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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12393-8 - Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, c. 900-1200 Scott G. Bruce Index More information

INDEX

Aachen assemblies, 16, 38, 40, 45, 153 Bouchard, Constance, 16 Abbo of Fleury (998–1004), 98, 104, 108 Brown, Peter, 30 Adrevald of Fleury, 101 Bruno of Cologne (c. 1032–1101), 157, 160 Ælfgyva (Bayeux Tapestry), 105 Ælfric Bata, 111 Caesarius, bishop of Arles, 40, 61 Ælfric of Eynsham (c. 950–c. 1010), 111 Caesarius of Heisterbach, 162 Ælfthryth, queen, 109 canons, 41–42, 109, 113, 151, 152–157 Æthelstan, king of Wessex, 98 use of sign language among, 165–166 Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, 109, 115 Canterbury sign lexicon, 113–117 Alcuin of York (d. 804), 32 Carolingian reform of religious life, 37–45 Ambrose of Milan, 40 see also Aachen assemblies; Benedict, Anastasius of Mont-Saint-Michel, hermit, 47 abbot of Aniane; Louis the Pious, angels emperor Cluniac emulation of, 1–3, 14–15, 17, Carta caritatis, 146 20–28 Carthusians, 157–161 medieval perceptions of, 1–2 pastoral responsibilities of, 159–160 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, 46 use of sign language among, 166–167 Atwood, Margaret, 78 Cassian, John, 25, 35, 60 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 57, 58, 153, 174 Christ Church, Canterbury, 108–117, 167 Aurelian, bishop of Arles (d. 551), 34 Chrodegang, archbishop of Metz (d. 766), Ava, abbess, sister of William I, duke of 41–42, 153 Aquitaine, 16 circatores (monastic roundsmen), 48–49, 104 Aymard, abbot of Cluny (942–954), 19 Cistercians, 144–148 use of sign language among, 162–164 Banham, Debby, 116, 117 see also Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux; General Baume-les-Moines, abbey of, 18–19, 62, 66 Chapter of the Cistercian Order; lay Bede, 57–60 brothers, Cistercian; Robert, abbot of On the Reckoning of Time (De temporum ratione) Molesme; women, religious 57, 58, 59 Cluniac sign lexicon, 63, 68, 70, 71, 77–79, bees, comparison of monks with, 13, 110 95–96, 105, 106–107, 114–115, 117, 119, Benedict, abbot of Aniane, 16, 42, 45 163, 166 Benedict, abbot of Nursia, 101–104, 112, 117 signs for apparel, 83–86 see also Rule of Benedict signs for books, 87–89 Benedict VIII, pope (1012–1024), 100 sign for confession, 89–90 Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, 145, 148, 161 signs for the divine office, 86–90 Bernard of Cluny, 9–10, 20, 22, 26, 27, 63, 66, signs for sustenance, 79–83 68, 70, 71, 72, 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, Cluniacs, see Cluny, abbey of 104, 114, 119 Cluny, abbey of, 2–3, 14–28, 61–62, 77–86, 116, Berno, abbot of Cluny (910–925), 18, 24 145, 148–152 206

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Index

foundation charter of, 17, 28 Exposition on the Book of Job (Moralia in Job), 18, German-speakers as a linguistic subgroup 27–28 at, 93–96 Life of Benedict (Vita Benedicti), 34 reputation for sanctity of, 100 Guibert of Nogent, 158–159 safeguards against harmful speech at, 46–51 Guigo, prior of La Chartreuse (d. c. 1136), scriptorium of, 19 159, 161 as a speech community, 90–96 training of novices at, 66–73 Hallinger, Kassius, 9, 45, 53–54 see also angels, Cluniac emulation of; Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete, 51, 151 Cluniac sign lexicon Henry I, king of Germany (the Fowler), 98 Coenwald, 98 Herman of Tournai, 175 Columbanus, 18, 38 hermits, Christian, 25, 46–48, 156, 157 Conrad of Eberbach, 165 see also Carthusians Constable, Giles, 145 Hildegard of Bingen, abbess, 151–152 Corbie, abbey of, 40, 41 Hildemar of Corbie, 39, 43–44 customaries, monastic, 7–10, 20, 39–41, 67–70, Hirsau, abbey of, 118–119 78–86 Hirsau sign lexicon, 114–115, 120–123 see also Bernard of Cluny; Ulrich of Zell; Hugh of St. Victor, 6, 156, 157 William of Hirsau Hugh the Great, abbot of Cluny (1049–1109), 20, 47, 50, 67, 69, 100 deaf people humility, 35, 42 attitude of the medieval church toward, 174–175 Idung of Pru¨fening, 148 premodern education of, 16, 173–176 imagination, monastic, 63–66 see also sign language, American (ASL) immunity, monastic, 16, 17 desert, Christian perceptions of, 29–30 Instituta ecclesiastica, 146, 162 diet, monastic, 79–80, 122–123, 158 Iogna-Prat, Dominique, 89 Dunstan, bishop of Worcester, 109 Durannus, bishop of Toulouse, 50 Jacques de Vitry (d. 1240), 168 Jarecki, Walter, 78 Eadwine Psalter, 116 Jerome, 56–57 Easter controversy, 58–59 John of Salerno, Life of Saint Odo (Vita sancti Edgar the Peaceful, king (959–975), Odonis), 9, 18, 19, 22, 24–25, 27, 45, 55–56, 109–110, 115 62, 77 Ekkehard IV of St. Gall, 94–95 Jones, Christopher A., 21 Eusebius Gallicanus sermon collection, 31 Exordium parvum, 146 King, Leslie A., 174

finger calculus, Roman, 56–60 Latin, knowledge of, 91–92, 94–95, 111, 115 Fleury, abbey of, 98, 101–108, 112, 116, 117 laughter, monastic attitudes toward, 32–33, 50, ideal of service fostered by monks at, 106 121–122 Fleury sign lexicon, 105–108, 114 lay brothers, Carthusian, 159 Fredegaud of Brioude, 99 lay brothers, Cistercian (conversi), 147–148, 159 use of sign language among, 162 General Chapter of the Cistercian Order, Leclercq, Jean, 13 146–147, 162, 163 Liber tramitis, 69 Gerald of Wales (d. c. 1223), 167 Louis the Pious, emperor (814–840), 16, 38, Gerard of Brogne, 111 42–43 ghost stories, 50–51, 96, 165 see also Thegan, Deeds of Emperor Louis the Pious Gilbert, Cluniac recluse, 46, 48 Gilo, Life of Hugh the Great (Vita Hugonis), 50 Maiolus, abbot of Cluny (954–994), 19–20 Godric of Finchale (d. 1170), 167 Marcigny-sur-Loire, Cluniac convent, 118 Gorze, abbey of, 41 Marte`ne, Edmond, 4, 5, 6 Gregory the Great, pope (590–604), 18, 27–28, Martin, bishop of Tours (d. 397), 33 59, 110 Matthew of Albano, 149

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Memoriale qualiter (Carolingian liturgical Rilke, Rainer Maria, 1 customary), 41 Robert, abbot of Molesme, 144, 145 mirrors of princes, Carolingian, 42 Romana computatio, 57 Montecassino, abbey of, 41 Rule of Augustine (Regulus Augustini), 153–154, MS British Library, Cotton Tiberius A.iii, see 155–156, 157 Canterbury sign lexicon Rule of Basil (Regula Basilii), 29 murmuring, 32 Rule of Benedict (Regula Benedicti), 16, 17, 24–25, 26, 29, 35–36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, Norbert of Xanten, 157 60–61, 68, 78, 79–83, 86, 88, 98, 103, 104, novitiate, Cluniac, see Cluny, abbey of, training 110, 111, 113, 115, 119, 122, 144, 146–147, of novices at 149, 151, 154, 157 Rule of the Master (Regula magistri), 34, 38, 61 obedience, 35–36, 42 Rule of Pachomius (Regula Pachomii), 60 oblation, monastic, 37, 67 Oda, archbishop of Canterbury (941–958), St. Emmeram, abbey of, 118 98, 99 St. Gall, abbey of, 98 Odilo, abbot of Cluny (994–1049), 20, Sayings of the Desert Fathers (Apophthegmata 23, 95, 100 Patrum), 29, 30 Odo, abbot of Cluny (925–942), 18–22, 24–26, Schmitt, Jean-Claude, 5–6 62, 66, 88, 103–104, 108, 110, 112, 117 sexual purity, 3, 21–22 Life of Gerald (Vita Geraldi), 21, 23 sign language, American (ASL), 10–11, 70–71 Occupatio, 21–22 sign language, monastic, 3–4, 56, 61–62, 66–73, Odo of St. Victor (d. 1148), 155 100, 104, 112–113, 161–169 Old High German, knowledge of, see Cluny, criticism and satire of, 167–168 abbey of, German-speakers as a linguistic gesture studies and, 4 subgroup at; Paris Conversations historiography of, 4–6 Orderic Vitalis (1075–c. 1142), 92–93, 145 as a lingua franca at Cluny, 90 Oswald, bishop of Worcester and archbishop linguistic principles of, 11–12, 71–72 of York, 67–70, 109 morphology of, 63–66, 106–107, 163–164 sources for, 6–10, 56, 112–113 pagan authors, Cluniac attitudes toward, 88–89 see also canons, use of sign language among; see also Virgil, Aeneid Canterbury sign lexicon; Carthusians, use Paris Conversations, 93–94 of sign language among; Cistercians, use of Pedro Ponce de Leo´n, 20, 173, 175–176 sign language among; Cluniac sign lexicon; Peter Abelard, 51, 151 Fleury sign lexicon; Hirsau sign lexicon; lay Peter of Celle, abbot (d. 1183), 161, 169 brothers, Cistercian, use of sign language Peter Damian, 20, 47, 72, 153, 173 among; women, religious, use of sign Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny language among (1122–1156), 23, 46, 48, 51, 68, 77, 81, signal, nonverbal, 56–61 85, 89, 96, 145, 148–151, 158, 160, 161 see also finger calculus, Roman On Miracles (De miraculis), 77, 96 silence, discipline of, 3, 13–14, 24–37, 120, Statutes (Statuta), 149–151 149–151 Plan of Saint Gall, 39 biblical antecedents for, 25 Plann, Susan, 176 Carolingian practice and understanding of, Pontius of Melgueil, abbot of Cluny 43–44 (1109–1122), 148–149 Carthusian practice and understanding of, 159 Premonstratensians, 157 Cistercian practice and understanding of, psalmody, monastic, 3, 13, 15, 17, 22–24, 44, 146–148 86–87 Cluniac defense of, 3, 14 as a safeguard against idle conversation, 40 criticism of, 3, 14, 24, 45, 156–157 purgatory, see ghost stories early monastic practice and understanding of, 28–37 Ralph (Rodulphus) Glaber, 1, 16, 88 as a kind of mortification, 44 Ramsey abbey, 98 slander, 31–32 Regularis Concordia, 110–112, 113, 116 Smaragdus, abbot of St. Mihiel, 43, 44

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speech Virgil, Aeneid, 23, 88–89 harmful, 31–33, 34–35 virtue, monastic, 3, 35–36 useful, 30–31, 35 see also humility; obedience; sexual purity; see also Cluny, safeguards against harmful silence speech at; laughter, monastic attitudes Voyage of Saint Brendan (Navigatio sancti toward; murmuring; slander Brendani), 9, 53–54, 61

Thegan, Deeds of Emperor Louis the Pious (Gesta Waldebert, Rule for Virgins (Regula ad virgines), 34 Hludovici imperatoris), 42–43 William I, duke of Aquitaine and count of Thierry of Fleury, 104–105, 106 Auvergne, 15, 16, 17, 18, 24, 28 William IV, duke of Aquitaine (963–995), 99 Ulrich of Zell, 9–10, 20, 22, 23, 26–27, 49, 63, William of Hirsau, 89, 118–123, 173 66, 68, 70, 71, 78, 83, 87, 89, 104, 114, William of Malmesbury, 109 118–120, 173–174 Winchester, Council of (c. 970), 110–112 Urban II, pope (1088–1099), 160 Wollasch, Joachim, 9 women, religious, 146–147, 151, 164 Valerian, bishop of Cimiez (d. c. 460), 31, 36 use of sign language among, 162 vernacular, translation of monastic texts into, Wulfstan of Winchester, Life of Saint Æthelwold 115–116 (Vita sancti Æthelwoldi), 112–113

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