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Interactional Functions of Demonstratives in Korean and Japanese Conversation

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Interactional Functions of Demonstratives in Korean and Japanese Conversation INTERACTIONAL FUNCTIONS OF DEMONSTRATIVES IN KOREAN AND JAPANESE CONVERSATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN EAST ASIAN LANGUAGES (KOREAN) SPRING 2018 BY Ok-sim Kim Dissertation Committee: Homin Sohn, Chairperson Katsue Reynolds Mee-Jeong Park Mary Kim Edward Shultz Keywords: Korean, Japanese, demonstratives, grammaticalizaion, interactional functions © Copyright (2017) By Ok-sim Kim ii ABSTRACT This study explores the use of Korean and Japanese demonstratives in casual speech, focusing on their interactional functions. Based on Strauss’s (2002) concept of focus, which suggests that the primary functions of demonstratives are related to the addressee’s attention to the referent, this study explores how Korean and Japanese speakers employ demonstratives to draw the addressee’s attention more or less emphatically. The study also investigates factors that affect the choice of demonstrative and emphasizes the intertwined nature of grammar and human interaction. For comparative analysis, all demonstrative forms found in my data were divided into four reference types, exophoric, anaphoric, cataphoric, and nonphoric, and these reference types are further divided according to morphosyntactic category when necessary. The study’s findings suggest that the choice of demonstrative in Korean and Japanese is not determined solely by the degree of attention the speaker wishes to elicit, but influenced by other factors that emerge in the course of interaction. It also illustrates that each demonstrative form signals meaning differently according to its reference types. The interactional meaning of each demonstrative has various sources, including the form’s anaphoric function, the speaker’s emotional stance, the speaker’s reliance on the addressee while searching for a referent (i.e., interpersonal involvement), and socially motivated factors, as well as the morphosyntactic categories of the demonstrative forms, which vary by language. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii LIST OF TABLES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x LIST OF FIGURES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------xiii Chapter 1. Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1. Theoretical Background and the Goal of the Study---------------------------------------------1 1.2. Organization of the Study--------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Chapter 2. Deixis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.1. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.2. Types of Deixis--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.2.1. Person Deixis---------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 2.2.2. Person and Number--------------------------------------------------------------------------7 2.2.3. Gender-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 2.2.4. Place Deixis---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 2.2.4.1. Systems of Spatial Deixis-----------------------------------------------------------10 2.2.4.2. Systems with More than One Demension of Contrast---------------------------11 2.2.5. Temporal Deixis----------------------------------------------------------------------------12 2.2.6. Discourse Deixis---------------------------------------------------------------------------14 2.2.7. Social Deixis--------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 2.3. Deixis in Korean and Japanese-------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.3.1. Deictic Systme in Korean----------------------------------------------------------------17 2.3.1.1. Person Deixis--------------------------------------------------------------------------17 2.3.1.2. Gender and Number------------------------------------------------------------------19 2.3.1.3. Spatial Deixis-------------------------------------------------------------------------20 2.3.1.4. Temporal Deixis----------------------------------------------------------------------21 2.3.1.5. Discourse Deixis----------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.3.1.6. Social Deixis--------------------------------------------------------------------------22 iv 2.3.2. Deictic System in Japanese----------------------------------------------------------------23 2.3.2.1. Person Deixis--------------------------------------------------------------------------23 2.3.2.2. Gender and Number------------------------------------------------------------------25 2.3.2.3. Spatial Deixis-------------------------------------------------------------------------25 2.3.2.4. Temporal Deixis----------------------------------------------------------------------26 2.3.2.5. Discourse Deixis---------------------------------------------------------------------27 2.3.2.6. Social Deixis-------------------------------------------------------------------------27 Chapter 3. Grammaticalization and Politeness---------------------------------------------------------29 3.1. Theory of Grammaticalization------------------------------------------------------------------29 3.1.1. Unidirectionality---------------------------------------------------------------------------29 3.1.1.1. General Principles of Unidirectionality-------------------------------------------30 3.1.2. Mechanisms of Grammaticalization-----------------------------------------------------33 3.1.2.1. Reanalysis and Analogy-------------------------------------------------------------33 3.1.2.2. Pragmatic Inferencing---------------------------------------------------------------33 3.1.3. (Inter)subjectification----------------------------------------------------------------------34 3.2. Grammaticalization of Discourse Markers----------------------------------------------------36 3.3. Grammaticalization of Demonstratives---------------------------------------------------------38 3.4. Theories of Politeness-----------------------------------------------------------------------------40 3.4.1. Speech Act Theory--------------------------------------------------------------------------40 3.4.2. The Concept of Politeness-----------------------------------------------------------------42 3.4.3. Politeness in Korean and Japanese-------------------------------------------------------44 Chapter 4. Grammaticalizion of Korean and Japanese Demonstratives-----------------------------46 4.1. Korean Demonstratives i, ku, and ce-----------------------------------------------------------46 4.1.1. Semantic Features of Demonstratives i, ku, and ce------------------------------------47 4.1.1.1. Deictic Function----------------------------------------------------------------------47 4.1.1.2. Anaphoric Function------------------------------------------------------------------49 4.1.1.3. Recognitional Function--------------------------------------------------------------51 4.1.1.4. Discourse Function-------------------------------------------------------------------52 4.1.2. Grammaticalizion of Demonstrative Pronouns i, ku, and ce/tye---------------------54 4.1.2.1. Grammaticalizion of Third Person Pronouns i, ku, and ce/tye-----------------55 v 4.1.2.2. Grammaticalizion of Demonstrative Determiners i, ku, and ce/ tye-----------56 4.1.2.3. Grammaticalizion of Korean Conjunctive Adverbs-----------------------------58 4.2. Japanese Demonstratives ko-, so-, a-series-----------------------------------------------------61 4.2.1. Semantic Features of Demonstratives ko-, so-, a---------------------------------------63 4.2.1.1. Deictic Function----------------------------------------------------------------------63 4.2.1.2. Anaphoric Function------------------------------------------------------------------65 4.2.1.3. Recognitional Function--------------------------------------------------------------66 4.2.1.4. Discourse Function-------------------------------------------------------------------67 4.2.2. Diachronic study of Japanese Demonstratives-----------------------------------------69 4.2.2.1. Grammaticalizion of Second Person Pronoun anata----------------------------72 4.2.2.2. Grammaticalizion of Third Person Pronouns kare and kanojo-----------------72 4.2.2.3. Grammaticalizion of Japanese Conjunctive Adverbs----------------------------74 4.3. Anaphoric Functions of Demonstratives in Korean and Japanese--------------------------76 4.4. Grammaticalizion of Discourse Marker i, ku, and ce and ko-, so-, a-series----------------78 Chapter 5. Demonstratives in Korean and Japanese Casual Speech (Quantitative Analysis)-----81 5.1. Previous Studies on Interactional Functions of Demonstratives-----------------------------81 5.1.1. Traditional Speaker-Centered Approach------------------------------------------------81 5.1.2. Emotional Deixis and Involvement-------------------------------------------------------82 5.1.3. The Giveness Hierarchy--------------------------------------------------------------------84
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