Toxicology Section - 2015
(GHB) in Human Hair Samples Via an Automated Bead Mill as a Precursor to High Resolution-Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight (GC/TOF) and 2D Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight (GCxGC/TOF)
Brittany M. Watt, BA*, 651 Brooke Road, Apt D44, Glenside, PA 19038; David Alonso, PhD, LECO Corporation, 1850 Hilltop Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085; Joe Binkley, PhD, LECO Corporation, 1850 Hilltop Road, St Joseph, MI 49085; Jeff Patrick, PhD, LECO Corporation, 1850 Hilltop Road, St Joseph, MI 49085; Frank Kero, PhD, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Ste C, Charlotte, NC 28269; Victor Vandell, PhD, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28269; Elena Gairloch, BS, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28269; M. Brad Nolt, MS, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Ste C, Charlotte, NC 28269; Tom Enzweiler, BS, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28269; Rhys Jones, PhD, Biotage GB Limited, Dyffryn Business Park, Ystrad Mynach, Cardiff CF82 7TS, UNITED KINGDOM; Lee Williams, PhD, Biotage GB Limited, Dyffryn Business Park, Ystrad Mynach, Cardiff CF82 7TS, UNITED KINGDOM; and Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to describe the usefulness of improved automated instrumentation for the of forensic samples. This creates a challenge when testing hair samples due to interference from other endogenous compounds. One approach to cleaning up the samples is the use of mass spectrometric deconvolution software and multidimensional GC. In addition, it is critical to extract as much of a drug from the hair matrix as possible so this study has investigated the use of a Biotage® Bead Ruptor This presentation will impact the forensic science community by increasing awareness of alternative instrumental techniques that Techniques to interrogate hair samples have proven valuable in detecting human host exposure to drugs of abuse over a long using the laboratory’s standard preparation procedure (cutting the hair into 1mm-2mm segments using scissors) versus automation in the bead mill at the Center for Forensic Science Research and Education in Willow Grove, PA, using a Biotage® Bead Ruptor 24. The interferences.
GHB, Bead Ruptor, GCxGC/TOF
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K2 A Novel Extraction Methodology for the Analysis of Lorazepam and Oxazepam Glucuronide Hydrolysis in Meconium
Kaylee R. McDonald, BS*, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208; William E. Brewer, PhD, University of South Carolina, Dept of Chem & Biochem, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208; and Stephen L. Morgan, PhD, University of South Carolina, Dept of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208
in situ This presentation will impact the forensic science community by illustrating how the proposed analytical methodology provides practical advantages over existing methods in terms of rapid sample clean-up and the removal of biological matrix effects that could for cases of suspected drug abuse. 1 2 the use of meconium as a biological matrix to monitor drug use by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is problematic because of the potential for large matrix effects.1,3 Reducing matrix effects requires extracting target analytes from the endogenous biological matrix effects and sample preparation time by a hydrolysis step in situ was vortexed and centrifuged. The supernatant was removed and placed into a clean sample vial (~950ul solution). The solution was transfer of the analytes into the cleaner acetonitrile supernatant. The top acetonitrile layer (~500-600ul) was then transferred to a vial suitable for solvent evaporation. This step separates the acetonitrile and water layers and facilitates removal of the analytes in the acetonitrile supernatant. After evaporation in a fresh vial, the residue was reconstituted in 100mL of 10:90 methanol:water. All analyses were performed using a triple quadrupole system with an Agilent® 2.7µm). Sample injections of 20µL were made using an injection valve incorporated on an autosampler. The mobile phase used 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). The initial gradient was 70% A for 0.25min, which ramped to 5% A glucuronides. Post-hydrolysis, a decrease of the glucuronides and concurrent increase in the parent compounds demonstrated that the method was viable. To test the validity of this method further, a blind study was performed with a collaborative laboratory including 35 92%. In conclusion, the combination of fast hydrolysis, coupled with a simple clean-up scheme, offers an effective analytical approach
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References:
1. Toxicology, 2008, 32, 492-498.
2.
3. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 2006, 91, F291-F292.
Meconium, Benzodiazepines, Chromatography
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K3 Analysis of Promethazine, Chlorpromazine, and Selected Metabolites in Decomposed Skeletal Tissues by Microwave-Assisted Extraction/Microplate Solid Phase Extraction/Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (MAE/ MPSPE/UHPLC)
Courtney A. Campbell, BS*, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, CANADA; James Watterson, PhD, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, CANADA; and Caroline C. Betit, MSc, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, CANADA
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how to develop a microwave-assisted extraction methodology using bone tissue. An example of this methodology’s practical application using vertebral bone will be presented.
2 ™ 6 microwave oven for a total of 60min, with extraction solvent recovered and replaced with fresh solvent at 15min and 30min. All solvent extracts were recovered, evaporated to then underwent protein precipitation by adding 1mL of PBS along with 3mL of acetonitrile-methanol (1:1) followed by storage at -20oC plates. Wells were conditioned by sequential addition of 3mL methanol, water, and PBS. Samples were loaded by gravity. Wells were
4 were evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in 500µL of mobile phase A (0.1 % formic acid in 90:10 water:acetonitrile). Samples were used was a Raptor™ biphenyl column (150mm x 2.1mm, 1.7µm) with a column temperature set to 50oC. The mobile phase gradient began with 95:5 A:B (B: 0.1%formic acid in 90:10 acetonitrile:water) held for 1min, then increased to 70:30 A:B over 4min, held for sulphoxide metabolites and 250nm for the remaining analytes. was linear from 10ng/mL to 5,000ng/mL (R2 for each analyte. The majority of analytes were recovered after 30min extraction interval. Analytes were stable under the microwave extraction for at least 60min.
Promethazine, Chlorpromazine, Bone
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K4 Detection of Trace Buprenorphine and Norbuprenorphine in Human Hair Using Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
Irene Shu*, 1700 S Mt Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018; Valencia Sagnia, BS, 1700 S Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018; and Joseph Jones, MS, 1700 S Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to develop, validate, and implement an ELISA method in their forensic toxicology laboratories for detecting buprenorphine and its metabolite, norbuprenorphine, in human hair. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by introducing a sensitive, robust, and short turn-around-time method to detect both the parent drug and the metabolite to support surveillance of compliance with opioid dependence treatments. months. implemented to quantitate both BUP and norBUP in human hair with a Lower Limit Of Quantitation (LLOQ) of 8pg/mg for each analyte. Only ~30% of the hair samples in the laboratory reported out with quantitated results had BUP/norBUP ratio greater than 1.0 (BUP 8 — 1,517pg/mg, norBUP none-detectable — 1,295pg/mg), and the rest had norBUP as the predominant analyte, including those in which only norBUP was quantitated (BUP none-detectable — 775pg/mg, norBUP 19 — 2,192pg/mg). metabolite at the desired analytical sensitivity. and then sonicated with heat in 1.5mL methanol for two hours. The methanol mixture was centrifuged and 1.0mL of the resulting principle is heterogeneous-competitive ELISA, where the intensity of the developed color is inversely proportional to the sample drug desired cut-off level was 20pg/mg of BUP in hair. the-counter or prescription drugs at 25ng/mg.
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Buprenorphine, Hair Testing, ELISA
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1063 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K5 The “I’s” Have It: A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, and 2C-I in Urine
Sara Dempsey, BS*, Virginia Commonwealth University, Dept of Forensic Science, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA 23284; Justin L. Poklis, BS, Virginia Commonwealth University, Dept of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 410 N 12th Street, Rm 746, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23219-0613; Carl E. Wolf II, PhD, PO Box 980165, Richmond, VA 23298-0165; and Alphonse Poklis, PhD, Virginia Commonwealth University, Dept of Pathology-Toxicology Laboratory, Box 98-165 MCVH/VCU Station, Richmond, VA 23298-0165
designer hallucinogens. designer hallucinogens in human urine which may be used in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories. Introduction: derivatives of Alexander Shulgin’s 2,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamines, became readily available on the internet. These derivatives Objective: of a dose response, disposition, metabolism, and behavioral studies concerning these designer hallucinogens. Methods: 1 Chromatographic separation was performed on a Selectra® B, with a linear gradient to 95% B, and then returning at 4.5min to 60% B. An injection volume of 5µL was used with a mobile phase 428>92, 428>275. The method was evaluated for absolute recovery, ion suppression, accuracy/bias, inter-day and intra-day precision, Results: 2 and intra-day precision samples did not exceed 15%, except for the Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) samples which did not exceed 20%. Conclusion:
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1064 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Reference:
1. Biomed Chromatogr. 2013, 12:1794-800.
Designer Drugs, UPLC/MS/MS, 25I-NBOMe
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Rebecca J. Ponsini, MS*, 12443 Gardner Lane, Greensboro, MD 21639; and Sarah Kerrigan, PhD, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, SHSU Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77341
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to describe characteristic fragmentation pathways for existing synthetic cathinones and predict new fragments for novel analogs as they arise. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by highlighting the importance of mass spectral properties, the The popularity of synthetic cathinones and the diverse number of drugs within this relatively new class has increased considerably based screening is of great importance for the synthetic cathinones. Chromatographic separation of analytes can be readily achieved synthetic cathinones can present a challenge due to the limited number of diagnostic ions. The characteristic fragmentation pathways synthetic cathinones are described and discussed for nineteen secondary and tertiary cathinones are dominated by two characteristic cleavages to form iminium and acylium ions that are associated with the side chain and acylation, silylation, and two-step reductive silylation and reductive acylation methods will also be presented and discussed in terms of their mass spectral properties. Although fragmentation is largely predictable, it presents some practical limitations in terms of the
Cathinones, Mass Spectra, Electron Impact
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K7 Investigation of Unknown Designer Drugs and Metabolites in Urine Collected From Electronic Dance Music (EDM) Attendees
Jillian K. Yeakel, MS*, 3864 Courtney Street, Ste 150, Bethlehem, PA 18017; Amanda L.A. Mohr, MSFS, Center for Forensic Science, (AFMES), 115 Purple Heart Drive, Dover AFB, DE 19902; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
authentic urine samples that have not been thoroughly explored in the literature. related compounds. several of which were minor metabolites of common compounds including cocaine, quetiapine, and dextromethorphan or were prediction software, comparison of results from various analytical methods, and investigation of fragments using elemental composition
Metabolite Elucidation, Designer Drugs, LC-TOF
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K8 Development of a Quantitation Method for Synthetic Cannabinoid Metabolites in Urine Using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS)
Craig Leopold, BS*, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038; Sherri L. Kacinko, PhD, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to perform a Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) method followed by an LC/ This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating a validated method for the extraction and quantitation laboratories for the assessment of prior consumption of the latest generation of synthetic cannabinoids. Over the past few years, synthetic cannabinoids have become increasingly popular and prevalent in an effort by drug users to bypass produce compounds that are structurally different from currently scheduled drugs, but still give similar effects to achieve that high. the United States. The structures of emerging synthetic cannabinoid compounds are believed to have similar properties to previously screening procedures. on recent publications and also since there would be no detection issues as there could be with the various hydroxylated metabolites. run with initial conditions of 70:30 ratio of 0.1% formic acid in water (mobile phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (mobile phase B). Over eight minutes, the ratio switched to 10:90 of A:B and was then held for one minute, before re-equilibrating to the starting 2>0.98). The limits of detection were at or less than 2ng/mL and limits of quantitation were at or less than 5ng/mL. The method was validated using by testing possible compounds that could produce a possible interference and then comparing the true negatives to the sum of samples test for the consumption of currently scheduled compounds and recently emerging synthetic cannabinoids.
Synthetic Cannabinoids, Urine, LC/MS/MS
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and/or Oral Fluid From Attendees at an Electronic Dance Music (EDM) Festival
Amanda L.A. Mohr, MSFS*, Center for Forensic Science, Research & Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Jillian K. Yeakel, MS, 3864 Courtney Street, Ste 150, Bethlehem, PA 18017; Melissa Frisica, MSFS, Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to assess and review the trends of recreational drug use generated by survey data and analytical testing of biological samples and compare user accounts of what they are ingesting with toxicological results within This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing data on the extent and nature of emerging analytes. Additionally, attendees will be able to discuss trends in Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) use within this population, which have not previously been studied in the United States. ® System and the other was collected with an Immunalysis Quantisal™ analysis. A total of 145 volunteers participated in the sample collection. The average age of the study participants was 23 years old. Not ® ™ were provided by the participants. Blood samples were screened using Liquid ® were completely negative for the presence of any drugs and/or alcohol. Twenty-one percent of the urine samples were positive for a single drug, while 35% were positive for polydrug use. Approximately 40 urine samples screened positive for an NPS drug, with more positive using the Alere®
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1069 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
laboratories to target testing strategies for impairment or death investigations associated with these events.
NPS, Electronic Dance Music, Drug Testing
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1070 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K10 Evaluation of Cases Admitted to Cukurova University Forensic Toxicology Laboratory From June 2009 to June 2014: A Retrospective Study
Pinar Efeoglu, MS*, Cukurova University School of Medicine, Dept of Forensic Medicine, Balcali, Adana 01330, TURKEY; Nebile Gokce Daglioglu, PhD, Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Forensic Medicine, Adana 01130, TURKEY; Mete K. Gulmen, PhD, MD, Cukurova University, School of Medicine, Dept of Forensic Medicine, Adana, 01330, TURKEY; Ismail E. Goren, BS, Cukurova University, Dept of Forensic Medicine, Balcali, Adana 01330, TURKEY; and Ahmet Hilal, MD, Çukurova Üniversity, School of Medicine, Forensic Medicine Dept, Adana, 01330, TURKEY
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the gender, variety, and number of cases received per year to the abuse, pesticides, volatile substances, and alcohol and carbon monoxide poisoning are performed in biological samples such as blood, urine, hair, and nails by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, headspace gas chromatography, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Not only forensic samples but also routine hospital toxicology analyses are performed in this laboratory. In this study, archives of cases received in this forensic laboratory during the period of June 2009-June 2014 were investigated. evaluated by the Statistical P Social Sciences (SPSS) v20.0 software program. cases were evaluated and it was found that 52.3 % of the cases admitted to the toxicology laboratory were clinical, 43.2 % were Furthermore, it was found that 50.2 % of 452 clinical cases were from an emergency department, 22.3 % were from pediatric patients, 12.4 % were from psychiatry patients, 9.7 % from neurology, and the remainder were from other units of the hospital. the most widely determined substance in drug abuse cases and amphetamine and derivatives were commonly used in combination with Carbon monoxide intoxication was more frequent in wintertime than in summertime due to household heating. The number of Laboratory.
Forensic Toxicology Lab, Demography, Cukurova University
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K11 Analysis of the Anticoagulant Brodifacoum in Serum After an Incident of Pesticide Poisoning
Stephen J. Melito, DO*, 92 Morgan Place, East Brunswick, NJ 08816; Donna M. Papsun, MS, 607 S Olds Boulevard, Fairless, PA 19030; and Daniel S. Isenschmid, PhD, NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the presentation of pesticide poisoning by brodifacoum from a clinical setting as well as with the analysis of brodifacoum in biological specimens. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by illustrating how the combination of clinical diagnostics and posed to humans. Brodifacoum, a second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide, along with bromadiolone, difenacoum, and difethialone, 1 Labeled as superwarfarins, these compounds are is the most commonly used in commercial rodenticides at a concentration of 0.005% and there have been reports of accidental and intentional poisonings by brodifacoum. A 47-year-old woman with no history of bleeding disorder developed nausea and vomiting without diarrhea after eating at a Thrombin Time (PTT) of 147.8s. PT and PTT corrected with mixing study. The patient was also found to have bleeding into the Initially her INR corrected with FFP and daily vitamin K but became elevated again two days later despite daily vitamin K. Again her this panel include warfarin, dicumarol, diphacinone, chlorophacinone, difenacoum, and bromadiolone. The extraction of brodifacoum from serum was achieved using protein precipitation by acetonitrile after the addition of chloro-warfarin as the internal standard. Then that exceeded the method cut-off of 10ng/mL were reported as positive. The response of the sample was approximately 30x that of the cut-off calibrator. The patient denied any exposure to rat poison and did not feel anyone was trying to poison her. She denied any current suicide Reference:
1. restrictions-rodenticide-products
Brodifacoum, Pesticides, Poisoning
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1072 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K12 Effect of Sunlight on Methamphetamine in Urine
Dickens Wong Vui Foo*, Jabatan Kimia Malaysia, Rose Garden, Jalan Penampang, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the effect of sunlight exposure time to the methamphetamine concentration in urine. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing results in an area with very little previous research. This presentation will discuss one of the factors that can affect the concentration of methamphetamine in urine. exposed to sunlight during the transportation to the toxicology laboratory. The possibility of decomposition or degradation of a drug in the urine specimen by sunlight has become an issue. In this study, the stability of methamphetamine in urine was evaluated after various exposure periods of sunlight. Nine urine specimen to a 2mL microtube. Twenty microtubes were prepared for each specimen. All prepared microtubes were capped properly and from each specimen was collected when the preset interval period of the sunlight exposure had been attained. The concentration of the Results showed that the concentration of methamphetamine in all urine specimens decreased as the sunlight exposure time increased. increased further. Although the temperature of the urine increased during the sunlight exposure process, previous research suggested 1,2 In conclusion, sunlight could reduce the concentration and eliminate the methamphetamine in urine and exposing the urine specimen to sunlight, especially for a long period, should be avoided. References:
1. urine. Journal of Chromatography B
2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Forensic Science Symposium,
Methamphetamine, Sunlight, Urine
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1073 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K13 Analysis of Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine, Naloxone, and Their Glucuronides From the Urine Obtained in Drug and Driving Cases
Jeffery Hackett, PhD*, UCT, 2731 Bartram Road, Bristol, PA 19007; and Albert A. Elian, MS*, Massachussetts State Police Crime Lab, 59 Horsepond Road, Sudbury, MA 01776
norbuprenorphine, naloxone, and related glucuronides from urine employing available Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges and and driving cases. Buprenorphine does not cross-react with typical opiate immunoassays and cannot be detected in basic drug screens This presentation will impact the forensic science community by offering analysts operating in forensic facilities information regarding the extraction and analysis of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, naloxone, and the related glucuronides in urine samples Method: 1mL samples of urine (calibrators, controls, and test samples each containing deuterated internal standards) were diluted methylene chloride-isopropanol-ammonium hydroxide (78-20-2) and 3mL of a solution of methanol containing 4% ammonium hydroxide. The eluates were collected separately and combined to form one solution. The eluate solutions were evaporated to dryness 396.2, 414.3), buprenorphine-d4 (472.5 to 400.1, 415.3), Norbuprenorphine (414.3 to 340.1, 326.0), norbuprenorphine-d3 (417.3 to 343.4, 326.0), naloxone (328.2 to 253.0, 212.1), respectively. The glucuronides were monitored as follows: buprenorphine glucuronide (644.3 to 468.1, 396.3), norbuprenorphine glucuronide (590.3 to 414.3, 396.2), naloxone glucuronide (335.2 to 299.1, 273.1), naloxone-d5 (332.1 to 258.1, 273.1), respectively. In this norbuprenorphine, naloxone, and related glucuronides from 20 (completed) drug and driving cases Results: of the analytes (i.e., buprenorphine/norbuprenorphine/naloxone, and glucuronides). The method was found to be linear from 10ng/ mL to 1,000ng/mL (r2>0.999). The analyte recoveries were found to be greater than 95% for all of the noted compounds. Interday regarding the concentrations of buprenorphine/norbuprenorphine/naloxone found in 20 genuine urine cases are presented. Conclusion: in offering the appropriate interpretation to the submitting agencies.
Buprenorphine Glucuronide, Naloxone, SPE
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K14 Validation of the Neogen® Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) Fentanyl Ready-to-Use (RTU) Kit for Whole Blood and Urine Specimens
Tiscione, MS, 3228 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, FL 33406
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the performance of the Neogen® This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the validation of an ELISA method following Objective: ® Automated ELISA System using the Neogen® Fentanyl (RTU) Kit. Method: Neogen® Whole blood samples were diluted 1:5 with buffer before being loaded onto the instrument. Urine samples were diluted 1:2 with buffer by the instrument. Performance of the assay was evaluated at two decision points for each matrix (low control and cutoff control). Urine robustness, and a case sample comparison. Results: 500ng/mL for both blood and urine. Carryover was not detected in the assay. The sensitivity for this method was evaluated by replicate mL, 0.5ng/mL, 0.75ng/mL, 1ng/mL, and 1.5ng/mL for blood and 0.5ng/mL, 1ng/mL, 1.5ng/mL, 2.5ng/mL, 5ng/mL, and 7.5ng/mL for mL, and 25ng/mL of acetyl fentanyl. Observed cross reactivity was similar to that stated by the manufacturer. For acetyl fentanyl, cross reactivity was between 29% and 35% for whole blood and between 50% and 59% for urine. For norfentanyl, cross reactivity was between 0.04 and 0.17% for whole blood and between 0.05 and 0.20% for urine. There were no false positives for fentanyl resulting from
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1075 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Whole Blood (n = 15) SD 0.25 1.848 0.029 1.6 1.906 1.790 Low Control 0.5 1.663 0.036 2.2 1.735 1.591 0.75 1.528 0.026 1.7 1.580 1.476 Cutoff Control 1 1.379 0.029 2.1 1.437 1.321 1.5 1.196 0.029 2.4 1.254 1.138
SD 0.5 1.451 0.042 2.9 1.535 1.366 Low Control 1 1.148 0.027 2.3 1.201 1.094 1.5 0.984 0.020 2.0 1.024 0.943 2.5 0.719 0.024 3.4 0.768 0.671 Cutoff Control 5 0.488 0.027 5.6 0.542 0.433 7.5 0.371 0.008 2.1 0.386 0.355 Conclusion: The Neogen® blood and urine.
Fentanyl, Validation, ELISA
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1076 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K15 Rapid Drug Screening Using a Combination of Flow Injection Tandem Mass Spectrometry (FI/MS/MS) and the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) Method
Kiyotaka Usui*, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, JAPAN; Koichi Saito, Sendai, Miyagi, JAPAN; Tetsuo Kokaji, Sendai, Miyagi, JAPAN; Tomomi Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, JAPAN; and Masato Funayama, Sendai, Miyagi, JAPAN
extraction method for rapid drug screening. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating a rapid detection method that reduces the time There is a compelling need for the rapid diagnosis of drug poisoning in both forensic and clinical toxicology. Currently, several drug-screening methods are available. For example, immunoassay techniques such as the Triage® to assay urine samples and can identify the class of drugs present, but not the drug of interest itself. Furthermore, these methods cannot measure all types of drugs and poisons and they have low sensitivity. Analytical methods such as Liquid Chromatography with Tandem and selectivity and can detect a wide range of drugs and poisons, they usually require time-consuming sample pretreatment and column methods require considerable time from the start-up of the instruments to the reporting of the results. Additionally, the use of these 10 minutes. 1 0.5mL of whole blood was diluted three-fold with distilled water. The diluted sample was placed in a plastic tube with 0.5g of the pre- The supernatant was transferred to a 2.0mL centrifuge tube containing the solid-phase extraction sorbent for sample cleanup. The tube ™ software, and the results were compared of drugs in whole blood in a relatively short time. Reference:
1.
Flow Injection MS/MS, QuEChERS Extraction, Rapid Drug Screening
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K16 Detection of Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline in Decomposed Skeletal Tissues by Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Heather M. Cornthwaite, MSc*, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, CANADA; Caroline C. Betit, MSc, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, CANADA; and James Watterson, PhD, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, CANADA
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand how to develop a microwave-assisted extraction methodology using bone tissue and be provided with an example of its practical application using vertebral bone. 2 asphyxiation approximately 20min post- solvent was replaced with fresh methanol after 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes of irradiation. The methanolic extracts were evaporated and Acetonitrile:methanol (1:1, 3mL) was added to each extract, followed by storage at -20oC overnight to precipitate proteins and lipids. acid. ® ™ 1 48 well plates. Wells were conditioned with methanol (3mL), distilled water (3mL) and PBS (3mL). Following loading of samples, columns were washed with PBS (3mL)
4 was assessed and both analytes were stable for at least 60mins irradiation time. Recovery was at least 95% of maximal value within
Forensic Toxicology, Bone, Microwave-Assisted Extraction
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K17 A Validated Method for the Determination of Salvinorin A and Salvinorin B in Forensic Toxicology Samples
Sarah Kerrigan, PhD, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, SHSU Box 2525, Huntsville, TX 77341; and Tracy Gastineau, MS*, 24819 Bridgewater Drive, Magnolia, TX 77355
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to describe a simple and effective way to identify salvinorins in urine using of Salvinorin A and B in urine. Salvia divinorum has been used in religious and medicinal rituals for centuries. Salvia divinorum is also used as a recreational drug due to its profound hallucinogenic properties. As many as 35 countries have enacted legislation to control S. divinorum and/or salvinorin A, its principal metabolite (Salvinorin B) are of forensic interest, but are rarely reported during routine toxicological testing. Salvinorin A is the only federally controlled at present, its rapid onset of action and powerful hallucinogenic effect contribute to its abuse potential. Salvinorin A. linearity, limit of detection, quantitation, precision, bias, carryover, interference, and dilution integrity were evaluated. Both Salvinorin A and Salvinorin B were linear from 0ng/mL-1,000ng/mL. The limits of detection and quantitation for Salvinorin A were 5ng/mL and 10ng/mL, respectively. The limit of detection for Salvinorin B was 20ng/mL. Precision and bias were evaluated at three concentrations biological matrices that were diluted 1:10 prior to SPE. These results also demonstrated acceptable precision and bias. This validated
Salvinorin A, GC/MS, Urine
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Spectrometry (GC/MS) Using a One-Step Simultaneous Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)/Cyclohexanone Derivatization
Jennifer Leach*, 840 S 12th Street, Apt 7, Allentown, PA 18103; Thomas A. Brettell, PhD, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, PA 18104; and Brandi Skymba, 162 E Phillips Street, Coaldale, PA 18218
After attending this presentation, attendees will have a better understanding of how cyclohexanone can be used as a simultaneous Over the last decade, abuses of prescription and illegal drugs have caused serious problems in the United States. Recently a 1 A method was developed using cyclohexanone to form the Schiff-base derivative, creating a more complicated mass spectrum and better separation often present in illicit drug submissions to crime laboratories. Primary and secondary amines will react with cyclohexanone via a Schiff- base reaction to form two distinct, different types of derivatives. Cyclohexanone forms an imine derivative with primary amines and identify multiple cathinones in one sample. In this presentation, a method will be described which expands the role of the cyclohexanone to an extraction solvent as well as a ® carrier gas with a linear gas velocity of 36cm/sec. Cyclohexanone was used as the solvent and a sample volume of 1µL was injected in methcathinone eluting with a retention time of 14.3 minutes using these conditions. Reference:
1.
Forensic Toxicology, Methcathinone, Dispersive LLE
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K19 Quantitative Analysis of Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) and Ritalinic Acid in Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography/Triple Quadrupole/Mass Spectrometry (LC/ QqQ/MS)
Carmen T. Mulet, BS*, IFRI/FATF, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199; Lorena A. Leon, 12940 SW 64 Lane, Apt 304, Miami, FL 33183; Luis E. Arroyo, PhD, Florida International University, Modesto Maidique Campus, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE-107, Miami, FL 33199; and Anthony P. DeCaprio, PhD, Florida International University, International Forensic Research Institute, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199
the advantages of a non-conventional biological matrix when applied to the forensic and clinical monitoring of these drugs. children, adolescents, and adults, a condition affecting 3%-5 % of the United States population. The 2011 National Survey of Children’s become one of the most frequently abused prescription drugs due to its psychostimulant effects. In addition, the drug has become popular 2³0.99) were obtained
Methylphenidate, LC/QqQ/MS, Oral Fluid
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K20 Assessment of Three Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (TOF/MS) Drug Screening Technologies Using Different Fragmentation Modes
Helen Piper, BS*, 3550 Bartram Road, #31, Willow Grove, PA 19190; Alexander L. Maggitti III, BS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Jared Castellani, BS, 150 Ridge Pike, #108-A, Lafayette Hill, PA 19444; Francis X. Diamond, BS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Matthew M. McMullin, MS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/ CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to describe and distinguish between three different fragmentation techniques of toxicological analyses. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by describing novel approaches to improving the sensitivity and for retrospective data analysis. Analysis by LC/TOF can be performed in multiple modes, all of which use a calculated exact mass based on the chemical formula of the parent compound and an expected retention time to identify analytes. Fragmentation allows ® technology novel psychoactive substances as well as therapeutic drugs and traditional drugs of abuse. The modes were conventional Quadrupole All-Ions modes provide fragmentation data through the use of alternating fragmentor voltages in the source or collision energies in The All-Ions modes proved more advantageous for screening than the QTOF mode, especially for analytes present at lower TOF instrument. Overall, both All-Ions modes performed better than the QTOF mode for broad-spectrum toxicological drug screening.
Toxicological Screening, TOF, QTOF
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1082 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K21 Analysis of Phosphide Zinc and Aluminium Phosphide
Geetanjli Sachdeva, MSc*, Forensic Science Lab, Haryana, 1329/13, Urban Estate, Kurukshetra 136118, INDIA
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand phosphide and how to diagnose it, especially Aluminium Phosphide (ALP). ALP is a potent poison and negligence in handling and transport can cause serious effects. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by discussing the adverse effects of ALP, including how the number of ALP-related cases are increasing daily, especially in the northern region of India. This abstract is based on analysis of ALP. Attendees will understand what the term toxicology means and the role of the forensic ALP is an inorganic phosphide used to control insects and rodents in a variety of settings. It is mainly used as an indoor fumigant at crop transport, storage, or processing facilities for both food and non-food crops. It may also be used as an outdoor fumigant for burrowing rodent and mole control or in baits for rodent control in crops. ALP is available in pellet and tablet form, in porous blister accidentally ingested. It can easily be bought and has no effective antidote. Its toxicity results from the release of phosphine gas as the of poisoning are vague, even in fatal poisoning. This poison is mainly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and some part may examination such as Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and biochemical examination of the gastric aspirate and viscera are carried out to diagnose phosphide poisoning. Treatment includes early gastric lavage with potassium permanganate or a combination of coconut will review the epidemiological, toxicological, and clinical/pathological aspects of ALP poisoning and its management.
Potent Poison, Diagnosis, Antidote
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K22 A Total Sample Preparation Screening Solution for Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Drugs Using ISOLUTE® Multimode Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Prior to High- Performance Liquid Chromatography With Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/ MS/MS) Analysis
Victor Vandell, PhD*, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28269; and Frank Kero, PhD, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Ste C, Charlotte, NC 28269
The goal of this presentation is to explain the evaluation of a multimode SPE sorbent for screening of acidic, basic, and neutral drugs This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the utility of a multimode sorbent for effectively Introduction: Sample preparation methodology that extracts and concentrates an analyte prior to analytical analysis is typically necessary to facilitate accurate quantitative and qualitative results. Typically, the sample preparation method is limited to drugs with method that can be used to extract a broad range of drugs independent of their functionality is described. The multimode silica based extraction and concentration. Method: cathinones. The samples were loaded onto ISOLUTE® drugs were extracted in a two-step process to elute the acidic and neutrals and then the basic analytes. The samples were dried down, ® 4000 QTRAP® with an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatographic system. Results: A preliminary suite of drugs was tested on silica-based mixed-mode SPE sorbents. The drugs tested were opiates and Conclusion: A full screening method for the extraction of a broad panel of drugs with good recoveries is presented.
Sample Preparation, Drugs of Abuse, LC/MS
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K23 Adulterants and Diluents in Urine Samples After Consumption of Cocaine: What Compounds Are Typically Found by Liquid Chromatography (LC) Combined With High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HRMS/MS)?
Werner Bernhard, DSc*, IRM University of Bern, Buehlstrasse 20, Bern, CH-3012, SWITZERLAND; Stefan Koenig, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Buehlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, SWITZERLAND; Franziska Penitschka, BSc, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Buehlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, SWITZERLAND; Lars Ambach, MSc, Institute of Forensic Medicine Bern, Buehlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, SWITZERLAND; Susanne Nussbaumer, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Buehlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, SWITZERLAND; and Wolfgang Weinmann, PhD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Bühlstrasse 20, Bern 3012, SWITZERLAND
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand that in forensic urine samples which test positive for cocaine, in addition to metabolites of cocaine, pharmacologically active compounds are usually found. These compounds were added as adulterants to retrospective searches for adulterants and their metabolites. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting a rapid and reliable analytical method to detect collected, it can be helpful in expanding police intelligence. Goals: Cocaine consumption is observed as a wide-spread phenomenon and in most cases the cocaine abusers also consume a considerable amount of adulterants, diluents, or even toxic contaminants without being aware of possible side effects, long-term adverse health effects, or acute toxicity. Methods: 13 3, Tramadol- 3 3). The diluted samples were injected onto a core shell Results: approximately 1,000 spectra which are relevant for drug screening and also includes most of the currently observed adulterants, diluents, and contaminants. All spectra were acquired by the data independent scan mode (sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical energy spread). In most of the acquired samples, if tested positive for cocaine or its metabolites, adulterants and diluents can be observed. Among Acquisition of mass spectra in sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra mode also allows retrospective searches Conclusions: A fast and reliable analysis of urine samples for adulterants commonly found in cocaine was developed. Results illicit cocaine hydrochloride samples indicate that the vast majority of the cocaine contains pharmaceutically active adulterants. These
High Resolution Tandem MS, Cocaine, Adulterants
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1085 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K24 Impact of Novel Accurate Mass MS/MSALL Acquisition and Processing Techniques on Forensic Toxicological Screening
Adrian M. Taylor, MSc, PhD*, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K 4V8, CANADA
After attending this presentation, attendees will be better informed about a novel data-independent mass spectrometric technique This presentation will describe how powerful a technique rapid forensic toxicology screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry is, ™ Introduction: Objectives: ™ collected on a Triple TOF® ™ ™ acquisition, the precursor ® ™ software. Results: ™ isolation windows. The ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ identify these compounds with good purity scores. Conclusion: ™ ™ results.
Unknown Screening, Data Independent Acquisition, Comprehensive Analyte Coverage
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K25 Analysis of Acetyl Fentanyl in Postmortem Blood and Urine Specimens by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Marissa J. Finkelstein, BA*, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608; Chris W. Chronister, of State ME, 50 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904; Laurie M. Ogilvie, MS, RI Dept of Health/Labs, 50 Orms Street, Providence, RI 02904; and Bruce A. Goldberger, PhD, University of Florida College of Medicine, Dept of Pathology, 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
analysis of acetyl fentanyl in postmortem blood and urine specimens. 1 Acetyl fentanyl is an analog of fentanyl, and its pharmacological effects include altered mood, euphoria, respiratory depression, and central nervous system depression. fentanyl, based on animal studies.2 13 C6-acetylfentanyl. The samples were
2. The analytes were eluted with a 78:20:2 (v:v:v) methylene chloride:isopropanol:ammonium hydroxide elution solvent. The eluents were
2 13 m/z 231,188, 146 and C6-acetyl fentanyl, m/z 237, 194, 152. The assay was linear from 1.0ng/mL to 50ng/mL. The lower limit of mL in blood and urine, respectively. analyses are shown in Table 1. According to the results indicated, acetyl fentanyl demonstrates postmortem redistribution with heart-to- femoral blood concentration ratios ranging from 0.97-2.84, with a mean of 1.59 in a group of eight fatalities. Table 1. Acetyl fentanyl concentrations from casework. Urine 338.6 386.7 136.6 3705.3 1.59 Range 89-945 17-915 57-178 41-9825 0.97-2.84
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blood and urine.
Acetyl Fentanyl, Method Validation, GC/MS
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K26 Postmortem Distribution of Acetyl Fentanyl
Xiang Zhang, MD*, OCME, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223; Rebecca Jufer Phipps, PhD, State of MD, OCME, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223; Barry S. Levine, PhD, OCME, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223; Patricia Aronica, MD, OCME, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223; James Locke, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223; Melissa A. Brassell, MD, OCME, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223; Wendy S. Warren, DO, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Drive, Dover AFB, DE 19902; Mary G. Ripple, MD, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223; and David R. Fowler, MD, OCME, 900 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21223
After attending this presentation, attendees will have a better understanding of the analysis of biological specimens for acetyl fentanyl and the postmortem distribution of acetyl fentanyl. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing medical examiners and toxicologists with an analytical method and postmortem concentrations for acetyl fentanyl, a relatively new drug of abuse in the United States. Acetyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide) is a potent synthetic opioid with structural similarity to fentanyl. Animal studies have estimated acetyl fentanyl to be about one-third as potent as fentanyl.1 Acetyl fentanyl has recently gained 2 cause and manner of death was acetyl fentanyl intoxication/undetermined for each of the three following cases. Case 1: night before, visited a few bars, then returned home where he watched television with a friend for several hours before going to bed. The friend found him later the next day and he was pronounced deceased at the scene. The decedent’s bedroom contained pills, powders, and drug paraphernalia. It was reported that the decedent had a history of drug abuse and had been in rehab approximately one year prior. Case 2: to the hospital where resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful. The decedent did have prior arrests for possession of a controlled substance. Case 3: snorting. Soon after, the decedent became unresponsive. Treatment with Narcan™ and resuscitative efforts were unsuccessful. for the detection of acetyl fentanyl, which was detected at concentrations less than 5ng/mL. Subsequently, a quantitation method was The ions monitored included 231, 146, 188 (acetyl fentanyl) and 250, and 194 (d5-fentanyl). The method was linear from 25ng/mL to 800ng/mL. Case specimens with concentrations above 800ng/mL were diluted with distilled water to ensure the results were within the Case Urine Urine: alpha- 1 700 460 1800 1200 1600 500 pyrrolidinovalerophenone positive 2 180 180 180 250 380 160 3 500 430 430 220 1500 350 None
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1089 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Acetyl fentanyl was detected at much higher concentrations relative to what is typically seen for fentanyl intoxications, which is consistent with its lower potency relative to fentanyl. Although there were some differences between heart blood and femoral blood concentrations, the greatest difference was seen in the case with the highest concentration, and the heart blood concentration was within 35% of the femoral blood concentration. The liver and vitreous humor concentrations were close to the blood concentrations. Urine References:
1. Forensic Toxicol (2008) 26:1-5
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 30, 2013, 62(34); 703-704.
Foresnic Toxicology, Postmortem Distribution, Acetyl Fentanyl
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K27 Fatal Intoxication with Acetyl Fentanyl
Susan M. Cunningham, MCJ*, WV OCME, 619 Virginia Street, W, Charleston, WV 25302; Kristen M. Bailey, MS*, OCME, 619 Virginia Street, W, Charleston, WV 25302; Christina L. Newsome-Sparks, BS, 619 Virginia Street, W, Charleston, WV 25302; Myron A. Gebhardt, MS, OCME, 619 Virginia Street, W, Charleston, WV 25302; David J. Clay, BA, OCME, 619 Virginia Street, W, Charleston, WV 25302; Susan E. Venuti, MD, OCME, 4312 District Drive, Raleigh, NC 27518; Nabila A. Haikal, MD, PO Box 75027, Charleston, WV 25375; and James C. Kraner, PhD, OCME, 619 Virginia Street, W, Charleston, WV 25302
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the postmortem toxicology investigation involving the recreational use of acetyl fentanyl, one of a new group of psychoactive compounds being recreationally abused in the United States. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing useful information pertaining to acetyl fentanyl, an Among the new psychoactive substances encountered in forensic investigations in the United States is the anilidopiperidine class opioid, acetyl fentanyl. Abuse of this compound has resulted in more than 50 fatalities in the United States since 2013. him to be alive approximately 12 hours earlier. A tourniquet fashioned from a belt was secured around his arm and a syringe was found nearby. The decedent, who had a history of substance abuse, including the use of anabolic steroids, was pronounced dead at the scene. Immunoassay of urine for a panel of drugs of abuse gave a positive presumptive result for fentanyl alone. The presence of acetyl ® ® Ultra-Performance ® testosterone at 34.7ng/mL and epitestosterone at 2.5ng/mL, with oxandrolone also present in the urine. Acetyl fentanyl was detected by Currently, limited information indicates that acetyl fentanyl acts as a mu-opioid receptor agonist with potency less than that of in three other forensic cases evaluated by a private forensic toxicology laboratory, the cause of death in this case report was determined to be acetyl fentanyl intoxication and the manner was deemed to be accidental. Along with meager recent reports addressing a host of emerging novel opioid analogs, this case underscores the need for awareness and consideration of the potential involvement of such drugs when investigating apparent recreational drug-related deaths.
Forensic Toxicology, Acetyl Fentanyl, Postmortem
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1091 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K28 Trazodone and M-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) Concentrations in Postmortem Blood
C. Richard Crooks, PhD*, Aegis Sciences Corporation, 365 Great Circle Road, Nashville, TN 37228; David M. Schwope, PhD, Aegis
This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing data that will assist forensic toxicologists in interpreting Introduction: the tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, as well as the newer SSRI and SNRI antidepressants. m-CPP is the major metabolite of Method: ® ™
B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) was achieved using a C18 column (100 x 2.1mm, 3µm particle). Flow rate was 0.7mL/min with 2>0.980 and concentrations within ±20% of target). Precision range 225ng/mL-1,383ng/mL, and m-CPP mean of 36.0ng/mL, range 21.4ng/mL-69.5ng/mL). Of 11 heart blood specimens containing mL, range 26.6ng/mL-125ng/mL). Conclusions:
Trazodone, m-CPP, Postmortem Blood
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1092 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K29 A Case of Suicide Using Veterinary Drug T-61® With Subsequent Submergence in the Sea
Claudia Trignano*, viale italia 14, Sassari , ITALY; Maria Nieddu, BS, University of Sassari, Dept of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sassari, ITALY; Antonio Nieddu, MD, Sassari, Sassari, ITALY; Santina Cantatore, Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, ITALY; Stefania C. Bello, MD, Ospedale Colonnello D’Avanzo, viale degli Aviatori, Foggia 71100, ITALY; and Margherita Neri, MD, PhD, University of Foggia, Dept Forensic Pathology, Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, ITALY
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the suicide case of a man who used Tanax® (T-61®), a drug used for euthanasia in veterinary practices, with subsequent submergence in water. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by presenting the results of the postmortem examination which ® injection. The present case concerns an acute fatality resulting from self-administration of Tana® (T-61®) in a 35-year-old man, who was found T-61® resulting in a respiratory collapse. Finally, tetracaine, a local anesthetic, is used to reduce painful tissue reactions at the injection site. to be in good health. The prosecutor arranged for an autopsy on the body to clear up the circumstances of his death and distinguish between homicide and suicide by drowning. A complete autopsy was performed 24 hours after death. cyanosis of the face, lips, and nails. for toxicological analysis. tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of the two drugs. Lidocaine was used as an internal standard. Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.01mg/L and 0.05mg/L, respectively, for both compounds. examination was tested by gas chromatography for detection of ethanol which was found at a concentration of 0.40g/L.
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1093 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
The urine was further examined for amphetamine and related compounds, cannabinoids, methadone, opiates, cocaine, and its metabolites, all with negative results.
Tanax® (T-61®) Injection, Suicide, Drowning
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K30 Development and Validation of a Method Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) After Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) for the Detection Postmortem Case
Giulio Mannocchi*, Sapienza University Of Rome, S.a.i.m.l.a.l., 336, Viale Regina Elena, Rome 00161, ITALY; Flaminia Pantano*, Sapienza University Of Rome, S.a.i.m.l.a.l., 336, Viale Regina Elena, Rome 00161, ITALY; Roberta Tittarelli, Sapienza University Of Rome, S.a.i.m.l.a.l., 336, Viale Regina Elena, Rome 00161, ITALY; Miriam Catanese, Sapienza University Of Rome, S.a.i.m.l.a.l., 336, Viale Regina Elena, Rome 00161, ITALY; Federica Umani Ronchi, Sapienza University Of Rome, S.a.i.m.l.a.l, 336, Viale Regina Elena, Rome 00161, ITALY; and Francesco P. Busardo, MD, via del vespro, 129, Palermo, ITALY
Introduction and Goals: and fully validated. The method has been applied to a fatal case involving a 45-year-old man found dead in his private apartment. 2- 3-/CO3 -buffer added) with 4mL of extraction solution (n-hexane/dichloromethane (85/15v/v) for 15min. with 50µL of ethyl acetate. GC analysis was carried out on an Agilent® ® 343 for 303 for methadone-d9. The underlined ions were used for quantitative analysis.1 Application to a Postmortem Case: A 45-year-old man died in bed in his private apartment. Relatives could offer very little showed the presence of bladder over-distension due to massive urinary retention and contained 3.7L of urine. All other organs were validated showed the following concentrations: 1,318ng/mL in peripheral blood, 487ng/mL in urine (the clotiapine concentrations in biological samples. Conclusions: blood, urine, and gastric contents, although there is little evidence in literature about its toxic values. In this case, the cause of death, induced by clotiapine. Reference:
1. Forensic Sci. Int
Clotiapine, GC/MS Method, Postmortem Case
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K31 Pesticide Poisoning Deaths in Istanbul and Nearby Cities in Turkey
Erdinç Özdemir*, The Council of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice. Çobançesme Mah., Kimiz Sok.no:1 Bahçelievler, Istanbul, TURKEY; Yigit Sezer, Bahçelievler Mah Yildizli Sok 5/10, Istanbul, TURKEY; Yusuf Özer, Council of Forensic Medicine of Istanbul, Ministry of Justice, Istanbul, TURKEY; Safa Celik, Adli Tip Kurumu Baskanligi, Istanbul, TURKEY; and Sermet Koc, Adli Tip Kurumu Morg Dairesi Baskanligi, Bahcelievler, Istanbul 34196, TURKEY
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand pesticide poisoning, its impact, prevention, and the concerns about safety parameters. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing results from a seven-year retrospective study in the of consumption for other purposes, either accidental or suicidal. Pesticides are chemicals that are used to reduce the deleterious effects of various species such as insects, rodents, weeds, and fungi which cause the qualitative and quantitative loss of agricultural products during the production, storage, and consumption processes. type of the pesticide. Effects of irresponsible and uncontrolled consumption of pesticides to human health and the environment are also important issues and should not be ignored. Poisoning is generally encountered accidentally during agricultural usage or as a result of suicidal and homicidal exposure. determined and studied for a detailed epidemiological and medicolegal analysis. Of these cases, 73.5% were male and 26.5% were by all related authorities integratively in the prevention of the deleterious effects of irresponsible consumption of pesticides in agriculture and deliberate poisonings. Further study is needed to arrive at more detailed and comprehensive results of pesticide poisoning data from
Pesticide, Poisoning, Epidemiology
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K32 The Role of Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) Genetic Polymorphisms in Unexpected Methadone Fatalities
Taha Ahmad, MSFS*, 180 Mallory Avenue, Jersey City, NJ 07304; Samie Sabet, Marshall University School of Medicine, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755; Lauren L. Richards-Waugh, PhD, Marshall University, 1401 Forensic Science Drive, Huntington, WV 25701; and Gary O. Rankin, PhD, Marshall University School of Medicine, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755
This research may provide insight as to why some individuals succumb to methadone intoxication. be used for screening patients placed on methadone therapy. The hypothesis of this study is that one or more SNPs located within the may decrease the number of fatalities due to methadone intoxication. methadone metabolite. Elevated (S)-methadone can cause cardiotoxicity by prolonging the QT interval of the heart’s electrical cycle. concentrations, and side effects. While other pharmacogenetic studies have been conducted involving methadone-related intoxications, these studies did not include methadone-only cases. Rather, the studies used cases involving mixed drug intoxications and/or had small The current study examines 228 cases involving fatal methadone intoxications, 136 of which are attributed to methadone alone. A ® ® ™ following the manufacturer’s protocols for real-time polymerase chain reaction and allelic discrimination analyses. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were determined for the six SNPs on This was not observed in the other SNPs genotyped, but there was an apparent enrichment of the minor allele in the methadone cases. methadone and may contribute to unexpected methadone fatality. An individual carrying at least one copy of the minor allele for any
Methadone, Genetic Polymorphisms, CYP2B6
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K33 A Case of Suicide Due to Oral Ingestion of Phorate Revealed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS): A Contribution to Clarify the Human Toxicokinetic and the Mechanism of Death
Marco Savito, MD*, Viale Degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71121, Italy; Carmela Fiore, MD, Ospedale Colonnello D’Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, ITALY; Palmira Fortarezza, MS, Ospedale Tatarella, Cerignola, ITALY; Angelo Montana, MD, University of Malta, Dept of Anatomy, Faculty of Med & Surg Biomedical Sci, Foggia, Misida, Malta 71100, ITALY
method, the postmortem toxicological concentration of phorate revealed in gastric content, and the modality of death are discussed. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by informing attendees of the importance of both the analytical method developed and used for quantifying postmortem phorate and of the useful information about the pathological pathway leading to the related death. Text: Organophosphates (OP) are the most frequently used insecticides worldwide. These compounds are esters, amides, or simple derivatives of phosphoric and thiophosphoric acids and cause 80% of the reported toxic exposures to insecticides. Phorate formulated as granules to be applied at planting in a band or directly to the seed furrow. It is also used as a nematocide. phosphorylating the serine hydroxyl group of the substrate binding domain, which results in accumulation of acetylcholine and induces Case Report: and ballooned lungs occupying the entire thoracic cavity. The stomach contained 100mL of a brown liquid that was sampled. Other and gastric contents using a combination of immunoassay and chromatographic techniques. A Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) was mL. No others exogenous substances were found. The complete toxicological results with graphics and tables will be presented. available but limited. Results related to toxicity and pharmacodynamics data were obtained through animals studies. The acute phorate polyneuropathy.
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1098 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
pulmonary dysfunction due to acute cholinergic crisis. In conclusion, this presentation provides useful information about the modality of death and a clear indication of a toxic concentration of phorate detected in gastric contents.
Phorate, Cholinergic Crisis, Toxicological Findings
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K34 Heroin-Related Deaths in the West of Scotland Between 2008 and 2011
Carlijn Fransien van der Sluijs, Msc, Den Haag, Netherlands; Tony Martin, PhD, Possilpark Health and Care Centre, Possilpark, Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM; and Karen S. Scott, PhD*, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038
®. capital of Europe. was implicated in the cause of death. Alcohol (35%) and methadone (24%) most often contributed to the cause of death. In 23 cases of The majority of heroin-related fatalities are male with an average age of 34.9 years at death, which means a considerable loss of to death. Next to heroin, alcohol and methadone were involved in the cause of death in almost 60% of cases. Overall, the mean blood
Heroin, Demographic, Postmortem
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K35 Analysis of N-Bombs: Quantitation of NBOMe-type Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in Biological Fluids by Liquid Chromatography With Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)
Donna M. Papsun, MS*, 607 S Olds Boulevard, Fairless, PA 19030; Heidi Schimmelbusch, BS, NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
This presentation will impact the forensic science community by describing a comprehensive assay for the detection of this emerging with increasing frequency in recreational drug products being sold online and through underground suppliers in the United States. They was developed for the determination of these compounds in serum, plasma, and whole blood. Samples were prepared for analysis by a simple protein precipitation process using acetonitrile. Ultra Performance Liquid achieved using the standard addition approach. The calibration range for the standard addition method used a calibration curve from to the blood method. 18 years and included 11 males and seven females. Available samples were subsequently subjected to quantitative analysis using the standard addition method. Of 12 blood cases tested,
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NBOMe, Novel Psychoactive Substances, Toxicology
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K36 Phencyclidine (PCP) in San Francisco: A Review of 50 Postmortem and Human Performance Toxicology Cases Between 1997 and 2013
Alexander C. San Nicolas, MSFS*, 300 Davey Glen Road, 3801, Belmont, CA 94002; and Nikolas P. Lemos, PhD, OCME, Forensic Lab Division, Hall of Justice, N Terrace, 850 Bryant Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the frequency of PCP detection as well as the concentration ranges of and human performance cases on behalf of 14 law enforcement agencies operating within the City and County of San Francisco. For 200, 242 and for IS are 58, 91, 185, and 197. manually interrogated. deviation 0.03). PCP was encountered by itself in seven of the 20 cases and in combination with other psychoactive compounds in 0.13, range 0.01-0.59, standard deviation 0.19. PCP was encountered by itself in only two of the 24 cases. In all other cases, it was This presentation offers valuable information on the demographic distribution of PCP users and decedents in the City and County of San Francisco and offers PCP reference blood concentrations. The San Francisco data suggests that PCP remains a popular recreational PCP serves as only one compound of a typical poly-substance death involving PCP. Comparison of mean blood concentrations indicates 3.5 times higher than those of living subjects. The data presented is useful to forensic toxicologists, medical examiners, pathologists, toxicologic specimens, for the purpose of their medicolegal investigations.
Phencyclidine (PCP), Postmortem Toxicology, Human Performance Toxicology
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K37 Determination of Methamphetamine Concentrations in Thighbones Buried in Soil
Ken-ichiro Nakao, MS*, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, JAPAN; and Kazuhiko Kibayashi, MD*, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Dept of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, JAPAN
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the interpretation of methamphetamine concentrations in the bone tissue This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the role and importance of toxicological analysis of bone in the diagnosis of death from drug abuse. concentrations of methamphetamine in bone and those in blood or muscle, the methamphetamine concentrations in mouse thighbone were determined and these concentrations were compared with those in heart blood and muscles. The methamphetamine concentrations in thighbones buried in soil for 7 to 180 days were also determined. In all mice groups, methamphetamine concentrations in thighbone samples were higher than those in heart blood and thigh muscle p without burial in all mice groups (p the soil.
Methamphetamine, Bone, Decomposition
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K38 Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE) as a New Technique for the Clean-Up of Hair Extracts Containing Drugs of Abuse
Jakub Klobut, MSc*, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038; Frank Kero, PhD, Biotage, 10430 Harris Oaks Boulevard, Ste C, Charlotte, NC 28269; Amanda L.A. Mohr, MSFS, Center for Forensic Science, Research & Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand a novel method for the clean-up of hair extracts in order to detect drugs of abuse using SLE. in the hair matrix. steps, initially starting with sampling and cutting of the hair into small segments, which is followed by decontamination, extraction, and critical components to ensure the quality of method performance. hair. SLE has been used for the determination of drugs in conventional matrices, such as blood and urine, both of which showed high compounds. To date, no peer-reviewed literature discussing the application of this technique in hair has been published. In this study, Biotage® ISOLUTE® and overnight incubation at the same temperature. Before extraction, 100µl of 5% ammonium hydroxide was added to the supernatant. onto ISOLUTE® methods. Similarly, a wide range of concentrations (from lower than low limit of quantitation to higher than upper limit of quantitation) were determined in human hair samples.
SLE, SPE, Hair
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K39 Surface-Enhanced Raman Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoids Using Gold Nanoparticles and Various Aggregating Agents
Thaddeus Mostowtt, MFS*, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199; and Bruce R. McCord, PhD, Florida International University, Dept of Chemistry, University Park, Miami, FL 33199
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the principles of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), how SERS can be used to lower the limit of detection of synthetic cannabinoids, the effect of using different aggregating agents when combined with gold nanoparticles to enhance the limit of detection, and how SERS can be a fast and easy analysis for drug detection in toxicological samples. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the application of SERS as a useful procedure for detecting trace levels of synthetic cannabinoids in solution that is rapid, sensitive, and applicable to a variety of biological matrices. lead to an increase in emergency room visits due to synthetic cannabinoid intoxication in recent years. As more of these drugs become illegal, new synthetic legal versions of these drugs are being made. This presents problems for the hospitals and the forensic investigator as standard methods may not detect the target drug. preparation and long run times. spectroscopy is performed in the presence of metallic nanoparticles, signal can be enhanced several orders of magnitude, which is and used for on-site detection allowing for a faster analysis time. In this project, gold nanoparticles were prepared using a sodium citrate, hydroxylamine, or borohydrate reduction and aggregating temperature, were also examined. Upon analysis, the Raman spectrum of each synthetic cannabinoid could be easily distinguished when compared to the Raman signal of the powder form of the drug. Nanogram-per-milliliter concentrations can be detected of each synthetic cannabinoid. Therefore, following the extraction of the analyte, SERS can be used as a detection method of synthetic cannabinoids in toxicological
SERS, Synthetic Cannabinoids, Toxicology
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K40 Characterization of Binding of Ricin Toxin to Cultured Human Lung Cell Line A549
Oluseyi A. Vanderpuye, PhD*, Forensic Science, 504 College Drive, Rm 118, Hartnett Bldg, Albany, GA 31705; Jaderica A. Smith, BS, 5959 Fairington Road, Apt 3H, Lithonia, GA 30038; and James J. Hardy, BS, Albany State University, 504 College Drive, Dept of Natural and Forensic Sciences, Albany, GA 31705
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the targets and nature of ricin toxin binding to a human lung cell line and its relationship to potential ricin poisoning incidents. The goals are to understand how ricin-binding proteins on human poisoning, more information on proteins that are involved in enabling ricin toxicity could be helpful in further understanding events in toxicity and in designing or using molecules that reduce ricin toxicity in vivo. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing information on ricin target proteins on human lung The plant protein ricin is a highly toxic protein with no antidote. Toxicity of ricin depends on binding to cell surface galactose and ricin with cells have involved cells sourced from animals and not humans. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify lung cell to isolate the lung cell proteins that bind to ricin. Ricinus communis much stronger for RCA-I than for ricin. Reduction of binding to cells by human serum was also higher for RCA-I than for ricin. ™ associated with the other matrices. Therefore, the main ricin-binding proteins in A549 cells also appear to bind to the carbohydrate- binding protein Concanavalin A which binds to carbohydrate structures distinct from those that bind to ricin as well as to different aspects of some structures that bind to ricin.
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bound by the lectin Concanavalin A. These observations may help in the eventual isolation of these proteins to determine details of their roles in the toxicity of ricin for human lung cells.
Ricin, Lung, Glycoproteins
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1108 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K41 The Psychological Autopsy: Psychiatry & Behavioral Science and Toxicology in a Working Relationship — Suicide–A General Overview
Dean De Crisce, MD*, Special Treatment Unit-Annex, 15 Paddock Street, Avenel, NJ 07001
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand and appreciate the recent trends in suicide-related deaths in the United This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the scope and factors involved in suicide-related Suicide is a top-ten cause of death in the United States and the second leading cause of violent death following accidental injury. and has varied based on demographic factors such as race, region of residence, age, and gender. It is estimated there are at least ten times the number of self-harm attempts as there are completed suicides. The highest rates of completed suicide have been in White males, autopsies. Firearms have been the most common method of completed suicide in recent years, followed by suffocation and toxic ingestion. According to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the majority of those completing suicide suffer from mood their intent prior to their death. substance use, prior suicide history, family history of suicide, trauma, serious medical illness, environmental and interpersonal losses, and religious participation. analysis and psychological autopsy, serves as a major contributor to understanding this phenomenon.
Suicide, Psychological Autopsy, Toxicology
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K42 The Psychological Autopsy: Psychiatry & Behavioral Science and Toxicology in a Working Relationship — Medicines of the Mind
Dan T. Anderson, MS*, Los Angeles County Dept of ME-Coroner, 1104 N Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the different classes of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications in with the cause and manner of death, and how these drugs are interpreted when the manner of suicide is disputed by a family, leading to a psychological autopsy being performed. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by serving as a reminder of the importance of toxicology testing, along with its scope in assessing cause and manner of death. Antidepressant and antipsychotic medications are widely prescribed in our society to treat signs and symptoms of depression as well and determine the level of analytical testing necessary based on the case history, death scene investigation, incoming mode and manner absence of drugs/prescription medications with the appropriate quality control measures in place to ensure accurate and precise results. The last role is to provide the results to the medical examiner/coroner/pathologist and possibly assist with the interpretation of the drugs For cases where the cause and manner of death is not evident, a general comprehensive toxicology screen is performed and generally death appears to be obvious, such as non-drug related suicide involving a hanging or gunshot wound to the head, toxicology testing may not be all that complete. Its important to note that in order to evaluate the psyche of the decedent, a more comprehensive panel of drug tests, including antidepressant and antipsychotic medications, may need to be assessed to understand their level of contribution toward the actual cause and manner of death.
Toxicology, Antipsychotics, Antidepressants
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K43 The Psychological Autopsy: Psychiatry & Behavioral Science and Toxicology in a Working Relationship — Psychological Autopsy and the Assessment of Motive
Michael Welner, MD*, 224 W 30th Street, Ste 806, New York, NY 10001; and Dan T. Anderson, MS, Los Angeles County Dept of ME- Coroner, 1104 N Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the purpose of psychological autopsy and the methodology necessary, including the requisite sources of information, for informing the probabilities involved in death investigation. Attendees will also be informed about confounders to the interpretation of data and legal thresholds for testimony. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating how medicine, toxicology, and other forensic data are properly integrated into death investigation at the psychological level. Attention to the assessment of motives is an essential component of death investigation as well, and this presentation enables the participant to learn its judicious integration into death investigation. Finally, this presentation inventories those cases in which special caution is reserved for the potential ambiguity in motive and contributions to errors. Forensic psychiatric assessment draws from human evidence, namely, interviews of collateral informants. Accounting for the the choices and movements of the deceased and potential nefarious actors antecedent to death. This includes patterns and sequence of medications and substances ingested, accounting for pertinent medical history and timing. to consulting forensic pathologists for their own consideration but is more restricted in open court testimony to an inventory of suicidal The assessment of motive is essential to any consideration of homicide and as such is a component of psychological autopsy when death event advances a range of forensic psychiatric questions and forensic medicine contributions to justice.
Psychological Autopsy, Death Investigation, Motive
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K44 The Psychological Autopsy in Practice: Applying Behavioral Science to Mode-of- Death Investigations and a Case Study
Lauren Reba-Harrelson, PhD*, PO Box 1404, Columbus GA 31902
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to identify basic methodology and types of data considered in a comprehensive approach to conducting a psychological autopsy and apply information obtained through this practice to a mode-of-death determination. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the possible utility of the psychological autopsy as a collaborative clinical practice tool for establishing mode of death in complex determinations related to alleged suicide. This presentation provides an overview of the structure and function of the psychological autopsy, a comprehensive, objective retrospective analysis a decedent’s state of mind, and actions at the time of death. The history of the psychological autopsy will also be to the death. Since its conception in the late 1950s, the psychological autopsy has been used in some medical examiner and coroner’s 1 In certain contexts, the mode of death may be undermined or equivocal or an outside party protests the death determination. In such health professionals to be applied to the process of classifying deaths through a comprehensive analysis of many aspects of a decedent’s mind around the time of death.2 It accomplishes this through a thorough analysis of a wide variety of collateral sources (e.g., interviews and personal, educational, professional, and investigative documents) to identify lifestyle and behavioral history, as well as a breadth of opportunity for collaboration between forensic mental health professionals and personnel in disciplines integral to death investigations. The majority of death determinations may not necessitate the assistance of mental health professionals, namely because a medical cost, and expert availability, a psychological autopsy may not be possible or necessary. Further, some criticism of the utility of the psychological autopsy, both as a research tool and in practice, may contribute to limiting its use.3,4 Limitations of the practice will be addressed, as well as the utility of a rigorously and objectively approached analysis of aspects of the decedent’s life in the context of cases in which the mode of death is in question. Ultimately, it is opined that a comprehensively conducted psychological autopsy may References:
1. Journal of the American Medical Association, 184, 924-929.
2. Shneidman, E.S. (1994). The psychological autopsy. American Psychologist
3. Death studies, 36, 605-626.
4. American Psychologist
Psychological Autopsy, Mode of Death, Suicide
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of the Italian Model to a Cold Case Murder
Laura Volpini, PhD*, via dei Sulpici, 62, Rome 00174, ITALY; Luciano Garofano, PhD*, Via G. D’Annunzio n.9, Parma 43100, ITALY; Jacopo Taloni, MS, Rome, ITALY; and Cristina Mazza, Str. Mammagialla 3B, Viterbo, ITALY
The goal of this presentation is to inform attendees of the Italian model of the psychological autopsy which is adopted in murder cases and cold cases, in addition to problematic death cases. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by comparing the traditional application of the psychological autopsy with the new Italian model. 1-4 The model proposes guidelines for the analysis of the psychological connection between the victim and the offender and focuses on The psychological autopsy, together with the analysis of violent and communicative action, represents the Italian model for the analysis of unsolved murders and cold cases.5 consisted of review of legal documents, videotapes of television programs in which her sister and parents participated at the time, letters written by the victim, and psychological interviews conducted with her sister and mother. to determine the murderer’s possible motive and to document the laundry habits at the victim’s home. References:
1. Giuffrè, 2006.
2. Farberow N, Shneidman E. The Cry for Help
3. Ebert B. Guide to conducting a Psychological Autopsy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1987:18(I):52-56.
4.
5. L’analisi dell’azione deviante
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1113 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Investigations
Christine Moore, PhD, DSc*, Immunalysis Corporation, 829 Towne Center Drive, Pomona, CA 91767
have been expanded. Over the last decade, numerous roadside surveys in the United States and Canada have established the validity and viability of oral projects have been developed by a subcommittee of the Joint American Academy of Forensic Sciences/Society of Forensic Toxicology In a separate consensus meeting of experts recruited from survey respondents and members of the National Safety Council Alcohol, 1 Both of these initiatives will be discussed in the presentation. Reference:
1. Logan et al. Recommendations for toxicological investigation of drug-impaired driving and motor vehicle fatalities. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 37(8): 552 -558.
Oral Fluid, Drugged Driving, Roadside Testing
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Kyle J. Clark, MA*, Institute of Police Technology and Management, 12000 Alumni Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224
capacity and compare its effectiveness to a current accepted test. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an understanding of the needs and limitations available their ability to escape detection, and can reinforce the behavior. Inaccurate results can also result in the improper arrest of an innocent roadside testing process that consumes too much time can violate constitutional protections provided in the United States Constitution coupled with legislative provisions permitting its use. nystagmus, pupillary reaction to light, psychophysical indicators of divided attention impairment, and collected vital signs to opine if evaluation of the Alere™ ® device for both its accuracy when compared with the drug-recognition expert opinions and the results ® ®
Drug, Impairment, Oral
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1115 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K48 The Perilous Practice of Predicting the Past: Does Retrograde Extrapolation Accurately Predict Prior Blood Alcohol Level?
Ronald L. Moore, Esq., JD*, 15635 Alton Parkway, Ste 120, Irvine, CA 92618
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the accuracy of retrograde extrapolation in predicting prior blood alcohol levels in arrested subjects. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by challenging the accuracy of predictions of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) often made by forensic scientists in court using data from arrested subjects. Retrograde extrapolation is often used in criminal prosecutions to predict the alcohol level at the time of driving for people arrested these predictions is often vigorously challenged in legal proceedings. A considerable body of literature exists on alcohol metabolism that testing conditions. loads. Cases selected for the study were those where arrest reports indicated that the subject submitted to a pre-arrest breath test at with an average age of 33 years (range 17 to 79 years). A comparison was made between the average of the pre-arrest results to the average of the post-arrest results to determine the direction of alcohol metabolism (rising or falling) during the intervening period and an additional 45 minutes to complete the post-arrest chemical test. Of the 234 subjects, the blood alcohol level went up or remained the same in 108 subjects and went down in the remaining 126 subjects. In addition, calculations were made using typical retrograde chemical tests (using an elimination rate of 0.015g% per hour, applied to the time difference between the pre-arrest tests and the post- treatment.
Retrograde, Extrapolation, BAC
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K49 Evaluation of the Impact of Expanding Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay
Aileen Lu, HBSc*, 651 Brooke Road, Apt 58-E, Glenside, PA 19038; Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038; Ayako Chan-Hosokawa, MS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/ CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the prevalence of the therapeutic drugs carisoprodol, meprobamate, cases. ®) or carisoprodol (Soma® 1 These central nervous assess the frequency with which potentially impairing drugs might go undetected. and alcohol present in these cases. ® Reference:
1. J Anal Toxicol
DUID, Carisoprodol, Zolpidem
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1117 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Colorado
Sarah Urfer, MS*, ChemaTox Laboratory, Inc, 5401 Western Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301; and Jaime Morton, ChemaTox Laboratory, Inc, 5401 Western Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301
which were tested by ChemaTox Laboratory. The study focused on identifying the following: behaviors that appear in multiple reports, driving/intoxication, sleep driving, tolerance to the drug effects, and residual levels from the night before. All of these possible issues topic are critical for the most accurate evaluation of a case. It is imperative that the forensic science community and the public be Introduction: ® hypnotics typically prescribed for the treatment of insomnia. Zolpidem has a relatively short half-life of 2-5 hours and is rapidly involuntary intoxication. Of the cases submitted to ChemaTox, incidence of true involuntary intoxication is rare. Although individuals Objective: Methods: other drug use was admitted by the subject.
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Results: time. Conclusion/Discussion: have led to trending defense strategies, including involuntary driving/intoxication, sleep driving, tolerance to drug effects, and residual available research are critical for accurate case evaluation. It is imperative that the forensic community and the public be educated about
Zolpidem, DUID, Driving Impairment
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K51 Synthetic Cannabinoids in Operating While Intoxicated (OWI) Casework: Field Observations and Outsourced Testing
William R. Johnson, BA*, Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene, Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand how synthetic cannabinoid impairment presents at roadside. This by additional testing. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing insight into the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids demonstrate the utility of targeted external analyses for potentially impairing substances not included in a laboratory’s routine scope of testing. Synthetic cannabinoids usage has been increasing at a rate faster than most forensic laboratories can develop and validate analytical six of 48 cases (54%) were negative for synthetic cannabinoids. Twenty-two of 48 cases (46%) had at least one synthetic cannabinoid across these specimens, the types of impairment noted were mostly consistent with the cannabis category. It is also worth noting challenge of testing for synthetic cannabinoids is the stability of these compounds in whole blood which has not been fully represented in the literature. While the challenge of analytical testing for these and other synthetic compounds will remain for some time, laboratories
Synthetic, Cannabinoid, Impairment
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K52 Development of an Analytical Method for Nootropic “Smart” Drugs in Biological Fluids
Mollie Mares, BS*, 1845 Clarendon Drive, Easton, PA 18040; Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038; Donna M. Papsun, MS, 607 S Olds Boulevard, Fairless, PA 19030; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
This presentation impacts the forensic science community by describing the development of an analytical method for newly emerging drugs that are subject to misuse and abuse and can cause mind-altering effects. The drugs are not currently regulated and are emerging online and in illicit supply chains. toxicology. The drugs have stimulant properties and are alleged to boost brain function and cognition. The media attention on these drugs has increased within the last few years. The drugs have developed an underground following and are commonly sold online and properties of the drugs have led to their use in academic doping and as drugs of abuse. Some drugs are also prohibited by the World ® Agilent® analysis by water loss, resulting in an inability to distinguish between the two substances. Even at low injection port temperatures, the compounds was also investigated, but also failed to produce single stable chromatographable analytes. developed using an Agilent® extraction procedures and evaluated for recovery cleanliness, reproducibility, limits of detection and quantitation, accuracy, and precision. as whole blood and urine, at toxicologically meaningful concentrations.
Smart Drugs, Nootropics, LC/MS
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K53 Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids: A Case-Oriented Review
Susan M. Gurney, PhD*, Drexel University, Dept of Biology, 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB, Philadelphia, PA; Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038; Sherri L. Kacinko, PhD, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Brandon C. Presley, BS, NMS Labs, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
cannabinoids. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a review of internationally reported cases. It will highlight the importance of performing quantitative analysis on synthetic cannabinoid samples in order to gain a full understanding of the effects of this class of drug and of the individual compounds. wide variety of such compounds have been developed, partly in an attempt to avoid the legal penalties associated with the manufacture, distribution, and use of cannabis. These drugs differ in their chemical composition and, therefore, also differ in their effects on humans States was in 2008, when a synthetic cannabinoid compound was found in botanical material. Since then, the popularity of synthetic cannabinoids use has increased, as has the number of compounds which have been developed. With these different compounds and new the information about their toxicity comes from emergency department treatment reports and forensic case studies. Case reports have been published describing adverse effects including data collected from emergency department admissions, samples which have single synthetic cannabinoid compounds and mixtures of multiple compounds. With so many different synthetic compounds or with the class of drug. There is growing toxicological and pharmacological evidence of impairment, psychosis, tissue injury, and isolated deaths attributable to this emerging class of drugs.
Designer Drugs, Synthetic Cannabinoids, Adverse Effects
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K54 4-Methoxy-A-PVP: In Silico Metabolite Prediction, Assessment of Metabolic Human Hepatocyte Incubation With High Resolution-Mass Spectrometry
Kayla N. Ellefsen, MS*, National Institue on Drug Abuse/NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Ste 200, Rm 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224; Madeleine J. Swortwood, PhD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, BRC 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224; Boulevard, Rm 05A729, Baltimore, MD 21224; and Marilyn A. Huestis, PhD, Chemistry & Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research, NIDA, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Rm 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand different approaches of investigating metabolic pathways and of in silico software predictions and in vitro Introduction: continuously developed to circumvent legislative and regulatory efforts. As such, limited pharmacological and toxicological information 1 No metabolism Objectives: To evaluate in silico In silico (0.1% formic acid in water), was achieved with an Accucore™ C18 column (2.6µm, 100mm x 2.1mm) with mobile phase A and B (0.1% ™ QExactive™ hepatocyte data were acquired using a high-resolution, full-scan, data-dependent mass spectrometry method. In addition, hepatocytes (AIF) mass spectrometry method to identify potential unexpected metabolites. Scans were thoroughly data mined with different data Results: on the structure of this synthetic cathinone and the results obtained, the following biotransformations were proposed: O-demethylation, corresponding lactam, pyrrolidine ring opening followed by oxidation to carboxylic acid, iminium formation and aliphatic hydroxylation, in silico. Conclusions: in silico software predictions, and in vitro these emerging novel psychoactive substances.
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Reference:
1. N. Uchiyama et al., Forensic Toxicology
4-Methoxy-A-PVP, In Silico Prediction, In Vitro Metabolism
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the Ingestion of Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (Alpha PVP)
Melissa Friscia, MSFS*, 429 Grand Avenue, Langhorne, PA 19047; Sarah E. Wolf, 18527 Woodard Road, Watertown, NY 13601; Amanda L.A. Mohr, MSFS, Center for Forensic Science, Research & Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Francis X. Diamond, BS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Jillian K. Yeakel, MS, 3864 Courtney Street, Ste 150, Bethlehem, PA 18017; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
identify its major metabolites. Attendees will be able to describe the process of using human liver microsomal incubations to verify the identity of novel drug metabolites. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing an example of the use of various laboratory-based analytical and in vitro potential metabolites that had been produced in vitro compound with a human liver microsome preparation were used to identify the metabolites. of metabolism. LC/Q/TOF. mol) equivalent to C15 21NO2, which is consistent with methoxetamine, an unrelated NPS compound with dissociative anesthetic standard. (Figure 1). Using structural elucidation tools with the metabolite structure, possible fragmentation patterns were suggested by the software, based upon the ions seen in the high energy mass spectra. Three of the fragments proposed from the software were found in
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Figure 1
Alpha-PVP, Metabolism, Novel Psychoactive Substances
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K56 Characterization of AB-FUBINACA Metabolites in Rat Urine by Liquid Chromatography/Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (LC/TOF/MS)
Ashraf Mozayani, PharmD, PhD*, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Avenue, Houston, TX 77004; Aybike Dip, PhD, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004; Hsinhung Chen, 2400 N Braeswood Boulevard, #204, Houston, TX 77030; Amruthesh Shivachar, PhD, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 7700; Munder Zagaar, PhD, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004; and Jeffrey Walterscheid, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AB-FUBINACA and This presentation impacts the forensic science community by increasing awareness of the in vivo metabolites of AB-FUBINACA as pain relief without the toxicity that accompanies chronic opiate use. While many of these drug derivatives were published in the medical literature, others were merely patented. These stale patented recipes have become the basis for a new generation of illicit drug 1 metabolism or pharmacology of these substances. injections and then urine was collected for analysis. Rats weighing from 160g to 200g were housed in a temperature- and humidity- received the dissolved drug. Urine samples were collected every day at the same time during injection and refrigerated until preparation for analysis. removed to a fresh vial where the extract was evaporated to a residue with compressed nitrogen gas. The residue was reconstituted in vivo study to determine the metabolites of AB-FUBINACA in urine.2 References:
1. as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol
2. Biomedical Chromatography, 28(6), pp.831--838.
Synthetic Cannabinoids, AB-FUBINACA, LC/TOF/MS
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K57 Broad Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Whole Blood Using Ultra High- Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight (UHPLC-Q- TOF)
Robert Kronstrand, PhD*, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Dept of Forensic Toxicology, Artillerigatan 12, Linkoping SE 587 58, SWEDEN; Cassandra Jaque, BSc, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, Linkoping SE 587 58, SWEDEN; and Markus Roman, BS, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Dept of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Artillerigatan 12, Linkoping SE 587 58, SWEDEN
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the challenges associated with the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids and be able to describe the current panorama of these drugs. cannabinoids in cases of both the living and the deceased. availability from internet sites are partly a result of legislation where substances becoming scheduled are replaced by new compounds. subsequently in the toxicological samples received. ® ® LC system. Ions The method was validated accordingly to guidelines for qualitative methods including selectivity, matrix effects, extraction recovery, however, the analyte response was affected by the matrix with 28 of the 75 analytes presenting with matrix effects above 25%. Still, the variation in response and spectra scores was less than 15% at the thresholds chosen. Sixty-six analytes obtained a threshold of 100pg/g
Synthetic Cannabinoids, Whole Blood, TOF/MS
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Postmortem Cases
Charlotte A. Baker, PhD*, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77584
® ® ®. It is typically prescribed as 5mg or 10mg capsules for immediate release and 6.25mg to 12.5mg for extended-release products (Ambien® CR). This medication is recommended dose of long-lasting impairment from 10mg to 5mg, depending on each individual. Zolpidem has been depicted as a controversial sleeping aid since its long-lasting effects on patients have surfaced revealing abnormal drugs and/or ethanol. Case 1: of 1.0mg/L. Case 2: detected at 0.01g/100mL which is below the level of impairment. Although norcarboxytetrahydrocannabinol was detected at 16ug/L, Case 3: concentration of 1.4mg/L. Tramadol and desmethyltramadol were found in his blood sample at concentration levels of 17mg/L and 0.54mg/L, respectively. Other cases that have gained national media attention will also be presented.
Zolpidem, DUI, Postmortem
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K59 Pyrimethamine Toxicity: A Case Report
Steven Marcus, MD, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, 140 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103; Numan Butt, MD, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103; and Sherri L. Kacinko, PhD*, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the pharmacology and toxicology of pyrimethamine. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by offering a description of the analysis of biological and non- published cases involving pyrimethamine toxicity and a case report of an infant showing symptoms of pyrimethamine toxicity will be provided. in previously reported cases involving toxicity in infants were 1.5, 6.2, and 13.0mcg/mL. Adverse effects associated with pyrimethamine treatment include anorexia, rash, and hematological disorders including bone marrow depression. Concurrent administration of folic pyrimethamine along with the liquid medication used to treat the infant.
Pyrimethamine, Pediatric, Toxicology
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Human Fetal Liver From Electively Terminated Pregnancies
Sarah K. Himes, BS, NIDA, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Ste 200, Rm 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224; Karl B. Scheidweiler, PhD, NIDA- IRP, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Ste 200, Rm 05A729, Baltimore, MD 21224; Susan Fairley, PhD, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Division of Applied Medicine, Foresterhill, United Kingdom AB25 2ZD, SCOTLAND; Panagiotis Filis, PhD, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Division of Applied Medicine, Foresterhill, SCOTLAND; Alex Douglas, PhD, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Division of Applied Medicine, Foresterhill, SCOTLAND; Peter J. O’Shaughnessy, PhD, University of Glasgow, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, IBAHCM, Glasgow, Lanarkshire G61 1QH, SCOTLAND; PhD, University of Edinburgh, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND; Paul A. Fowler, PhD, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Division of Applied Medicine, Foresterhill AB25 2ZD, UNITED KINGDOM; and Marilyn A. Huestis, PhD*, Chemistry & Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research, NIDA, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Rm 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to describe a simultaneous human fetal liver sample preparation and two concentrations to document in utero exposure and potential related exposure toxicities. Introduction: Adult health is partly programmed during fetal development. Fetal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs alters normal hormone regulation and early development, possibly leading to maladaptations and contributing to adult metabolic for supported liquid extraction of nicotine and metabolites and anion-exchange solid phase extraction for Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) ® analysis with gradient chromatographic separation of nicotine, cotinine, 3-trans ® Poroshell 120 EC-C8 column (150 x 2.1mm, 2.7µm). Liver EtG and EtS were separated on a Phenomenex® Kinetex® Results: and 20-3,000ng/g (EtG). Calibration employed 1/x2 all analytes was 17.5%-57.3%, except CG (11%-12.3% enhancement). Overall accuracy was 84.2%-115.4% for all analytes at three positive, 59% nicotine-positive, and 31%-68% positive for nicotine glucuronide metabolites. All EtG-positive samples were also EtS-
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needing to quantify in utero time, tobacco concentrations, to document in utero exposure, and potential related exposure 1 toxicities. Grampian Research Ethics Committees (REC04/S0802/21).
Fetal Liver, Ethyl Glucuronide, Nicotine
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Incorporating Slow Gastric Emptying Due to the Presence of Egg Rolls, Followed by Rapid Gastric Emptying Due to Vehicle-Collision Impact
Deborah R. Stonebarger, BS*, Department of Justice, Redding Laboratory, 9737 Tanqueray Court, Redding, CA 96003
how the criminalist and prosecution team contended with the issues. Attendees will learn more about how the concepts of tolerance occurred at 10:55 p.m. and the results were 0.20 grams/100 milliliters. community, as was his entire family. The defense team included two attorneys, one of which was the defendant’s father, and a toxicology to the defense was that the defendant had consumed six to seven egg rolls just prior to arriving at his social gathering. According to the defense, the multitude of ingredients in the egg rolls delayed the defendant’s absorption of ethanol to the point that he was not at or Patrol was able to leave the scene of the collision and go to the hospital to obtain a statement from the defendant, he noticed a strong collision, as demonstrated by the laceration to the spleen, forced unabsorbed food and ethanol into the small intestine where the ethanol became rapidly absorbed by the time the legal blood draw occurred at the hospital.
DUI Impairment, Alcohol Pharmacokinetics, Courtroom Testimony
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K62 Determination of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) in Hair Using Alternative Derivatization Techniques
Brittany M. Watt, BA*, 651 Brooke Road, Apt D44, Glenside, PA 19038; Edward J. Barbieri, PhD, NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Melissa Frisica, MSFS, Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038
hair.
3)
3 community (students, faculty, and staff). Each participant answered questions about their diet, hair treatments, personal life, and drug
GHB, Derivatization, GC/MS
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K63 Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid After Controlled Cannabis Vaporizer Administration
Rebecca L. Hartman, BA*, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Ste 200, Rm 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224; Moonhee Jang, PhD, National Forensic Service, 331-1 Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-707, SOUTH KOREA; Andrew L. Spurgin, PharmD, National Advanced Driving Simulator, 2401 Oakdale Boulevard, Iowa City, IA 52242; Keming Yun, PhD, Shanxi Medical University, School of Forensic Medicine, 56 Xinjian South Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi, CHINA; David A. Gorelick, MD, PhD, University of Maryland, Dept of Psychiatry, PO Box 21247, MPRC-Tawes Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21228; Gary Milavetz, PharmD, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, S419 PHAR, 115 Grand Avenue, Iowa City, IA 52242; Timothy L. Brown, PhD, University of Iowa, National Advanced Driving Simulator, 2401 Oakdale Boulevard, Iowa City, IA 52242; Gary Gaffney, MD, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 1874 John Pappajohn Pavilion, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Marilyn A. Huestis, PhD, Chemistry & Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research, NIDA, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Rm 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand cannabinoid disposition in Oral Fluid (OF) following cannabis Background: Cannabis is the most prevalent illicit drug worldwide. OF is an advantageous sampling matrix for drug screening Hypothesis: maximum concentration later in the time course. Methods: specimens for this Institutional Review Board-approved controlled cannabis administration study. Participants inhaled 500mg placebo, 9 OF specimens were collected with the Quantisal™ collection device prior to and 0.17, 1.4, 2.3, 3.3, 4.3, 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, and 8.3h post-
max), time to Cmax (tmax), and time of last detection (tlast) were determined and area under the curve from baseline to 8.3h (AUC0-8.3h
max, tmax, tlast, and AUC0-8.3h aplacebo vs. low, bplacebo vs. high, and clow vs. high, as indicated. CBD CBN C max 4.7a,b (0-25.9) 0a,b (0-361) 0a,b (0-1.7) 0a,b (0-1.9) 0.17 (0.17- t , h 0.17 (0.17-1.4) 0.17 (0.17-0.17) max 0.17) Placebo 0.17 (0.17- t , h 6.3a,b 0.17 (0.17-0.17) last 0.17) AUC 0-8.3h 6.6a,b (0-56.1) 0a,b (0-1941) 0a,b (0-1.4) 0a,b (0-1.39)
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1135 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
C 848a max 24.1a (0-686) 6.0a,c (0-100) 54.4a (1.2-941) (16.3-18230) 0.17 (0.17- t , h 0.17 (0.17-0.17) 0.17 (0.17-0.17) Low max 0.17) a c tlast, h 0.17 (0.17-2.3) 2.3 (0.17-7.3) AUC 723a 44.1a (0.85- 0-8.3h 42.9a (0-2935) 3.1a,c (0-79.0) (13.9-3865) 246) C 862b max 18.6b (0-464) 34.7b,c (1-1106) 32b (0-766) (25.1-23680) t , h 0.17 (0.17-3.3) 2.8 (0.17-6.3) 0.17 (0.17-3.3) 0.17 (0.17-3.3) max b c tlast, h 2.3 AUC 934b 0-8.3h 66.2b (0-2181) 32.0b,c (0.72-912) 28.9b (0-617) (38.4-19090) Conclusion: was suggested to help differentiate active vs. passive cannabis exposure. This presentation will impact the forensic community by
Cannabis, Vaporizer, Oral Fluid
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K64 Case Report of a Death Involving the Designer Opioid MT-45 Raises the Spectre of Synthetic Opioids in Forensic Casework
Donna M. Papsun, MS*, 607 S Olds Boulevard, Fairless, PA 19030; Alison Krywanczyk, MD*, Fletcher Allen Health Care, D13 Stonehedge Drive, South Burlington, VT 05403; James C. Vose, BA, Vermont Forensic Laboratory, PO Box 47, Waterbury, VT 05676; Elizabeth A. Bundock, MD, PhD, Vermont OCME, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/ CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the increasing relevance of synthetic opiates in forensic toxicology due to issues including therapeutic misadventure, tolerance, palliative care, drug-drug interactions, and recreational versus medical use. While the most frequently encountered opioids are morphine (as a therapeutic agent or heroin metabolite), oxycodone, hydromorphone, to acetyl fentanyl, a synthetic analog of fentanyl which resulted in a series of deaths in Rhode Island, Louisiana, and North Carolina, opioid agonists. It has been demonstrated to have approximately 80% of the potency of morphine in animal studies and is currently uncontrolled in the United States. investigation determined the decedent had purchased these online from a Canadian company and had been doing so on a monthly basis for quite some time. Autopsy revealed cerebral edema, congested lungs, and a possible old injection site on the dorsum of the foot. The extraction following addition of ammonium hydroxide and an extraction solvent of n-butyl chloride and acetonitrile (4:1,v/v). The 2.26min. The calibration curve was 1-100ng/mL, with higher concentrations diluted to bring them within the linear range. Targeted
Synthetic Opiates, MT-45, Etizolam
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1137 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K65 The Art of Embalming vs. the Science of Forensic Toxicology
Sonia Cuevas, BS, OCME, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; Wendy Santiago-Tirado, BS, OCME, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016; and Marina Stajic, PhD*, OCME, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
in postmortem cases. Attendees will be provided with an overview of toxicology aspects of postmortem changes associated with the postmortem artifacts. postmortem contamination. Postmortem forensic toxicology is an important integral part of the medicolegal investigation of death. The complexity of postmortem challenge. In addition to evaluating laboratory methodologies for drug analyses, the condition of the body, drug characteristics, matrix, and site of specimen collection are among the factors that need to be considered in the proper interpretation of an autopsy specimen Consequently, these substances added to commercially available embalming solutions are not included as components on material safety data sheets provided by the manufacturer. include use as a preservative, emollient, and vehicle for both oral and intravenous medications. In addition to routine toxicological analysis, specimens were tested for the presence of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. The reporting limit was 50mg/L. glycol. Ethylene glycol was detected in six cases, propylene glycol in 12 cases, and both were detected in three cases.
Propylene Glycol, Embalming Fluid, Postmortem Artifacts
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K66 Case Study: A Suicide Death by Sotalol Overdose
Autumn Massiello, PhD*, Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center, 1109 N Minneapolis Street, Wichita, KS 67214; and Jeffrey Walterscheid, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054
treatment option for individuals with symptoms of cardiac arrhythmias, as well as the potentiation of its adverse effects in a fatal overdose. This presentation impacts the forensic science community by detailing the investigative and toxicological analyses that assisted in With the capacity to function as both a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist and potassium channel inhibitor, sotalol is the preferentially competitor for binding sites on the b1 and b2 however, later studies have also established sotalol as an inhibitor of potassium ion channels, an action that has been demonstrated dual mechanistic actions can cause prolongation of both the PR and QT intervals that have been implicated in the treatment of rhythm disturbances of the heart and hypertension. medications and loose pills. The decedent had a history of depression and prescription drug abuse, which, in combination with the over other applications of chromatography with mass spectroscopy is the ability to screen, simultaneously, for a spectrum of drugs as with reported amounts of 38mg/L in blood and 83mg/L in the stomach contents. For comparison, the therapeutic target range of sotalol is 0.5-3mg/L in blood. will be discussed. This case highlights a rare fatality since scant information exists on this subject. As sotalol gains widespread use, these events may become more prominent. The lessons learned from this presentation will raise awareness about the methods to identify sotalol, including interpretive support for postmortem toxicology consultations.
Sotalol, LC/TOF/MS, Overdose
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1139 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K67 Manners of Death in Drug-Related Fatalities in Florida
Dayong Lee, PhD*, University of Florida, 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608; Chris Delcher, PhD, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1329 SW 16th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608; Mildred M. Maldonado-Molina, PhD, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1329 SW 16th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608; Jon R. Thogmartin, MD, District Six ME, 10900 Ulmerton Road, Largo, FL 33778; and Bruce A. Goldberger, PhD, University of Florida College of Medicine, Dept of Pathology, 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
The goal of this presentation is to inform attendees about drug distribution and demographic characteristics associated with manner to manner of death. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by helping to understand drug trends in potentially preventable preventive measures of such deaths. contributed to the death or was merely present. For the purpose of this study, no distinction was made for drug-caused and drug-present Of all drug-related fatalities from 2001-2012, the most prevalent manner of death was accidental, comprising more than half (52.3%), between females and males, except for homicide (5.5% of female deaths vs. 8.8% of male deaths). While accidental death was the most P P opioids in accidental deaths declined in 2011-2012, the opioids still remained as the most prevalent drug group and their proportions in other manners of death were not decreased during the study period. associated with accidental death and/or suicide.
Drug-Related Deaths, Manner of Death, Toxicology Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1140 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K68 A Survey of Human Performance and Postmortem Cases Involving Ketamine in San Francisco Between 1997 and 2013
Alexander C. San Nicolas, MSFS*, 300 Davey Glen Road, 3801, Belmont, CA 94002; and Nikolas P. Lemos, PhD, OCME, Forensic Lab Division, Hall of Justice, N Terrace, 850 Bryant Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
cases in the City and County of San Francisco. the table below. 5.00 138, 166, 168, 195 Ketamine 9.10 152, 180, 182, 209 9.96 58, 91, 185, 197 interest, the in-house database was manually interrogated. concentrations should not be considered in isolation, but should instead be reviewed together with all other information available for Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1141 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
The data presented in this study is useful to forensic toxicologists, pathologists, medical examiners, coroners, attorneys, and other law specimens for the purpose of their medicolegal investigations.
Ketamine, Postmortem Toxicology, Human Performance Toxicology
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1142 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K69 The Detection and Preservation of Arsenite (AsIII) in Pig (Sus Scrofa) Skeletal Muscle Tissue Decomposition in Incubated Soil
Janet Niessner, MSc*, 2280 Juniper Street, Bishop, CA 93514; and Karl Harrison, PhD, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, UNITED KINGDOM
WITHDRAWN
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1143 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K70 A Rare Case of Criminal Poisoning by Means of Butane Gas: N-Butane
Jean Hiquet, MD*, Forensic Unit, Place Amelie Raba Leon, Bordeaux, FRANCE; Florence Tovagliaro, MD, Forensic Unit, Place amelie Raba Leon, Bordeaux, FRANCE; Nathalie Grosleron-Gros, MD, Forensic Unit, Place Amelie Raba Leon, Bordeaux, FRANCE; Véronique Dumestre-Toulet, PharmD, Toxgen laboratory, 11 Rue du commandant Cousteau, Bordeaux, FRANCE; Jean-Michel Gaulier, PharmD, PhD, Biological and Forensic Toxicological Unit, 2 Avenue Martyin Luther King, Limoges F87042, FRANCE; and Sophie Gromb, JD, PhD, Forensic Department, CHU Pellegrin, BORDEAUX, Cedex 33076, FRANCE
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand that the proof of a criminal poisoning with butane gas intoxication This presentation will impact the forensic science community by underlying the necessity of close collaboration between forensic this case broadens the literature concerning n-butane concentration in postmortem samples. This study will present a rare case of criminal poisoning with n-butane as an example of the practical application of this necessary interdisciplinary communication and collaboration. It is recommended that medicolegal death investigators become familiar with the There are some reports of fatal cases related after accidental or deliberate n-butane inhalation, but criminal poisoning with n-butane fatal intoxications with this volatile aliphatic hydrocarbon. This study reports the case of a 52-year-old woman found dead in a car next to her husband who was conscious, showed no sign of was performed, the forensic physician contacted the toxicologist. Because of the volatile nature of n-butane, the toxicologist explained blood and tissues samples had to be extracted as soon as possible after the body was incised. The autopsy showed a congestive aspect on the head, peri-ocular petechial hemorrhages, conjunctival hemorrhages, abrasions on sampling. Samples of blood, brain, lung, liver, and heart were removed 20h after the discovery of the body. Internal examination showed pulmonary and cerebral edema, congestion of the organs associated with bruises on the tongue and on the left side of the thyroid cartilage. No important injury was seen in the cervical area. The cause of death was noted as asphyxiation. gas cartridge were used. Chromatographic separation was then performed using an RT-Q-Bond Column (30 m x 0.32 mm i. d.) and 50ng/g (brain), 134ng/g (lungs), 285ng/g (liver), and 4,090ng/g (heart). A rare criminal poisoning case of asphyxia associated with n-butane inhalation has been described in this study. Even if the exact tissue samples during the autopsy and an adapted analytical method, the proof of intoxication as the cause of death was found. Collecting as soon as possible after collection is recommended.
N-Butane, Criminal Poisoning, HS/GC/MS Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1144 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K71 Asphyxia Due to Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas
Dana Mike, BS, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; and Anna Kelly, PhD*, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054
After attending this presentation, attendees will understand a unique case in which suicide by asphyxiation using hydrogen was This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a method for the detection of hydrogen in postmortem Suicide via asphyxia using inert gases, most commonly helium or nitrogen, has become more common in recent years. Asphyxiation postmortem abnormalities.
2, at production. Alcohol and drug screens, as well as carboxyhemoglobin analysis, performed on this case were negative. Postmortem specimens as an asphyxiant to commit suicide. At the time of autopsy, samples of lung, brain, blood, and fat were collected and sealed in 22mL nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and helium. The vials were incubated at 38oC for two minutes, then 100µL of headspace was removed from the vial and injected into the GC. 4 presence in postmortem specimens. This method of analysis will not be useful in cases of moderate to advanced decomposition due to the number of gases produced during decomposition. In conclusion, this analysis provides a method for detection of hydrogen that aids medical examiners in the determination of cause and manner of death. Additionally, these assays are easily conducted, both in specimen acquisition and toxicological analysis.
Hydrogen, Gas Chromatography, Postmortem
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1145 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC/TOF/MS) and Liquid Chromatography With Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)
Michael Chen, MD*, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054; and Jeffrey Walterscheid, PhD, Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1885 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX 77054
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the putative structural information of AB-FUBINACA and AB- This presentation will impact the forensic science community by raising awareness of a newly emerging synthetic cannabinoid category and the interpretation of toxicological results. as Schedule I controlled substances in the United States since January 2014. ® with AB-PINACA in Japan in 2012. To date the biochemical, physiological, and toxicological properties of these synthetic cannabinoids in vitro or in vivo via rat model have been reported by other samples. Specimens were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using 1:1 isopropanol/1-chlorobutane solvent mixture, followed by LC/TOF/ criteria window of ±15ppm mass error and ±0.1 minute retention time of target analyte to yield scores greater than 55. The retro-analysis PINACA pentanoic acid) were included. In consideration of ion interference, the isobaric and isomeric compounds were distinguished standards.
Synthetic Cannabinoids, AB-PINACA, LC/TOF/MS
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1146 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Dehydronorketamine in Dosed and Buried Rat Remains at Different Stages of Decomposition
Cassandra L. Prickett, BS*, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038; Kimberlee S. Moran, MSc, Center for Forensic Science Research & Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Laura M. Labay, PhD, NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038
This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the effects of burial on the distribution of drugs and enabling the toxicological analysis of organs in buried and decomposing bodies. To date, several studies have been carried out to identify drugs in decomposed/decomposing remains, yet few studies on buried tissue matrices sampled from buried remains have been tested. liver. When those were no longer discernible, the general viscera in the areas of the brain, heart, and liver were sampled. At 77 and 188 samples were most affected by decomposition and were not available from some animals in the later stages of the research. Samples ® Bead Ruptor 24. The buried and exhibited a dose-response relationship. The drugs were also detected in most of the buried rat tissue samples, with higher concentrations in the higher dosed rats. Where discernable tissue was available, liver concentrations were found to be higher than the heart and brain concentrations.
Ketamine, Buried Remains, LC/MS/MS
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1147 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K74 Analytical Method Development and Robustness Evaluation for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Piperazine Designer Drugs
Kathleen K. Luo, BS*, 107 Whitmore Lab, University Park, PA 16802; and Frank Dorman, PhD, 107 Whitmore Labs, University Park, PA 16802
This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating thorough development of a GC analytical method 1 impact of the deactivation chemistry of the inlets and columns was evaluated, with results ranging from poor to excellent. Based on chromatographic probes, including tailing factor, the best combination of column and inlet liner was chosen. increased the accuracy of the analysis by comparing the chemical reactivity in the GC pathway and increased the sensitivity and Chart 1 Column Comparison Based on Average Tailing Factor Using a Restek-Based Deactivated Gooseneck Inlet Liner 1.728±0.127 2.395±0.164 Rtx-5 Amine 2.021±0.062 Rtx-35 1.892±0.106 2.094±0.27 Rtx-1301 2.611±0.13 Rxi-1301Sil 1.949±0.132 Chart 2 Gooseneck Inlet Liner Comparison Based on Average Tailing Factor Using a Rxi-35 SilMS Column 2.09±0.273 1.99±0.137
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1148 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
2.163±0.148 2.652±0.215 Ultra Inert Liners 2.01±0.083 Reference:
1.
Piperazine, GC/MS/NPD, Inertness
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1149 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K75 Comparison of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE) Columns for the Extraction of 23 Novel Psychoactive Substances From Blood and Urine
Lorna A. Nisbet, MSc*, 310 S Easton Road, Apt B311, Glenside, PA 19038; and Karen S. Scott, PhD, Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038
After attending this presentation, attendees will be able to compare SLE and SPE columns and identify the correct choice for This presentation will impact the forensic science community by increasing awareness of extraction options for the determination of novel psychoactive substances in forensic toxicological samples. does not produce the same amount of solvent waste and can be carried out in fewer steps depending on the type of SPE column being compared. technique to allow maximum analyte recovery and sample throughput. a range of 25 drugs.
4
4 samples were loaded directly to Biotage’s®
3 3 5 8 3) were 50µL of PFPA:ethyl acetate at 70oC for 40 minutes, before being evaporated again and reconstituted in 100µL of ethyl acetate. Samples concentration. a higher recovery rate of drug than the SPE columns, with an average increase of 10% (recovery ranging from -47% to 80%). SPE- analytes from urine.
SPE, SLE, Novel Psychoactive Substances
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1150 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K76 Application of Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (TOF/MS) With Three Different Fragmentation Modes to the Toxicological Screening of Urine Samples Collected From an Electronic Dance Music (EDM) Population
Helen Piper, BS*, 3550 Bartram Road, #31, Willow Grove, PA 19190; Alexander L. Maggitti III, BS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Jared Castellani, BS, 150 Ridge Pike, #108-A, Lafayette Hill, PA 19444; Francis X. Diamond, BS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Matthew M. McMullin, MS, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; and Barry K. Logan, PhD, NMS Labs/ CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090
After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the pattern of use of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) drugs trends describing the compounds that are most prevalent and those emerging on the scene. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing information that can be used for harm reduction, law enforcement, emergency medical care professionals, and those involved with user education and drug treatment programs can all A variety of analytical methodologies including immunoassay (Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA)), Gas samples collected from attendees at an electronic dance music festival where there was a high level of self-reported use of NPS drugs. The range of NPS drugs is constantly changing and many similar compounds, analogs, and isobaric compounds are being sold by artifacts, minor metabolites, degradation products, drug analogs, and isomers in complex forensic specimens. Incorrect presumptive An Agilent® ® modes provide fragmentation data through the use of alternating fragmentor voltages in the source or collision energies in the collision spacing, abundance thresholds, the presence of fragment ions, and the comparison of ion ratios to the database reference entry. was the most commonly missed compound by all three methods, with the Q-TOF not identifying it in any of the samples for which
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1151 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
Novel Psychoactive Substances, Time-of-Flight (TOF), Toxicological Screening
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1152 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K77 Optimization of Extraction Parameters Using IMCSzyme™ ß-Glucuronidase for Opiate Analysis of Various Toxicological Matrices
Nancy A. Kedzierski, MS*, Orange County Crime Laboratory, 320 N Flower Street, Santa Ana, CA 92703; and Danielle C. Mata, MS, 320 N Flower Street, Santa Ana, CA 92703
™ ß-glucuronidase and its use for opiate analysis in whole blood. Attendees will also be able to evaluate the use of those parameters in the analysis of opiates in analysis required for total opiate analysis. ™ ™ amounts. After hydrolysis was complete, deuterated internal standard (100µL) was added to each sample and standard. Samples were via gas chromatography/mass spectrometer with selective ion monitoring. ™ various toxicological matrices commonly tested for opiates. All matrices were tested to obtain results for the free opiate content and the ™ H. pomatia ™ than the currently used H. pomatia ™ the H. pomatia ™ ™ consist of sonicating the samples prior to hydrolysis or agitating the samples during the hydrolysis step.
Toxicology, Opiate, Glucuronide
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1153 * Presenting Author Toxicology Section - 2015
K78 Postmortem Pediatric Toxicology
Robert A. Middleberg, PhD, NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Nikolas P. Lemos, PhD, OCME, Forensic Lab Division, Hall of Justice, N Terrace, 850 Bryant Street, San Francisco, CA 94103; Erik D. Christensen, MD*, State of UT MEO, 48 N Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84113; James R. Gill, MD*, OCME, 11 Shuttle Road, Farmington, CT 06032; Ellen Moffatt, MD*, City & County of San Francisco, OME, 850 Bryant Street, San Francisco, CA 94103; and Marina Stajic, PhD*, OCME, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
pediatric cases. Attendees will learn interpretive guidelines for pediatric cases involving forensic toxicology in both a general and a in the pediatric population. lead to integrative consensus, or differing opinions, as to cause of death in children. genesis of the isopropyl alcohol in this child and the potential role of the substance in the fatal outcome will be described. Additionally, of these type cases have been educational and demonstrative of the issues in this special population. Only through these continued case
Pediatric, Postmortem, ToxicologyA Title Sample
Copyright 2015 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial published in this periodical is permitted by AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained by AAFS. 1154 * Presenting Author