Gérard Maoui INNOVATION TAKES OFF Clean Sky European research for aeronautics Gérard Maoui INNOVATION TAKES OFF Clean Sky European research for aeronautics
Editorial direction : Aline Chabreuil and Véronique Lefebvre Editorial coordination : Alix de Sanderval, with Matthieu Beugnard Illustrations : Caroline Pochoy Graphics : Corinne Liger / Tribute to Alfred
ISBN : 978-2-7491-5232-5
© Le cherche midi éditeur, 2016 23, rue du cherche midi 75006 PARIS Subscribe to our newsletter to receive previews of our latest news: www.cherche-midi.com preface
here is no doubt today that technological innovation is Furthermore, the ever-growing international air are public-private partnerships in which research and T one of the keys of tomorrow’s prosperity and the response transport sector, even if it offers considerable industrial innovation activities are co-funded, on an equal basis, by to environmental and energy challenges. It is equally the opportunities, also includes a categorical imperative: the the European Union and industry partners. In this way, best possible response to the trend of deindustrialisation environment. We must succeed in achieving this growth to the link between research and market expectations is currently affecting Europe. Our continent, our Union, has a the maximum, without increasing aviation’s contribution to ensured. Research thus goes on to achieve its ultimate culture, an intellectual potential of incomparable know-how global warming or noise pollution in proximity to airports. goal: demonstrating the validity of technologies in real- that is enriched by its diversity. The question at hand is This is a civic and economic necessity which hinges once life conditions. It seems to me that the principle of these how to mobilise these latent strengths, and to reinforce again upon technological innovation. Yet, in the worldwide partnerships is to provide inspiration for innovation where it them throughout the different stages of research until the issue of “decarbonisation”, Europe, as we know, also plays is the most promising, in an environment of full knowledge creation of new products and their marketing. a driving role. Aeronautics and the environment are clearly and information. two areas of action for Europe that can only be described Research is clearly the essential and fundamental starting as promising. Let us add that the Energy Union, a strong Clean Sky involves the entire European aeronautics sector. point of technological innovation. While innovation focus of the Union’s current policy, can only benefit from The list of participants of every kind - universities, SMEs, sometimes benefits from the spark of genius, with a helping the progress and the ripple effects of aviation, which is major industrial leaders - is impressive. This book, which hand from luck, it could not exist without the long scientific a low energy consumer in relative terms and a moderate describes its genesis and organisation, also puts forward its
effort that composes its framework. The European Union contributor to CO2 emissions, but which is nevertheless ambitions and technical successes. Clean Sky is a concept authorities, aware of this reasoning, have already invested a rich and influential sector due to the requirements that functions remarkably well and should be perpetuated. for years in research “framework programmes” up to the specific to the difficult art of flying, and its considerable most recent phase to date, Horizon 2020. Since 2014, this has technological dynamic that has potential repercussions in I encourage Clean Sky to persevere in its still recent translated into a considerable increase in funding, in addition other areas. cooperation dynamic with the European Structural Funds, to deeper reflection, particularly on the part of the European which are allocated to the regions and which the Union’s Commission, on its structuring. Scientific excellence, a The importance of public research funding for the updated strategy plans to direct more towards innovation. response to societal challenges, and industrial leadership development of aeronautics no longer needs to be As for the national level, Clean Sky’s existence in no way are the key words of this public funding. It is indispensible demonstrated. The very broad geographic extent of this put an end to national aeronautics R&T programmes. Quite that this effort be, in the future, protected from budgetary sector’s value chain now makes the European framework the contrary: it had a ripple effect on them. This also vicissitudes and political risks, because research is a long- the most efficient level of this support. Both the European deserves emphasis. term undertaking that needs, above all, continuity. Commission and the industry at large are well aware of this. From the start of the 2000s, they have worked on the In these difficult times, when the confidence of European There is a field among all others in which Europe excels: creation of an original concept, backed with significant citizens in the European Union is being questioned, it seems aeronautics. In almost every one of its segments, its industry funding and focused on meeting the challenges of the to me that initiatives like Clean Sky show that the Union can, is ranked first or second worldwide, making a strong 21st century: Clean Sky, the public-private aeronautics together, undertake what is best, demonstrating its added contribution to the Union’s exports. But resting on these partnership. value and therefore legitimacy through its very leadership, laurels, hard-earned though they may be, would be fatal. pooling and uniting Nation States, several of which share a From the United States of course, but also from China and We must, more generally, praise the vision of the European glorious - sometime jealous, but never refuted - history in other countries, the competition, in a globalised sector if Commission in this industrial research sector, which led terms of aviation. ever there was one, is growing fiercer and sharper. In such it in 2007 to propose the creation of “Joint Technology a high-tech field, nothing is more critical in competition Initiatives” in various sectors ranging from aeronautics to than technological excellence and relevant innovation, biotechnologies and electronics, which were later enlarged implemented at the right time and with the right objectives. in 2014 in the framework of Horizon 2020. All of them Pascal Lamy Part I Part II Civil aeronautics: Clean Sky: spearheading Europe on the leading innovation in European aeronautics 61 edge of innovation 12 1 Clean Sky: innovating together 63 The need for Europe to support innovation 63 Foreword 11 Clean Sky: a clear step forward in aeronautics research 65 A unique organisation 67 1 Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 15 2 An industrial approach to research 77 The story of aviation: a story of innovation 15 Aeronautics: an industry focused on the long term 21 The innovation value chain 77 The players in aeronautics 28 Clean Sky’s major programmes 80 Six integrated technology demonstrators (ITDs), pillars of Clean Sky research 82 2 Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s Innovative projects 109 air transport 35 3 Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics Foreseeable growth 35 Environmental objectives for research 41 research on the march Air transport in 2050 48 3 Europe, driving innovation 55 Annexes 133 Framework programmes in research 55 Credits 138 About Joint Technology Initiatives (JTIs) 56 Horizon 2020 programme objectives 57 European aeronautics, an innovative sector 59 foreword
lean Sky, a major technological research programme, is a spontaneous defiance towards the “complexity” of the Cabove all a wonderful European adventure. “Innovation European scale. Well, at the completion of what is now takes off,” yes, for a formation flight in which wide-bodied called Clean Sky 1, everyone can observe that most of the aircraft, medium-haul aeroplanes, regional propeller planes, demonstrators originally planned were clearly there, that helicopters, corporate jets and even four-seat air taxis the environmental objectives were met (virtually, because co-exist. The new technologies that these aircraft take what remained by definition, beyond Clean Sky, was to on-board come from the four corners of Europe, from over 600 include the technologies demonstrated in commercial different entities, universities, research institutes, SMEs or products). It can also be seen that the European Commission, large industries. This involves thousands of men and women, without which this initiative would not have existed, was engineers and researchers, for whom the European Union is able to provide it with the autonomy needed for a genuine the frame for their professional cooperation, their everyday flexibility of operational functioning, while the European life and their success, the whole borne by a large-scale Council and Parliament contributed an unfailing political environmental ambition in terms of CO2 emissions and noise. and budgetary support to it. Better yet, the start-up of Clean Sky 2 in 2014, with a more than doubled budget – 4 billion Clean Sky’s backbone is composed of its integrated euros in total – is the best proof of the confidence granted demonstrators: the industrial convergence of various by the political and industrial decision-makers. technologies affecting, for example, materials, aerodynamics, and electrical equipment on-board the same experimental Clean Sky 1, Clean Sky 2…I dare not imagine that the next aeroplane or in a single engine, in order to reach, under the budget will be doubled once again – although the need for coordination of the major European aircraft-makers, engine- funding aeronautical industrial research would amply justify makers and equipment manufacturers, the highest possible it in increasingly fierce worldwide competition! However, level of maturity before the development of a determined it is now useful to reflect on how to “seamlessly” integrate product. Around this backbone, many projects generated academic research and industrial research: in leaving the directly or indirectly by it are being developed, and have their former its freedom of reflection but in doing what is necessary own life and their own scientific and technical results. Clean so that it is best connected to the uses, promises and impasses Sky thus enriches, in 24 countries, an enormous network of of technologies at full maturity, and industrial prospects. expertise, a European chain of aeronautical innovations - some links of which already existed, of course, but which has I have had the chance to run Clean Sky during these seven sprouted others thanks to this programme. This European years, from its creation to the present day. Clean Sky is a network, thus consolidated, warrants as much consideration “Joint Undertaking” according to the official terms of the as the “content” that is the projects, large and not as large, European regulation that created it. I like these four words: spectacular or discreet, realised through it. clean, sky, undertaking, joint. They respectively convey the environmental ambition, dreams and travelling, the spirit A number of uncertainties, even here and there a certain of initiative and team spirit. The entire human adventure of scepticism, surrounded Clean Sky at its creation: the this formation flight is contained in them. scope of the potential participation, the innovation level, the credibility of environmental objectives, the renewal of annual budgets, the availability of research Eric Dautriat and engineering resources…without taking into account Executive Director Clean Sky part I Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation 3 Falcon 8X by Dassault Aviation in flight across the Mediterranean skies. Aeronautics, 1 a universe of excellence Since its beginning, aeronautics has been a part of the European journey. Its rapid rise, now ongoing for over a century, has its foundations in a high level of skill and organisation which has coalesced over the years to give birth to an industrial sector, both innovative and competitive, in a word, vital to the European economy.
The story of aviation: a story of innovation
t was not until the very end of the 19 th In its earliest forms, it was a rickety collection Icentury, and especially the early years of machines on which intrepid pioneers based th 8November 8 of the 20 , that mankind realised one of its their hopes. The First World War, as necessity 2005, under the oldest dreams: to fly. By acquiring mastery of would have it, sped along the trend. German, approving gaze of the air, humanity won access to the immense French and British aircraft factories rolled Airbus personnel, possibilities of aviation, while its obsession out huge numbers of planes, each with higher an A380 coming with perfecting flight constantly led research performance than its forerunner. from Toulouse to seek new solutions. lands for the first At the end of the war, what had been a cottage time at Hamburg- On first taking flight, humanity intuitively industry at the start of the century was now a Finkenwerder saw that aviation history, as it began to unfold full-fledged industry; France had built 50,000 Airport where through growingly complex achievements, planes and close to 93,000 aircraft engines. it is going to be painted and would become a story of innovation, a beacon The 1918 Armistice grounded those planes and receive its interior that still beckons over 100 years later. returned hundreds of flyers to civilian life, furnishings, leaving them with nothing but their will to get according to the Although barely more than a century old, the back into the air as soon as possible. industrial process aeronautics industry has undergone numerous of the European transformations in step with the pace of An obvious solution was to reorient those aeroplane-maker. technological change. aeroplanes to less aggressive uses and retrain
Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 15 the pilots for peaceful occupations. And so speed up development once peace returned. began a new era in aviation, now dedicated to This is exactly what happened after the war, carrying freight and the mail, and also soon leading to what was to become modern air to provide regularly-scheduled passenger transport. Those efforts were ,made easier by transportation as well. the availability in large quantities of combat- proven airframe materials, more reliable Between 1920 and 1935, the world witnessed aircraft engines and better flight instruments. the birth of its first airlines which, like KLM, Furthermore, a rapidly growing need for people Imperial Airways, Air France, Lufthansa to travel – to meet and to try to rebuild in and many others, have indelibly left a mark peacetime a world that had been fractured by scrawled across the skies of the planet.It was war – drove the trend further. also a time when talented, ambitious aviators – obsessed with showing that areoplanes were The continents grew closer thanks to ever 5 Busy workers in a the only way to truly link the five continents faster jet airliners, removing the need for British aeronautics and build mankind’s new vision of the world – many stopovers. From the 1970s, those same factory during the organised airshows planes also grew larger, which heralded First World War. In those days, strong today’s mass tourism. demand for warplanes The Second World War sounded a halt, Technological innovation made it seem as marked the transition lasting six long years, to those enterprising if anything was possible; hence for over 20 from a cottage plans. It was a setback, but also a call to years, time-conscious passengers were able to industry to a mass- travel at more than twice the speed of sound, production business. on a supersonic commercial aircraft; Concorde, which entered into service only 60 years after the French aviator, Louis Bleriot, became the first to fly across the English Channel.
It has now become common to talk about the air transport industry, a business that has enjoyed practically constant growth since the mid-1960s and has matured into a full-blown industrial sector, pivotal to both the economy and society.
It is a unique industry whose participants are learning to work together. Moreover, they have to speak a common language on a global scale in their quest to design and manufacture increasingly sophisticated aircraft. At the same time, those aircraft must operate according to common rules, regardless of which continent they are on, in order to ensure compatible airport operations and equipment, to permit 3 effective maintenance and repairs and to Advert for Farman enable efficient air traffic control in ever more Airlines, from the 1926–1930 period. congested airspace. During the inter-war years, air transport In each of these disciplines, major organisations was still in its infancy. bring together often hundreds of member However starting in countries, with charters all aimed at maintaining 1946, it really began a real sense of international harmony. to take off.
16 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 17 "A man knows himself by the obstacles which he has overcome. However, to achieve his goal, he often needs tools. (…) Aeroplanes, the tools of airlines, thrust man before all his ancient concerns."
3 Le Bourget Airfield, with what was considered at the time a “monumental” terminal (inaugurated in 1937), was the first major airport in France. Back in the 1930s like Liverpool, Berlin or Hamburg, it symbolised European modernity in aviation infrastructure. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Wind, Sand and Stars, 1938 5 Frankfurt Airport, plodding means of 1963 – Airplanes transport to ensure (here, a Lockheed commutes between Aeronautics: an industry Super Constellation) Hamburg and focused on the long term were already Frankfurt. replacing more
Aeronautics manufacturing not only covers aerospace companies, aircraft engine-makers and equipment manufacturers – who design, build and deliver to their customers aircraft for the world’s air transport system – but also a plethora of ancillary scientific disciplines. These include: aerodynamics; thermodynamics; vibration technology; metallurgy; materials sciences; acoustics; electronics; optronics and others.
This all contributes to a very-high technology industry with special characteristics which require, in the form of sustained research, constant adaptation to a particularly complex environment.
When air transport took off at the end of the Second World War, the leading aircraft were mainly from the US. During the war years, the American industry produced thousands of troop transport planes as well as long-range bombers, which gave them unchallenged skills in aircraft design and manufacture, while simultaneously repaying the costs of industrial investments. These aircraft designs were subsequently easy to convert to civilian needs and thus rapidly satisfied the airlines’ urgent requirements.
3 A Caravelle, with of short- and medium- its distinctive rear- haul carriers. French mounted engine aeroplane-maker design, is one example Sud Aviation (today, of an innovation, Airbus) launched this destined to sweep twin-engine jet which the world, moreover, would be widely used also opening the era on European routes.
20 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 21 5 The first flight US manufacturers, such as McDonnell Douglas, Riding a tide of success, America’s giants made of Concorde, Lockheed and Boeing, became the uncontested the most of their advantage and launched the out of Toulouse leaders in the emerging world of air transport. era of jet aviation; from their rollout, the Boeing (France), 2 March, For its part, a devastated Europe began slowly, 707 and McDonnell Douglas DC8 flooded the 1969. Symbolising but courageously, to rebuild its ruined factories, entire world’s airline routes. technological rolling out only handfuls of pre-war designed innovation in the aircraft, unable to rival the clout of American In Europe, it was Concorde, a 100-passenger 1960s, Concorde, mass production. supersonic aircraft which was the focus of which was in efforts. The British and French successfully commercial service With a relentless will to innovate, the British designed and manufactured the aeroplane. for 27 years, revived unveiled the Comet, the first commercial jet However, the 1973 oil crisis curtailed its European aeronautics, giving it the confidence aircraft, although it was unfortunately short- commercial outlook, although from a research it needed to build a lived in the marketplace. France’s Caravelle made and innovation viewpoint it was a revelation. major civil aerospace its maiden flight only 10 short years after the end The Americans remained onlookers, having industry, capable of the war; however, manufacturer Sud Aviation’s given up on launching a similar project, while of making its way in order book would never rise beyond 300 units. the Soviets had also abandoned the Tupolev worldwide markets.
8 The look of air transport in the 144. Concorde had given European aeronautics was on the move and was now a force to be 1960s. Out of Paris- a new lease on life. It acted as a technology reckoned with. Today, from small single-aisle Orly Airport (freshly laboratory which ultimately led to numerous twin-engine airliners to four-engine twin-deck inaugurated in 1961), passengers board innovations, especially in ensuring the current behemoths, Airbus has the world’s broadest under the tail, up success of Airbus. range of airliners. Over 16,000 Airbus aircraft a stairway in the have been ordered in a global marketplace from back of an Austrian Airbus. In 1969, while the American Boeing 747 which less than 50 years ago Europe was still Airlines Caravelle. and Franco-British Concorde were taking to the virtually absent. Long before the days air for the first time, the French and German of smartphones, governments, in a highly symbolic gesture, Aeronautics is already the ultimate globalised pocket timetables, officially launched a twin-engine jumbo jet, the sector that includes a successful European like this one from Air A300B. Spain would soon join the programme industry. By including, helicopters, business France in 1963, were as would the UK later on in 1979, with the aircraft and regional jets, aircraft engine- indispensable guides British company Hawker-Siddeley. makers, equipment companies and system for all air travelers. The creation of Airbus sent out a clear message: integrators, European products are installed European civil aeronautics manufacturing on-board every type of aircraft on the face of
22 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 23 the earth. For example, high-powered engines years, from the start of aircraft design to its 7 A Rolls-Royce from Rolls-Royce or the CFM International entry into service, after which it will continue Trent XWB engine, 56 engine series jointly developed and built flying for 30 to 40 years more. undergoing tests on in a 50/50 joint-venture between Safran and an A380. General Electric. Furthermore, there is also a At the dawn of air transport, it was sufficient dense network of SMEs who form a solid chain just to supply customers with existing aircraft of sub-contractors and suppliers. without asking their opinion. Today, it is their needs which orient product definition Such results are only achieved by taking in composing their future fleets. That means into account the very special nature of the responding to their operational requirements aeronautics industry, which could not exist with respect to increasingly restrictive
without a strong political will. Necessary environmental norms, whether for CO 2 major resources in research and development emissions or for noise. are no longer within the reach of private 5 Frenetic activity initiatives or single engineering firms. Safety Around 2020, many current, so-called at Frankfurt is a basic concern when designing aircraft new-generation aircraft will be halfway Airport, one of the that over their lifetimes will transport through their lifecycles. It will be time for the largest in Europe with Paris-CDG millions of passengers and must therefore be industry and airlines alike to choose which and Heathrow, appropriately certified. Barring the advent aircraft will still be flying in 2050, probably illustrates the speed of any disruptive technologies, development benefitting from disruptive technologies which of air transport’s cycles remain very long, typically 10 to 15 will have emerged between now and then. development over the last 30 years.
24 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 25 Today worldwide, 3 billion billion passengers,
airline 1,568 companies, 24,800 civil aircraft in service, s, t
38,000 airpor and million people working in air 56transport, including he he ry. t ics t ics
1 This astounding, yet informative 8.6
illustration, made indus using actual data, shows the density of air traffic on aeronau million in t in million Europe/US routes.
26 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 27 FOCUS
The players in Bodies, agencies, groupings and other aeronautics associations have been established to cover the numerous, diverse and varied fields concerned with air transport –manufacturing, Aeronautics is a complex world which since the end of the Second World War as inter- safety, airports, air traffic control and others. encompasses a large number of skills and continental airline routes started and then business sectors. expanded. Below is a list of just a few.
The need to define and rationalise shared rules Characteristically the aviation industry had for the design, manufacture and operation of the foresight to structure itself from early on the thousands of aircraft – which are or will fly in anticipation of its future growth, both at a ICAO: International Civil ATAG: Air Transport Action Group through the planet’s skies – has been apparent regional and global level. Aviation Organisation 5 The Munich Airport ATAG is an independent association, which promotes control tower. In Chicago on 7 December 1944, in a move to sustainable growth in aviation for the benefit of regulate international air traffic, 52 national all air transport users. ATAG is the voice of some governments signed the Convention on International 50 members, coming from a variety of sectors: Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention. airports; airlines; aerospace companies; aircraft A provisional body operated from 1944 to 1947, engine manufacturers; air navigation services; crew the time it took for the convention to be ratified and air traffic controllers’ trade unions; chambers of by all of the participating states. ICAO’s primary commerce; tourist bureaus, surface transport and purpose is to administer and manage the Chicago communications. Convention. A specialised United Nations agency, A diverse membership strengthens ATAG’s credibility ICAO now defines the norms and policies for and influence over international decision-makers. the economically sustainable and ecologically Among its funding members are: Airports Council responsible development of international air International (ACI); Airbus; ATR; Boeing; Bombardier; transport. It further ensures that local operations the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO); and regulations regarding civil aviation of the CFM International; Embraer; General Electric; signatory states – that currently stand at 191 – Honeywell Aerospace; IATA; Pratt & Whitney, Rolls- comply with worldwide norms. Royce and Safran.
IATA: International EASA : European Aviation Safety Agency Air Transport Association. Since 2003, the European Union (EU) has had an IATA, created in Havana in 1945, is the successor to agency dedicated to aviation safety and responsible the Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in for ensuring compliance with new EU regulations 1919, the year when the first regularly-scheduled in matters of safety and the environmental air routes were inaugurated. Acting as a grouping, compatibility of civil aviation: the European Aviation its articles of association permit the co-operation Safety Agency (EASA). between airlines to ensure organised technical and EASA’s mission includes aiding Europe in facilitating commercial growth in global air travel. IATA includes the free circulation of goods, people and services. 260 companies, from 117 countries. Furthermore, it oversees compliance with the EU
28 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 29 FOCUS In June 2001, ACARE was launched with 40 members, ASD: AeroSpace and Defence Industries coming from different institutions, associations Association of Europe and companies. It includes representatives of the European Commission; ACARE Member States; Established in 2004, ASD is an association of aeronautics industries; airlines; airports; service Europe’s main industrial firms in aeronautics, space, providers; research centres; universities and defence and security. It represents its members in regulatory bodies. The role played by ACARE over their common interest of promoting development the last 15 years has fuelled optimism regarding and competitiveness in their high value-added the commitments in Vision 2020. However, faster sectors of activity. than foreseen growth in air transport during that In 2014, according to ASD, some 3,000 aeronautics, same period, has led ACARE’s members to set new space and defence companies employed 795,000 objectives for a new time horizon. people, generating revenues of €199.4 billion. Consequently in 2011, the European Commission Thus it is an important stakeholder when the requested a new report from its High Level Group European Commission seeks to set up policies and on aeronautics research. This group of personalities research programmes specific to aeronautics. made a vital contribution to writing that report, entitled “Flightpath 2050,” and in 2012, ACARE SESAR: Single European Sky ATM* Research developed a new Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA), which acts as a reference for the Unlike the US, Europe does not have a single EU’s Horizon 2020 research programme and also architecture for air traffic management (ATM) across national programmes. its entire territory. Nonetheless, with no fewer than 33,000 flights per day, its airspace is among the busiest in the world. Given the foreseeable growth in flights over the coming years, it risks becoming rapidly saturated 1 A remotely-operated control the future, with transmission of unless an efficient ATM system is put in place. The tower. The Saab Remote Tower air traffic patterns to a remotely- European Union’s airspace is organised around the Center (RTC) system offers a located ATC controller, equipped national borders of its Member States; 28 national glimpse of the control tower of with state-of-the-art instruments. ATM systems use about 60 air traffic control centres for an airspace, divided into over 650 sectors. Restructuring such a complicated airspace scheme regulatory and certification processes and assists initiated Vision 2020 to co-ordinate the sector to starts by establishing a borderless airspace. Starting EU Member States in meeting, on a common basis, face the environmental and social situation from a in 2004, it was in that spirit that the European their obligations vis-à-vis international regulations. research perspective. Commission initiated the concept of the Single In addition, its expertise in designing and adapting Prominent individuals were thus invited to consider European Sky (SES). safety norms for civil aviation is recognised globally. how to meet these challenges. The purpose was to SES aims, via legislation and innovative technologies, EASA certifies the regulatory compliance of aeronautics ensure that aeronautics remained a key sector of the to triple air traffic capacity; to increase fluidity and products, of organisations and of individuals involved European economy, while safeguarding the interests improve the entire system’s safety. in their design, manufacture and maintenance. of its citizens. That led to a first report, “European This should lead to considerable benefits, such as It is also responsible for safety norms relative to Aeronautics: A vision for 2020,” being published in a reduction of at least 10% in the ecological impact aerodromes, air traffic management (ATM) and January 2001. of air transport, thanks to optimised flightpaths
aviation navigation services. That same group of prominent individuals that would use less fuel and thus emit less CO2. For also decided to set up the Advisory Council for operators, the cost of services, linked to ATM, should ACARE: Advisory Council Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE), a be halved. for Aeronautics Research in Europe consultative council empowered to establish a SESAR is the technological side of the concept Strategic Research Agenda (SRA). ACARE’s aim was for Europe’s single airspace. Via public-private At the start of the 21st century and given the scope to achieve the objectives identified in the report, partnership, SESAR co-ordinates and collates of foreseeable developments in aeronautics, the Vision 2020. It tries to bring all the stakeholders in research and development activities to foster the EU Commissioner for Research, Philippe Busquin, European aviation research together. emergence of innovative ATM technologies.
30 Aeronautics, a universe of excellence 31 "Aviation is global, the problems are global and complex, so no single organisation, no single country is able to face that."
3 A virtual control tower (from DLR). Dutch (NLR) and German (DLR) aerospace centers, both members of Manuela Soares, Transport Director, Directorate-General SESAR, are working on an innovative ATC system of the future which, in particular, will do away with the current division into sectors of European airspace and so enable remote management of one or more small Research, Science and Innovation (June 2015) airports from a virtual control tower. Sustainable 2 development, key to tomorrow’s air transport Throughout its spectacular development, the aeronautics industry has always been concerned by its environmental impact. However in the coming decades, compliance with increasingly strict criteria, coupled with social demands and the EU’s vision for sustainable growth, will inexorably push research in the direction of innovative, sustainable technologies which will forge the air transport system of the future.
Foreseeable growth
very forward-looking study, whether This predicted growth is also the result of more Eby manufacturers, the airlines or major vibrant economies and booming demographics organisations such as ICAO, come to the in developing countries. Governments and same conclusion: during the next 20 years, industrial firms in the aeronautics sector closely passenger and freight air traffic will grow by monitor this correlation between growth in the around 5% per year> Resulting in a doubling world economy and that of civil air transport. of passenger numbers between 2010 and 2030, Emerging nations represent considerable such rapid growth will become one of the main centres of growth for the aeronautics industry. characteristics of the sector. In the future, the increased global adoption of middle-class lifestyles will also increase the Liberalisation of the European Union’s air demand for air transport. transport marketplace has mainly contributed to the development of low-cost airlines, Experts predict that in 2050 the world’s permitting the reinvigoration of numerous population will have risen to 9 billion people, regional airports, which have less congestion with more than 60% living in urban areas. and lower airport taxes than airports serving 8 Airbus major metropolitan areas. Airlines’ development will increasingly depend A350 XWB. upon them matching the air transport needs
Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 35 of this growing global population, i.e. the leaders will lead the entire R&D scientific evolution of routes; choice of fleets; traffic community, SMEs, research centres and forecasts, etc. Maintaining affordable pricing academia in working together to meet these will remain equally important for sustaining ambitious objectives, with obvious social and their business. environmental consequences.
Solving this economic equation, as well as In this context, innovation is expected to complying with environmental constraints, will lead to disruptive technologies in numerous require radically innovative solutions: clean fields, for example, in aircraft engine building; and quiet aircraft; biofuels; optimised air traffic aerodynamics; materials; aerostructures; control and reconfigured ground services. High energy and airborne electronics and human- expectations are being placed on the players in machine interfaces. These profound changes European and worldwide aeronautics research. will be directed by close collaboration between Today, it is the delicate synergy between science the operators and managers of the global air and business which can enable research to transport system. create the jobs and growth that Europe needs. Innovative aeronautics products resulting from Over the next 30 years, the joint vision of the 5 Low-cost research – aircraft, engines, equipment and European Union and aeronautics industry passengers boarding systems – will require manufacturing at very at Stansted Airport, competitive costs in order to be profitable and near London. exportable. As, besides the current competition, new players from emerging countries – such as China; India; Brazil; and Russia – are already preparing to conquer future international markets. This increases the importance that Europe, bolstered by its acknowledged technological creativity, maintains in its competitive edge and dynamic commercial stance.
Technological evolution in aeronautics materials, in particular with regards to passenger airliners, is characterised by incremental advances and, more rarely, by spectacular changes in geometrical forms.
Today’s subsonic airliners are externally hardly any different than those of the 1960s-1980s, barring their size, number of engines or engine 1 Passengers queuing diameter. for boarding at the airport. Today, the flying time to travel from Paris to New York in an Airbus A380 is roughly identical to that in a Boeing 707 in the 1960s. What is different is that a Boeing 707 carried fewer than 200 passengers and thundered through the sky, leaving a plume of exhaust fumes, while today, an A380 takes flight more cleanly and quietly with nearly 600 passengers on board.
Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 37 Fifty years of effort in research and It is very probable that transport aircraft development separate these two examples. of the future will be remarkably different A host of applications, invisible from the from those which populate today’s airports. outside, are hidden in less noisy and more fuel- That is because very strict environmental efficient engine technology. In the cockpit, just objectives will focus research and development a few digital screens replace banks of electro- programmes in the coming years, implying the mechanical dials. Modern wing and fuselage advent of radically-new disruptive technologies structures – built with new materials, either which will fashion the new look of tomorrow’s composite or metallic – are lighter and more aircraft. robust. Finally, at the heart of it all are the many complex systems and devices which compose a In aerodynamics, intelligent wing concepts modern aircraft. are in the spotlight, combined with techniques 5 3D loom for carbon-fibre weaving (Safran).
1 Carbon composites fibre patch (Airbus). to reduce drag and control flow. Wings and system, resulting in novel concepts which fuselages are being built to carry new, more potentially may lead to henceforth unknown economical and quieter types of propulsion, forms in all categories of transport aircraft. One such as so-called open rotor engines or ultra- example is the so-called flying wing. Already a high by-pass turbofans. Landing gear and well-known concept, but difficult to apply in movable wing surfaces (flaps and slats) are being the field of passenger transportation, it consists redesigned, also with lower noise levels in mind. of a tailless fixed-wing aircraft with no defined fuselage. Another example involves concepts So to increase efficiency by reducing overall for distributed propulsion where one or two aerodynamic drag, propulsion systems and turbine engines electrically drive a dozen or so airframes are now considered as a single fans or propellers.
38 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 39 In the helicopter sector, technology has become sufficiently advanced to allow the designing of quieter machines, as well as hybrid turbo- Environmental objectives powered aircraft, operating reliably both as for research commercial helicopters and aeroplanes.
A global approach is necessary in optimising civil aviation and its environmental impact, taking into account not only product lifecycles, Reducing CO2 emissions of 1,300 new international airports will be but also optimised manufacturing processes, required by 2050 with a doubling in the operating conditions, maintenance, and Three billion passengers travel annually using commercial aircraft fleet. recycling after disassembly. air transport, generating a total of 56 million 7 In expectation jobs globally (of whom 8.6 million work The challenge facing aviation is to meet the It is only with such efforts that the set of the forecasted directly in the aviation industry). Aviation’s predicted growth in demand for air travel environmental objectives will be met. Just increase in global economic impact (direct, indirect and (increasing 4-5% per annum over the next 20 as research into speed at any cost was the the number of induced) is estimated at US$ 3.560 billion years) but to do so in a way that ensures that industry’s focus until the end of the 20 th passengers travelling representing 7.5% of world gross domestic the environment is protected. century, the challenge of the next 30 years will in coming years, product (GDP). be to put into place a fluid, global air transport Airbus is studying The question of noise concepts for system, capable of sustainably satisfying even Air transport’s contribution to climate change intelligent cabins the strictest environmental demands. represents 3% of manmade CO emissions In physics, acoustics covers physical laws which will secure 2 comfort and ease of (and 12% of all transport sources) with flights which govern the generation and transmission access for travellers. producing 628,000,000 tonnes of CO2 yearly. of sound, which in turn is characterised by Features include Worldwide, it is estimated that the equivalent intensity and frequency. seats that change shape, depending on passenger morphology and advanced communication Optimisation technologies (high-speed ground- connectivity, of all of civil holograms and more). 3 Modelling noise around Heathrow aviation and its Airport. Noise cartography is an efficient tool for environmental studying acoustic emissions in the vicinity of airfields and for defining impact is set to solutions to limit this kind of pollution, in particular, by be treated in a containing it as much as possible within the limits of an airport’s global approach. perimeter.
40 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 41 For aircraft, studies distinguish between field in research and development conducted by particular during the approach and landing seek to optimise and shorten trajectories, engine noise (mostly heard during the take-off aircraft engine-makers. phases of flight. thus also playing a greater role in solving the and climbing phases of flight) and so-called Aircraft manufacturers, for their part, must The noise pollution suffered by people living problem of noise. Considerable efforts have aerodynamic noise which tends to drown out find ways to reduce aerodynamic noise, close to airports can be considerably reduced already been made to reduce noise surrounding engine noise during approach and landing. attributed to turbulence created around the by more responsible behaviour on the part of airports as much as possible. Given the foreseeable growth in air traffic in aerostructures and their moving parts – flaps; site operators, notably during certain ground In order to achieve the 2050 objectives, efforts the coming years, noise reduction is a priority, slats; landing gear, etc. operations, i.e. taxiing; engine starting; parking in noise reduction have to be taken into account captivating the attention of all players in As engines become quieter, aerodynamic noise and engine testing. globally by all of the aeronautics players and 1 The Air Transport aeronautics. This will require innovative takes on greater and greater importance, in By the same token, air traffic specialists can therefore closely monitored. 5 Final approach Systems Evaluation technologies, not only for engines, but also in the vicinity of Infrastructure from regarding as yet unimagined aerodynamic Heathrow Airport. ONERA : calculation shapes for the aircraft of tomorrow. of acoustic emissions around aircraft. Although over the last 40 years jet aircraft noise levels have already been reduced by around 70%, the objective set for 2050 is nevertheless to reduce those levels by another 65%, with reference to technologies from the year 2000. 5 NLR’s Virtual Engine noise is a result of, on the one hand, Community Noise noise made by the hot gases exhausting under Simulator is a unique high pressure from jet nozzles and mixing with facility that brings the air outside. Thus, strong turbulence created together expertise at the nozzle outlet is what causes the noise. on noise sources, The use of large-diameter double-flow engines atmospheric propagation, has already enabled reduced gas outlet speeds reflections and and thus lower noise. On the other hand, engine absorption in a way noise is also combustion and mechanical noise to experience future made by the turning parts and is an important noise impact for all stakeholders.
42 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 43 “Companies that invest in R&D lead the world.„
Carlos Moedas, Research
Commissioner, Science and 3 Airbus Group. Biofuel research from algae in Ludwig Bölkow Campus, Munich. Innovation (June 2015) Biofuel development development that is, at best, questionable if the 6 Research into new entire agricultural and industrial chain is taken Today, fuel costs represent about 30% of the fuels: a combustion into account due to land use issues and potential operating costs for an average airline. What is researcher at a competition with food production. Yet, recent more, significant fluctuations in oil prices can shock tube system developments on the feedstock/ process in the DLR Institute weigh heavily on air transport demand. couple (e.g. algae, waste) have shown potential of Combustion At the same time, 80% of CO emissions for reduction of the carbon footprint by up to 2 Technology, an aviation are generated by flights of 1,500 km ideal test facility 80% and could, in the long term, substantially or more. for generating high reduce the carbon footprint of aviation fuel Increased aircraft efficiency, in terms of temperatures and depending on their level of market deployment environmental performance, can be approached pressures such as and blending ratio. at the same time through technological solutions, those which occur in In addition, due to the probable growing aimed at reducing aircraft fuel consumption aircraft gas turbines scarcity of fossil fuels, the question is whether under full load (at (hence, lowering CO2 emissions) and through the at a certain price level for oil the attractiveness use of sustainable alternative fuels. In fact, it is take-off for example). of air transport may be affected. An offer of widely claimed that the objectives set for 2050 alternative, unconventional hydrocarbons 5 For several years, in ACARE’s strategic agenda (see above) will would be a factor in reducing prices, as Dutch airline KLM bring the necessary energy efficiency to each has been investing would the successful exploration for new, aircraft. ATAG has set an even more ambitious in a programme for conventional resources. objective at the global fleet level. This can only studies into biofuels. Moreover, the chemical composition of be achieved through a broad contribution from In 2013, this led to most alternative fuels (no sulphur, “simple”
alternative fuels to CO2 reduction. long-haul flights with chemistry) may have substantial potential in Specific replacement fuels, in particular certain this type of fuel. In terms of pollutant emissions of aircrafts, and biofuels, have been identified as a tangible March, 2016, a new especially particle emissions. solution for attaining sustainable development series of flights It was in this environmental and economic spirit objectives set for aeronautics. Some alternative between Oslo and that the European Commission, in co-operation fuels may have an impact on sustainable Amsterdam were with Europe’s leading airlines and producers made, during a 5-6-week test period.
1 The multimodal transport station at of biofuels, launched in 2011 the Biofuel combined and optimised its individual parts. Frankfurt Airport, Flightpath Initiative to try to reach by 2020 an That supposed, for example, facilitating gradually ramped annual production of 2 million tonnes of fuel, access to airports from city centres, using up to full service between 1999 and from renewable sources. ecologically-friendly vehicles; designing 2002, is today an intermodal connections with regional or example of the The stakes in intermodal high-speed rail networks; and balancing the complementarity passenger transport weaknesses in the modes of connecting and between rail, long- unifying reservation systems. haul airliners and According to research on the future of The rollout of an intermodal passenger transport regional aviation. transportation, mixed-mode commuting was system would have the dual advantages of first mentioned by the European Commission in greater door-to-door comfort for travellers, 2006, with the aim of no longer differentiating since every region of Europe would be affected, between the various modes of transport, but and of contributing to environmental goals in rather to organise a holistic system, which the medium term.
46 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 47 cost, in complete safety, and under impeccable the best equipment and services. This requires security conditions. Regardless of their size, constant support for a well-structured commercial aircraft are less polluting and industry with coherent research programmes Air transport in 2050 quieter, because they are built to comply with to ensure that it keeps its completive edge
the strictest environmental norms for CO 2 sharp in the face of current and emerging emissions and noise. challengers.
As for civil aviation fixed-wing aircraft That also means extending the share of Continuous growth in air transport over Aviation is of paramount importance for the and helicopters, when they are not serving aeronautics in the overall economy, through the the coming years is certain. That is why it is economy. In its vision for 2050, the European passenger transport, they are playing further success of its own products and by expanding urgent to put into place conditions necessary aeronautics community commits to two parallel roles in society, e.g. air ambulances and medical its supply chain, welcoming increasing numbers for European citizens to continue to use this objectives: (1) maintaining the position of evacuation; research; and air-sea rescue or in of SMEs, research centres and universities. 5 Project Zero from mode of transport and at an affordable cost, in its aeronautics industry and (2) satisfying naturel disaster responses. Communicating extensively a positive view Leonardo Helicopters complete safety, easily, quickly and sustainably. citizens’ needs with an effective, reliable and of European aeronautics, and its successes, as is an entirely-electric sustainable air transport system. “Flightpath Maintaining European leadership in 2050 approaches, will also enable the industry tilt-rotor concept, In a bid to make the general public more aware 2050” matches the vision of the European aeronautics means designing and producing to attract the best talent. which has already of the necessity of maintaining the high Union in 2015 for sustainable air transport made several remote- level of technology, acquired over the years, in the future that meets societal demands for controlled flights. and to build in Europe the best system of air higher environmental and mobility objectives. transport possible in the forthcoming decades, the European aeronautics community has Already today, air transport is at the service of presented its vision in a document, “Flightpath European citizens and generates a social bond 2050,” that was published in 2011. by enabling timely travel, at an affordable
3 In 2015, Airbus helicopters entered the design phase for the European high- speed X6 helicopter, intended to replace the Super Puma.
48 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 49 Satisfying society’s needs is about combining of international regulation, whether for the a spirit of continuous growth in a reliable, environment, safety or security. In the world multimodal transport system, with the capacity economy, Europe along with the US, Russia, to speed up the free movement of people and India, Brazil and China will be the main powers, goods. It means accepting a Europe working as the development of new, emerging countries together, rising to environmental challenges continues apace. and ensuring total, non-intrusive, safety and security for its citizens. Moreover, it also Worldwide air traffic, which should grow from means creating the conditions for creating 2.5 billion passengers in 2011 to 16 billion in and maintaining meaningful jobs for highly- 2050, will be flexible and based on proven qualified specialists throughout Europe. technology, enabling the best choices in routing or multiplying the levels of flightpaths. Beyond those two primary objectives, the European aeronautics community’s strategy is Different kinds of aircraft will be able to operate to imagine a futuristic vision of European air in the same airspace. New-generation airliners, transport by 2050. jumbo jets and smaller aircraft alike, business aircraft, new-generation helicopters, including In 2050, the European air transport system hybrid tilt-wing aircraft (half aeroplane and will be an integral link in a global logistical half helicopter), regional transport aircraft, transport chain, completely inter-connected quieter on take-off and landing, and even with other means of transport, enhancing remote-controlled pilotless aircraft. travel fluidity. The aim of 90% of journeys within the European Union, taking less than four hours door-to-door, is just one example of the ambitions, expressed in the roadmap. Total inter-operability between the European system and the rest of the world will be required. Thanks to its acknowledged technological excellence in aeronautics, Europe will be able to successfully promote its own vision
1 In its futuristic cabin concepts, Airbus imagines a “vitality” section, where passengers can feel close to nature, thanks to a transparent environment, spacious and full of light, offering a panoramic view of the 3 “We bring the outside world. future to your doorstep”: 1 June, 2015, Safran launched an advertising campaign on the theme of innovation.
50 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 51 3 Within the framework of Flightpath 2050, Remote-controlled or drone aircraft will be technological research and development. As the Airbus Group used, in particular, for simple, repetitive a roadmap, SRIA includes five challenges: (1) and engineering missions in dangerous areas or for extremely responding to identified needs; (2) maintaining company Altran long-duration flights. and increasing the level of industrial worked together on competence; (3) protecting the environment project concepts In Europe, the number of commercial flights and energy sources; (4) ensuring safety and with a view to the will jump from 9.4 million in 2011 to 25 million. security and (5) promoting research, testing long-term evolution Aviation transport will bring Europe’s regions facilities and education. of air transport. One idea was for an closer. Direct flights will be available between airport of the future, large numbers of cities, with quality services In order to deal with the increased complexity called Eye To The that permit online passengers to plan their in future aviation production, which will Sky, which imagined journeys in real time. require integrated platforms and real-life aircraft taxiing above demonstrators, the SRIA roadmap is divided terminals, while Protection of the environment, already on into three calendar phases: up to 2020; from passengers flowed the agenda for over 40 years, will remain 2020 to 2035; and from 2035 to 2050. to and from planes the main thrust of aircraft and air transport vertically. infrastructure development. For the 2050 vision to succeed, it is clear 7 The future by that increased support for the European Airbus: aircraft The priorities identified for reaching this vision aeronautics sector is required, via a policy in free flight and have been outlined by ACARE in its Strategic of regular and multi-layered research formation along Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) programmes, with sufficient funding and express skyways. which states in broad terms what is needed in appropriate governance.
52 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Sustainable development, key to tomorrow’s air transport 53 Europe, driving 3 innovation European research and innovation policy in this high-technology sector goes through a public-private partnership, a Joint Undertaking, spanning a number of years. By ensuring it has adequate financing, Europe has allowed a variety of research programmes and a myriad of opportunities to be pursued.
Framework programmes in research
rom an early stage, the European Union Europe’s strong scientific potential was under, Fsought the necessary finances for the or even poorly, used and that Member States’ development of research and innovation, to national research systems were functioning in encourage joint action on ambitious projects a disjointed and often isolated manner. in the various high-technology and science sectors, aiming at boosting European industry’s A new step forward was taken with the creation competitiveness. of the European Research Area which proposed a proactive approach to joining together In this spirit, the European Commission existing forces in research and innovation. proposed, in 1983, the first Framework Industry; SMEs; research centres; and Programmes (FP1) that ran from 1984-1987. universities were called on to participate. The Successor programmes, up to FP6, started every result was the Seventh Framework Programme 7 European four years. (FP7) that lasted seven years (2007-2013) and Commission it current successor, an eighth programme, headquarters in However after FP6 (2002-2006), it was noted namely Horizon 2020 (2014-2020). Brussels. that financing had become insufficient, that
Europe, driving innovation 55 Horizon 2020 About Joint Technology Initiatives (JTIs) programme objectives
In May 2007, the European Commission adopted research at the European level. The JTIs’ Horizon 2020 is the most ambitious research three main missions: (1) to integrate research a first set of proposals for Joint Technology mission is to provide support to multi-national and innovation programme ever undertaken by and innovation by providing uninterrupted Initiatives (JTIs). For the first time, long-term research activities on a vast scale, in competitive the European Union, with a seven-year budget support throughout the work process, from public-private partnerships were given an sectors or in fields of social interest, essential to of ¤80 billion (2014-2020), plus added private idea and product conception to entering the institutional framework at the European level European industry. investment. Numerous spin-offs are expected market, (2) to fund research and innovation in – including industry, the scientific community in the high-technology sectors and disruptive response to today’s major social challenges and and public authorities – in order to jointly The first five JTIs, created in 2007, were innovations mature enough to go to market. (3) to support innovation and activities, close pursue major research objectives. the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI); to the market, in a bid to create new business Clean Sky (aeronautics and air transport); With new stakeholders and new objectives, opportunities. The administration of the JTIs, with their Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (FCH), ARTEMIS Horizon 2020 is an innovative programme dedicated management structures, represented (embedded computing technologies) and ENIAC whose goal is to rationalise financing in favour Three overriding priorities have been set to a ground-breaking approach to undertaking (nano-electronics). of growth. It thus allows access to European underpin the Horizon 2020 project. First of financing, allocated via project selection all, Excellent Science, ensuring that research following calls for proposals. programmes are world-class in the long term. This includes supporting the best ideas, The European Commission has defined the fostering the development of talent in Europe, scope of the Horizon 2020 programme with offering researchers a place to work and the
Science and innovation have brought prosperity to the world, now the world 7 Innovation in “ action : five Joint should invest and work together to Technology Initiatives, created in 2007, present the results address the grand societal challenges of their work to the European Parliament in Brussels, which are common to us all." October 2013. Robert-Jan Smits, Director-General for Research and Innovation, DG Research and Innovation, European Commission
56 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Europe, driving innovation 57 European aeronautics, an innovative sector
infrastructure they need for research, Thus Europe makes itself attractive to the best Among high technologies, aeronautics is the demanding projects, the objectives of which researchers in the world. leading sector of excellence in Europe, an are to limit the environmental impacts of enviable situation which is the result of long- increased aviation. Secondly and concurrently, Industrial term financing research and development by Leadership, targeting investment in the industry and the European Union. In 2007, with the start of FP7, Europe decided support of key technologies that favour the to create the Clean Sky JTI, a vast programme competitiveness of European companies. Rising Having said that, maintaining such a for aeronautics research with a long-term, to meet society’s challenges helps optimise strategically-important position, now requires seven-year budget. The ambitious aim is to companies’ growth potential and helping more support than ever for innovation, reinvigorate the entire sector: industry; SMEs; finance innovative European SMEs to becoming which is now indispensable to the success of research centres and universities. major players in world markets.
And thirdly, Societal Challenges directing research and innovation towards a response to Annual budget (M€) them, broadens research and innovation from 400 ATM/SESAR its traditional sectors. No Member State can 350 carry this burden alone, which is why effective 300 86 JTI Clean Sky co-ordination between national and European 250 43 Aeronautics programmes is essential. 200 23
150 114 Horizon 2020 includes active support for SMEs. 3 100 Such a policy is regarded as vital for European For more than 25 years, Europe 50 251 growth, especially in times of economic has allocated turmoil. The European Commission wants to 0 18 24 61 175 188 136 43 budgets specific 1990-91 1992-94 1995-98 99-2002 2003-06 2007-13 H 2020 encourage a spirit of enterprise and innovation to aeronautics FP2 FP3 FP4 FP5 FP6 FP7 2014-2020 to foster economic growth, meaning a stimulus research, which has Evolution of the annual PCRD budgets allocated to aeronautics. for private sector investment. Consequently, helped strengthen the the target for participation by SMEs has efforts of industry. However since 2007, been raised from 15% to 20% for priority Budget (M€) a true public-private 3000 projects dealing with “Societal Challenges” ATM/SESAR and “Industrial Leadership.” Plus in addition partnership has 2500 to classic collaborative research projects, emerged with the JTI Clean Sky 1 Carlos Moedas, in Brussels. In for instance, by 2000 600 long supported by the various framework creation of a Joint Commissioner in line with the "Open attracting more Technology Initiative, 300 Aeronautics programmes, Horizon 2020 has increased the charge of Research, Science, Open SMEs; ensuring dedicated to the 1500 support for public-private and public-public Science and Innovation, Open to better use of sector, on top of 1000 800 partnerships. Innovation, held a the World" agenda research results other aeronautical 90 press conference set by him, the and strengthening 500 research activities, 1755 on the new Work Work Programme is research cooperation and in parallel with 35 71 Programme for designed to open up with other countries. 0 245 700 750 950 300 the SESAR initiative 1990-91 1992-94 1995-98 99-2002 2003-06 2007-13 H 2020 Horizon 2020 on European research for Air Traffic FP2 FP3 FP4 FP5 FP6 FP7 2014-2020 13 October 2015 and innovation, Management. Evolution of the framework programmes budgets allocated to aeronautics.
58 Civil aeronautics: Europe on the leading edge of innovation Europe, driving innovation 59 part II Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European
3 LEAP-1A engine by Safran: chosen to power the Airbus A320neo. aeronautics Clean Sky: 1 innovating together In 2007, the shared will of the European Union and industrial leaders to bring European aeronautics research and innovation stakeholders closer together, working on ambitious projects in technologies aimed at reducing, by 2020, the environmental impact of aircraft, led the European Union to create the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking.
The need for Europe to support innovation
7 Clean Sky managers attend Aerodays 2015 in roven by its vitality, Europe’s aeronautics has secured over 50% of the market for short-/ London. Aerodays, which is held which Pindustry has always been a competitive medium-haul aircraft – a segment where it was is held every four sector in the global marketplace. It is a virtually non-existent a mere 30 years ago – as years, offers strategic high-tech sector, thanks on the one well as being a world market leader in numerous an exceptional hand to the will of certain Member States to fields, such as aircraft engine manufacturing, opportunity to preserve their national interests and, on the flight equipment and aviation systems. mingle with other other hand, to a coherent policy of support representatives of for research, development and innovation, It is important that this trend is maintained EU governments, promoted for a number of years by the and that hard-won progress is consolidated at a with European European Union. time when other countries such as China, India, Union authorities, Brazil and Russia have high ambitions in new or industry members Every sector of aeronautics has benefitted, existing global markets. and university staff. It is also a with a positive impact on employment in the Member States, especially those with high Accounting for only 3% of worldwide CO chance to review 2 advances and the value-added skills. emissions, the ecological impact of aeronautics strategic outlook is relatively small; however, rapid growth (about for aeronautics Therefore, its competitive edge and the 5% per annum) in global air transport means it research and diversity of its offer have grown in step with must take up the gauntlet of increasingly strict innovation. the development of new products. The result: it environmental challenges.
Clean Sky: innovating together 63 European aeronautics research will determine beyond the reach of individual players. Only the quality of tomorrow’s air transport system considerable and continuous public support and enable it to ensure a means of safe, smooth- for the different phases of research, can allow Clean Sky: a clear step forward flowing travel for more than 500 million for accelerating the emergence of innovative, in aeronautics research European citizens, while protecting their so-called green technologies and carry them quality of life and the environment. It will to a level of maturity necessary for their rapid 5 Wind tunnel tests require stupendous investments, which are deployment with a strong probability of success. are conducted on a Falcon 2000S from Dassault Aviation During the first decade of the 21 st century, emissions by 50% between 2000 and 2020, at RUAG Space in numerous shared considerations contributed to NOx emissions by 80% and noise by 50%. Emmen, Switzerland. the creation of a European structure, entirely Moreover, it specified that aircraft lifecycles devoted to aeronautics research. should be taken into account in order to reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing, The Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research maintenance and recycling. in Europe (ACARE), in its aforementioned Strategic Research Agenda, set as one of its In addition, the European Authorities prime concerns a reduced environmental acknowledged the importance of funding impact for aeronautics, thus requiring new aeronautical research, for such purposes,
technological solutions for reducing CO 2 up to the highest maturity level (see the definition of “Technology Readiness Level” on page 80), through the support of industrial, integrated demonstrators, in order to fill the so-called “Valley of Death” which generally divides the most usual research phase at the level of a single technology, and ACARE’s 2020 environmental goals, for the development of new products. This would new-generation aircraft (with reference imply a deep involvement of the industry, to the state-of-the-art in 2000), are: large integrators, tier ones and others; for this, the aforementioned JTI concept would
• a 50% reduction in CO2 emissions, mainly from be the right instrument to manage such reduced fuel consumption; activities, where the industry would be able • an 80% reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions; to commit to predefined objectives, co-fund • a 50% reduction in outside noise levels for aircraft; the activities and participate in the strategic • an environmentally-friendly approach to entire governance, ensuring the best possible lifecycles for aircraft: design, manufacture, continuity between upstream research, maintenance, disassembly and recycling. integration of technologies and, later on, introduction into new products. In 2012, ACARE extended these objectives, stipulating a second long-term stage, committing in particular to It was in such a context that the creation of
reducing CO2 by 75%, noise by 65% and NOx by 90%, Clean Sky came about. still referring to year 2000 baselines. Its creation was announced in the Official Journal of the European Union , dated 20 December 2007, after a long series of discussions between the industrial community and the European Commission (in particular,
64 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky: innovating together 65 its Directorate-General for Research and Innovation), with the support of the European Parliament and the European Council. A unique organisation
The Clean Sky JTI was thus Europe’s Joint Undertaking dedicated to aeronautics research Aviation products are different and innovation. Right from the start, its aims were substantial. It would soften the risks from other sectors’ products likely to hold back private investment in new “ The Clean Sky JTI is a public-private partnership The Clean Sky Joint Undertaking is set to highly-innovative products, especially the in terms of development time, that addresses the whole aeronautics sector. implement innovative “green” technologies roll-out of technologies, intended to reduce Its functioning requires simultaneous, in all sectors of civil air transport: jumbo jets, adverse effects on the environment. That lifetime, standards, certification. deep technical and scientific expertise and regional aircraft, helicopters, aviation engines, meant one no longer had to rely on the market necessitates access to sufficient funds that are systems and materials lifecycles. Work centres alone to resolve issues of what economists call And its related research needs optimally distributed. For its management, a on producing life-size integrated technology “negative externalities.” Beyond any regulatory continuity and support as well as legal entity has been created in the form of a demonstrators (ITDs), in all segments of measures, public support for research would “Joint Undertaking,” as defined by the Treaty research activity, and testing them on the now offset the uncertain promise of a distant a full process chain, from basic on European Union. ground or in-flight, reporting on any and all return on investment for otherwise risky progress achieved. research and demonstrations. It would make research via applied research up a game-changing contribution to development in the business, realigning the adventure of to innovation development. This ITDs organisation aerospace with values, present since the dawn of the dream. includes also the establishment Technology Evaluator Within the framework of Clean Sky, public and continuous update of support could underpin the integration and adequate research and test demonstration of complete innovative systems, which are expensive and require a critical infrastructures." mass of players and resources, not to mention Concept Aircraft excellent co-ordination. Rolf Henke, ACARE Chair - Member Thus, a path was laid out to accelerate the for Aeronautics Research of the DLR development and deployment of aviation Executive Board Smart Fixed Green Green technologies in the European Union. In Eco Design Wing Aircraft Regional Aircraft Rotorcraft short, there was now a way, through those technologies, to contribute not only to securing Europe’s strategic environmental and social priorities but also to economic growth Systems for Green and job creation. Operations Technologies 3 On 23 November & 3 2007, in the Thales Clean Sky 1: Demonstrators Brussels office, the a unique organisation, Suistainable and Clean Sky task force well-adapted to Green Engines fetched a bottle industrial research. of champagne and celebrated the news The cross-cutting character of the Technology Evaluator and the numerous "The Council has interfaces between ITDs provide Clean Sky with a systematic approach, absent approved Clean Sky”. up until now from European or national programmes.
66 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky: innovating together 67 SMART Fixed Wing Aircraft – SFWA AIRBUS – SAAB Governing Board: Green Regional Aircraft – GRA Leonardo Aircraft – Airbus Defence and Space European 12 industrial leaders + 6 associates + EU Commission Scientific and Parliament Tech. Advisory Green Rotorcraft – GRC Leonardo Helicopters – Airbus Helicopters Annual discharge Board Sustainable and Green Engines – SAGE Rolls-Royce – Safran Systems for Green Operations – SGO Liebherr
National States Ecodesign – ECO Dassault Aviation – Fraunhofer representatives Join Undertaking Executive Team General Forum Group Each ITD is led by two industry leaders that are committed for the full duration of the Clean Sky JU.
7 Clean Sky I funding Technology 21% Partners ITD ITD ITD ITD ITD ITD Partners distribution among Evaluator 34% partners.
Academia ITD: Integrated Technology Demonstrator 1 Clean Sky's 22% Industries structure. 23% Research centres It has been agreed that members of the Clean of the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking. They are SMEs Sky Joint Undertaking will include, on the one represented by a Governing Board, which hand, the European Commission, representing acts both as a board of directors for the Joint the public sector, and on the other hand, the Undertaking and as its programme steering of the 531 partners. Clean Sky involves face-to- The Joint Undertaking assigns contracts to industrial leaders responsible for the different committee. This sharing of strategic decision- face relationships, not only between the major the members and partners and attests to the integrated technology demonstrators, as well making is the key to the successful functioning names in aeronautics (including a portion of successful completion of those contracts; as Clean Sky members associated with the of this public-private partnership. their regular sub-contractors), but also with a the Executive Director also reports to the different ITDs. large number of newcomers. European Parliament regarding the final annual Shared financing is ensured, with half from budgetary discharge. The 12 companies responsible for these the European Commission and the other half In governance matters, the highest authority in integrated technology demonstrators, known from industry in its broadest sense, which is to Clean Sky is its Governing Board. Programme The Clean Sky Joint Undertaking also relies on as “Leaders,” commit to financing 50% of the say including research centres and other public management as well as proposing strategic a Scientific Council, comprised of 12 members, activities themselves and, furthermore, to bodies. direction is the responsibility of the Executive all university professors or engineers who participating in the technical, financial and Director of the Joint Undertaking and his team, have held senior management positions in administrative planning of the functioning of Finally, partner companies, research centres comprised of some 40 individuals. the industrial world. The Scientific Council the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking, throughout and universities are selected on the basis of its lifetime. regular calls for proposals, founded on precise technical specifications, which arise from the 3 Clean Sky I The 65 associate members all share some particular needs of the different demonstrators. funding common features. They are from industry, Proposals received by the Joint Undertaking are participation. 12 65 550 research centres, SMEs and universities, evaluated according to the publicly-available ITD LEADERS ASSOCIATES PARTNERS sometimes already grouped together in pursuit criteria and recommendations are made by of a given theme. The so-called Leaders are groups of independent experts. committed for their specific programmes’ entire duration. Leaders, Associates and the After seven years of functioning, it is 12 ITD leaders representing 65 Associates representing 550 Partners through calls European Commission constitute the members noteworthy that SMEs account for about 40% 50% of funding 25% of funding representing 25% of funding
68 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky: innovating together 69 FOCUS Clean Sky is very successful in bringing together SMEs and large companies. The strong involvement of the latter creates “a momentum geared to concrete, marketable technologies and is a driving force for the whole aeronautical research. Many SMEs which have never participated in any EU research programme before are now involved in Clean Sky and will remain part of the innovation effort in the longer term." Christian Ehler, Member of the European Parliament, Rapporteur for the Horizon 2020 Regulation
has a consultative role, reporting to the the total programme spending was stipulated Executive Director and the Governing Board. from the start and the political will driving the In particular, it participates in annual technical endeavour has been constant, Clean Sky has 1 Chamber of the European Parliament in Brussels, February 2015, during reviews, organised for each ITD and issues constantly benefitted from unflagging support a speech by Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission, recommendations on programme contents and has always functioned in a flexible, lasting and by Martin Schulz, President of the European Parliament. and achievements. Every year, it publishes a fashion with stable, highly-motivated teams. comprehensive review of the programme and The role of the European Parliament The European Parliament’s Industry, its advancement. Budgetary flexibility and operational efficiency, Research and Energy (ITRE) Committee evoked at its creation, have proven their worth, The European Parliament, in its role as co-legislator, The €1.6 billion Clean Sky budget amounts as testified to by tangible results already shares with the European Council the power to modify A large portion of the work of the 677 Members of to a co-ordinated programme and not just a achieved in terms of Clean Sky 1 (2008-2014). and/or adopt legislative proposals and to set the the European Parliament (MEPs) goes on behind the combination of interests. It is subject to approval, Looking at the wealth of its efforts and the European Union’s budget. It also oversees the work scenes in the 20 committees, which meet once or annually, both by the European Council and sharing of its many scientific skills, Clean Sky is of the European Commission as well as of other bodies twice monthly in Brussels during each parliamentary the European Parliament. However, because a vast research programme, unequalled globally. of the European Union. term. Every committee is comprised of 25 to 71 MEPs The regular legislative procedure grants the same (and of as many substitutes) which reflects the weight to the European Parliament as to the political make-up of the assembly. European Council in some fields, including among These thematic committees play a vital role in the others, transportation, environment and consumer legislative process: they examine the EU’s rules protection. The vast majority of European laws are and directives, which are submitted to them by adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the the European Commission, before going before the The States’ Representative Group, The SRG is comprised of a representative from each European Council. plenary assembly for a vote. a consulting body Member State of the European Union and from each They can, in particular, write reports, propose of the associated countries. It is chaired by one of amendments on different legislative bills and hear In compliance with the Clean Sky regulations, the those representatives. The SRG submits its opinions experts’ testimony. States’ Representative Group (SRG) is a consulting on the functioning of the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking, The ITRE committee is the relevant body that body, working within the framework of the Joint contributes to its planning, dissemination and deals with questions regarding industry, research Undertaking. It identifies potential fields of follow-up on calls for proposals and calls for tender and energy, including the research framework co-operation and provides an interface between the and maintains relations with SMEs. programmes. It debated and amended the bill for Member States and the Joint Undertaking, mainly At its own initiative, SRG can advise Clean Sky regulating the Horizon 2020 programme. With 67 regarding research programmes and actions, on questions of technology, management and sitting MEPs, it is one of the largest committees. conducted by the countries involved. finance.
70 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky: innovating together 71 Country distribution Number of Clean Sky participating organisations per country.
1 FI 1 NO 22 SE
3 1 IE DK
69 Note how NASA is also conducting an ambitious Every participant becomes, for the time of UK 19 NL technology programme, called Environmentally the task given to him or her, a full-fledged 8 Responsible Aviation (ERA). However, that “member” of the Joint Undertaking. 20 80 PL remarkable programme has often been the BE DE 2 target (unlike Clean Sky) of political infighting In less than five years, and after a short period CZ and budget constraints, as has often been the of establishment, the Joint Undertaking has case for the entire NASA budget. Such cuts hit its stride. From the very first day, there has 96 18 have too frequently been at the cost of long- been a breath of renewed Europe’s research FR 18 AT CH 2 term projects. efforts with a self-evident functional dynamism HU 6 that has translated into solid results, like the RO Clean Sky is a research programme like no completion on time, i.e. 2014-2016, and within 16 1 SMEs win the other. It is the result of an efficient organisation, expectations, of the demonstrators, announced PT 2016 Best Clean Sky which gives it unrivalled visibility. The Joint in the initial schedule. 64 62 Projects. Clean Sky ES IT 1 Undertaking, which includes its industrial BG has a total of 224 members as well as the European Commission, Due to the structure and organisation of European participating SMEs is run by a management team of around 40 research, and of the Horizon 2020 framework throughout Europe. 1 individuals who co-ordinate Clean Sky’s major programme, of which it is a part, Clean Sky can 17 TK research projects and form the backbone of progress with long-term confidence, motivation EL the Joint Undertaking. With its budget already and stability both in the Joint Undertaking allocated and its technical and scheduling management team and in industry. objectives well defined, each programme 1 can count on the technologies that it needs, The notion of a Clean Sky “family” is, moreover, CY either from its Leaders and Associates, or from often mentioned spontaneously to evoke other partners: SMEs and an immense pool of a network which feels endowed with an scientific resources, available from Europe’s empowering industrial, social and environmental universities and research centres. mission, not just for today, but for years to come.
72 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky: innovating together 73 “Europe may not have a single NASA-like organisation to act as a focal point for aeronautics research, but it does have Clean Sky.„
3 The Low-Sweep Business Jet (LSBJ) project foresees business aircraft with double vertical tail sections to dampen engine noise. Aviation Week (US magazine) An industrial 2 approach to research Through its organisation, Clean Sky is the innovator in European aeronautics, by stimulating closer relations between industrial firms, scientists and universities, involved in targeted research programmes.
The innovation value chain
he Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative However more than their number, it is the Tis at the heart of European aeronautics quality and the novelty of professional research and innovation; its role is to integrate. It exchanges between researchers from many brings technologies to a high level of maturity, different backgrounds that is of greatest enhancing the value of a considerable number interest. Universities’ input includes their of small projects that act as building blocks. observations, often far removed from the day-to-day preoccupations of industry both It has shown its capacity to attract young through scientific knowledge and technology’s talent at universities as well as at small young place in a changing world. enterprises – 30% of SMEs involved employ 10 people or less – and so help them find their And although the most common approach niche among the sector’s major aeronautics to research is top-down, universities have firms. demonstrated many times that there is also a valid place in the innovation process Clean Sky has thus contributed to building for a bottom-up approach which stands to a solid network of research and innovation significantly enlarge the scope of creative 7 A Rolls-Royce players, beneficial to the future of the European investigation. This is testimony to a practically- Trent XWB economy, in the sense that it is a durable source minded industry, more often than not concerned for the Airbus of young, high value-added talent who will be with rapidly bringing to market the fruits of A350 XWB. among the industrial leaders of tomorrow. technologies currently still being researched.
An industrial approach to research 77 Consequently, many so-called small projects diverse across Europe than the major industrial conducted by Clean Sky Associates and Partners players themselves. That cannot but strengthen have their own life beyond their natural the countries of the European Union, a point contribution to the Clean Sky Demonstrators which the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking always In Clean Sky the European Being several times honoured to which they have contributed; and they are wants to stress. all together an essential part of the programme. Aeronautics academia had to as CfP winner, GMI Aero worked Early results achieved during Clean Sky 1 – respond to a new challenging in cooperation with major In fact, SMEs, research centres and universities and acknowledged, in 2014, by the European “ “ are keen in ever growing numbers to join Union’s decision to launch Clean Sky 2 with task: to keep developing aeronautical stakeholders, within Clean Sky, which is further confirmation of the a more-than-doubled budget – are the work innovation and preparing the base the frame of nine Clean Sky vitality of its innovation value chain. of thousands of researchers and engineers who, all over Europe, are contributing to the for the technologies of the future projects. This direct interaction In particular, universities’ increasing presence greatest aeronautics research and innovation and, at the same time, contribute with leading industrial partners was in Clean Sky’s ranks is to be highlighted, programme ever, managed by a Joint because they are even more numerous and more Undertaking nonetheless of a human scale. to facing new and complex translated in advanced composite technological tasks. By looking at repair technologies and innovative the achievements, I feel we can products, tailored to the needs of be proud of European academia." our worldwide customers."
Spiros Pantelakis, President Roland Chemama, of the University association President GMI Aero European Aeronautics Science (Paris-based SME) Network, University of Patras.
5 SE
3 Wind tunnel tests, carried out in 3 IE Pininfarina, Italy, to 3 Europe’s study ambient noise 20 universities, an UK 3 NL levels around an Open indispensable link in Rotor engine, installed 3 the innovation value 1 16 PL on a project for BE DE chain. Numbers 2 a regional jet. The indicate how CS consortium consists many universities 17 4 of 7 partners FR 3 AT are partners or CH 1 including two associates in Clean HU 1 universities (Trinity Sky projects from Call RO College Dublin and 1 1-16. PT Universita Politecnica 8 18 ES IT delle Marche), a large European wind tunnel facility (Pininfarina) 7 and several SMEs EL (Eurotech, Teknosud, 1 MicrodB, and MT Paragon S.A.).
78 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 79 Clean Sky’s demonstrators represent the aircraft configurations, be it future types majority of its activity and allow it to test of civil aircraft: airliners, regional aircraft, technologies in a realistic manner, integrating business aircraft and helicopters. Progress Clean Sky’s major them into complex sub-assemblies, with can then be measured by comparing existing programmes testing conducted on the ground or in-flight, environmental results with those using according to technical necessity. Clean Sky’s 21st-century technology. Virtual modelling of objective is to boost the level of maturity aircraft permits evaluation of the entire range for various technologies in order to raise of environmental technological advantages, them to the threshold of real-life operational since Clean Sky covers nearly every kind of Clean Sky conducts its projects on three conditions (i.e. TRL5 or 6). Thus, research is civil aircraft. different levels: (1) key technologies, (2) brought to the completion phase, before its 5 A study of flow demonstrators and (3) virtual modelling of possible introduction into the development of From its start, Clean Sky has had an industrial speed for elements, aircraft. one or more new products. research strategy based on the implementation situated in supersonic of six integrated technology demonstrators flows or resulting from the onset Over 100 key technologies, covering the Similar to the automotive industry’s concept (ITDs), which in fact are teams of industrial of turbulent flow, main areas of commercial aerospace design, cars, developed so as to imagine and test the firms and research bodies, each building several in cruising flight, have been selected. Developed and assessed, cars of the future, virtual modelling of aircraft ITDs with reference to research themes, defined according to a according to their technology readiness level translates concepts into ideas for realistic by those same industrial firms. concept for a Low (TRL), they have been identified as being the Noise Aircraft from most promising in terms of results for their DLR. environmental performance.
7 Complex flow, generated by contra- rotating propellers on an Open Rotor.
Technology Readiness Level (TRL): measured technological maturity
Technologies’ progress, in the context of a R&D consequently, to establish timetables for action programme, is expressed as a technology readiness items and their corresponding budgets. level, or TRL. The nine-point TRL scale is from TRL1 Clean Sky mainly develops technologies between to TRL9, the latter being the highest level, when a TRL2 (an identified concept) and TRL6 (demonstrated technology is considered as fully-realised through in a real-life setting). Advancement from TRL4 to successful operational missions. TRL6 is the highest TRL6, often the most expensive phase and, as such, level of the "research" phase. equally often “overlooked” in research financials, is called (not without a modicum of irony) the “valley of This scale enables engineers to assess the maturity death” of innovation. This is why Clean Sky singles out and the remaining risks for a given technology and, TRL4 to TRL 6 for its most intensive efforts.
80 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 81 Technologies, specific to this ITD, are tending Called ALEAP, the technology being studied towards new wing and tail configurations, and involved developing an acoustic coating for Six integrated technology demonstrators thus often also imply new aerospace designs. the leading edges of air intakes, while being (ITDs); pillars of Clean Sky research Development of technologies for natural- careful to preserve their current aerodynamic laminar-flow airfoils is one of the directions performance and de-icing qualities. work on this ITD is following. Other key technologies, for instance integrated Airbus and Rolls-Royce subsequently built engine designs, are being developed in a full-scale demonstrator of these panels Certain technologies, whether applied to a and committed for the entire duration of the co-operation with other ITDs and are also set to and installed it on a Trent 900 aircraft component or to a system, can be evaluated programme. be included in demonstration studies, applied in engine. In-flight as well as ground tests have in a theoretical manner, along the whole Within the framework of each ITD, some the virtual modelling of aircraft. yielded valuable data, useful in maturing the development curve. Others (by far the examples serve to illustrate the wealth of technology. Indeed, designers now see ways for majority) need validation in real-life tests, research and progress under Clean Sky. effective applications on the next generation of built to actual size, on the ground or in-flight, ≥ Advanced Lip Extended Acoustic commercial jumbo jets. and hence require complex installations. Smart Fixed Wing Aircraft Panel (ALEAP) 5 Clean Sky fosters and speeds up the creation (SFWA) as tomorrow’s airliners In July 2010, one of Clean Sky’s first, in-flight Vibration- ≥ Vibration control demonstrator monitoring of such demonstrators. In 2014-2015, fewer test series was carried out on the initial In May 2015, in the SFWA ITD, Dassault demonstrator, used than six years after starting work, the Led by Airbus and SAAB, this ITD concerns prototype (MSN001) of the Airbus A380 to in ground-based Aviation and ONERA, the French national different ITDs had already developed over aerodynamics as related to commercial test, under real-life operational conditions, experiments by aerospace research centre, developed a 30 demonstrators, thus contributing to the airliners and business aircraft, which share a technology designed to reduce noise from Dassault Aviation demonstrator for vibration control. Aircraft increased technology readiness levels of the a significant number of technologies as both compressor blades on large turbofan engines. and ONERA on the in flight are subject to vibrations which stress associated technologies. Many more projects types of aircraft fly at relatively similar 001 prototype are preparing for completion in 2016, with speeds. Airliners, focused on by Clean Sky, of the Falcon 7X. more following in 2017. are above all short- and medium-haul narrow- body aircraft, which being the numerous in Such effectiveness is also the result of commercial fleets. account for most of the
organisation: each ITD is managed in tandem CO2 emissions as well as revenues for major with industrial firms, called Leaders, drawn aeroplane manufacturers and commercial from the founding members of Clean Sky airlines.
3 July 2010 – One of the first Clean Sky test flights with an A380 prototype to test Advanced Lip Extended Acoustic Panel (ALEAP) technology.
82 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 83 aerostructures and, hence, constitute a major effect on the look of future transport aircraft consideration for their design. Consequently, and on reducing their environmental impact. vibration reduction means that aerostructures can be lighter in weight and so, reduce In fact, airstreams which envelop an aircraft’s
fuel consumption as well as CO 2 emissions. wings during flight are laminar in nature Rebounding off that interrelationship in (parallel with the wing section), but only on aviation, a Falcon aircraft was tested on the a very small portion of the wing surface. As ground to determine a way to effectively flow continues, they become stochastic, that control vibration through closed-loop feedback is random, and generate turbulence. That and so, successfully demonstrate the validity turbulence creates trailing flow, which is to say, of theories from vibration control physics. resistance to the forward motion of the aircraft, which is a cause of increased fuel consumption. ≥ On the ground, and then in flight: To improve on that situation (or otherwise draw streamline flow over wings closer to an example of near perfection, found The Breakthrough Laminar Aircraft in nature, i.e. birds), it is necessary to preserve Demonstrator in Europe (BLADE) is a test bench laminar flow across the greatest surface possible developed by Airbus, as part of the SFWA ITD, on the wing. Moreover, the wing has to be as to study under real-life conditions natural smooth as possible in order to avoid steams laminar flow on airfoils. It is an extremely of filets of air sheering off the wing surface. ambitious project, not least because it will use Although this solution, in a theoretical sense, an Airbus A340 jumbo jet, but with its wings has been long apparent, its implementation fundamentally modified. is difficult, because not only does it require in-depth aerodynamic studies beforehand, Research results regarding this aerodynamic but also test resources which until now have phenomenon will surely have a significant not been appropriate. The fabrication of such a
1 Full-scale After- tail concept. A full- Body Ground scale modular tail plane Demonstrator has been developed for (SHIELD). a Falcon 7X, in order For a coast-to-coast to measure the noise mission, a concept of attenuation as well as a Low Sweep Business the acoustic fatigue Jet has been studied and thermal limits. Innovation is a source by Dassault and SFWA After-body full-scale partners, looking test preparation by at a turbofan jet Dassault, INCAS, noise shielding via an Avioane, Fokker “of growth for Europe’s 7 One of the two innovative U-shaped and NLR. wing halves, intended for BLADE, built economy and future." by GKN Aerospace, has a metallic leading Richard Parker, Chairman of the edge and a composite Clean Sky Governing Board wing box.
84 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 85 the concept of a laminar-flow wing was shown form so as to ensure natural laminar flow to be convincing to the aviation industry and throughout the different phases of flight. it was an Airbus A340 that was chosen for that purpose. What is more, this turned out to Once assembled by Aernnova, in Vitoria, in be the most ambitious project for an in-flight Spain, the half-wings are due to be installed, in demonstration, at the research phase, ever mid-2016, on an Airbus A340 prototype, which undertaken in Europe. will serve as a flying test bench.
Two upper covers of the half-wings (each 8 The contribution of Romanian organisations m long) were designed and built by SAAB – to this projec is also of note. on the one co-leader of the ITD alongside Airbus – and hand with studies performed at INCAS, the GKN UK, according to two different sets of National Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie specifications. One was entirely made by SAAB Carafoli”, and on the other, for manufacturing of composite materials, while the other was a certain number of wing parts, which were 5 Modifying the made by GKN UK, using ordinary fabrication new to the industry. From Romania to Spain, wings on the A340 methods, with a metallic leading edge and a to end up on a flying test bench, assembled in prototype which will composite airframe. Each version met strict Tarbes, in France, this is truly an example of serve as a flying test criteria for tolerances, stability and geometric pan-European innovation. bench for BLADE after successfully passing wind-tunnel tests.
1 The other wing half, made by Saab, is 100% composite perfect surface and its maintenance throughout The objective was to design, build and test an materials. an aircraft’s lifetime requires aerostructure actual-size wing leading edge with natural manufacturing technologies, assembly and laminar flow on a short-haul transport aircraft surface coating to within very precise tolerances, as well as different associated systems. and without increased mass-production costs. Today, researchers have at their disposal very The GBD (4.5 m long and 1 m wide) permitted powerful simulation software, data from new testing the flight model of a fixed-wing leading materials studies and high-performance test edge, mounted on a winged airframe. The resources. The Clean Sky partnership enables leading edge had a Krueger flap in two parts sharing the otherwise prohibitively-high costs in order to study two separate configurations. of testing and tapping into Europe’s vast reserve Thus the GBD allowed a full-scale leading of industrial and scientific skills. edge to be studied in an operational setting. Integration of an electro-thermal de-icing The nature of laminar or turbulent flow system, movable Krueger flaps, a network for directly depends on the size of the airfoil. It electrical connectivity and protection of lighting is thus necessary to carry out tests on actual- elements was successfully completed, as well size structures; even more critical when testing as bird-collision tests. The aforementioned test is also to ensure proper structural design and series has allowed relevant manufacturing and fabrication. assembly techniques, in particular, accessibility to be identified. This very ambitious project, first of all, required a ground-test phase: Laminar Wing Ground Based However, it was through an in-flight Demonstrator (GBD). demonstration, under real-life conditions, that
86 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 87 “Clean Sky is connecting the dots creating innovation.„
Axel Flaig, SVP,
Head of Airbus 3 BLADE is set to be tested in flight on an Airbus A340, but with heavily modified wings. Research & Technology. Green Regional Aircraft (GRA) To address these issues and drive advances usual aluminium-alloy panel. Its vibro-acoustic with a clear view to higher in research for the design, manufacture and sensors enabled the analysis of sound audible performance operation of regional aircraft, Clean Sky in the cabin with this new panel and helped has a specific ITD, called Green Regional quantify the progress in acoustics. The European regional segment for aircraft with Aircraft (GRA), devoted to this segment and fewer than 100 seats represents an important co-ordinated by Leonardo Aircraft and Airbus The series also allowed for testing two different part of the overall air transport system. Strong Defence and Space. technologies in the field of Structural Health growth is noted, and foreseen, in fleets of this Monitoring (SHM), in particular, by using a class of regional aircraft at the continental Its objective for this market segment is to identify new generation of piezoelectric sensors in a level, and even more so worldwide, making it technologies that can lead to reductions in fuel fibre-optic array, which enables the structure’s
especially urgent to take the environmental consumption, CO2 and NOx emissions and noise. in-flight performance to be monitored and impact of the segment into account. The research focuses on aerodynamics, acoustics, facilitated the identification of any possible aerostructures and composite materials, fatigue cracking. Depending upon fuel prices, regional propeller- electrical architectures and new functions in driven (turboprop) aircraft are the current avionics (e.g., flight trajectory management). These in-flight tests are, moreover, only the darlings of the industry; their main competitors Improved environmental performance for tip of the iceberg for a Leonardo Aircraft are jets, which are less fuel-efficient and thus aircraft engines will further play a crucial role project relative to demonstrating the technical 1 Airbus Helicopters more expensive, but also faster. in reducing various types of pollution. viability of such an aerostructure. Indeed, it in association with was on the ground that the major portion of Green Rotorcraft (GRC), the two SMEs, By definition, regional aircraft take off and ≥ The ATR 72 Crown Panel test flight the work was done, through mechanical and new-generation helicopters TEOS Powertrain land numerous times daily for short flights. As Building fuselages out of composite materials, acoustic tests of a complete fuselage section, Engineering (France) 5 Test flight, and AustroEngine a result, their contribution to greenhouse gas a technique already chosen for many medium- realised as a single part. Separately, a similar Rotorcraft, thanks to their distinctive conducted 8 July GmbH (Austria), 2015, out of Toulouse emissions as well as to noise around airports is haul airliners and jumbo jets, poses special activity was conducted by Airbus Defence and capability to take off and land vertically in has developed a on an ATR 72 to test not negligible, even if less proportionately than problems for regional aircraft with 40 to 70 Space in Spain, about the cockpit composite tight situations, play an important role in the flight demonstrator an innovative fuselage large airliners seats, such as those in the ATR series. This structure. This is also about a multi-functional world of aviation and, apart from their purely equipped with a high- panel of elastic epoxy- is linked to a scaling effect that limits the skin, with a one-shot, simplified curing process. commercial value, in numerous humanitarian compression engine. based composites. acceptable thickness of walls. Hence, the Technologies like resin infusion both for solid uses: search and rescue, air ambulances, police necessity of inventing specific technologies laminates and sandwich primary structure and customs operations or providing access to in order to meet the different structural have been used, as well as thermoplastics for otherwise remote areas. requirements, among which, of course, integrated components. The overall objectives withstanding structural in-flight strain, but was to design a suitable composite structure Providing protection and security for European also the resistance to impacts or the limitation for the cockpit at this “regional aircraft” size, citizens, as well as an increasing need for of noise transmission. The test flight, and also to develop appropriate manufacturing mobility, have led to an increase in helicopter conducted on 8 July 2015, in Toulouse, on an processes to make it affordable. Two different flights. Helicopters also have an essential role to ATR 72, intended to qualify an innovative models were manufactured in Clean Sky 1 to play in air transport systems, for instance using fuselage panel made from a composite material demonstrate the different objectives (static and hybrid versions that combine the qualities of with a highly-elastic epoxy base. Leonardo dynamic tests, acoustics, etc.). This is continued helicopters and turboprop aircraft to facilitate Aircraft handled the development, design and in Clean Sky 2 where the effectiveness of the access to sparsely populated regions. fabrication of the 7 m2 panel, as well as its full cockpit integration will be addressed. fibre-optic sensor array. ATR was in charge of In order that the helicopters of the future the installation on the aircraft and the in-flight It was also used for the ATR 72 test can fulfil these roles, while also meeting test operations, and Fraunhofer for the supply aircraft, at the beginning of 2016, to test all the ACARE noise and greenhouse gas of the piezoelectric sensors. electrical energy management including an emission goals, the Clean Sky programme has air-conditioning system developed in the SGO established a dedicated ITD, Green Rotorcraft The objective of the in-flight test series was IT and tailored to this regional aircraft size, (GRC) which is led by Airbus Helicopters and to demonstrate the value of developing the before going a few months later to a similar Leonardo Helicopters. new panel – made of carbon-fibre reinforced demonstration on an A320: we will come back GRC develops, including in close co-operation polymers (CFRP) – and integrated into the to this when we address the “Systems for Green with other ITDs, projects concerned mainly forward fuselage section, thus replacing the Operations” area. with defining optimised rotor blades, better
90 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 91 preliminary results such as, the Active Gurney Sustainable And Green Engines flaps, developed by Leonardo Helicopters. (SAGE), clean, quiet engines This is about the implementation of a dynamic blade control surface. This is using the same Obviously, aircraft engines are an essential aerodynamic concept as steady Gurney flaps part of Clean Sky’s activities, in terms of both
used on non-rotating parts of some helicopters CO2 emissions and noise. European engine- and aeroplanes. An active Gurney flap system makers have captured an enviable position in is under development for a full-scale main the worldwide marketplace, while also bringing rotor blade, with partners which have been novel technologies to the market, for European selected to design, manufacture and supply the and non-European aircraft. SAGE, co-led by actuation systems required for model testing Rolls-Royce and Safran, is the largest of the six in a wind tunnel and at full scale for flight ITDs. testing. The project scope is the complete design and manufacturing of the controller, actuator SAGE’s goal is to design and build five engine and Gurney flap mechanism, which will be demonstrators to prove which technologies assembled as a set of four scaled model blades offer the best results in terms of noise and and in a full-scale helicopter rotor. This system nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction. The must be compliant with a set of challenging most ambitious of those demonstrators, likely
system requirements related to: the actuation to procure the largest gains in CO 2 emission frequency; the required maximum deployed reductions, is an Open Rotor engine, which is extension; the limited available room at the currently scheduled for life-size ground tests. 1 An H120-series, flap location; and the Gurney flap movement If successful, integration into aircraft could be transformed into perpendicular to the blade surface. possible in 2019, as part of Clean Sky 2. Other a flying test bench integration of propulsion systems with Besides environmental advances, research in for the new HCE airframes and refining their aerodynamic the field aims at efficiently building smaller engine, made its profile. GRC is also studying on-board power high-performance engines with a weight-to- first flight out supply through the integration of innovative power ratio practically doubled compared to of Marignane, electrical systems, along with the promise of diesel engines used for surface transport. 6 November 2015. more precise trajectories through using new avionics functions. Light helicopter propulsion, Since 2011, Airbus Helicopters together with with very high compression diesel engines two SMEs – TEOS Powertrain Engineering, in using aviation fuel, is also being investigated by France, and AustroEngine GmbH, in Austria GRC. Finally, preliminary studies on converting – has developed a flight demonstrator based, helicopters to modern standards, are being instead of on a turbine, on an HCE-equipped undertaken in Clean Sky 2. H120 series rotorcraft.
≥ Demonstration of a V8 piston engine After several ground tests and numerous for light helicopters systems operation simulations, the first test Piston engines are far from being out-of-date flight by Airbus Helicopters took place on 6 7 Developed by in aviation: they even have the potential to November 2015, at Marseille airport. Safran and numerous replace gas turbines in certain applications. partners, the Open Rotor differs from For light helicopters, the main advantage of ≥ Active Gurney Flap classic engines new High Compression Engines (HCEs) – which Blade-morphing technologies, which enable because of its operate using aviation fuel – over turbine the permanent adaptation of the blade shape architecture, engines, lies in their remarkably low specific to the loads, have become essential for long constituted of two
fuel consumption. This means lower CO 2 term developments – alike the wing morphing rows of contra- emissions and better performance at higher solutions for fixed-wing aircraft. The effects rotating propellers, altitudes and in warm weather, due to their of a first step towards such changes are being positioned outside turbo-compressor. investigated in Clean Sky with very good the nacelle.
92 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 93 projects in SAGE regard technologies for geared of two contra-rotating fan stages (which turn turbofan jet engines; high-powered low-pressure in opposite directions) not enclosed within a turbines; low NOx emission combustion systems; casing and driven by a gas turbine. This contra- and a demonstrator for a new turbine engine for rotating design makes it possible to propel a helicopters. higher volume of airflow at reduced speeds and to achieve better propulsion efficiency with a ≥ The Open Rotor significant reduction in fuel consumption.
Given its promise in terms of CO 2 emissions (greater than a 30% reduction with reference The first stage of fan blades generates a high to year 2000 levels, which is the baseline for all airflow while the second redirects the flow to Clean Sky projects), the complexity of technical orient the trajectory so that it has maximum challenges and its scope, the Open Rotor project effectiveness for propulsion. is one of Clean Sky’s flagship programmes. Developed by Safran with the support Safrof The Open Rotor concept (a.k.a. propfan) is numerous other partners including GKN not entirely new; in-flight tests were already and Avio Aero, it represents a disruptive conducted in the United States in the 1980s. technology with regard to existing engines. Work, separately undertaken by Pratt & The main difference is in the design, which is Whitney and General Electric, was suspended
We are committed in Clean Sky in many “aspects of an aircraft, such as aircraft and helicopter engines, nacelles, landing systems, electrical systems and equipment, and non-propulsive energy generation. 1 Open Rotor wind tunnel. The most ambitious endeavour is the on the one hand due to engineering difficulties a fresh look. Some 30 years later, the Clean Sky and, more importantly, on the other hand for Open Rotor, led by Safran, has little in common Counter Rotative Open Rotor engine, a economic reasons. Falling oil prices at the time with these previous developments and this new made it less urgent in the eyes of airlines and venture looks likely to succeed. engine-makers to explore such disruptive technology breakthrough to dramatically technologies. However since then, progress in That this engine is unducted – i.e. without casing aerodynamic, aero-acoustic and mechanical for the blades – and with propeller diameters of decrease CO emissions." modelling, for its part, and the increased over 4 m, means that it is more favourable to 2 importance and acceptance of sustainable position these new propfan engines on pylons, Valérie Guénon: Vice President, European Technology Strategy, Safran development, have led Europe at least to take at the back of the fuselage, rather than under
94 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 95 the wings. Thus aircraft design will take a new that the Open Rotor should be significantly 3 To test ALPS ≥ Advanced Low Pressure direction. The acoustic issue is fundamental and quieter than the most recent turbofan engines. technology, System (ALPS) required the perfect integration of propellers Although these research and technology results a complete series The field of high-powered engines, such and turbines with aerostructures. Thus, close still need to be consolidated and confirmed, it of flight tests was as equipping jumbo jets like as the Airbus conducted in Tucson, co-operation between aircraft manufacturers is nonetheless a considerable advance, since A350 and the Airbus A380, is dominated by Arizona, on the Rolls- and aviation engine-makers is required and external noise has long been a major obstacle Royce flying test companies such as Rolls-Royce. With two studies are underway in Clean Sky 2 on the to the Open Rotor architecture. Ground and bench, a Boeing 747 new engines, named Advance and UltraFan, relevant questions of engine/ aircraft adaptation. airborne tests of the complete Open Rotor on which one of its which Rolls-Royce is preparing for a possible demonstrator are scheduled in Clean Sky 1 at four RB211 engines entry into service around 2020-2025, fuel The Open Rotor, whose performance in terms a Safran-developed test facility in Istres, in (the inboard left one) consumption should be 20-25% less than its of fuel consumption is optimal during the climb France. In the future, in Clean Sky 2, in-flight had been replaced first generation of Trent engines. and descent phases of a flight, is particularly tests will be conducted on a modified Airbus by a Trent 1000 with well-adapted to short- and medium-haul A340. Meanwhile, the priority remains to carbon-titanium These new engines will require new technology aircraft which could enter into service, demonstrate the economic viability of this fan blades. and one area of focus is on the low-pressure sometime between 2025 and 2030. type of engine in terms of the total cost of system. This includes the large fan (the most ownership, remembering that gains in fuel obvious part of the modern engine to boarding Tests in ONERA’s S1 wind tunnel, in Modane, consumption should not be overshadowed by passengers) and the low-pressure turbine (LPT) in France, and elsewhere have already revealed excessive acquisition or maintenance costs. It is that powers the fan from the rear of the engine. an optimum form for the propellers. This still too soon to be certain. Indeed, while green Within the framework of the SAGE ITD, Rolls- optimisation as well as designs for aircraft is good, aviation according to Clean Sky also has Royce researched an Advanced Low Pressure installation have led engineers to conclude to be competitive in all scenarios. System (ALPS) which aims at improving the efficiency of the low-pressure system and also drastically reducing its weight by using, where possible, composite materials.
The new fan blades manufactured from carbon-fibre and titanium – along with other components redesigned to make use of the lightweight properties of carbon-fibre – have made weight reductions of approximately 700 kg for a typical large twin-engine aircraft A high by-pass ratio to reduce possible. These other components include intakes, fan blade annulus fillers and external fuel consumption and noise mounting rafts for electrical cabling. Some of these components were made possible by partner engagements in Clean Sky. The core The amount of fuel used to produce a certain suited to jet fighters than jet liners. For modern civil engine components, such as the LPT, and amount of thrust, the efficiency of the gas turbine, is aircraft, the engines have very large fans at the front major structural components were researched measured by specific fuel consumption (SFC). The SFC that produce thrust by moving very large volumes through engagements with key European of an engine can be improved by making the engine of air, relatively slowly – these high by-pass ratios aerospace companies such as ITP in Spain and thermally more efficient, for example by improving exploit the propulsive efficiency gains to increase Sweden’s GKN. the aerodynamics of the components. It can also be the SFC. Incidentally, this also reduces noise as the improved by increasing the propulsive efficiency by air is less energetic. Future engines will strive to In 2014, a first whole engine bench test was changing the way the engine produces the thrust. achieve both thermal and propulsive efficiency. The set up (in Derby, in the UK) followed by more Early engines produced thrust with hot, noisy, fast- Open Rotor and ultra-high by-pass ratio engines are specialised crosswind tests at the NASA Stennis moving air but this is relatively inefficient and better arguably the future for this technology. facility in the United States. The whole engine test programme concluded with a full series of in-flight tests (in Tucson, in the USA), on the Rolls-Royce flying test bench: a Boeing 747
96 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 97 8 The demonstrator with one of its four RB211 engines replaced geared turbo-fans for the Airbus A320neo, of a geared turbofan with a Trent 1000. This engine was equipped an advanced version of a geared turbo-fan was tested by the with carbon-titanium fan blades and six test demonstrator, with a BPR of 12 has been German firm MTU, flights, over an 11-day period, were completed. developed and successfully tested as part of whose staff posed These tests revealed information critical to Clean Sky by MTU, in Munich. MTU evaluated with visiting Clean Sky programme teams on future engines in this category. the new compressor and high-speed Low the engine-maker’s Pressure Turbine technologies, as well as a site in Munich, ≥ Demonstrator of a Geared turbine exit casing, developed by GKN (in Germany. Turbofan engine Trollhättan, in Sweden). Innovative turbine For the design of future fuel-efficient and materials and fabrication methods like additive 1 The TECH800, a low-noise engines, engine-makers are manufacturing were included. Separately, Avio Clean Sky technology looking closely at architectures for turbo-jet Aero (in Turin) and the University of Pisa have demonstrator, engines with very high by-pass ratios (BPR), tested a newly-adapted gearing solution for the found its way into a i.e. up to BPR 20 compared to 8-10 currently. same type of engine configuration. development which 1 ALPS demonstrator This requires a high-power geared solution subsequently led to an take-off. for the fan drive being introduced. Such a ≥ Tech800: A helicopter industrial application in the new engine, trend, although common among researchers, engine demonstrator Arrano, from Safran is a considerable novelty in the aviation The Safran Tech800 helicopter engine Helicopter Engines. engine industry. This poses new technical technology demonstrator is a project typical Following a worldwide difficulties, given the energy forces involved, of the Clean Sky spirit, in that its development call for tenders, it where mechanical gearing and thermal has benefitted from the programme’s unique was chosen by Airbus considerations are taken into account. Parallel public-private partnership has involved no Helicopters to power to the development of a first generation of fewer than 34 partners – including 18 SMEs the H160.
98 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 99 Systems for Green Operations (SGO). How can systems contribute to aviation environmental objectives?
Thales and Liebherr aerospace are in charge of this ITD. Aviation equipment, including (or not) aircraft engines (not the case in the Clean Sky programmz), is hardly apparent when seen from the outside, but is nonetheless at the heart of aerospace design. From avionics to cockpit man-machine interfaces, from de-icing systems to cabin air-conditioning, landing gear 3 The SGO ITD brakes or power supplies for wing- and tail- is working on a future area actuators, all of these systems are rapidly trajectory and changing nowadays, They mainly introduce mission management more embedded intelligence in systems in line system which should with a trend to so-called “more electrical” or take into account and 12 universities and research centres – from “all-electrical” aircraft. This is SGO, devoted in global optimisation ten European countries. Equally, it is the fruit particular to on-board systems architectures, of aircraft and their systems. So-called of alternative sources of financing, which has enabling control of the electrical environment, “green” trajectories, contributed to its success, thus highlighting heat management and other techniques which under study, will be Clean Sky’s leverage effect, a hallmark of its improve ground operations, such as taxiing. more precise, reliable ambitions in general. Best of all, this technology and predictable, demonstrator found its way into a development In addition, SGO seeks solutions which, at the thanks to crisp, clear which subsequently led to an industrial level of the Flight Management System (FMS), can 3D displays. They will application, i.e. in a new engine from Safran: the optimise the environmental impact of trajectories be determined Arrano. This engine is designed to equip single- and aircraft missions. Their goal is also to make it so as to have minimal engine helicopters in the 2-3-tonne weight possible to follow so-called green trajectories in environmental class and twin-engine models in the 4-6-tonne all phases of flight (departure, cruising and final impact, whether weight class. It integrates numerous technical approach) and so foster environmental advances in terms of noise innovations, tested in the Tech800 technology in operational conditions. or CO2 emissions, even in cases demonstrator. Furthermore, it was selected, of sudden course following a worldwide call for proposals, by Those trajectories are managed when necessary changes, for instance, Airbus Helicopters for its H160. in coordination with the Single European Sky 7 Thales Airlab to adapt to changing ATM Research (SESAR) team, in charge of for trajectory weather conditions. Compared with engines from the previous improving air traffic management (ATM). management. generations, the Tech800 claims a reduction in specific fuel consumption of 15% and a ≥ Multi-Criteria Departure operational benefits have to be the result of procedures, leaving it to the discretion of reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions of 40%, Procedure (MCDP) compromise. operators to optimise, for each mission, either
meaning an overall reduced environmental Throughout the MCDP function in particular, The MCDP concept is based on specific perceived noise or CO2 emissions. footprint, while also improving performance in Thales, in cooperation with Airbus, optimises procedures, imposed by the International Civil specific range and power. aircraft departure trajectories. It enables, at Aviation Organisation (ICAO) with a view This means developing avionics adapted to the same time, noise reduction and minimised to reduced noise around airports, while also green operations, while work conducted within
Additional innovations for this engine include CO2 emissions under certain mission conditions: taking into account CO2 emission reduction the framework of SGO has already permitted its reduced size, new technologies used during designated runway, take-off weight, weather along with noise. raising the level of maturity for technologies its manufacturing and the simplification of its conditions, etc. The problem is complex under study. The upshot is the identification of
maintenance and repair operations, which were and objectives for noise and CO 2 reduction The guiding principle behind MCDP is therefore a corresponding systems architecture, which included from the design phase. cannot often be met simultaneously, meaning to comply with official parameters for published will define the cockpits of the future.
100 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 101 "Our industry is currently facing a disruptive scenario.”
Francis Carla, Managing
Director, Liebherr 3 In-flight test of an Electrical Environment Control System by Liebherr-Aerospace, on an ATR72. Aerospace Toulouse 7 Eco-Design lifecycle aircraft. Eco-Design, taking into account ratio of finished product to raw materials and product lifecycles other considerations. New technologies can help extend the lifetimes of structures and The eco-design concept is addressing plan for “clean” maintenance throughout the the environmental impact of a product’s operational phase of aviation products. And 1 DLR and Airbus entire lifecycle, from production through when the time comes to decommission them, are going ahead decommissioning. This mainly means for it will now be done according to disassembly with test flights ≥ All-electric air-conditioning electronically-managed function, as in the aircraft, CO2 emissions essentially generated procedures that have, in many cases, been for a ventilation In September 2014, the SGO ITD conducted project co-ordinated by Liebherr-Aerospace. when operational, i.e. flying. However, defined years in advance during the design system, intended for two successful test flights on an Airbus the environmental impact in its broadest phase. This means a greater respect for the future aircraft. DLR A320, operated by DLR, the German national Testing the LSHX was integrated into a broader sense does not end at operations. And that is environment and increases the possibilities for researchers adjust aeronautics and space research centre, in in-flight test campaign, organised jointly by why Eco-Design extends to the production, mass recycling of materials. a laser so as to visualize airflow. order to test its Liquid Skin Heat Exchanger Airbus, Liebherr-Aerospace and DLR. maintenance and retrieval and recycling of (LSHX). This in-flight test campaign is part aviation products. Design will also take into account the quantity of the so-called “on-board energy” branch Liebherr-Aerospace developed and qualified of raw materials needed and the energy of the SGO ITD, which is responsible for the prototype heat exchanger and liquid circuit The objective of Eco-Design activity, led by used during manufacturing an aircraft in developing electrical systems architectures and for the experimental system to simulate thermal Dassault Aviation and Fraunhofer, is to carry order to avoid waste during the procurement technologies for on-board thermal management, conditions in cabins and the LSHX cooling-fluid out multi-disciplinary research activities, of raw materials. Such design will comply without having to resort to any kind of engine feed on board the aircraft. dedicated to those different phases. Starting with legislation on toxic substances and compressor air take-off. Thus, the project helps with the development phase, research requirements for the safe disposal of harmful reduce fuel consumption and contributes to Then, the cabin air HVAC all-electric system, concerns materials and manufacturing waste, gases and liquids. the gradual emergence of all-electric aircraft. which correlates with this exchanger, was processes which comply with the regulations Such an exchanger is necessary once any cabin tested in-flight in an Airbus A320. Meanwhile, for the use of various substances, aiming at Eco-Design activity is focused on research in air heating, ventilation, and air conditioning a modified version was also tested on an ATR minimising their environmental impact in manufacturing methodologies and ecological (HVAC) solution is considered as an autonomous regional aircraft. terms of energy consumption, waste, the machining, including for new materials
104 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 105 (e.g. fibres and resins), innovative surface (COPPER Bird test bench). It aims at defining treatments and industrial processes with low an innovative electrical architecture and energy consumption. associated integration methods for the on-board electrical equipment. Eco-Design also addresses the choice of technologies to develop systems design. The Within Clean Sky, the initial test bench intensive use of electrical power generation increased considerably to meet the substantial will gradually replace hydraulic and pneumatic demand of aircraft-makers for advanced test power, thus reducing maintenance costs and resources, specific to their studies and the leading to a better return on investment. This design of aircraft electrical architectures. 5 The Safran's work is carried out in synergy with the SGO ® COPPER Bird test ITD, previously mentioned. Modular and entirely re-configurable, bench in Colombes, COPPER Bird®, developed by Safran, covers France. The modular ≥ The electrical test bench, the entire range of components for airplane or test station is ® dedicated to COPPER Bird helicopter electrical systems (power generation, developing, optimising In 2002, the European project, Power Optimised distribution, conversion and batteries) and can and testing electrical Aircraft (POA), created the Characterisation manage the complex, automated sequences, networks for aircraft and Optimisation of Power Plant Equipment Rig which characterise aircraft use: from and propulsion rigs (engine and nacelle).
1 Within the framework of battery-powered electrical engine ignition, measurement of numerous thermal parameters studies on so-called through the electrical actuation of flight in a realistic aircraft fuselage, split into three “more electrical” aircraft and to controls, powered by generators. main sections: the cockpit, the cabin and the test cabin interior tail area. HVAC solutions, a By the end of 2015, within Clean Sky, COPPER dedicated space was Bird® had already held three test campaigns on Test installations are comprised, among other created in the test three different architectures, on a very tight things, of its Aircraft Calorimeter (ACC) which hall at Fraunhofer schedule. is capable of simulating extreme conditions, in Holzkirchen, such as explosive decompression or violent Germany, to simulate ≥ The Fraunhofer Thermal thermal shock. real-life exterior Test Bench (TTB) conditions during The Thermal Test Bench (TTB) started operating The TTB’s main aim is to simultaneously actual flight. in 2015 and simulates for tests the thermal speed-up real-life in-flight testing and to behaviour of new systems, permitting the protect the environment.
106 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 107 The Technology Evaluator (TE), Evaluating aviation’s environmental impact tools for assessing – conducted by leading aeronautics research Clean Sky’s progress centres under DLR’s co-ordination – rests on Innovative perceptions, derived from concept aircraft projects The Technology Evaluator (TE) summarises which integrate technologies that have been the performance and environmental impact of developed within the ITDs. The simulations tool technologies which have been developed by integrates those concept aircraft into future the Clean Sky ITD, as well as their potential scenarios, which take into account the growth benefits for the aviation system in light of the forecasts for air traffic in 2020 and beyond. Clean Sky’s vocation is its ability to bring an effective material for the industry and its 4 In order to ACARE goals. It then compares the results obtained with together on a European scale a myriad of applications of high-tech composites. measure progress those of fleets based on current technology. skills, originating from diverse and varied made and objectives It is a method of identifying the results from Measurements shed light on the level of scientific and technical backgrounds, with During a second project phase, in looking for an achieved, the the research and technology (R&T) activities, exposure to noise for people living in proximity the ultimate goal of opening up every avenue appropriate substrate, the Hungarian research Technology Evaluator enabling potential future follow-up activities to airports, on the impact on local air quality possible to innovation. This approach is a way team compared a wide variety of natural (TE) simulates the and facilitating assessments with other and on CO generation on a global scale. to ensure the emergence of ground-breaking fibres, including hemp, jute, linen and a hemp- environmental impact 2 relevant aviation stakeholders. Above all, technologies with the interaction of major linen blend, with a novel weave. After tension of concept aircraft, integrating Clean it ensures that the environmental goals The Clean Sky TE is made up of a series of inter- companies’ experience, SMEs’ nimbleness and testing, a single-weave jute material was Sky technologies, have been achieved by proven, selected operating simulators in an expert network university laboratories’ creative imagination. chosen as the epoxy resin substrate, further and compares it with technologies, enabling concise reporting to which combines the skills of European research Selected through a process of “calls for improving on mechanical properties specified that of aircraft which policy-makers. and the aeronautics industry. proposals,” with reference to the defined needs for aeronautic applications. use conventional of the ITD, Clean Sky’s partners sometimes technology. deliver results that lead to wholly-unsuspected Additionally, flammability testing of natural solutions. The hundreds of projects retained fibres coated with bio-epoxy resin, both alone 5 A bend test on are of vital importance, both through their and with other materials, showed that they a bio-composite contribution to demonstrators and beyond. could meet the norms for fire-resistance, smoke sandwich panel, Some examples are: and toxicity, that are stipulated for aircraft used in the making of aircraft interior Aircraft made of sugar? furnishings.
One project (development of an innovative resin, based on using natural ingredients, for aeronautic applications), initiated by the Eco-Design TE, was conducted by the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME). The challenge for researchers was to convert everyday products, such as sugar, into high-tech composite materials, corresponding to stringent requirements from the aeronautics industry.
At first, epoxy monomers were synthetized from sugar (glucose), according to “green” chemistry principles, aiming at energy efficiency, environmental safety and the absence of health risks. One system of epoxy resin, out of the four produced, was selected. After increasing production rates, it became apparent that monomers thus synthetised have all of the qualities necessary to become
108 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 109 interior. Finally, foam panels in a composite sandwich structure were fabricated with the help of sugar-based epoxy resin.
Tested for use in producing cabin flooring, they significantly outperformed the usual materials in a synthetic sandwich structures.
BME has thus shown a way to use ecological Our focus in Clean bio-composites, demonstrating that they could replace costly carbon-fibre/plastic synthetics in a number of applications relevant to aircraft Sky is about Research cabin-interior layouts. Innovating with high-precision tools“ and Technology for In order to build the previously-mentioned BLADE demonstrator, the SFWA ITD launched a call for proposals for high-precision tooling, tighter tolerances in intended for the assembly panels of wing elements. composites, metallics After evaluating submitted proposals, SERTEC, a Spanish SME, was selected, thus joining the already-considerable Clean and assembly Sky family. Under its project name PROUD (Precision Outer Wing Assembly Devices), SERTEC worked both on building a rig able to position and assemble wing panels within technologies. This is tolerances of a tenth of a millimetre, as well as on the robotisation and automation of the wing assembly. The issue was to reproduce clearly of high value with standard machine-tool robots, human movements, such as positioning, drilling, 1 16 December 2015, riveting, sealing and inspecting work at Aernnova Spain, for us and we will throughout the different assembly phases. assembly begins on wing sections which will go on the Working within stringent constraints (e.g. geometric tolerances and wing surface increase this effort, so-called BLADE demonstrator quality), this high-precision tooling was able to study natural to be produced thanks to the deployment of laminar flow. innovative design and manufacturing solutions. in the same direction The requirements of BLADE and the strict fine engineering tolerances – including wing surface quality that are indispensable to testing natural in Clean Sky 2. laminar flow – were met.
Two main issues concerned the SERTEC Miguel Angel Castillo, VP Technology engineers developing the equipment: (1) the Development, AERNNOVA GROUP
110 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 111 7 The research elements across leading edges. Morphing Creating test installations project for a Leading technology aims at demonstrating the capacity for the aircraft Edge Actuation of an airfoil to deform from its cruising form to of the future Topology Design a form which correlates with a high degree of and Demonstrator lift, thus transforming across a broad range of The growing trend towards so-called “more (LeaTop), needed to aerodynamic loads, whilst being able to return electrical” aircraft is now forcing engineers to develop an adaptable (morphing) leading to its original form, once cruising flight has find new ways to perfect thermal management edge, was assigned been resumed. systems on new-generation aircraft. The to the Delft University project, BEnch Systems for ground Thermal of Technology in the The wing surface as well as the actuator system Testing (BESTT) – conducted by the German Netherlands. of the adaptable leading edge was designed firm Streit-TGA GmbH, in Eco-Design TE – has inside TU Delft’s facilities, using software enabled the development of globally-unique initially developed for another project on test installations, unique in the world, at the morphing and which was also deployed in Fraunhofer Institute of Building Physics (IBP) LeaTop. in Holzkirchen, near Munich. monitoring of dimensional stability (the degree the emergence of the factories of the future to which a material maintains its original shape (a.k.a. Industry 4.0). In short, there is a true sea During the course of studies for the LeaTop During the 38-month project, one important when subjected to changes in temperature change revolutionising the sector, driven by project, important problems regarding work package was establishing an Air Treatment and humidity and, in certain cases, physical industrial processes based on new technologies the design and fabrication of an adaptable Unit (ATU), a powerful air conditioning unit 5 stress) and (2) compliance with tolerances. The and innovation. leading edge were identified. Furthermore, for aircraft cabins, developed by Streit-TGA. BESTT : Design tooling was next used by AERNNOVA, another a demonstrator of an adaptable leading edge This unit reproduced, in cabin demonstrators and construction of a Ground Thermal Spanish partner, selected by Clean Sky for its was developed and built with conclusive on the ground, real-life conditions found on A technological Test Bench at wing assembly know-how. Two 12 m x 4 m rigs advance in the field experiments, carried out on a purpose- board flying aircraft, which was impossible to Streit-TGA GmbH were thus built to assemble wing panels to the of adaptable airfoils designed test bench to validate the concept and achieve using classic heating, ventilation, and for the investigation required precision. numerical data. air conditioning (HVAC) testing instruments. of aircraft fuselage A research project for a Leading Edge Actuation parts under simulated In the field of wing assembly, large Topology Design and Demonstrator (LeaTop), flight conditions sub-assemblies are already being built using aiming at designing, developing, building on the ground. automation and robotisation; however, small and testing an adaptable leading edge (a.k.a. parts still require the human touch, which morphing) was studied in the Green Regional makes it attractive for the industry to shift Aircraft (GRA) ITD, under a grant to the Delft operations to regions with lower labour costs. University of Technology (TU Delft).
This is one reason why SERTEC saw the benefits The principle of an adaptable wing rests on in demonstrating the value of intelligent tooling the idea of varying an airfoil’s thickness by systems and robots, being able to position with modifying the upper area so as to maintain high precision small elements on wings, either laminar airflow over the wing. automatically or with very little human aid. The next step will be to automate other tasks like This kind of cutting-edge technology is of riveting or drilling. crucial interest to aeroplane-makers, because stable laminar airflow reduces drag and, Thanks to these same technologies, SERTEC therefore, fuel consumption. This constitutes has also developed instruments to manage an alternative approach to wing natural the monitoring of tasks in real time and to laminar flow, which might be called passive, forward quality control data to operators. and is the subject of the aforementioned Work conducted within Clean Sky fosters BLADE demonstrator, led by Airbus. the development of small companies like SERTEC. This firm is now pursuing a strategic In particular, this means the initial definition objective of assuming an important role in of design tools, intended to generate morphing
112 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 113 Around the mock-ups, intended testing cabin On completing studies of this phenomenon, interiors’ HVAC, a purpose-built space was three concepts were observed. created in the Fraunhofer test hall to simulate exterior conditions during a real flight. Inside On the wing, the Institute proposed placing this unique test bench, was a low-pressure in different positions small tubes which could tube 30m long and 10m in diameter, several direct the pulsed jet into the main flow. In all fuselage sections can be subjected to exterior three cases, a significant lightening (up to 30% temperatures, ranging from -55°C to +120°C. of the momentary aerodynamic overload) was measured. This installation will mean higher precision, shorter ground testing of HVAC management Furthermore, these devices have demonstrated, for future-generation aircraft. It is equipped, for instance during sudden manoeuvres, among other components, with an Aircraft a capacity to react immediately, thus Calorimeter (ACC) which can simulate extreme incomparable with mechanical methods. conditions like rapid decompression or violent thermal shocks. Numerous advantages come from just such upstream research, among which notable One research center’s safety and comfort benefits in flight for aerodynamic expertise future aircraft, or more relevantly, reduction in the deformation of wing structures and, Project STARLET, developed in the SFWA consequently, an increased service life. ITD, is a good illustration of the fundamental contribution made by one scientific partner, STARLET’s authors were awarded the 2015 namely the Warsaw Institute of Aviation, to prize for the best Clean Sky project. Clean Sky’s industrial research effort.
The main objective of this project was perfecting – with the help of data processing tools, dedicated to fluid mechanics and wind tunnel tests – new concepts for controlling aerodynamic loads which interact on aircraft wings.
Such concepts, also known as active flow control, are likely to offer an alternative to current mechanical solutions. Those use movable surfaces i.e. flight control surfaces (ailerons, spoilers) to change an aircraft’s attitude or correct its trajectory whenever excessive aerodynamic loading occurs, for instance, in the case of gusting winds or rapid, 3 sudden manoeuvres. Testing of active flow control was done by pulsing Flow control is said to be “active” whenever added air jets at a the system physically acts on the main wing-half, spanning airflow itself, for example, by pulsing jets of 2.4 m, equipped air into the flow in order to lighten excessive, with corresponding momentary aerodynamic loads which are measurement weighing on the wing. instruments.
114 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics An industrial approach to research 115 Clean Sky 2, European 3 aeronautics research on the march
n 6 May 2014, the European Commission extend even further in Clean Sky 2, probably Oofficially launched Clean Sky 2, the second to reach 800, or even 1,000, participants. phase of the most important aeronautics research and innovation programme ever This continuity and stability, combined with undertaken in Europe. Administratively some scheduling flexibility, is appreciated by speaking, Clean Sky 1 and 2 will exist in parallel the industry as it provides the peace of mind until the end of 2017, the date at which Clean that a long-running programme offers. Sky 1 ceases. The majority of aeronautics research in the The continuation of Clean Sky is to allow Horizon 2020 research framework programme Europe to pursue its objectives for the is in Clean Sky 2. In continuing the work of development of environmentally-friendly, Clean Sky 1 it is helping ensure that the ACARE efficient aircraft, intended for the worldwide goals for 2020 and beyond are met. marketplace and which promise to meet society’s expectations of ecological, efficient A budget of €4 billion euros from 2014 to 2024, and safe transport. In parallel, their design, including €1.8 billion from European financing, manufacture, sales and marketing and has been set. operation will generate in Europe economic This budget, which is more than double the profits and stable jobs across all the high-tech previous €1.6 billion Clean Sky 1 budget, is sectors. The challenges which aeronautics confirmation of the political support for the research faces can only serve to strengthen aeronautics sector in Europe. It also reflects European excellence, which the sector already the positive impression created by the first demonstrates, with the support of the entire programme as well as an acceptance of the 7 SGO Interaction innovation value chain, including universities, notion of major demonstrators as vehicles of cockpit. research centres and SMEs. This is set to innovation.
Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics research on the march 117 The environmental impact of aviation remains, have been integrated into the programme in of course, a top priority for research. Indeed, addition to a segment on general aviation. the scope of Clean Sky 2 has now been extended to include global competitiveness, which is In fields of special interest to Clean Sky 1 not to say that this was absent from Clean (propulsion performance, materials and Sky 1. Indeed, it is hard to imagine industry aerostructures, flight physics, control, more- co-financing and developing technologies electrical aircraft and others), Clean Sky 2 is set without regard for the marketplace, a to follow up on the former’s achievements, going cornerstone of any public-private partnership. even further in terms of TRL or integration But Clean Sky 2 aims to go further by integrating level for technologies of different origins. What technology businesses which have improved is more, new directions will enhance existing competitiveness as a primary goal, although continuity, often drawing on other national or still being careful to remain compatible with European programmes. sustainable development. However, it is clear ACARE’s long-term goals – This is why, for instance, prospective studies e.g., as mentioned previously, a 75% reduction
relevant to cabins and passenger comfort in CO2 emissions with reference to the state-of- as well as research into techniques for the-art in 2000 – cannot be reached without first manufacturing, assembly and maintenance achieving a radical change in today’s aircraft
1 The Clean Sky 2 mission: architectures. But hybrid propulsion, combining deliver validated systems, appropriate for the achieve specific gas turbines and electrical energy, is high on rapid rollout in realistic situations. For that environmental Clean Sky’s agenda. Plus these benefits might purpose, Innovative Aircraft Demonstrator objectives, while come not only from optimising propulsion, but Platforms (IADPs) have been introduced into 3 €1.8 billion enabling the Clean Sky 2 Total Funding also from hybridisation through the intermediary the Clean Sky 2 programme’s structure. These organisation. development of system and of electrically-driven fans, which could lead to are evolved versions of aerospace ITDs, which sub-assembly distributed propulsion, a sort of decentralisation formed the backbone of Clean Sky 1 (i.e. SFWA, demonstrators and where classic twin-engine or four-engine layouts GRA and GRC), Fast Large Regional Rotorcraft while advancing them are replaced by aircraft equipped with a dozen Vehicule Passenger Aircraft towards the stage smaller propellers or fans. The three IADPs cover (1) commercial aircraft IADPs Leonardo Aircraft Helicopters Leonardo of flight. of over 100 seats, (2) high-speed rotorcraft Airbus Aircraft Airbus Helicopters ) Pure electrical propulsion is certainly unlikely and (3) regional aircraft. They are set to by 2050, at least not on the scale of airliners. follow in the footsteps of research, conducted DLR However, it does already have its place in two- by the three Clean Sky 1 ITDs devoted to (1) Airframe ITD to four-seater aircraft and is advancing step- aerostructures, (2) engines and (3) systems. The Dassault–Airbus Defence by-step towards larger aeroplanes, especially in ecological value of technologies developed will and Space–Saab
esellschaft the wake of battery capacity and associated cost be in the domain of Eco-Design, while another esign G D reductions. Clean Sky 2, in its general aviation Transversal Activity, Small Air Transport, will Large segment, is naturally interested in this topic. focus on general aviation. iaggio Eco-
Systems Engines ITD P ITDs Safran–Rolls-Royce–MTU Clean Sky 2 is continuing to use the principle of Beyond examples already mentioned (e.g. cabin Fraunhofer Fraunhofer Technology Evaluator Technology ITDs, a proven path from the programme’s first technologies, manufacturing, maintenance, erman Aerospace Center ( G
Evektor– phase. The method entails matching objectives hybrid propulsion and others), many major with timetables, enables the flexibility research efforts are being launched, or planned, Small Air TransportSmall Systems ITD necessary for effective project management in Clean Sky 2. It is impossible to cite them all Thales–Liebherr and enjoys the approval of industry’s major due to their considerable number, however, a integrators. Moreover, Clean Sky 2 highlights non-exhaustive survey can give a cursory idea the role of demonstrators as a way to quickly of their nature and variety.
118 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics research on the march 119 place in future markets, i.e. with respect to The Airframe ITD as such was not part of Clean 5 In June 2016, Airbus environmental constraints. Sky 1. Its content was distributed between Helicopters presented an different ITDs. Looking ahead, it is set to take on aerodynamic architecture for The ITDs are the source of technologies for an extremely important role, combining the entire a high-speed demonstrator, these three platforms, where shared activities list of themes which constitute aircraft design, developed within the framework are undertaken for several types of aircraft. excluding engines and systems: e.g. architecture, of Clean Sky 2. Assembly is planned to begin in 2018 and the Generally speaking, many technologies, which aerodynamics, cabins, aerostructures etc. Thus, aircraft is expected to make its began in the ITD up to a certain TRL, will be for example, regional aircraft and high-speed first flight in 2019. The new high- followed up by an in-flight demonstration (or helicopter fuselages will be the subject of initial speed demonstrator should thus occasionally on the ground) on one or more of studies before their transfer to the appropriate, lead to a family of helicopters, these platforms. aforementioned IADP. well-adapted to medevac and other urgent missions involving search and rescue.
7 General aviation designates small aircraft able to seat up to 19 passengers The commercial aircraft platform follows up on in flight. Secondly, the transformation of test or be used to ship experience acquired in Clean Sky 1’s SFWA ITD strategies, which led to the composite fuselage freight. A new ITD, and will focus, for instance, on the validation demonstrator and production processes that Small Air Transport of key technologies, such as hybrid laminar created a competitive product. (SAT), was integrated into Clean Sky 2 in flow over wings and tail sections. Hybrid order to support laminar flow, contrary to natural laminar For its part, Fast Rotorcraft IADP is fully research and innovation flow, tested in Clean Sky 1, supposes “active” devoted to the ramp-up of two high-speed in the segment and techniques for the absorption of the boundary rotorcraft demonstrators, each illustrating to preserve the layer (i.e. airflow adjacent to a lift surface) alternative aircraft configurations with interests of numerous in order to avoid the onset of turbulent flow. vertical take-off and landing. Those two general aviation Hybrid laminar flow is adapted to very large versions are on one hand convertible, equipped manufacturers. The wings or can offer an alternative to natural with two tilting rotors and on the other hand objective is to develop, laminar flow if implementation of the latter “compound” where the classic spinning wing validate and integrate proves too difficult in relation to the state of is augmented by two turboprops, mounted on key technologies the lift surface (i.e. wing). Or designers might short wings. Each of these concepts already on demonstrators (aerostructures, turn to new cockpits and fuselages (e.g., one exists; in production for the convertible engines and systems) important, promising innovation would be to version (in the US) and as a prototype for the and to reinvigorate the unify fuselage and cabin approaches). compound version. However, in Clean Sky important sector of 2, demonstrating technical viability is not aeronautics, capable In the field of regional aircraft, continuity the issue. What is sought after are products of introducing new with Clean Sky 1 is also clear. Two examples that incorporate the best-adapted, most solutions in matters of are firstly adaptive compliant wings tested modern technologies in order to ensure their mobility.
120 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics research on the march 121 FOCUS Europe’s market share 40%in worldwide aeronautics compound annual 4-5%growth rate for the global aeronautics sector billion tons: planned
reduction in CO2 emissions during the next 35 years billion euros: budget 2-3 4allocated to Clean Sky 2 with
1.8 1 Ric Parker (2nd on the right) at the Rolls-Royce training and development center, billion euros coming from in Derby (UK), in front of a Trent XWB engine, ready for installation on an Airbus A350. the European Commission Ric Parker, who for 15 years was the Director of Europe’s industry have looked beyond their individual uropean ry Research and Technology at Rolls-Royce, is arguably interests and understood that partners – who would t a founding player in Clean Sky. As a fervent proponent otherwise be competitors in the global market – of a sustainable mechanism to manage European could by innovating together contribute to improving aeronautics research, in 2007, he was a participant Europe’s competitive edge. in the conference to launch what would become For Ric Parker, the launch of Clean Sky 2, with its clearly billion euros euros billion from E indus and 2.2 the most ambitious programme for aeronautics defined, long-term timetables and budgets by the innovation that Europe had ever seen. European Union is a mark of the high level of confidence million euros: earmarked to Today, as Chairman of Clean Sky Governing Board, he decision-makers have in the Clean Sky family. It is acknowledges that the clear and continued success that confidence which strengthens their motivation finance mainly SMEs, universities of Clean Sky rests on the capacity of industrial and determination to implement timely technologies, and research centres companies, research centres and universities to which stand to ensure Europe’s environmental and 540 know how to work together on complex topics. societal vision for 2050, as defined by ACARE.
122 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics research on the march 123 There are also plans to work on new aircraft certification methods, offering a wider role for virtual modelling, well-adapted to replacing current tests. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) will become, through this Science and research subject and certainly for others, an increasingly important partner of Clean Sky. “are essential parts of For engines, Clean Sky 2 stands to benefit from results obtained from SAGE demonstrators in Clean Sky’s activities. the previous programme. Starting in 2019, it is planned to test the Open Rotor on the Airbus A340 flying test bench, if the economic Universities and research viability for this concept can be confirmed beyond the technical performance. Research centres accounted for on a demonstrator for a Very High By-pass Ratio (VHBR) turbojet engine will continue. As mentioned previously, increased by-pass more than 40% of the ratios is a major trend in aeronautic propulsion, stretching back decades; industry is now participants in Clean preparing to take another quantum leap, i.e. to install a gear system between the power turbine and the fan. The by-pass ratio threshold for Sky. They have made this configuration varies according to engine- maker. For the largest engines, intended for significant contributions long-haul aircraft, the technological challenge is particularly bold. to the programme In its Systems ITD, Clean Sky 2 will address cockpit environments, mission management, and their journey will landing gear and electrical systems. Tests are carried out on a local test bench or directly on IADP demonstrators under conditions that are continue in Clean Sky 2." the most representative of future use. Peter Hecker, Chair of the Clean Sky General aviation, i.e. civil transport aircraft of Scientific Committee fewer than 20 seats will be dealt with by Clean 7 Tiltrotor concept Sky 2, because of its industrial importance, as seen by Leonardo encompassing some 40 European companies, Helicopters. The most of whom are SMEs. Different work, tiltrotor is an aircraft engaged in by this transversal activity, is it shows the way to take a look at a range of configuration with set for development in the different ITDs new-generation aircraft which are opening rotary wings that tilt in such a way (aerostructures, engines and systems). up isolated geographic regions, such as islands as to combine vertical or mountainous regions or the less developed take-off (as in Aeronautics has a dual interest in studying areas of Europe in terms of infrastructure. helicopters) with the this sector. In the first place, it permits testing To do this, the competitiveness of European speed of propeller- innovative technologies on small-size aircraft general aviation must be strengthened, both driven flight (as in before deciding whether it is possible or not to with regard to its global competitors and with aeroplanes). scale up to larger aircraft. In the second place, regard to its modes of surface transport, all
124 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics research on the march 125 7 The Ultra High of SMEs, present in regions where aeronautics Expected disruptive technologies are due to be By-pass Ratio play a noteworthy role. In just over a year, proven by the broad spectrum of tests which (beyond 15) design Clean Sky has “teamed up” with a dozen regions are on the Clean Sky 2 agenda. Eventually, they is developed within and occasionally at Member State level. Such will ensure a place in the race to replace, on the the EU-funded (FP7) ENOVAL project for co-operation agreements are at the level where world market, current civil aviation fleets with an encased propfan ESIF are managed. It spans the continent from cleaner, quieter products which will operate in engine configuration. Campania, in southern Italy; to Västra Götaland, an optimised air transport system, facilitating The main parts of the in Sweden; from Andalusia in the south-west, to mobility for millions of European citizens. fan module structure Romania in the east. By recognising activities integrate composites that are complementary to those carried out The effort to meet those new challenges will which are among under Clean Sky participating regions, Member generate sustainable growth and create high the lightest and States are guaranteed that their ESIF and their value-added jobs. The worldwide reputation of most robust ever. own resources – that go to their own universities European aeronautics research – built around an The configuration and companies – will dovetail with the innovation value chain, comprised of research features a aeronautics strategies of major integrators. This centres, SMEs and universities – can only be low-pressure turbine, optimised thanks to promises to yield a positive return on investment, heightened, along with the competitiveness of using 3D aerodynamic in particular, in terms of job creation. the entire European aeronautics sector. design and ceramic material composites (CMC). A so-called Ultra High Propulsive Efficiency (UHPE) while ensuring minimal CO2 emissions. Diverse technological performance achieved, and disciplines have to be included, but in any case, comparing environmental results obtained to demonstrator, whose technological innovation will be of paramount predetermined objectives. As competitiveness ground tests are importance and that is precisely the arena is now an acknowledged objective of set for 2021 within the framework of European Structural where Clean Sky 2 intends to work. Clean Sky 2, the relevant parameters for the European Clean its measurement have to be taken into Sky 2 project, should and Investment Funds and Eco Design, in particular for materials and account in the evaluation, alongside those validate these new aerostructures, continues in Clean Sky 2 in the for, noise and other environmental criteria technology bricks and wake of its achievements in 2015 in Clean Sky The correlation between environmental and their integration into Smart Specialisation Strategies 1. A Transversal Activity for all platforms, it has economic interests needs to be highlighted, an Ultra-High Bypass become a systematic preoccupation in every new to demonstrate the link between research and Ratio rig. design, with the application of tools developed wealth and jobs creation while maintaining According to a basic principle, in Article 3 of the In the field of innovation, the aim of the European to measure impact throughout lifecycles. socio-economic benefits. Treaty on European Union, the EU has an obligation institutions has been to foster synergies between to promote economic, social and territorial cohesion its ESIF and those dedicated to research in order to This summary reveals that Clean Sky 2 is an A further role of Clean Sky 2 – thanks to to the between the Member States and their regions. strengthen the effectiveness of the Horizon 2020 even more integrated programme than Clean decision to foster synergies between Horizon So as to have the means to pursue those policies, programme. These synergies are established, Sky 1, with a large number of exchanges 2020 and the Europan Structural and Investment the EU has five specific funds – collectively the depending on the region’s research and innovation between platforms and between the numerous Funds (ESIF), will also be to encourage European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) – strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3), i.e a players concerned. This trend is clear and complementary research activities at the one of which is the European Regional Development region’s chosen strengths or area of expertise. This continuous, the industry in Europe is organising regional level. Several agreements, memoranda Fund (ERDF). As an illustration, finances available has enabled the identification of regions focusing on in the same manner that it consolidates its of understanding, on such co-operation for cohesion, over the period 2014-2020, amount to aerospace, aviation and related sectors in their smart innovation value chain, including technical have already been signed between the Joint a total of €351.8 billion. specialisation strategies. interactions through Clean Sky and earlier Undertaking and Regions (or States) Authorities, framework programmes. making Clean Sky a pioneer. This policy is based on a new strategy, which aim at focusing the use The Technology Evaluator (TE) will continue of ESIF programmes via research and innovation to bear fruit, just as during Clean Sky 1, strategies for smart specialisation . Hence, Clean measuring the scientific advancement and Sky is putting down roots in a deep network
126 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics research on the march 127 Innovation Takes Off Partnership Board. With the objective of fostering scientific excellence in Europe, Marie Since the first decade of the 21st century, as Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) centre on part the European Union and its Member mobility for researchers, adding value to their States’ strong desire to support scientific and careers in the public and private sectors. MSCA technological innovation, numerous initiatives, provides grants for all stages of researchers’ associating the European Commission and other careers – be they doctoral candidates or highly European bodies, industrial firms and national experienced researchers – and encourage trans- public institutions, have been decided and national, inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary implemented. mobility.
The selection of examples, presented here, sheds Further to the existing European Research light on wills made to retain certain structures, Council, the European Commission aims to financial objectives and tools, adapted to stated establish a European Innovation Council. goals. Following the master plan used for All these examples are before other bodies aeronautics and aviation with Clean Sky, Joint and financial instruments which exist and Technology Initiatives (JTIs) have been created contribute to building a vast European research in five additional major fields: medicine; fuel network have been included. cells and hydrogen; electronics; biotechnologies and the rail sector. In the space segment – a In order to maintain and develop, on a global close relative of aeronautics – there are two scale, Europe’s place in major social and programmes where the European Commission economic fields, the European Union has and the European Space Agency (ESA) work decided to use this European framework to jointly: (1) Galileo, a space-borne system and ensure continuity in public financing as well as its associated services for fields using precise in its structures and tools, capable of mobilising geo-positioning data and (2) Copernicus, which, the skills of all of Europe’s public and private for the next 25 years, will provide Europe with players. In order to achieve this via the Horizon a capacity for space-borne earth observation in 2020 research framework programme, the a spirit of rational, harmonious operational use European Union has allocated it a budget of of information, made available to both public almost €80 billion over seven years (2014-2020). and private bodies, examining issues relating to the environment and security. Clean Sky is part of this ambitious effort which ranges from fundamental science to innovation In other fields, within the broader framework in bringing new products to market. Since of public-private partnerships (PPPs), there Europe has clearly seen the advantages of are initiatives such as the “Green Vehicles maintaining excellence in aeronautics, it is not Initiative” or “Factories of the Future.” Unlike unreasonable to claim that aeronautics, through JTIs, these contractual PPPs are managed by its example and spin-offs, is a major contributor the European Commission while the dialogue to the construction of Europe as well as to one 1 The Small Air with the private side is ensured through a of its most promising resources: research. Transport (SAT).
128 Clean Sky: spearheading innovation in European aeronautics Clean Sky 2, European aeronautics research on the march 129 “Clean Sky 2 is a clear leap forward compared to the current programme with new ambitious objectives, higher investment as well as strong industrial commitment going beyond the level of public investment.„
Maire Geoghegan-Quinn, Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation (February 2014) 3 Tiltrotor concept as seen by Leonardo Helicopters. Clean Sky 1 Leaders
Airbus Dassault Aviation Airbus Defense and Space Airbus Helicopters Fraunhofer Leonardo Helicopters Leonardo Aircraft Liebherr Rolls-Royce Safran Saab Thales Clean Sky 1 associates
Avio Aero • DLR • MTU Aero Engines • Piaggio Aero • Evektor • Aeronamic • Aeronova Aerospace S.A.U. • Aerosoft • Airborne Technology Centre • ATR • Avioane Craiova • CIRA • CSM • CYTEC • Diehl Aerospace • DEMA • ELSIS • EPFL Ecole Polytechnique Lausanne • ETH Zurich • Eurocarbon • Fokker Aerostructures • Fokker Elmo • Fox Bit • GKN Aerospace • Green Systems for Aircraft Foundation (GSAF) • HADEG Recycling GmbH • HAI • Huntsman Advanced Materials • IAI • Igor Stichting • IMAST • INCAS • ITP • Siemens Industry • MicroFlown Technologies • Micromega Dynamics • NLR • ONERA • Politecnico di Torino • PZL-świdnik • QinetiQ • Romaero • RUAG Switzerland • Selex ES • Sicamb • Stichting NL • Straero • TU Delft • University of Applied Sciences Switzerland FHNW • University of Bologna/Forlì • University of Cranfield • University of Malta • University of Nottingham • University of Naples – Polo delle S. & T. • University of Pisa • University of Twente • Zodiac-ECE/IN
133 • Icon International Services Limited • OPTOPRECISION GMBH • AKIRA TECHNOLOGIES SARL • Nextops • BAE Systems (Operations) Ltd • Lufthansa Technik Aktiengesellschaft • École Nationale de l’Aviation Civile (ÉNAC) • SC STRAERO SA • THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND • VON KARMAN INSTITUTE FOR FLUID • INSTITUTUL NATIONAL DE CERCETARE- SCHOLARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DYNAMICS DEZVOLTARE TURBOMOTOARE - COMOTI CAMBRIDGE • UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES • ENGINSOFT TO SRL • ROCKWELL COLLINS FRANCE Clean Sky 1 Partners • CGx AERO in SYS • ENGINSOFT SPA • KONINKLIJK NEDERLANDS • EGIS AVIA • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN METEOROLOGISCH INSTITUUT (KNMI) Clean Sky works with more than • MINISTÈRE DE L’ÉCOLOGIE, • G.I.T. GALVANOPLASTIE INDUSTRIELLE • I.D.S. - INGEGNERIA DEI SISTEMI - S.P.A. 500 partners in 24 European countries. DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE TOULOUSAINE SA • Aerospace & Advanced Composites GmbH ET DE L’ÉNERGIE • RCP CONSULT, GESELLSCHAFT FUER • INTEGRATED MICROSYSTEMS AUSTRIA Legal entities involved in CFPs-CS1 • PILDO CONSULTING SL PLANUNG, BERATUNG UND ANALYSE GMBH • POLITECNICO DI TORINO TECHNISCHER OBJEKT MBH • THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM Participants Legal Name • CEDRAT TECHNOLOGIES SA • ASCO INDUSTRIES N.V. • AERO-MAGNESIUM LIMITED (A.C.S) • CARDIFF UNIVERSITY • HSR HOCHSCHULE FÜR TECHNIK • DELTA SERVICES INDUSTRIELS SPRL • EVONIK RÖHM GMBH • GE AVIATION SYSTEMS LTD • ACITURRI METALLIC PARTS SL • AGENCIA ESTATAL CONSEJO SUPERIOR RAPPERSWIL • ARTS ASSOCIATION • POLITECNICO DI MILANO • THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND • CASTILLA Y LEÓN AERONÁUTICA SA DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS • FISCHER ADVANCED COMPOSITE • UNIVERSITÉ JOSEPH-FOURIER GRENOBLE 1 • Cytec Engineered Materials Limited SCHOLARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD • SENER INGENIERÍA Y SISTEMAS SA • SAFRAN POWER UK LTD COMPONENTS AG*FACC AG • ALPHA CONSULTING SERVICE SRL • FAG Aerospace GmbH & Co. KG • THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER • FUNDACIÓN CENTRO DE TECNOLOGÍAS • GOODRICH CONTROL SYSTEMS • Eaton Aerospace Limited • CODET BV • AeroTex UK LLP • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BRAUNSCHWEIG AERONÁUTICAS PRIVATE UNLIMITED COMPANY • BUDAPESTI MUSZAKI ES • UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS • FASERINSTITUT BREMEN EV • AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH • FUNDACIÓN FATRONIK • PPG Coatings Business Support SARL GAZDASAGTUDOMANYI EGYETEM • VÁZQUEZ Y TORRES INGENIERÍA SL • ENVISA SAS • GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY POLSKA • ISIGHT SOFTWARE EURL • ÉCOLE NATIONALE SUPÉRIEURE • UNIVERSITÄT GRAZ • AERTEC INGENIERÍA Y DESARROLLOS SLU • BRUNEL UNIVERSITY • INSTYTUT LOTNICTWA • INASCO - INTEGRATED AEROSPACE DE CHIMIE DE LILLE • FUNDACIÓN PARA LA INVESTIGACIÓN, • ATELIER DE CONSTRUCTION • ANONYMI ETAIRIA SYSTIMATON ORGANOSIS • NDT EXPERT SCIENCES CORPORATION O.E. • HIT09 Srl DESARROLLO Y APLICACIÓN DE THERMO ÉCHANGEURS SA LEITOURGIAS KAI EPIKOINONIAS • FIBERSENSING-SISTEMAS AVANCADOS • DASSAULT SYSTÈMES SA • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS • INTRENIA SL EPICHEIRISEON DEMONITORIZAÇÃO SA • Oxsensis Limited • LUCCHI R. ELETTROMECCANICA SRL • INSTITUTO NACIONAL • FUNDAÇÃO DA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS • THE SMART SYSTEM SOLUTION GMBH • INSTITUTO DE ENGENHARIA MECÂNICA • KE-WORKS BV • Motor Design Ltd DE TÉCNICA AEROESPACIAL DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA • TOTALFORSVARETS FORSKNINGSINSTITUT E GESTÃO INDUSTRIAL • Spin.Works Lda • UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA DIN • UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS • EDISOFT-EMPRESA DE SERVIÇOS • CHALMERS TEKNISKA HOEGSKOLA AB • TWI LIMITED • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT DELFT BUCURESTI • GMV AEROSPACE AND DEFENCE E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE SA • ATMOSPHÈRE SYSTÈMES ET SERVICES SARL • GMVIS SKYSOFT SA • EPSILON INGÉNIERIE • UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL SA UNIPERSONAL • CHEMNITZER WERKSTOFFMECHANIK GMBH • TriaGnoSys GmbH • PI Ceramic GmbH • Électronique Industrielle de l’Ouest - • Centro Combustione Ambiente srl • MARE ENGINEERING SPA • AMIC Angewandte Micro-Messtechnik • SVERIGES METEOROLOGISKA OCH • INVENT INNOVATIVE TRONICO SAS • UNIVERSITÄT STUTTGART • SONORA S.R.L. GmbH HYDROLOGISKA INSTITUT VERBUNDWERKSTOFFEREALISATION • TERMO-GEN AB • Optimal Structural Solutions Lda • MACROS SOLUTIONS LTD • BERLINER NANOTEST UND DESIGN GMBH • GMI AERO SAS UND VERMARKTUNG NEUER • EVEKTOR, spol. s.r.o. • INSTITUTO DE SOLDADURA E QUALIDADE • THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL • INSTITUT VON KARMAN • NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGIEN GMBH* • CENTRE NATIONAL • TARAMM SARL • CONSORZIO SICTA SISTEMI INNOVATIVIPER DE DYNAMIQUE DES FLUIDES AISBL ATHENS • CSEM CENTRE SUISSE D’ÉLECTRONIQUE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO IL CONTROLLO DELTRAFFICO AEREO • GFE FREMAT GMBH • FUNDACIÓN INASMET ET DE MICROTECHNIQUE SA-RECHERCHE • NUMERICAL MECHANICS • VYZKUMNY A ZKUSEBNI LETECKY USTAV • ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE • GFE METALLE UND MATERIALIEN GMBH • FUNDACIÓN TECNALIA RESEARCH ET DÉVELOPPEMENT APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL SA A.S. FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE • ACCESS e.V. & INNOVATION • CENTRE DE RECHERCHE EN AÉRONAUTIQUE • IBK INGENIEURBUERO HAUPTSITZ • UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW • GROUPE D’INVESTISSEMENT • BAUSCH-GALL GMBH • GKN Aerospace Services Limited ASBL - CENAERO • SECONDA UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI • ITALSYSTEM S.R.L FINANCIER SA - GIF • TWT GMBH SCIENCE & INNOVATION • KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HOEGSKOLAN • SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DE CONSTRUCTION NAPOLI • MODELON AB • SERMA INGÉNIERIE • IFP PROF. DR.-ING. JOACHIM MILBERG • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN AÉROSPATIALE SONACA SA • CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE • GLOBAL DESIGN TECHNOLOGY SA • AEROCONSEIL SA INSTITUT FÜR PRODUKTION UND LOGISTIK • ATMOSPHÈRE SYSTÈMES ET SERVICES • AIRCRAFT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION LIMITED • NOESIS SOLUTIONS • PARS MAKINA SAN. TIC. LTD. STI. • Colibrys (Switzerland) Ltd GMBH & CO. KG S ARL*ATM • UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON • LMS IMAGINE SA • Krah&Grote Measurement Solution • SENSONOR AS • IBK-INNOVATION GMBH & CO. KG • GTD SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN SA • PACE Aerospace Engineering • LMS INTERNATIONAL NV • AEROTRON RESEARCH ASTIKI ETAIRIA • SensoNor Technologies AS • BÖHLER SCHMIEDETECHNIK GMBH & CO KG • USE2ACES BV and Information Technology GmbH • TRANSAVIA FRANCE • NANORESINS AG • DYNEX SEMICONDUCTOR LIMITED • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT GRAZ • MÉTÉO-FRANCE • ATG EUROPE BV • AIRLINAIR SA • Clean-Lasersysteme GmbH • SEMELAB LTD • FUNDACIÓ PRIVADA ASCAMM • IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, • Technological Educational Institute • FÉDÉRATION NATIONALE • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CLAUSTHAL • UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH • CENTRE INTERNACIONAL TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE of Piraeus DE L’AVIATION MARCHANDE • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT • TTTECH COMPUTERTECHNIK AG DE MÈTODES NUMÈRICS EN ENGINYERIA • General Electric Deutschland Holding • CRITICAL MATERIALS LDA • THOMSON AIRWAYS LIMITED HAMBURG-HARBURG • FUTURE ADVANCED MANUFACTURE LTD • ROLLS-ROYCE CONTROLS AND GmbH • CRITICAL SOFTWARE SA • JULIEN GUILLAUME DUFOUR • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN • NEELOGY SA DATA SERVICES LIMITED
134 135 • ADAM HANDZLIK TECHDESIGN • UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE • APERAM STAINLESS FRANCE SA ET DE L’ESPACE • RIC ENVIRONNEMENT SAS • SIGMA PRECISION COMPONENTS UK LTD • Raytheon Systems Limited • MILTECH HELLAS AE • UNIVERSITÉ DE TECHNOLOGIE DE • APPLIED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY LIMITED • Quickstep GmbH • PYROGLOBE GESELLSCHAFT ZUR • CISSOID S.A. • Stirling Dynamics Ltd COMPIÈGNE • REFINERÍA DE ALUMINIO SL • ALPEX TECHNOLOGIES GMBH ENTWICKLUNG UND FERTIGUNG AUTARKER • MICRO-EPSILON-MESSTECHNIK • ANOTEC CONSULTING SL • EURO HEAT PIPES SA • FUNDACIÓN INNOVACIÓN AMBIENTAL • Airborne Technology Center B.V. SYSTEME FÜR RETTUNG UND SICHERHEIT GMBH & CO. KG • HAZEMEYER SAS • TPC COMPONENTS AKTIEBOLAG Y TECNOLÓGICA • STICHTING NATIONAAL LUCHT - MBH • SALUNDA LIMITED • ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE D’INGÉNIEURS • SWEREA SWECAST • AEROMECHS SRL EN RUIMTEVAARTLABORATORIUM • PHI ENGINEERING SERVICES AG • Rolls-Royce Goodrich Engine EN ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE • INSTYTUT ODLEWNICTWA • DANA SRL • MSC SOFTWARE BELGIUM • UMBRA CUSCINETTI SPA Control Systems Limited ET ÉLECTRONIQUE D’AMIENS • TELCOM SPA • CONSORZIO NAZIONALE • LE BOZEC FILTRATION ET SYSTÈMES • ADVANCES & INNOVATION IN SCIENCE & • SWEREA SICOMP AB • TRIPHASE NV • INGENIA SISTEMAS SL INTERUNIVERSITARIO • UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA ENGINEERING CO EE • MICROTECNICA ACTUATION • UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, NATIONAL • SERVICIOS DE TECNOLOGÍA PER LE TELECOMUNICAZIONI • NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR • DOLPHIN INTEGRATION SA TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, DUBLIN INGENIERÍA E INFORMÁTICA SL • INDUSTRIAS PUIGJANER S.A. TOEGEPAST NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK • HMT MICROELECTRONIC AG • MICROTECNICA SRL • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT CHEMNITZ • ISTITUTO PER LE RICERCHE DI TECNOLOGIA • JALLUT PINTURAS SLU ONDERZOEK - TNO • ITRB LTD • CFD SOFTWARE - ENTWICKLUNGS - • AFPT GMBH MECCANICA E PER L’AUTOMAZIONE S.P.A. - • ACONDICIONAMIENTO • CASTLET LTD • PBLH INTERNATIONAL CONSULTING UND FORSCHUNGSGESELLSCHAFT MBH • DUTCH THERMOPLASTIC COMPONENTS BV ISTITUTO R.T.M. S.P.A. TARRASENSE ASOCIACIÓN • POLYMER COMPETENCE • FUNDACIÓN CIDAUT • MDA SRL • ÖSTERREICHISCHES FORSCHUNGS - • ESI GROUP S.A. • CI COMPOSITE IMPULSE GMBH & CO CENTER LEOBEN GMBH • STICHTING DUITS-NEDERLANDSE • MICRO DB SA UND PRÜFZENTRUM ARSENAL GES.M.B.H. • WAERONAUTICA CONSULTORIA • Dantec Dynamics GmbH • QPOINT COMPOSITE GmbH WINDTUNNELS • EUROTECH DI MARIO AMOROSO SAS • FTI ENGINEERING NETWORK GMBH I ENGINYERIA SL • ISTRAM - INSTITUTE OF STRUCTURES • OFFICINE MECCANICHE IRPINE SRL • HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM GEESTHACHT • PININFARINA SPA • NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS • CEST Kompetenzzentrum für AND ADVANCED MATERIALS • UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID ZENTRUM FÜR MATERIAL - UND • TEKNOSUD S.R.L CORPORATION (UK) LIMITED elektrochemische • RHEINISCH-WESTFAELISCHE TECHNISCHE • LORTEK S COOP KÜSTENFORSCHUNG GMBH • PARAGON ANONYMH ETAIREIA MELETON • CLEMESSY SA Oberflächentechnologie GmbH HOCHSCHULE AACHEN • ASOCIACIÓN CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN • Happy Plating GmbH EREVNAS KAI EMPORIOU PROIGMENHS • TESEO SPA TECNOLOGIE E SISTEMI • CERTIFLYER BV • Protection des Métaux SAS EN TECNOLOGÍAS DE UNIÓN LORTEK • UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON TEXNOLOGIAS ELETTRONICI ED OTTICI • AVTECH Sweden AB • AOES Group BV - Advanced Operations • HOGSKOLAN VAST • MACHOVIA TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS • THE PROVOST, FELLOWS, FOUNDATION • SHORT BROTHERS PLC • SCITEK CONSULTANTS LTD and Engineering Services Group BV • ADENEO AS GMBH SCHOLARS & THE OTHER MEMBERS OF • UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK • EDC ELECTRONIC DESIGN CHEMNITZ GMBH • MEGGITT SA • EUROPEAN TRANSONIC WINDTUNNEL GMBH • CREALAS GMBH BOARD OF THE COLLEGE OF THE HOLY & • INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY • ITALTECNO SRL • MEGGITT AEROSPACE LIMITED • ÉCOLE NATIONALE SUPÉRIEURE • AXESS TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED UNDIVIDED TRINITY OF QUEEN ELIZABETH AND SCIENCE LIMITED - INNOTECUK • ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITÀ • ARTUS SAS DE MÉCANIQUE ET D’AÉROTECHNIQUE • 3D AG NEAR DUBLIN • WYTWORNIA SPRZETU KOMUNIKACYJNEGO DI BOLOGNA • THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD • SELFRAG AG • MK FLUIDICS OY • UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE PZL - RZESZOW SA • ADAPTED SOLUTIONS GmbH • BLU ELECTRONIC • TRONIC S MICROSYSTEMS SA • TECHNICAL & RACING COMPOSITES SL • FORGES DE BOLOGNE • POLITECHNIKA WARSZAWSKA • PE INTERNATIONAL AG • EPM TECHNOLOGY LTD • REVOIND INDUSTRIALE • LPW TECHNOLOGY LTD • COBHAM ADVANCED COMPOSITES LIMITED • POLITECHNIKA RZESZOWSKA IM IGNACEGO • BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT LTD • ALTAIR ENGINEERING LIMITED • NIMITECH COMPOSITES EURL • NEXAM CHEMICAL AB • POLITECHNIKA LUBELSKA LUKASIEWICZA PRZ • TEMES ENGINEERING GMBH • MAGNAGHI AERONAUTICA SPA • ÉCOLE NATIONALE D’INGÉNIEURS DE • NHOE - SOCIETÀ A RESPONSABILITÀ • INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE ARAGÓN • XRG SIMULATION GMBH • MODELON GMBH • Creo Dynamics AB TARBES LIMITATA • TLD EUROPE SAS • MACCON • STREIT-TGA-GMBH&CO.KG • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI FIRENZE • INTEGRASYS SA • ZODIAC HYDRAULICS • LGAI TECHNOLOGICAL CENTER SA ELEKTRONIKSYSTEMENTWICKLUNGUND • Victrex Manufacturing Limited • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA • CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS • RUAG Schweiz AG • TEOS SA BERATUNGS GMBH • ROGERS BVBA • MILITÄRTECHNOLOGIE DIENST E INVESTIGACIONES TÉCNICAS • AVIAPRO SOLUTIONS SL • AUSTRO ENGINE GMBH • MICHELIN RECHERCHE ET TECHNIQUE SA • SYSTEMS ENGINEERING & ASSESSMENT LTD UND ÜBERWACHUNG SA • ASOCIACIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE • SLOT CONSULTING LTD • AVIATION DESIGN SARL • CORSO MAGENTA SAS • TRACKWISE DESIGNS LIMITED • TECNOBIT SL MATERIALES PLÁSTICOS Y CONEXAS • INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS PARA • CENTRO DI PROGETTAZIONE, DESIGN • ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE D’ÉLECTRICITE • BIO INTELLIGENCE SERVICE SA • VALLET SAS - AIMPLAS LA DEFENSA DE ESPAÑA SA-ISDEFE & TECNOLOGIE DEI MATERIALI • UNIVERSITÉ PAUL-SABATIER TOULOUSE III • SIRDAR SPINNING LTD • CT INGENIEROS AERONÁUTICOS • AMITRONICS ANGEWANDTE • KEONYS SAS • VEW VEREINIGTE ELEKTRONIK • UNIVERSITÉ D’ARTOIS • SIGMATEX (UK) LIMITED DE AUTOMOCIÓN E INDUSTRIALES SL MIKROMECHATRONIK GMBH • VORTECH BV WERKSTÄTTEN GMBH • BOHLER EDELSTAHL GMBH & CO KG • UNIVERSITÄT OSNABRÜCK • DERITEND INTERNATIONAL LIMITED • Next Technology Tecnotessile • ATECA SAS • BIAS BREMER INSTITUT FÜR ANGEWANDTE • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELL’AQUILA • ARITEX CADING S.A. • FORGITAL ITALY SPA Società Nazionale di Ricerca r.l. • OFFICE NATIONAL D’ÉTUDES STRAHLTECHNIK GMBH • HEXAGON TECHNOLOGY CENTER GMBH • FIBRETECH COMPOSITES GMBH • TIMET UK LIMITED • ASOCIACIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN ET DE RECHERCHES AÉROSPATIALES • AGENZIA NAZIONALE PER LE NUOVE • HEXAGON METROLOGY GMBH • HAYDALE LTD • SWANSEA UNIVERSITY DE LAS INDUSTRIAS METALMECÁNICAS, • TESTING AND ENGINEERING OF TECNOLOGIE, L’ENERGIA E LO SVILUPPO • FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR • P.M.V. INDUSTRIE SAS • INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE AFINES Y CONEXAS AERONAUTICAL MATERIALS AND ECONOMICO SOSTENIBILE FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN • AXYAL S.A.S. DE TOULOUSE • CARL ZEISS AB STRUCTURES SL • CONSTELLIUM CRV SAS FORSCHUNG E.V • COMPAÑIA ESPAÑOLA • FIBRALCO AE • Swerea KIMAB AB • FUNDACIÓ EURECAT • GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ • GESTAMP HARDTECH AB DE SISTEMAS AERONÁUTICOS • ANONYMI ETAIREIA VIOMICHANIKIS • Sulzer Elbar B.V. • AEROCONSEIL SAS UNIVERSITÄT HANNOVER • SWEREA MEFOS AB • Active Space Technologies, EREVNAS, TECHNOLOGIKIS ANAPTYXIS KAI • SP SVERIGES TEKNISKA • UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA • FLORIAN MADEC COMPOSITES SARL • M TORRES DISEÑOS INDUSTRIALES SA Atividades Aeroespaciais S.A. ERGASTIRIAKON DOKIMON, PISTOPIISIS KAI FORSKNINGSINSTITUT AB • VGA srl • CONVERGENCE COMPOSITE • FORMTECH GMBH • INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE L’AÉRONAUTIQUE PIOTITAS • UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA • AEDS SARL*ADVANCED ENGINEERING
136 137 DESIGN SOLUTIONS • SIEMENS INDUSTRY SOFTWARE NV • FUNDACIÓN ANDALUZA PARA • ZÜRCHER HOCHSCHULE FÜR • FUNDACIÓN IMDEA MATERIALES EL DESARROLLO AEROESPACIAL ANGEWANDTE WISSENSCHAFTEN • TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF • TECNATOM S.A. • EURO DECISION TECHNOLOGY • SAFT SAS • NEXTOPS SARL • University of the Aegean-Research Unit • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI • ETHNIKO KAI KAPODISTRIAKO • FUNDACIÓN CENTRO TECNOLÓGICO DI ROMA TOR VERGATA PANEPISTIMIO ATHINON DE MIRANDA DE EBRO • UNIVERSITÉ DE PICARDIE JULES-VERNE • PANEPISTIMIO IOANNINON • AUBERT & DUVAL SAS • COBRATEX • UNIVERSITÄT BAYREUTH • RTM BREDA SRL • KREATIVE ENGINEERING SERVICES • FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDER-UNIVERSITÄT • DEEP BLUE SRL • VESO Concept ERLANGEN-NÜRNBERG • BALTOGAR SA • PLANT INTEGRITY LTD • NTN-SNR ROULEMENTS SA • LMB • NOLIAC A/S • RES NOVA DIE SRL • TERMO FLUIDS SL • COMMISSARIAT À L’ÉNERGIE ATOMIQUE • ESTEREL TECHNOLOGIES SA • GEONX S.A. ET AUX ÉNERGIES ALTERNATIVES • MATERIALS SOLUTIONS LBG • UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO EHU UPV • EIDGENOESSISCHE • EOS GMBH ELECTRO OPTICAL SYSTEMS • GALVATEC SL FORSCHUNGSANSTALT WSL • LULEA TEKNISKA UNIVERSITET • APERAM ALLOYS IMPHY SAS • UNIVERSITÄT DER BUNDESWEHR MÜNCHEN • THE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY • ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE DE CACHAN • UNIVERSITY OF SURREY CENTRE LIMITED LBG • UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SUD • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DARMSTADT • THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM • Karlsruher Institut für Technologie • 5MICRON GMBH • DR. BROCKHAUS-MESSTECHNIK GMBH & • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN • JEAN BLONDEAU CO. KOMMANDITGESELLSCHAFT • CATARSI ING.PIERO E C SRL • MERSEN FRANCE SB SAS • MONTANUNIVERSITAET LEOBEN • UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA • INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES • Steinbeis Innovation gGmbH • JÜRGENHAKE DEUTSCHLAND GMBH APPLIQUÉES DE LYON • AM TESTING SRL • ADVANTEC ENGINEERING GMBH • ASOCIACIÓN CENTRO TECNOLÓGICO CEIT-IK4 • STEP SUD MARE SRL • CRITICAL MATERIALS SA • MIM TECH ALFA SL • FUNDACIÓN CIDETEC • SGTE POWER SAS • BIAS - BREMER INSTITUT FÜR ANGEWANDTE • UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID • E4V SAS STRAHLTECHNIK GMBH • INASCO HELLAS ETAIREIA EFARMOSMENON • LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY • RAW POWER SRL AERODIASTIMIKON EPISTIMON EE • SICS EAST SWEDISH ICT AB • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA • LORD SUISSE SARL • LINKOPINGS UNIVERSITET • INDRA SISTEMAS SA • EUROFARAD EFD • GLEXYZ ENGENHARIA INVESTIGAÇÃO E • GEMAC - GESELLSCHAFT FÜR • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI BERGAMO DESENVOLVIMENTO UNIPESSOAL LDA MIKROELEKTRONIKANWENDUNG • GLENAIR ITALIA SPA • THE CITY UNIVERSITY CHEMNITZ MBH • GLENAIR FRNACE SARL • KENTRO KAINOTOMON TECHNOLOGION AE • DESARROLLOS MECÁNICOS DE PRECISIÓN • SOCIETÉ DE CONSTRUCTION • DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE SL DE MAQUETTES AÉRODYNAMIQUES - CMA • EGMOND PLASTIC BV • FUNDACIÓN TEKNIKER • METASENSING BV • RESCOLL • SYFER TECHNOLOGY LIMITED • INTEGRA DESIGN LIMITED • RD&T TECHNOLOGY AB • EURO SUPPORT ADVANCED MATERIALS BV • SYNOPSYS GMBH • PRIMES • NPL MANAGEMENT LIMITED • CIRCOMP GMBH • FAG AEROSPACE GMBH & CO KG • FIBERSENSING - SISTEMAS AVANÇADOS • INSTITUT FÜR VERBUNDWERKSTOFFE • ORME SARL DE MONITORIZAÇÃO SA GMBH • NAVEGAÇÃO AÉREA DE PORTUGAL - • LA MESURE SUR MESURE • ATMOSTAT NAV PORTUGAL EPE • VILLINGER GMBH • INDRA SISTEMAS S.A. • TRANSPORTES AÉREOS PORTUGUESES • H4AEROSPACE (DE) LIMITED • UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID SA*TAP PORTUGAL • RTA RAIL TEC ARSENAL • VICOTER DI VIGONI EDOARDO, CORDISCO • ANA - AEROPORTOS DE PORTUGAL, SA FAHRZEUGVERSUCHSANLAGE GMBH POTITO E TERRANEO MAURO SNC • AIRBORNE TECHNOLOGY CENTRE BV • INSTITUTO DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES • LOGIC SPA • CASA MARISTAS AZTERLAN • CONSORZIO INTERUNIVERSITARIO • UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI ROMA TRE • FUNDACIÓN GAIKER NAZIONALE PER LA SCIENZA E TECNOLOGIA • NOVOTECH AEROSPACE ADVANCED • MAG SOAR S.L. DEI MATERIALI TECHNOLOGY SRL • UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALÁ
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Front cover: LEAP-1A engine by Safran : p.44-45: © Airbus Group / photo by J.Dannenberg p.90: © Pierre Barthe / ATR chosen to power the Airbus A320neo. p.46 left: © DLR (CC-BY 3.0) p.91: © Jérome Deulin © Cyril Abad / CAPA Pictures / Safran p.46 right: © KLM p.92: © Jérome Deulin p.47: © Fraport AG p.93: © Clean Sky p.48 : © Airbus Helicopters p.95: © Clean Sky p. 12-13: © A. Pecchi / Dassault Aviation p.49: © Leonardo-Finmeccanica p.97: © Rolls-Royce plc 2016 p.14 fore: © Ulli Michel / Getty Images / AFP p.50: © Safran p.98: © Rolls-Royce plc 2016 p.14 back: © Lisa S. / Shutterskock p.51: © Airbus S.A.S p.99 left: © Clean Sky p.16: © Heritage Images / Leemage p.52: © Airbus S.A.S 2010 / EIAI p.99 right: © Philippe Stroppa / Safran p.17: © akg-images / Science Photo Library p.53: © Altran / Airbus Group p.100: © Clean Sky p.18-19: © Albert Harlingue / Roger-Viollet p.54 fore: © Lisa Valder / Shutterstock p.101: © Thalès p.20: © akg-images / picture-alliance / Heinz-Jürgen p.54 back: © Bellephoto / Shutterstock p.102-103: © Liebherr p.21: © Tallandier / Bridgeman Images p.56: © Clean Sky p.104: © DLR (CC-BY 3.0) p.22: © akg-images / Jean Dieuzaide p.58: © European Union, 2016 / Source: EC - Service p.105: © Clean Sky p.23 left: © Roger-Viollet Audiovisual / Photo: Georges Boulougouris p.106: © Daniel Linares / Safran p.23 right: © Collection IM/ Kharbine-Tapabor p.60-61: © Cyril Abad / CAPA Pictures / Safran p.107: © Fraunhofer IBP p.24: © Fraport AG p.62 fore: © Clean Sky p.108: © Clean Sky p.25: © Rolls-Royce plc 2016 p.62 back: © Studio Pons / Safran p.109: © Budapest University of Technology p.26: © Felix Pharand-Deschenes / SPL / Barcroft p.64: © Philippe Stoppa / Dassault Aviation and Economics Media / Abaca Press p.66: © Clean Sky p.110: © Clean Sky p.28: © Tom AF / iStock Photo p.71: © Dursun Aydemir / Anadolu Agency / AFP p.112: © Delft University of Technology p.30: © Saab p.73: © Clean Sky p.113: © Streit-TGA GmbH & Co. KG p.31: © Airbus S.A.S 2013 / photo by C. Koshorst p.74-75: © S.Randé / Dassault Aviation p.115: Andrzej Krzysiak, « Flow visualisation of the p.32-33: © DLR / Ernsting p.76 fore: © Rolls-Royce plc 2016 wing model equipped with load control fluidic p.34 fore: © Airbus S.A.S 2014 / photo by master p. 76 back: © Vladimir Borodine / Safran devices », Journal of Kones, 2015, vol 22, films / A.Doumenjou p.78: © Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing no. 3 - photo © S. Podgródny – IoA . p.34 back: © Airbus S.A.S / photo by Engineering / Trinity College Dublin p.116 fore: © Clean Sky Christian Brinkmann p.80: © DLR (CC-BY 3.0) p.116 back: © Kamenetskiy Konstantin / Shutterstock p.36: © Oriontrail / Shutterstock p.81: © DLR (CC-BY 3.0) p.119: © Clean Sky p.37: © Sebastian Julian / iSotck Photo p.82: © Clean Sky p.120: © Petr Sterba p.38: © Philippe Stroppa / Safran p.83: © Clean Sky p.121: © Airbus Helicopters p.39: © Airbus S.A.S 2012 / photo by W. Schroll p.84: © Dassault Aviation / INCAS / AVIOANE p.123: © Rolls-Royce plc 2016 p.40: © Airbus S.A.S Craiova / FOKKER / NLR p.124: © Leonardo-Finmeccanica p.41: © Clean Sky p.85: © GKN Aerospace p.126: © Enoval p.42 top: © ONERA p.86: © Per Kustvik / Saab p.129: © Petr Sterba p.42 bottom: © NLR p.87: © Clean Sky p.130-131: © Leonardo-Finmeccanica p.43: © Steve Heap / Shutterstock p.88-89: © Clean Sky p.143:v © Xavier Pironet / iStock Photo
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