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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80255-0 - History and the Supernatural in Medieval England C. S. Watkins Index More information INDEX absolution crosses 186 n. 54 astrolabe 153, 164, 165, 165 n. 182, 166 n. 184 Adam of Eynsham 54, 79–80, 188–9 astrology 52, 129, 153–60, 156 n. 125, 168–9, on ‘properties of things’ 135–7 229, 233 Adelard of Bath 29–30, 135, 152, 154, 165, appeal at royal court 154–5, 158–9 165 n. 182 and black magic 159–60, 163–8 Adhemar of Chabannes 164 n. 176 in romance literature 155 Aelfric of Eynsham 70, 71, 72 scepticism about 156–7 letter to Wulfsige 71 as ‘science’ 155, 232 letter to Wulfstan of York 71 unacceptable in the ‘modern’ age 142 on miracles 217 Aubrey, earl of Northumberland 160 on ‘properties of things’ 133 Augustine 23, 31 n. 30, 45, 66, 217 Aelfwald, bishop of Sherborne 121 on death and the dead 86 n. 76, 178 n. 28 Ailred of Rievaulx 93, 106 on demons 55, 57, 63, 164–5, 210 Ailsi, vision of 180 on divine signs and knowledge of the future Alan of Lille 131, 192 47, 142, 153 Albertus Magnus 140 on knowledge 23–4, 27, 211, 232 alchemy 129, 134 on magic 130, 139, 164–5 Alcuin 107, 116 on nature and the miraculous 18–19, 134–5, Alexander Neckham 157 135 n. 24, 203, 207, 227 Alexander Stavensby, bishop of Coventry and on paganism 79, 91, 99 Lichfield 132, 161 on phantasms 223 Alfred, king of the West Saxons, ghost of 87 on ‘properties of things’ 133 almsgiving 75, 122, 177, 179, 187 reinterpretations of 213, 222 altar cloths, not to be used in magic 132 Aurillac, Auvergne 165 amulets 113 Ave Maria 74 Andrew of St Victor 28, 213 awenyddion 149–51 angels 56, 59, 63, 75, 116 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 47, 104 Baldwin fitzGilbert de Clare 43 animal hides, magical properties of 117 n. 43 baptism, unlucky if performed on certain days 95 animal sacrifice 81 baptismal bandages, magical uses of 95–6, 112, 132 See also bull sacrifices baptismal formula 73, 74 Anselm of Canterbury 23, 28, 95, 200 Bartholomew de Glanville, custodian of Orford on causation 232 castle 62 vision of history 14 n. 32 Bartholomew Iscanus, bishop of Exeter 78, 90, apotropaic practices 89–91, 110–19, 228, 233 98, 131, 136, 139, 221 Arabic learning 154, 159, 163–8 Bartlett, Robert 3, 32, 121 Artemis, Greek goddess of the moon and the battle rhetoric 42–4 hunt 207 Bede, 146, 217 Arthur, King 65, 214 influence on historical writing 4 as leader of wild hunt 215 on paganism 89, 90 263 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80255-0 - History and the Supernatural in Medieval England C. S. Watkins Index More information Index bells, special powers of 113 church wardens 1 Benedict of Peterborough 156 cloud ships 213 Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire 79 Cohn, Norman 161–2 Bernard of Clairvaux 29, 44, 172, 214 comets 48, 50, 51–2 Bernard Silvestris 32 communion, to be taken regularly 170, 200 biotanatus 174 confession 126–7, 136, 170, 190, 193, 195 Blair, John 2, 83, 83 nn. 63, 65, 96 See also penance blessings 110, 111 Constantine, Roman emperor 32 blood-portents 48, 49 n. 102 Coote, Lesley 143 n. 64, 147–8 Bonneval, Normandy 173 Corumphiza of Cordoba, astrologer 156 book of life 179 creed 73, 74, 112 Boso, vision of 177 Crick, Julia 146 Bossy, John 9 Croagh Patrick, County Mayo 198 Brecheliant, forest of 38 croziers, special powers of 113 Brecon 100 crusading 171 Brihtwald II, abbot of Malmesbury, cunning folk 138 ghost of 87 curses 110 Brooke, Christopher 204 Cwoenthryth, daughter of King Coenwulf of Brown, Peter 59, 82–3, 84, 196 Mercia 162 Brychan, legendary ruler of Brecknock 100 Brycheiniog 206 dancing in churchyards, condemnations of 98–103 bull sacrifices 92–4, 94 n. 106 Daniel of Morley 154 Burchard of Worms 59, 78, 221 Delumeau, Jean 80 Burnett, Charles 152 demons, 18, 55–61 Burnham Deepdale, Norfolk 104 as angels of light 162 n. 168 Bury St Edmunds 36, 94 n. 106 in church art 56 Bynum, Caroline 202 chrism as a weapon against 112 as crows 111, 183 Caciola, Nancy 152, 185 early theology 55, 56, 57 Caesarius of Arles 55 usually invisible 115–16 Caesarius of Heisterbach 56, 161, 183 and knowledge 208–9, 210 Candlemas 110 later theology 64–5 candles, apotropaic uses of 110, 123 and magic 130–1, 135, 147, 159–61 Canon episcopi 221 and the otherworld 192 Canterbury 136 in physical forms 55, 60, 111, 115, 119, 120 Carey, Hilary 157, 158 and revenants 182–5, 186–7, 189 Carthage, council of 98 scepticism about 56–7 chance 53 and wild hunt 215, 216–17 changelings 62 work illusions 221 chantries 1 See also incubi, possession Charles Martel, legends about 184 n. 44 Devil 91, 111, 115, 117–18, 184, 193 charters 2–3 in the form of a black horse 58 Chartres, school of 28 as leader of wild hunt 215 Chenu, Marie Dominique 29 Diana, Roman goddess of the moon and the Chre´tien de Troyes 155 hunt 68, 207, 220, 221 chrism, magical uses of 95–6, 112, 132 Dictynna, Greek goddess 206, 207 apotropaic uses of 112 divination 83, 90, 129, 140–4, 147, 149–53, Christian, William 105–6 159–61, 163–8, 228, 229 Christianisation 82–6, 107–8 and church teaching 141 n. 55, 141–2, 150 n. 95 in comparative perspective 84 n. 69 use of children in 160 n. 154 chronicles: See also John of Salisbury, scrying problems of interpreting 12–18 doctors. See physicians profusion in the twelfth century 4–5 Domesday Book 69 as a source for religious history 3–5 dracs 221 church art 75–6, 81, 176 n. 22 dragons 134, 204 264 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80255-0 - History and the Supernatural in Medieval England C. S. Watkins Index More information Index Drakelowe, Derbyshire 183 Foucher of Chaudry 97 dreams 150 See also visions Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 2, 95, 132, 170, droughts 121 192 n. 85, 193, 194, 199 n. 117, 230 Dryads 206, 207 Frea, Norse goddess 68 Dudo of St Quentin 35 n. 48 friars 106, 229 Duffy, Eamon 9–10 Dundrennan, Galloway, Cistercian monastery Geary, Patrick 104, 121, 197 of 93 General Resurrection 173, 184 Dunwich, blessing of ships at 111 See also Last Judgement Geoffrey of Burton 46, 86 Eade, John 108 Geoffrey Gaimar 51 Eadric the Wild, Anglo-Saxon nobleman Geoffrey of Monmouth 65, 113, 144–7, 209 206–7 Geoffrey of Winchester 166 n. 184 Eadwulf, vision of 176–7 Gerald of Wales 25, 113–14, 211–12, 225, 227, Earthly Paradise 176 228, 232 earthquakes 32, 144, 156 on ambiguous beings 61 Easting, Robert 189 education 30, 213–14 eclipses 37, 49, 144, 156 on magic 131–2 effigies (spirits) 63 on nature and the miraculous 27–32 Elidyr, story of 31 on penance 191, 198 elves 64, 65, 68 on possession 149–50 Ernald, abbot of Rievaulx 15, 214 on prophecy and divination 112–13, 148, Ernulf de Hesding, layman 138 149–53 Etna, Mount 172 on ritual 106, 109, 113 eucharistic wafers, magical uses of 95, 107, on saints and their cults 100–1 131–2, 168 on signs 50 Eudo de Stella, story of 205–6 on ‘worldly’ learning 208–11, 223 Eustace, abbot of Flay 115 writings 5, 20, 25, 27 excommunication 110, 186, 187, 190, 190 n. 74 Gerard, archbishop of York 167 exempla 6, 7–9, 131–2 Gerard la Pucelle 190 Exeter, diocese of 75 Gervase of Tilbury 27, 32, 211–15, 227 exorcism 61, 107, 114, 162, 168, 183 on ambiguous beings 61, 63, 221–3 extreme unction 95 on demons 55 Eye, Suffolk, priory of 111 on ghosts 172 n. 10, 219, 231 life and work 5, 213–15, 223–4 fairies 13, 62, 65, 227, 228 on nature and the miraculous 32–3, 45 marry mortal men 63, 206–7, 222, 225 on ‘properties of things’ 135 and mysterious banquet 64 on wonder 219–23 Famagosta, battle of 37 Gesta Stephani 47, 51, 53 fantasma 204, 207 ghosts 172 n. 10, 173–5, 182–91, Farmer, Sharon 121 184 n. 46, 194 Farne Islands 120 stories used in preaching 201, 231 fatalitatis 207 See also revenants ‘Fates’, the 65, 207 Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford and London 190 fauns 32, 65, 228 Gilbert of Limerick 72–3, 103 Fenton, Cumberland or Northumberland 89 on blessings 110 Fenton Barns, Lothian 89 and the care of the dead 195–6 Finchale, shrine of Godric at 97 on preaching 73 Finucane, Ronald 2, 138 Gillingham, John 34 Flemings of Rhos, and divinatory practices 151–3 Ginzburg, Carlo 80–1 Fleury, Benedictine monastery of 165–6 Glossa Ordinaria 131 Flint, Valerie 90 Gloucester, school at 30 Folcard 59 gospel of St John, apotropaic uses of 112–13 follets 61 Grande Chartreuse, monastery of 188 fonts, and magic 95, 132, 168 Gransden, Antonia 156 265 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80255-0 - History and the Supernatural in Medieval England C. S. Watkins Index More information Index Gratian 141 n. 58, 172, 196, 221 Hugh Candidus 216 green children, stories of 63–4, 225, 227, 228 Hugh of Flavigny 164 n. 176 green man 81 Hugh Nonant, bishop of Coventry 37 Gregory the Great 55, 184 n.
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