CRPS Malamakkavu 14 P. Abdul Khadar, S/o. 11/LBS/DOP/1485/ Sy.No.284/7 Thirumittacode-I Pattambi 9.75 Are. 08-08-2016 07-08-2017 Athen, Pulikkal 2016/A1/CRPS House, Othallur. P.O

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 58 15 Madhusoodanan. P, 16/LBS/DOP/1789/ Sy.No. 307/1A Anakkara Pattambi 8.09 Are. 22-08-2016 21-08-2017 S/o. Narayanan, 2016/A1/CRPS Poozhikunnath, Pandavoor, Alamkode. P.O. 16 Muhammed 22/LBS/DOP/1457/ Sy.No. 74/2 Chalisseri Pattambi 9.71 Are 17-10-2016 16-10-2017 Musthafa, S/o. 2016/A1/CRPS Moidunni, Pallath House, Thanneerkode, Pattithara. P.O 17 Rajan Kundil, 23/LBS/DOP/2114/ Sy. No. 100/4 Thirumittacode-2 Pattambi 9.8 Are. 19-10-2016 18-10-2017 Akilanam, 2016/A1/CRPS Chazhiyattiri. P.O, Peringode 18 Anilkumar, 24/LBS/DOP/2055/ Sy.No. 160 Anakkara Pattambi 19.42 Are 26-10-2016 25-10-2017 Paramelthodi House, 2016/A1/CRPS Vadakkumbram, Edappal Malappuram 19 Ashraf, S/o. 28/LBS/DOP/2163/ Sy.No. 160 Anakkara Pattambi 9.61 Are 26-10-2016 25-10-2017 Muhammed Kutty 2016/A1/CRPS Haji, Karuvaramkunnath, Kumaranellur. P.O 20 Narayanan, 32/LBS/DOP/2165/ Sy.No.160 Anakkara Pattambi 9.6 Are. 07-11-2016 06-11-2017 Machingal House, 2016/A1/CRPS Vadakkumpuram, Tirur

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 59 References

1. District Resource Map, Palakkad district, Kerala. Pubished by Geological Survey of India. 2. Detailed Information on Bauxite in India Geological Survey of India. 1994. Retrieved from http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/DID_Bauxite_WM.pdf 3. Rajan, T. N. and Anil Kumar, P. S. 2005. Geology and Mineral Resources of the States of India Part IX – Kerala. Geological Survey of India Miscellaneous Publication No. 30. 4. Anil Chand A. D. 2013. Ground Water Information Booklet of Palakkad district, Kerala. Technical Reports: Series ‘D’. Central Ground Water Board. 5. www.kerenvis.nic.in 6. www.keralasoils.gov.in 7. www.dmg.kerala.gov.in

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 60

Annexure 1: Geology of Kerala Geology of Kerala

Physiography

Physiographically the state can be divided into four domains from east to west, viz., the Western Ghats, the foothills, the midland and the coastal low- land.

Western Ghats

The hill ranges of the Western Ghats rise to an altitude of over 2500m above the MSL and the crest of the ranges marks the inter-state boundary in most of the places. A breach in the continuity of the ranges marks the Palghat Gap with a sinistral shift of 50 km between the shifted crests. The Wynad plateau and the Munnar (1057'00": 7731'00") upland fall within this zone.

Foothills

The foothills of the Western Ghats comprise the rocky area from 200 to 600m.above MSL. It is a transitional zone between the high -ranges and midland.

Midland region

This forms an area of gently undulating topography with hillocks and mounds. Laterite capping is commonly noticeable on the top of these hillocks. The low, flat-topped hillocks forming the laterite plateau range in altitude from 30-200m and are observed between coastal low-land and the foothills.

Coastal low- land

Coastal low-land is identified with alluvial plains, sandy stretches, abraded platforms, beach ridges, raised beaches, lagoons and estuaries. The low- land and the plains are generally less than 10m above MSL.

Rivers

Kerala is drained by 44 rivers, many of which orginate from the Western Ghats. Except Kabini, Bhavani and Pambar which are east - flowing, the rest of rivers are west- flowing and join the Arabian Sea. A few of them drain into the backwaters. Most important rivers (with their length in km in paranthesis) of the state, are Chandragiri(105), Valapatnam (110), Achankovil (120) Kallada (121), Muvattupuzha (121), Chalakudy (130), Kadalundi(130), Chaliyar (169), Pampa (176),Bharathapuzha (209) and Periyar (244).

Geology

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 61

Geologically, Kerala is occupied by Precambrian crystallines, acid to ultra basic intrusives of Archaean to Proterozoic age, Tertiary (Mio-Pliocene) sedimentary rocks and Quaternary sediments of fluvial and marine origin (Fig.I). Both the crystallines and the Tertiary sediments have been extensively lateritised.

Based on the detailed studies by GSI during the last three decades, the following stratigraphic sequence has been suggested.

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 62

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 63

Base not recognised

The Archaeans

Rocks of Archaean Era encompass a wide spectrum of litho-assemblages ranging from khondalite, charnockite, gneiss and meta-sedimentary rocks occupying the Western Ghats including the foothill region. The Khondalite and Charnockite Group are correlated with the Eastern Ghat Supergroup based on the overall similarity in lithology and geochronology.

Wynad Supracrustals

The meta-sedimentary, and ultramafic rocks occurring in the Wynad District generated keen interest among the GSI geologists in 1970s. The high-grade Wynad supracrustal rocks are correlated with the Sargur Schist Complex of the Karnataka (Nair, et al, 1975; Adiga, 1980). The schistose rocks are characterised by intense deformation, medium to high-grade metamorphism, migmatisation and lack of sedimentary structures. The schist complex consists of meta- ultramafites, schist, meta-pelites, meta-pyroxenite, serpentinite, talc-tremolite rock and amphibolite.

The meta-sedimentaries occur as thin linear bodies within the migmatites. These consist of pelites, psammopelites and quartzites. The predominant rock types are corundum- mica schist, kyanite schist, quartz- mica schist and iron stone.(Anil Kumar et al,1993).

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 64

These rocks occur as narrow arcuate belts, lenses, and other forms of enclaves within Peninsular gneisses and charnockite. The group can be divided into medium-to low- grade metasedimentary rocks and meta-mafic and meta-ultramafic rocks. The lithology of the high-grade schists consist of quartz-mica schist with kyanite, quartz-sericite schists,quartzites,magnetite quartzite, fuchsite quartzite and meta-ultramafites. Their contact with the surrounding gneisses are concordant due to later co-folding. Several linear belts of such high-grade schists and ultramafite enclaves occur as isolated bands within the granulite and gneissic terrain of Kasaragod and Kannur districts.

Layered ultrabasic- basic complex

Remnants of layered basic- ultabasic complex are reported from Attappadi area(Nambiar 1982).The ultramafics are represented by meta-pyroxenite, meta-dolerite, peridotite with chromite and meta-gabbro (Lahiri et al, 1975). The anorthosite of Attappadi is only a few metre thick. Occurrences are around Narsimukku, Pudur and Melmulli areas. An east-west trending narrow lenticular body of serpentinised dunite is reported from Punalur mica mine belt.

A minor body (200 m long and 10-15m wide) of anorthosite was reported within pyroxene- granulite-charnockite terrain from Katanjari parambu of Kasargod district (Adiga, 1979).

District Survey Report, Palakkad District, Kerala State 65

Another dismembered layered igneous complex consisting of alternate layers of peridotite and pyroxenite within charnockite was traced around Panathadi area of Kannur District (Adiga, 1980).

Peninsular Gneissic Complex- I (PGC-I)

The rocks of Peninsular Gneissic Complex(PGC) are exposed in the northern parts of Kerala adjoining Karnataka . This consists of a heterogeneous mixture of granitoid materials. The equivalent rocks of PGC in Kerala include hornblende-biotite gneiss (sheared), biotite- hornblende gneiss, foliated granite and pink granite gneiss. Granite gneiss is exposed along the intra-State boundary of Palakkad District as well as in Idukki District. Pink granite gneiss, though widespread, is best developed in Devikolam (1004'00": 7706'30"), and Udumbanchola (10°00'00":77°15'00") areas of Idukki District.

This consists of gneisses showing preponderance of either hornblende or biotite. The percentage of hornblende and biotite varies from place to place. This can be traced from Manantoddy to further northwest upto the west coast. West of Manantoddy, the rock is hornblende gneiss. It shows coarse granulitic to gneissic texture and is composed of hornblende, feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, biotite and garnet. Alkali feldspar shows alteration to clay and sericite. Biotite is mainly secondary after hornblende.

Around Mahe and Thalasseri, the biotite gneiss(Nair et al., 1974) is medium-grained and gneissose rock consisting of alternate layers of mafics and felsics.

Khondalite Group

The Khondalite Group of rocks include calc-granulites, quartzite and para-gneisses of pelitic parentage. Para-gneisses are ubiquitous and are well-developed in the southern part of the state, particularly, in Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts. Calc-granulite and quartzite occur as bands within the para-gneisses and amidst the Charnockite Group and migmatitic gneisses.

Calc-granulite

Calc-granulite occurs as linear bands mainly in the eastern part of Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram District, northeast and east of Munnar in Idukki district and in parts of Palakkad District. The rock is generally medium to coarse-grained, inequigranular and granoblastic in texture. It consists of diopside and plagioclase. Minerals like wollastonite, scapolite, calcite, garnet, spinel, sphene, quartz and apatite are also present in different proportions.

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Quartzite

Quartzite occurs as linear bands amidst the khondalitic gneiss, charnockite and migmatitic gneisses. These bands are exposed between Pathanamthitta (915'45": 7647'00"), and Muvattupuzha (959'00": 7635'00") in Ernakulam District. The rock is coarse-grained and generally white in color with a brownish coating on the weathered surface. It consists of granular quartz with subordinate feldspar, garnet and iron oxide.

Garnetiferous biotite-sillimanite gneiss

Garnetiferous biotite- sillimanite gneiss is well-developed in the southern part of the state. It occurs in close association with the migmatitic gneisses, charnockite and charnockite gneisses, mostly as weathered outcrops. Sillimanite- rich bands occur alternating with garnet - rich portions or with quartzo-feldspathic layers. Rutile and iron oxides are the common accessory minerals.

Charnockite Group

Charnockite Group shows great diversity in lithology comprising pyroxene granulite, hornblende pyroxenite, magnetite quartzite, charnockite and hypersthene-diopside gneisses and cordierite gneiss. Charnockite and charnockitic gneiss have preponderance over all other crystalline rocks covering 40 -50% of the total area of the State. The charnockites are well- exposed in the central and northern parts of Kerala including the high–hills of the Western Ghats. Char nockite has lesser predominance in Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts. In Attappady, the Bhavani Shear Zone is limited by the charnockite massif of the Nilgiri plateau on the north. Though the interrelationship of the Charnockite and the Khondalite is not clear, in many places there are intercalations rather than interlayering of one with the other. In Palakkad District, the Khondalite Group of rocks structurally overlie the charnockite. The occurrence of pyroxene granulite as fine and linear bodies within the charnockite of Tirur, suggests that charnockite is a product of migmatisation of pyroxene granulite(Vidyadharan and Sukumaran, 1978). Charnockite and charnockitic gneiss consist of quartz, feldspar and biotite. Garnet-bearing variants are also observed. The basic charnockite is more granulitic and contains clino- and ortho- pyroxenes, feldspar, biotite and garnet whereas the acid variety (alaskite/ enderbite) is greenish black, coarse-grained, massive to poorly foliated rock consisting of quartz, feldspar and pyroxenes. Basic charnockite has low- potash feldspar and more clinopyroxene. This is devoid of garnet and graphite, but shows a little amount of biotite(Chacko, 1922). Due to the polygenetic nature of the rock, geochemical and

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mineralogical variations do exist between charnockites reported from Kerala. In the Periyar valley region, in Idukki and Kottayam districts, pyroxenite and alaskite constitute the Charnockite Group (Nair, and Selvan, 1976).

The available age data indicate that the massive charnockites are older and their ages range between 2155 and 2930 + 50 Ma (Soman ,1997).

Also charnockite has been subjected to retrogression and migmatisation.

Archaean to Palaeo-Proterozoic

Vengad Group

A succession of schistose rocks in parts of Tellicherry taluk in Kannur district is described as Vengad Group of rocks (Nair, 1976). The Vengad Group comprises of basal conglomerate, quartzite and quartz-mica schist. The contacts are highly gradational. The conglomerate shows graded bedding and quartzite shows current-bedding.

An angular unconformity marked by conglomerate horizon extending from Kuthuparamba (1149‘30": 75 34'00") to Vengad (1153‘30":75 32'00") in Kannur district, separates the younger quartz-mica schist and quartzite from the older schistose and gneissic rocks. The lithology consists of basal oligomictic conglomerate, quartzite, quartz-biotite-muscovite schist and biotite quartzite. The schists are exposed over an area of 300 sq km having a lensoidal shape with its longer axis trending in NW-SE direction. The basement rock is gneissic or migmatitic with relicts of high-grade schists, ultramafites and quartzites of the Wynad Schist Complex. Four major occurrences of conglomerate are noticed in a NW-SE direction over a length of 10 km.

Lack of migmatisation, presence of primary structures and low-grade metamorphic minerals characterize these rocks.

Migmatite\ Gneiss\ Granitoid (PGC-II)

Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss

Migmatite includes variety of gneissic rocks which are next in importance to charnockite as a dominant litho-assemblage. Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss occurring along the contact zone between garnet-biotite gneiss and garnet-sillimanite gneiss of Thiruvananthapuram area represents an original intrusive phase. It is a feebly foliated, fine-grained, leucocratic granulitic

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rock occurring in close association with garnet-sillimanite gneiss and garnet-biotite gneiss with gradational contact relationship in the southern parts of Kerala. The origin of this rock is attributed to stress-induced injection of acid materials into the host rocks(Nageswara Rao and Raju,1970).

Garnet- biotite gneiss

Garnet-biotite gneiss is well-developed in the northeastern parts of Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts. This carries inclusions of pyroxene granulite and disseminations of graphite at many places (Jacob, 1965). It consists of quartz, microperthite, biotite, plagioclase and graphite. This rock also occurs in the northern parts of Palakkad District in close association with khondalite, charnockite and hornblende gneiss. These rocks are subsequently formed by retrogression and migmatisation of the Khondalite Group.

East of Kottayam and Idukki districts, light grey, pink garnet-bearing biotite gneiss is widely seen. It is a gneissic granulite. The presence of biotite and concentration of garnet in layers give the rock a banded appearance.(GSI, 1995).

Hornblende gneiss, hornblende-biotite gneiss, quartz- mica gneiss

These rock types occur within the migmatites and associated retrograded charnockite. The naming is purely based on the preponderance of the minerals and these rocks occur in the Periyar valley area east of Thodupuzha.(Nair and Selvan,1976). These medium-grained , foliated, banded rocks consist of alternate layers rich in hornblende or biotite. Bands of coarse to medium- grained light grey to pink granite traverse these rocks. Hornblende- biotite gneiss showing lit par lit relationship with the granite gneisses is the dominant rock type in the Periyar valley. This is admixed with contorted bands and enclaves of pyroxene granulite, calc- granulite and hornblende- biotite granulite. These are highly deformed.

In the Palakkad gap area, these gneisses occur over a large area, showing migmatitic structures such as agmatites, nebulites, schlierens, ptygmatic folds, quartzo-feldspathic neosomes and ferromagnesian palaeosomes.(Muraleedharan and Raman, 1989).

Proterozoic

Basic intrusives

Basic dyke emplacements within the Archaean crystalline rocks of Kerala are spread throughout the entire length and breadth of the state. Of these, dolerite dyke occurring north of the Palakkad gap had given Proterozoic age whereas in the south this dyke is of Phanerozoic

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age. The older basic dykes are metamorphosed along with the country rocks and are now recognised as epidiorite and amphibolite. Another set of dykes, apparently post-dating the regional metamorphic event are subjected to thermal metamorphism. Clouding and sericitisation of feldspars and uralitisation of pyroxenes are common in such dykes. In the absence of chronological data such dykes are considered to be of Proterozoic age. Most of the dykes are vertical in disposition and are traced as linear features. En-echelon pattern of some dyke swarms suggests that magmatic intrusion was controlled by shearing of the host rock., Mineralogically, the dykes are made up mostly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene(augite and aegirine-augite) with magnetite, apatite and olivine as accessories. The ENE-WSW dolerite dyke swarm of Agali- Anakkati area in Palakkad District within the Bhavani Shear zone showed in isotopic age from 1900 to 2000 Ma (Radhakrishna and Mathew Joseph, 1993). The rock is highly jointed and altered (Jacob, 1965). Similar basic intrusive bodies are traced in the Achankovil shear zone in Vazhamuttam (914'00":7646'40"), Kulasekhara pettah (916'00":7647'45") (Thomas Mathai et al, 1984). Sheet-like bodies of fine to medium- grained, dark coloured meta-gabbro occurs in Periyamuli (1113'00"; 7643'00") for about 20 km in ENE-WSW direction, Karuvarai (1104'00"; 7632'30") and few gabbro bodies south of Thuvapattu (1106'30"; 7644'45") in Attapady valley, Palakkad district. Meta-gabbro forms small hillocks east of Payyanam (1031'00"; 7621'00"), southwest of Kainur (1036'00"; 7609'00") and Chemmannur (1041'00"; 7601'00"), Vaga (1035'00"; 7606'00") and Arthat (1037'00"; 7603'00") in Trichur District (Mahadevan, 1962).

Dykes in north Kerala show , NW-SE, NE-SW and NNW-SSE trends. Host rocks are charnockite, gneisses and supracrustals(Radhakrishna et al 1991). Dykes are mainly dolerite but occasional meta-gabbro or meta-norite are also traced. In Agali- Anaikatti area of the Attapadi- Bhavani shear zone, dykes are confined within a 20-25km wide zone and extend from west of Agali to eastward for about 100km following a ENE-WSW direction.(Radhakrishna, et al, 1999).

The rock consists of 95% calcic plagioclase, 5% clinopyroxenes and subordinate amounts of magnetite. There are a number of concordant and discordant basic intrusive of dolerite and gabbro,meta-gabbro, meta-norite, meta-pyroxenite and anorthositic gabbro. These are not mappable and are seen in Pappinpra (11o06'20", 76o05'56") Velli(11o04'00":76o07'45"),

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Kalpetta (11o04'12":76o05'32). An extensive basic diorite has been mapped over an area of 25 sq km at Panavalli (11o53'30",76 o 2'30"; Nair, et al 1976).

The rock is composed predominantly of calcic plagioclase (95%) rest clinopyroxene with subordinate amount of magnetite. Another relatively small body of anorthosite is around Kalivalli (1151'30"; 7612'30") in south Wynad taluk, Wynad District.

Ultrabasic/ basic intrusive (younger)

Perinthatta Anorthosite

A major elliptical body of anorthosite spread over an area of more than 50 sq.km is reported from Perinthatta (12o10'00":75o17'30";Vidyadharan et al, 1977). The anorthosite is with a very irregular border and a tongue-like projection into the country rock of charnockite and pyroxene granulite of Kannur District.The anorthosite is coarse to very coarse-grained, and shows variations from pure anorthosite to gabbroic anorthosite and gabbro from the centre to the periphery suggestive of zoning. The modal composition corresponds to nearly 95% plagioclase

(An 58-72) and <10% clinopyroxene, apatite, calcite and magnetite. The gabbroic variants have more of mafics.

The structural configuration suggests that the anorthosite was emplaced in synformal structure as a phacolith. The flow-banding in anorthosite indicates its syntectonic emplacement. The Perinthatta anorthosite is assigned a Proterozoic age.

Ezhimala gabbro-granophyre complex

The major high-relief feature proximal to the Perinthatta anorthosite is constituted by the gabbro-granophyre Complex (Nair and Vidyadharan, 1982). The granophyre massif is fringed by the gabbro to the east and south. The Bavali fault running north of the complex is presumed to have dismembered the body from the Perinthatta anorthosite. Locally, the gabbro has anorthositic differentiates within it. Veins of granophyre traverse the gabbro at places give rise to breccia-like structures. The granophyre shows a sharp contact with the gabbro into which it intrudes. Rapakivi structure is observed within the granophyre. According to Nair and Vidyadharan (1982) rocks of Ezhimala complex display bimodal character with conspicuous basic and silicic components.

Kartikulam and Karraug Gabbro

Two gabbro bodies namely Kartikulam gabbro and Karraug gabbro are located northeast of Manantoddy bordering the Karnataka (Nair et al, 1975).The gabbro body at Kartikulam

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occupies an area of about 45 sq.km. with an elliptical shape within the gneissic terrain. The actual contact with the gneiss is concealed but it is believed to be sharp. At many places, the gabbro is agmatised by coarse quartzo-feldspathic material.

The gabbro is coarse-grained and of uneven texture consisting essentially of plagioclase and pyroxene. Variation to anorthositic composition is noticed. The plagioclase is of labrodorite composition and shows alteration to sericite at places (Rema Warrier and Venkataraman, 1986). The pyroxenes are uralitised to varying degrees.

The Karraug gabbro body is located east of it and south of the Kabini River. It shows similar features as that of the Kartikulam gabbro. The rock shows phenocrysts of feldspar set in a fine matrix of flaky minerals.

Adakkathodu gabbro

At Adakkathodu(1231'35"; 7510'25"), northwest of Manantoddy, a 8 km long meta-gabbro, is intrusive into the basement gneisses on three sides and the Wynad schists in the east. It occurs proximal to the Bavali fault/lineament. It encloses, patches of quartz-sericite schists and biotite gneiss. (Nair et al, 1975). The rock is mesocratic to melanocratic, medium to coarse grained consisting mainly of pyroxene and plagioclase. The rock shows sub-ophitic texture and consists of enstatite and intermediate plagioclase of andesine-labrodorite composition (Nair et al, 1976). While the gabbro bodies of Kartikulam and Karraug to the east are olivine- bearing, the Adakkathodu gabbro is enstatite- bearing. Olivine, augite and zoned feldspars are recorded from the eastern body while the western body is enstatite- bearing, without the zoning in feldspar.

Begur diorite

An extensive basic diorite body (25 sq.km.) has been traced north of Manantoddy in the Begur Reserve Forest (Nair, et al, 1976). It extends from Thirunelli to the Karnataka State border. The southern contact is with augen gneisses indicating emplacement along shear zones while the northern one with sillimanite gneisses. Aplite and dolerite veins are seen traversing the rock mostly parallel to the regional foliation. The rock is mesocratic to melanocratic, coarse-grained and consists of pink to grey feldspar, hornblende and biotite.

The rock is feebly gneissic and at places porphyritic (Rema Warrier and Venkataramana, 1986). The phenocrysts are mostly plagioclase. Mafics at times swerve round the phenocrysts

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giving rise to augen structure. Hornblende is altered to biotite and chlorite. Accessories include epidote, apatite, zoisite and opaques.

The diorite shows tholeiitic charcteristics.The diorite is considered as a transitional rock from the gabbro with which it is spatially associated in the nearby area with the plagioclase become more sodic.

Charnockites [younger]

The area south of Palakkad exposes charnockite over large areas.The charnockites are represented by acid microperthitic charnockite and intermediate gneissic charnockite occurring in association with garnetiferous biotite gneiss and khondalite (Narayanaswamy and Purna Lakshmi, 1967). Massive charnockites are developed on a regional scale and occur as mappable litho-units (Raju and Gopalakrishnan, 1972), around Nedumangad. The massive charnockites in majority of the cases are acid and intermediate in composition. The rock is medium to coarse-grained and shows xenoblastic texture. It is composed of quartz, feldspar, pyroxenes, garnet and graphite with accessories like biotite, zircon, apatite and monazite.

Small patches, lenses or veins of charnockite occur in the gneisses of amphibolite facies in the Thiruvananthapuram area (Nageswara Rao and Raju, 1970). Here, the incipient charnockites are thought to have formed by transformation of paragneisses. (Hansen et al, 1987; Santosh et al, 1990). A few dominant varieties of incipient charnockites have been categorized by Ravindra Kumar and Chacko (1986) on the basis of their mode of occurrence, association and chemical processes involved in their development. At Kottavattom, north of Thiruvananthapuram, the charnockite consisting of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, garnet and orthopyroxene as essential minerals and graphite, zircon, ilmenite, monazite, apatite, rutile and magnetite as accessory minerals are products of transformation of gneisses into coarse-grained charnockites along a system of conjugate fractures and foliation planes. (Saritha and Santosh, 1996).

Cordierite or Charnockite Gneiss

Cordierite bearing large linear zones of charnockites were reported around Pathanamthitta (Nageswara Rao and Jacob, 1967) area. Cordierite charnockites or orthopyroxene-garnet- cordierite bearing gneisses (Sinha Roy et al, 1984; Santosh, 1987) occur as discontinuous bodies in the northern parts of Thiruvananthapuram and in selected stretches further south around Koliakode. The rock is composed of cordierite, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, K-feldspar, spinel and quartz and a little garnet and biotite.

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The growth of cordierite and orthopyroxene took place concomitantly during the conversion of gneisses to charnockites. At Nellikala in Pathanamthitta, the cordierite occurs as anhedral grains of variable sizes in the charnockites (Nandakumar, 1996).

Younger granites

The granites and its variants occur around Chengannur in Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts, Munnar in Idukki District, Peralimala in Kannur district and Kalpetta and Ambalavayal in Wynad District. Many of these granites occur as later emplacements along crustal fractures and faults. The Achenkovil – Tamraparni tectonic zone, the Attapadi shear zone, Bavali shear zone and the Moyar shear zone are all marked by granitic emplacements

Ambalavayal granite

The Ambalavayal (1137‘15"; 76 03‘30") granite having an oval shape covers an area of 50 sq.km. The granite is light pink in color and is composed of quartz, pink feldspar, hornblende and biotite. The pegmatites traversing the granite show occasional flakes of molybdenite. The Amabalavayal granite occurring in the proximity of the Bavali lineament is thought to be emplaced during its reactivation. The granite is intrusive into the hornblende-biotite gneiss (migmatite) and the Wynad Supracrustals (Anilkumar et al, 1993). Four types of granites are recorded, viz.,foliated granite, pink granite, grey granite and aplitic granite.

The foliated granite consists of quartz, microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, chlorite, calcite and zircon .The pink granite is a medium-grained consisting of quartz, microcline, plagioclase, sericite, chlorite, apatite, rutile, zircon and biotite. The grey granite is a medium-to fine-grained rock consisting of quartz, microcline, sericite, biotite, chlorite and calcite. The aplitic granite is a very fine-grained massive rock consisting of quartz, microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase, sericite, biotite, calcite, chlorite, apatite and opaques.

K-Ar age of Ambalavayal granite (560+ 30 Ma, Nair, et al,1985) is lower than Rb-Sr age (595 + 20 m.a Santhosh et al, 1986), but is higher than that of U-Pb-age(505+20ma, Odom,1982). The reason for this variation in the date may be attributed to the different techniques adopted and also to the presence of biotite of multiple generation.

Munnar granite

The Munnar (1005'00";7705'00") granite with an areal extent of 50 sq km is an E-W trending irregular body emplaced within the migmatite and apophyses extend into the surrounding gneisses. The granite dated to be 740  30 m.y (Odom, 1982) is traversed by pegmatite, aplite

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and quartz veins. Three types of granite are recorded. Foliated granite, Coarse pink granite and medium grey granite.The foliated granite consists of stringers and streaks of mafics consisting of biotite, hornblende, chlorite and magnetite alternating with felsics consisting of quartz and potash feldspar. Potash feldspar is predominantly orthoclase. The closely spaced foliations are persistent but discontinuous.This granite forms a domal structure south of Munnar. It has a sharp contact with the migmatite. Coarse pink granite consists of pink feldspar, quartz and a little amount of mafics. Mafics are biotite, sphene and hornblende. Medium grained grey granite, consists of quartz, feldspar, biotite, chlorite, zircon, sphene, epidote, calcite and sericite.

Major element data of Munnar granites do not show any significant variation amongst the three granites. Content of iron is more in medium grey granite and foliated granite. Different variation diagrams reveal a slight tendency towards alkali granite. The foliated granite shows more percentage of orthoclase than the other two granites. (Nair and Anil Kumar, 1990)

Ezhimala granophyre – granite complex

A prominent granophyre body forms the hill known as Ezhimala, covering an area of 20 sq km in Kannur District. The granophyre is associated with gabbro and granite and is traversed by dolerite dykes. Two types of granophyres have been deciphered;coarse- grained leucocratic one and medium - grained one with more mafics. Drusy type, confined to higher elevation contain numerous vug lines with secondary minerals like quartz and calcite. Rocks of Ezhimala Complex display bimodal character with conspicuous basic and silicic components and total lack of rocks of intermediate composition typical of anorogenic suites (Nair and Vidyadharan, 1982). The granophyre is pink to ash grey coloured, massive, fine to coarse- grained, holocrystalline with equigranular texture. The granites are of two types. The major light pink granite with less of mafics show gradational relationships with the more greyish porphyritic variant ( Varadan and Venkataraman, 1976 ).

Granophyre shows a typical granophyric intergrowth of quartz and feldspar forming the ground mass with phenocrysts of potash feldspar and some zoned plagioclase. The groundmass is totally of orthoclase. Augite is the chief ferro-magnesium mineral. Accessories include apatite, sphene, epidote, calcite and magnetite. Texturally the rock shows variation from coarse- grained leucocratic types with less mafics in the southern portion of the hill and medium to coarse grained type towards northern parts.

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Minor outcrops of rapakivi granites are recorded within the granophyres of Ezhimala Complex. Anorthosites of Perinthatta and Kadannappally and granite, granophyre of Ezhimala together form the Ezhimala Complex. The light pink granite with less mafics is the major variety showing a gradational relationship with the more greyish porphyritic variety. The porphyritic variety, at places, shows rapakivi structure. The porphyritic granite shows mantled feldspar megacrysts. This variety grades into porphyritic granites without mantled feldspar and at higher levels grades into granophyre.The granite contains 60% of orthoclase feldspar, 5-10% of plagioclase, 20-25% of quartz with 4% of biotite, epidote, magnetite and fluorite. The low initial Sr 87/ Sr 86 ratio indicate that the rocks have a relatively minor amount of older sialic material . The Rb-Sr age of the granophyre is estimated to be 678 m.y (Nair and Vidyadharan, 1982). The Ezhimala Complex lies in close proximity to the Bavali lineament suggesting reactivation along the lineament and intrusion of the body.

Kalpatta granite

The Kalpatta ((1136'15";7605'15") granite is an oval- shaped intrusive into the Wynad schist and covers an area of 44 sq km (Rao and Varadan, 1967). The rock is grey coloured, medium- grained, homogenous biotite granite and has sharp contact with the country rock. A feeble foliation is imparted to the granite at places by biotite flakes. Xenoliths of amphibolite / hornblende gneiss are visible near the periphery. Irregular veins of pegmatite / aplite traverse the granite and also the enclaves. The K-Ar age of the biotite from the Kalpatta granite is dated as 512  30 m.a (Nair et al, 1985) and 527 m.a (GSI). Presence of enclaves and absence of significant replacement textures along with the geochemical characteristics assign a magmatic parentage for the granite. The proximity of the pluton to the Bavali lineament probably suggests intrusion along this fracture.

Three types of granites such as coarse grained biotite-granite, fine grained biotite granite, and porphyritic granite are mapped on the basis of texture, colour and mode of occurrence. Coarse- grained granite is a massive bluish grey rock with large xenoblasts of quartz and feldspars. The accessories include biotite, zircon, apatite and sphene. Blastesis of feldspar and sphene are common. Microcline, orthoclase, and plagioclase are seen as the major feldspar. Plagioclase composition varies from albite to oligoclase. This rock is exposed in Trikkaippetta (11035'04":76008"41":), Manikkunnu (11035"41":760 07'09"), Kuttamangalam (11030'08":76007'11":) (Anilkumar et al, 1993).

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Fine biotite-granite is a fine grained massive rock exposed around Muttilmala (76006'38":11037'06"). It consists of orthoclase, quartz, microcline, biotite, sericite, zircon, sphene, apatite and opaques. Myrmekitic quartz is recorded. Pophyritic granite consists of myrmekitic quartz, microcline, sericite and biotite. Very coarse grained biotite with included crystals of orthoclase, microcline and albite are common. Except for the texture, all the three granites show similar characters. ( Anilkumar, et al 1993). Based on Rb-Sr dating , Kalpatta granite is dated 765 Ma. (Odom 1982).

Chengannur granite

The Chengannur (918'45"; 7631'00") granite in Pathanamthitta District is an oval shaped body with the long axis trending in east-west direction covering an area of 15 sq.km in and around Chengannur. The granite is intrusive into the charnockite gneisses. The body is emplaced close to the Achankovil shear zone. K-Ar date of the hornblende indicates an age of 550 m.a (Soman et al, 1983). The Chengannur granite is inferred to be a post kinematic granite of magmatic parentage.

Two types of granites are recorded. One is medium-grained pink granite and the other is coarse-grained grey granite. The former consists of quartz, perthitic feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, apatite and zircon. The composition of plagioclase varies from albite to oligoclase. Microcline perthite is also seen. The coarse grained grey granite consists of perthite, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, quartz with occasional occurrence of hypersthene,apatite and zircon. Hornblende and biotite are less common by occurred minerals than hypersthene. Relicts of hypersthene are also seen. This granite may be a product of granitisation of charnockite. K2O content always exceeds that of Na2O . The high SiO2,high alkali, high Fe/Mg ratio, high values of Gallium indicate that the granite belongs to alkali type. It might have an origin from recycled and rehydrated continental crust. ( Nair and Anil Kumar,1990).

Peralimala granite

The Peralimala (11°09'19":75°38'46") alkali granite is a linear intrusive body emplaced along the axial trace of a mega fold in EW direction. Peralimala intrusive body occurs as a diatreme of alkali composition with a maximum linear extension of 15 km and a width of 3 km. Based on colour, texture, composition and mode of occurrence four types of granites are identified. These are pink gneissic granite, porphyritic granite, grey granite and pink granite. Pink alkali granite is a coarse-grained rock consisting of microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase, quartz,

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hornblende, epidote, aegirine, sphene, calcite, perthite and apatite. Quartz is present in only subordinate amounts. Feldspar content is very high. The preferred orientation of feldspar gives a crude alignment. At Perumpunna, (75°44'00":11°55'28") pink gneissic granite shows preferred orientation of biotite and pyroxene. The porphyritic granite occurs as a lensoidal body containing quartz, feldspar, pyroxene and hornblende. Feldspar forms the phenocrysts in a matrix of quartz-feldspar and mafics. Grey granite is a coarse- to medium- grained rock with microcline, quartz, orthoclase, perthite, hornblende and zoisite. Light grey granite is a medium- grained rock consisting of microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase (albite to oligoclase), epidote, aegirine, hornblende and rutile. The major element chemistry of the granite do not show much variation. The pink granite shows high content of potash. A negative correlation for K2O content with respect to SiO2 is very pronounced for pink granite owing to its alkaline nature. Barium and strontium show very high values for Peralimala granite. ( Anilkumar et al,1993).

Sholayur granite

The Sholayur (1104'15";7642'00") granite, is exposed around Kuttiyadikal Mala (11001'52":76042'00") and Vachchapathi (11004'15":76044'00"). It is a homophanous medium- grained, pink coloured granite, consisting of quartz, orthoclase, microcline, oligoclase, perthite, aegirine augite, biotite, hornblende and sphene. In some places, calcite, apatite, sericite are also observed. The schlierens mark the contact zone of the granites with the host rock. This granite is emplaced within the Wynad supracrustals. SiO2 varies from 58.76 to 73%, Al2O3 14% to

17%, Na2O 1.8% to 2.4% and K2O 0.8 to 1.5%. The distribution of SiO2 is highly non-uniform within the same type of granite. The pink granite is becoming alkali granite at places.(Anil Kumar and Nair,1992).

Intermediate intrusives

The syenite body at Mannapra (1030'00";7632'00") is exposed as an elongated NW-SE trending body covering an area of 8 sq km in Thrissur District. The syenite intrusive, makes sharp contact with the charnockite near the charnockite-migmatite contact. The rock is medium to coarse- grained at its peripheries and tends to be coarse-grained towards the centre. Mineralogically, the rock is composed of alkali feldspar, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and amphibole with minor amounts of plagioclase, biotite and opaques. A small syenite (Angadimugar syenite) body is located in Kumbala village (1235'15"; 7607'00") and about 20 km east of Kumbla in Kasaragod District. The intrusive body has an elliptical outline and covers an area of 5 sq km. The body is intrusive into the Khondalite Group and encloses

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enclaves of amphibolite in the peripheral parts. The rock is medium to coarse grained, light grey and massive.

Mesozoic intrusives

Basic intrusives

Basic intrusives in Kerala, mainly represented by dyke swarms in NNW-SSE to NW-SE trend, cut across all the metamorphic rocks and the earlier structural trends. Their unmetamorphosed nature and stratigraphic relation with the country rocks prompted their correlation to the Deccan Trap volcanism.

The basic dykes have been emplaced into the migmatites and charnockite in NNW-SSE to NW- SE and ENE-WSW directions along distensional and shear fractures respectively. Dolerite dykes of Kerala are mostly quartz tholeiites rarely clinotholeiite. The basic dykes of Pathanamthitta (9015'45":76045'30") are genetically unrelated types. These dykes have not undergone any internal differentiation during intrusion.

The variation in the chemistry of individual dykes may be due to the cogenetic differential sequence. Dolerite dykes intrude the country rocks at an angle greater than 800. The dolerite dykes of Kuttuparamba (11049'30":75034'00") in Kannur District shows cross cutting relationship with all the formations. The basic dykes of Vamanapuram (8043'00":76054'00") are either gabbroic or doleritic intruding the gneissic rocks. These are trending NNE to SSW and NNW to SSE directions and are unmetamorphosed. Mineralogically all these dykes show more or less same composition except the meta-dolerites. Variation in the trace elements like Ti, Zr can be attributed to the differential degree of partial melting of the mantle material. (Nair and Gopala Rao, 1989).

The unmetamorphosed Idamalayar gabbroic dyke with a NNW-SSE trend is traced for over 80 km in the central part of Kerala. The rock is mesocratic, medium-grained, porphyritic and is composed of plagioclase (andesine to labradorite), hornblende and opaques. The reported age of 75 m.y for the Idamalayar dyke (Subramaniam, 1976) links it in time-relationship with Deccan Trap volcanism.

The NNW-SSE trending leucogabbro dykes in central Kerala dated by whole rock K-Ar method gave an age of 81  2 m.y and the NW-SE trending dolerite dyke 69  1 m.y. The

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dolerite dykes are thought to have represented the feeder system for Deccan Trap volcanic sequences (Radhakrishna et al, 1994).

Basic dykes of Pathanamthitta area yielded ages of 99 Ma to 117 Ma and there are dykes which have yielded ages 104 + 5 Ma, 127 + Ma and 476 + Ma. These wide variations may be due to a protracted history of emplacement and the effect of Eocambrian to palaeozoic tectonothermal events affecting this region ( Sinha Roy and Ramakrishnan, 1983.)

In Thiruvananthapuram District, Anakudi and Nedumannur dolerite dykes are dated by K-Ar method and the whole rock ages are 104  5 Ma and 127  2 Ma respectively (Sinha Roy and Ramakrishnan,1983).

Tertiary Sedimentary rocks

Mio-Pliocene sedimentary rocks are fairly widespread in the southern coastal belt, their remnants being noticeable in the central and northern coastal areas. These sedimentary rocks consist of a series of variegated clay and sandstones with lenticular seams of lignite, known as Warkalli Formation, underlain by more compact marly sands with shell fragments and thin horizons of limestone (Quilon Formation).

The Tertiary sediments have a gentle dip towards west. The Warkalli Formation extends in a narrow belt from Thiruvananthapuram (828'30": 7657'20") to Kasaragod (1230'00": 7459'00") between coastal and midland regions with intervening promontories of the crystalline rocks. The Quilon Formation is mainly seen at Paravur (0848'00": 7640'00") Padappakkara (0858'30": 7638'00") and some other places around Kollam and Alappuzha districts.

Quilon Formation

The Quilon Formation consisting of fossiliferous shell limestone alternating with thick beds of sandy clays and calcareous clays have been reported from Padappakkara (type locality),Nedumgolam, Edavai (845'20";7642'00") and Varkala (844'00": 7643'00") and Cherthala (941'00":7620'00") along the west coast of Kerala. The Quilon limestone contains numerous fossils of foraminifera, corals, echinoids and molluscs. The Lower Miocene age for lower stratigraphic horizons and the Upper Miocene age for the topmost beds of the Quilon Formation indicate the lower and upper age limits of these marine sediments. The

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predominance of black clays, sandstone, bluish grey brackish water shell limestone and nodular limestone clearly indicate deposition in a lagoonal condition .

Warkalli Formation

The Warkalli Formation of Mio-Pliocene age extends all along the Kerala coast.The type section of the Warkalli Formation described by King (1882) is from the sea cliff at Varkala. The exposed section at Varkala cliff is 28-30 m thick consisting of unconsolidated sands of variegated clays, white plastic clays, and carbonaceous sandy clays enclosing impersistent seams and lenses of lignite. The carbonaceous clays and lignite are often impregnated with nodules of marcasite.

Fairly thick beds of carbonaceous clays with lignite seams occur around Nadayara kayal, Tamarakulam (908': 7637'), Puliyur (918'00": 7635'00"), Payangadi (1200'20'': 7515'40"), Nileswaram (1215'00": 7507'00"), Kanhangad (1217'40': 7505'00") and in the cliff sections near Cheruvathur (1213'00": 7509'50").The most characteristic feature of the Warkalli Formation is the impersistent nature of the constituent beds, suggestive of shallow basin margin deposits.

Laterite

Kerala is the home of the laterite as it was first named by the Dutch traveller, Buchanan 1807. Laterite is widespread in its distribution in the midland region of Malappuram, Kannur and Kasaragod districts where it forms well-defined mesas. The Archaean crystalline rocks and the Tertiary sedimentary rocks are extensively lateritised. The laterite has wide areal distribution in the State and occurs at all levels upto 2000 m, height though mostly restricted to an altitude of 50-150 m above MSL. in the coastal and midland region. A few bauxitic patches also occur within the laterites. The thickness of laterite cappings varies from a few metres to 50 metre at places. At Chovvara (821'30"; 7701'30") in Thiruvananthapuram District and Chattannur (850'30"; 7646'30") and Kundara (857'00": 7640'30") in Kollam District, a zone of about 2 m thick bauxite is recognised at the contact between the crystallines and the overlying sedimentary rocks. The overlying sedimentary column is also blanketed by laterite of varying thickness. The bauxite at the base of the sedimentaries indicates an earlier pre-Warkalli spell of lateratisation. Further, the erosional features on the top part of the bauxite horizon corroborates the antiquity of the earlier spell of lateritisation (Mallikarjuna and Kapali, 1980).

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Generally, the laterite after the crystalline rocks is compact and the top crust moderately indurated. The dark brown crust passes downward to pink and buff coloured soft laterite. Quartz veins, joints and fractures can be traced from the top to the bottom of the laterite profile. The laterite profile over pyroxene granulites, meta-ultramafites and gneisses are characterised by relict foliation that conforms to those of the subjacent rocks which indicate the insitu nature of the laterite. Porous and spongy texture is discernible in laterites, after meta-ultramafites. Laterite after the Tertiary sedimentaries is well indurated at the top for about 2 to 5 m. Downwards, the profile grades into soft laterite with remnants of gritstone and culminates into a zone of variegated clay.

Quaternary sediments

Recent to sub-Recent sediments of coastal sands, sticky black clay with carbonized wood, silty alluvium and lagoonal deposits are observed mostly in the low-lying areas from Kollam (1127'00": 7540'30") to Ponnani and between Kannur (1151'30":7521'45") and Nileswaram (1215'30":75°08'16"). Alluvium is observed along the major river valleys. At places, along coastal tracts, there are raised sandy beaches composed of fine grained reddish sandy loam known as “terri" sands. Palaeo-beach ridges alternate with marshy lagoonal clay in the coastal area.

The sandy stretches are widest between Alappuzha (930': 7620') and Kottayam (935': 7631'), upto 25 km inland from the shoreline. The Quaternaries of the coastal plain have been classified into (i) the Guruvayur Formation representing the earlier strandline deposits with an elevation of 5-10 m; (ii)the Viyyam Formation of tidal plain deposits; (iii) Periyar Formation being mainly of fluvial deposits and (iv) the Kadappuram Formation representing the beach deposits (Krishnan Nair, 1989).

A pebble bed is traced in Valapattanam and Taliparamba river banks in Kannur district. It is exposed south of Valapattanam (1155‘30": 75 21‘30"), Kambil maloth (1158‘:75 24‘), Morazha (11 58'30": 7520'30") and Arathiparamba (1206'00": 7515‘30"). The size of the pebbles ranges in dimension from 4.5 cm x 3 cm to 7 cm x 3 cm with occasional cobbles of size 13 cm x 12 cm. The base of the pebble bed is generally 20 to 40 m above MSL and at places, the pebble bed directly rests over the basement rocks. The pebbles are mostly of quartz and rarely of granite and pyroxene granulite. The distribution of the pebble bed along the major river banks demonstrate it to be flood plain deposits, probably of early Quaternary period (Nair et al, 1976). In Malappuram and Kozhikode districts, the pebble bed is traced in the riverine

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terraces at Mavur (1117'45":7559'00" ), Cheruvannur (1112'8": 7549'35") and Chellepparambu (1114'30":7559'00"). In Thiruvananthapuram District, the Quaternary pebble bed occurs at an elevation of 45 to 50 m above MSL at Pothenkode (837'00": 7648'56"), Idaikode (840'11":7650'49"), Attingal (841'49": 7648'56") and Andoorkonam (836'00": 7652'30").

Submerged upright tree trunks have been reported from a number of places in the coastal area of Kottayam and Alappuzha districts, indicating neotectonic reactivation in the area. Carbon dating of a sample from the submerged forest at Iravimangalam indicate an age of 7050  130 B.P (Pawar et al, 1983).

Structure

The structural grain of the southern Peninsula is controlled mainly by the NNW-SSE trending near longitudinal Dharwarian trend which had folded all earlier structures. Since Kerala State falls in the western limb of the mega-structure almost all the rock distribution is aligned in NW-SE direction. However, detailed structural studies carried out in selected parts of the

Kerala (Nair and Nair, 2001) had shown that (a) the earliest folds (F1) which are represented both on mesoscopic and megascopic scale are tight appressed folds of asymmetrical nature which had given rise to axial plane foliations with characteristic platy mineral alignments (b) the F2 folds on these foliations (post-folial) are open symmetrical and have developed mainly on megascopic scale and control the disposition of the major lithologies. (c) Subsequent folds

(F3) which deform F1 and F2 axial plane traces are broad folds on mega-scale identified with the longitudinal Dharwarian trends and (d) a broad swerve on these Dharwarian trends in ENE- WSW is also decipherable (Fig.2).

Detailed analysis of the remote sensing data had revealed the presence of a number of significant lineament patterns in WNW-ESE, NW-SE, NNW-SSE, NNE-SSW and ENE-WSW directions (Nair, 1990). Mega and intermediate lineaments in WNW-ESE were originally crustal fractures and shears which got sealed or obliterated by a number of igneous emplacements of alkali granite, syenite, gabbro, anorthosite, granophyre etc. The emplacements along the Bavali lineament and those along the Achenkovil lineament both of which trending in this direction had given ages ranging from 500 – 678 Ma. Hence they are iden tified to be the oldest lineament. The Bavali lineament forms the western termination of the Moyar shear. The NW-SE trending lineaments constitute mega lineaments and coincide with the basic dykes occurring throughout the length and breadth of the state. These dykes have

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given ages ranging from 61 to 144 Ma. The NNW-SSE trending lineaments are generally intermediate lineaments and are attributed to fractures, faults and major joint patterns in the area. It is recognized that the NNW-SSE trending lineaments define a weak zone along which the west coast evolved by faulting. The eastern limit of the Tertiary basin is found restricted along this lineament direction. These lineaments occurring along the west coast are be active as suggested by the progradation of the coast west of these lineaments (Nair, 1987). The lineaments in NNE-SSW are prominent and are identified with major fractures and this together with those in NNW-SSE are taken to constitute a conjugate system of faults in a N-S compressive regime due to the collision of the Indian plate. The ENE-WSW trending lineaments are intermediate lineaments and are well- developed in the northern parts of the Kerala . Since these lineaments truncate other lineaments as evidenced especially in the coastal stretches it is considered the youngest. Many a recent tremors reported are aligned in this direction and hence considered neotectonically active.

Metamorphism

The Precambrian crystalline rocks of Kerala are chiefly metapelites, charnockites with associated gneisses and granulites, schistose rocks with distinct metapelitic and metamafic / ultramafic affinity and granitic derivatives which include the Peninsular gneisses and migmatites. Except the Wynad schists and the Vengad group, the bulk of the crystalline rocks show granulite to upper amphibolite facies of metamorphism. Wynad schist displays a prograde amphibolite facies metamorphism and the retrogression of these rocks leads to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism. The vast charnockite belt occurring on either side of the Wynad schist belt, in north Kerala, shows petrographic evidences of prograde and retrograde reactions (Nambiar, 1996). The rocks of the Vengad Group show greenschist to lower amphibolite facies of prograde metamorphism. The older intrusive bodies show effects of incipient metamorphism, marked by clouding of feldspar and bending of twin lamellae.

Recent investigations on the pressure – temperature range for the formation of characteristic mineral suits within the metamorphic rocks provide a fair idea on the poly-metamorphic history of the rock suits. Rocks of the Khondalite belt of south Kerala indicate a temperature range of 650 to 850C and pressures 5 to 6 kb (Srikantappa et al, 1985). In the Thiruvanathapuram area, the temperature at the peak of metamorphism indicated by the mineral assemblages of the calc- silicate rocks is about 830ºC at 5 K bar considering the vapour absent garnet forming equilibria (Satish Kumar and Santosh, 1996). The scapolite equilibria indicates a peak metamorphic temperature of above 800ºC. Stable isotopes in the marble bands suggest that there was no

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pervasive infiltration of external fluids. Local infiltration of external carbonic fluid took place during decomposition. Synthesis of such data from different lineament/shear bound segments in Kerala indicate varying metamorphic conditions and uplift history. It is also summerised that there is a progressive decline in the uplift of different segments from north to south (Soman, 1997).

Economic minerals

The existing level of information on the mineral resources of the State indicate rich deposits of heavy mineral sands along the coast and rich clay deposits. Other significant occurrences include bauxite, iron ore, graphite, limestone and gold.

Major minerals

They include china clay, Bauxite/laterite, Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Sillimanite, Leucoxene, Monazite, Silica Sand, Lime Shell, Limestone, Quartz, Graphite

Minor minerals

Granite Building stone, Granite dimension stone, Laterite, River sand, Ordinary sand, lime shell, ordinary earth, brick clay

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