Female Hospitallers in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Female Hospitallers in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries FEMALE HOSPITALLERS IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES Myra Struckmeyer A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by: Advisor: Michael McVaugh Reader: Judith Bennett Reader: Jaroslav Folda Reader: Richard Pfaff Reader: Jonathan Riley-Smith © 2006 Myra Struckmeyer ii ABSTRACT MYRA STRUCKMEYER: Female Hospitallers in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (Under the direction of Michael McVaugh) “Female Hospitallers in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries” is an analysis of the presence of female members in the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, who were associated with the order as lay sisters involved in hospital care, as women devoted to the liturgy, and as commanders. The study gives special attention to the differences among types of female association, the accommodation of female religious, the cooperation between men and women (or lack thereof), and motivation. It is the first large-scale study of women in the military orders in English and first serious attempt to relate the study of military orders to the framework of the study of female monasticism. With predominantly archival sources as her evidence, the author argues that, 1. the female members of the Hospital of Saint John were not an anomaly to the order but formed an integral part of the order, as they contributed financially, physically, socially, and above all, spiritually; 2. the Hospital of Saint John was, in comparison to other religious orders, remarkably open to receiving and accommodating women. Some of these women associated as fully-professed iii religious, others as lay associates or semi-religious; consorores, donatas, or the like, depending on when or where the association was made. At the end of the twelfth century and in line with a general trend in the history of monasticism, the Order of Saint John began to segregate the women from the men and established religious houses specifically for them. However, this segregation was never complete, and unlike most other religious orders, the Hospitallers continued to welcome female association in male, female, and mixed-sex congregations throughout the thirteenth century. Its positive attitude towards women was only matched by other Augustinian institutions, and points at a difference between Augustinian and Cistercian-Benedictine oriented military religious orders. iv To Mary Lou Ruud, Jonathan Riley-Smith, and Michael McVaugh, whose teachings were my inspiration. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Even such lonely work as writing a dissertation is never done alone. The following people have been my inspiration and support, and I thank them from the deepest of my heart. My first thanks go to my advisor Michael McVaugh. He always had an ear for my troubles, and he had always a sensible reply. Secondly, I am greatly indebted to Jonathan Riley-Smith, who took me on as an unofficial advisee and has shared his great knowledge with me over the seas and over the years. Thirdly, I would like to thank Ronnie Ellenblum, who planted the idea of doing a PhD in my head during a walk through the old city of Acre. There are others. I would like to thank Richard Pfaff, Jaroslav Folda, Judith Bennett and Maura Lafferty for serving on my committee and for giving me their advice. I would like to thank Judith Bennett, Jacqueline Hall, and all the wonderful scholars of the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship for making me aware of the fact that feminism is a positive enterprise and that the study of gender is valuable. My gratitude also goes to Helen Nicholson, Anthony Luttrell, and Hans Mol for their helpful comments on my work, and to Luis García-Guijarro, who rightfully warned against wanting to pick the fruit before it was ripe. vi Many of the ideas presented here developed during discussions with colleagues and friends, whose scholarship I admire and friendship I cherish. Thanks to Caroline Smith, Jochen Schenk, Merav Mack, and the other crusaders for more or less serious, but always enjoyable conversations. The same to my friends at UNC: Michael Allsep, Danielle Slootjes, Rosemary Stremlau, Pamella Lach, Elsa Filosa, Simona Muratore, and Adriano Duque for keeping me sane for all these years. I feel also deep gratitude to Carol Lewald, who kept reminding me there is a world beyond history, Anne Menkens, for her company and her corrections of my English, Willemijn Geldorp, who is always on call, and Sophie, for her admirable patience. A special mentioning goes to Erik Jan and Liesbeth Geldorp, whom I thank for their most generous support. And finally, thank you, Carl, for helping me through the final months with stoic calm. My love is to all. No scholarship is possible without sufficient financial support. I would like to thank the Graduate School of the University of North Carolina for having faith that I would complete this project and being willing to finance my last year, as well as the American Association of University Women, which financed my penultimate year. Research was made possible through grants by the Medieval Academy of America, The Hill Monastic Library, The UNC University Center of International Studies, the UNC History Department, and the Cambridge University Lightfoot Fund. Preliminary presentations at conferences were sponsored by the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and the UNC Graduate School. vii Finally, I thank my parents, Wim and Jacinta Hogeweg, who were always there for me. viii PREFACE The deserts of Aragon. Los Monegros, a barren landscape. Empty fields, low bushes and some leafless trees stand along a fast rushing river, all cloaked in a cold mist. Except for a few poor and dilapidated villages the area is desolate. Then and now. I arrived at Sigena at 3 PM on Christmas day, 2003. This is the place where Queen Sancha built her Hospitaller monastery, endowed it well, and directed the community from a distance until she could retire from court. She purportedly noted in a letter to the prioress in the 1190’s how she longed for the tranquillity of religious life, writing: “I would very much like to see you and live with you for the delight, tranquillity and peace which you enjoy because all we have here is the barking of the dogs.”1 From a distance she took care of the construction of the house by sending a Saracen engineer to oversee the erection of mills and sturdy defence walls, and by ordering English artists to execute an elaborate decorative program for the chapter house.2 I touch the walls and feel the crumbly sandstone. The walls are slightly orange, like the soil around them. The curved wall of an apse has a sole arched 1. Documentos de Sigena, ed. Agustín Ubieto Arteta (Valencia, 1972), no. 1. 2. Documentos de Sigena, no. 10. ix window decorated with two simple and worn columns. Just below the roofline a row of rounded corbels embellishes the structure.3 A woman opens the small side door. A modern woman in a green coat, not the wide-capped, black-cloaked Hospitaller sister I had imagined. I lower my head and step through the gate. I see a large courtyard with little left of its former glory. It is burnt out, strewn with rubble, and surrounded by a skeleton of arches. “Dormitorio,” the woman says. I nod and take pictures. She points to her left, “Refectorio.” I nod again and click my camera. We enter a room. “Capitularia.” This room, once decorated by Sancha’s famous frescoes, is now restored and washed pink. Then we enter the church: dark, tall, simple, and currently with a minimum of decorations. We exit through the main portal of the church, which on the outside is elaborately decorated with a fan of fourteen simple stone pillars and arches; a royal execution of Romanesque simplicity. Finally we go into the mortuary where the empty graves of Sancha, her son King Pedro, and two of her daughters are placed along the walls. New are the eight slots for deceased Hospitaller sisters of recent times. The forces of the Civil War had tried to destroy Sigena and burned it to the ground in 1936, almost seven hundred and fifty years after the sisters first came here. They managed to halt religious life only for a short period of time because in 3. According to Gardelles, this is a typical feature of twelfth century churches erected by military orders in Spain and Southern France. Jacques Gardelles, "Le Prieuré de Sigena au XIe et XIIIe Siècles. Étude Architecturale," Bulletin Monumental, 133:1 (1975), pp. 15-28. See also K. F. Schuler, "The Pictorial Program of the Chapter House of Sigena" (PhD Dissertation; New York University, 1995), p. 33. x 1986 the sisters of Belén obtained the property and revived it, “helped by the grace of God and several miracles of the Virgin.”4 A copy of a thirteenth-century medieval Madonna and child stands in the abbess’s reception room.5 And just as the Hospitaller sisters told Mildred Staple Byne the story in the 1920’s, the sisters of Belén told me about the miracle of the found image of the Virgin, the reason for the house’s existence. When Byne visited Sigena in search of its art treasures, she saw on the wall of the prioress’s hall (a room now in ruins) “one of the most stupidest and disagreeable pictures” of a “brownish bull snorting about in the center of a still more brownish landscape.” “Of course,” she wrote condescendingly, “we had to hear all about that.” 6 According to Byne, the story went as follows: Sometime in the twelfth century a bull had the habit of wandering off and not returning until nightfall.
Recommended publications
  • The Military Orders in Wales and the Welsh March in the Middle Ages1
    The Military Orders in Wales and the Welsh March in the Middle Ages In the later medieval centuries the Hospitallers’ estates in Wales were among the most extensive of any religious corporation there. In 1535, just before the dissolution of the monasteries, the commandery at Slebech was the third richest monastic house in Wales, after the Cistercian abbeys at Tintern and Valle Crucis. The next richest house after Slebech was another Cistercian house, Margam Abbey, © Copyrighted Material followed by the Benedictine priory at Abergavenny. by comparison with other Hospitaller houses in England and Wales. In 1338 it received the largest income of any Hospitaller house in England and Wales, apart Chapter 16 from the main house at Clerkenwell just outside London, fourth highest net value of the Hospitallers’ twenty-two houses in England and Wales, after Clerkenwell, Buckland and Ribston. we might expect the Hospitallers to have held great authority and power in Wales, and their Welsh property to have been very significant within the Order. Helen J. Nicholson the Templars in the British Isles were arrested on the order of King Edward II of In contrast, the Templars held very little property in Wales. In 1308, when their assistance with certain points in this paper. 1 £188; the annual net income of Margam was £181 per annum, while Abergavenny’s was £129. D. Knowles2 and R.N. I Hadcock,am very grateful Medieval to PhilipReligious Handyside, Houses: KathrynEngland Hurlock and Wales and, Paul Sambrook for 2nd edn (London, 1971), pp. 52, 114, 301; cf. R.K. Turvey, ‘Priest and Patron: A Study of a Gentry Family’s Patronage ofThe the annual Church net in income South-West of Slebech Wales was in the£184, Later after Middle Tintern’s Ages’, £192 and Valle Crucis’s Journal of Welsh Ecclesiastical History, 8 (1991), 7–19, here p.
    [Show full text]
  • ASPECTS of Tile MONASTIC PATRONAGE of Tile ENGLISH
    ASPECTS OF TIlE MONASTIC PATRONAGE OF TIlE ENGLISH AND FRENCH ROYAL HOUSES, c. 1130-1270 by Elizabeth M. Hallani VC i% % Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in History presented at the University of London. 1976. / •1 ii SUMMARY This study takes as its theme the relationship of the English and French kings and the religious orders, £.1130-1270, Patronage in general is a field relatively neglected in the rich literature on the monastic life, and royal patronage has never before been traced over a broad period for both France and England. The chief concern here is with royal favour shown towards the various orders of monks and friars, in the foundations and donations made by the kings. This is put in the context of monastic patronage set in a wider field, and of the charters and pensions which are part of its formaL expression. The monastic foundations and the general pattern of royal donations to different orders are discussed in some detail in the core of the work; the material is divided roughly according to the reigns of the kings. Evidence from chronicles and the physical remains of buildings is drawn upon as well as collections of charters and royal financial documents. The personalities and attitudes of the monarchs towards the religious hierarchy, the way in which monastic patronage reflects their political interests, and the contrasts between English and French patterns of patronage are all analysed, and the development of the royal monastic mausoleum in Western Europe is discussed as a special case of monastic patronage. A comparison is attempted of royal and non-royal foundations based on a statistical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrea-Bianka Znorovszky
    10.14754/CEU.2016.06 Doctoral Dissertation Between Mary and Christ: Depicting Cross-Dressed Saints in the Middle Ages (c. 1200-1600) By: Andrea-Bianka Znorovszky Supervisor(s): Gerhard Jaritz Marianne Sághy Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, and the Doctoral School of History (HUNG doctoral degree) Central European University, Budapest of in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, and for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History(HUNG doctoral degree) CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2016 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 I, the undersigned, Andrea-Bianka Znorovszky, candidate for the PhD degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present dissertation is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 07 June 2016. __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection i 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the dawn, after a long, perilous journey, when, finally, the pilgrim got out from the maze and reached the Holy Land, s(he) is still wondering on the miraculous surviving from beasts, dragons, and other creatures of the desert who tried to stop its travel. Looking back, I realize that during this entire journey I was not alone, but others decided to join me and, thus, their wisdom enriched my foolishness.
    [Show full text]
  • Emigració De La Conca De Barberà a La Ciutat De Valls En El Marc De La Primera Guerra Carlina
    Emigració de la Conca de Barberà a la ciutat de Valls en el marc de la Primera Guerra Carlina Josep M. Grau Pujol Roser Puig Tàrrech 11 Centre d’Estudis de la Conca de Barberà Emigració de la Conca de Barberà a la ciutat de Valls en el marc de la Primera Guerra Carlina Josep M. Grau Pujol Roser Puig Tàrrech C/ Doctor Fleming 16, 2n 43470 La Selva del Camp Paraules clau: migracions, Valls, segle XIX, Conca de Barberà, Primera Guerra Car­ lina, padró d’habitants. Resum Estudi del flux migratori de la Conca de Barberà vers Valls en la primera meitat del segle XIX; a través del padró d’habitants vallenc del 1844 es compten 154 emigrants, més de la meitat dones. Les professions dels que s’instal·len al Camp de Tarragona es concentren principalment en el sector terciari (comerç, servei domèstic i transport) i, en segon lloc, en el secundari (artesans). S’aporten diferents censos de població de la Conca extrets del Butlletí Oficial de la Província, a més de múltiples referències als carlins. Estudio del movimiento migratorio de la comarca interior de la Conca de Barberà hacia Valls en la primera mitad del siglo XIX; a través del padrón municipal de habitantes vallense del 1844 se contabilizan 154 emigrantes, más de la mitad mujeres. Las ocupa- ciones de los que se instalan en el Camp de Tarragona se concentran principalmente en el sector terciario (comercio, servicio doméstico y transporte) y en el sector secundario (ar- tesanos). Se presentan diversos censos de población de la Conca publicados en el boletín oficial de la provincia de Tarragona, además de muchas referencias sobre los carlistas.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessment
    Av. Marià Fortuny 83, 2n 3a 43203, REUS [email protected] www.limonium.org 977 342 069 Presentation LIMONIUM, SOCIETAT d’ACTUACIONS AMBIENTALS, was born as a company on April 1996. It is formed by a pluridisciplinar team of young but experienced professionals, educated in the items of environmental sciences, engineering, biology, land planning and environmental education. Limonium offers its experience to companies, public administrations and individuals, and because of this, two different working teams have been created: environmental consulting and communication and environmental education. Image of ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING AREA OF LIMONIUM: studies, projects, and assessments Image of COMMUNICATION and ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION TEAM OF LIMONIUM: education for sustainability and environmental concernment, for schools and general public. Limonium spp. Limonium is the latin name of a genus of plants named Sea-Lavanders or Statice in English. They belong to the famíly Plumbaginaceae, being small and generally linked to salty environments (salty marshes, inland and coastal salty soils and first coastal line). They consist morfologically on a basal rosette of leafs, usually fleshy, and long floral stems, with colors that change from white to violet through pink. The essence of genus Limonium defines the philosophy of our company: • Diversity: genus Limonium has more than 100 species in the Iberian Peninsula • Adaptation to local conditions: there is a different Limonium in almost every different cliff or salty marsh. • Adaptation to difficult conditions: Limonium plants always grow in difficult environments, in places that are harsh for other species. • Humility: Limonium are always humble plants, that know their limitations and that only flower when conditions are proper.
    [Show full text]
  • Desplegament Fibra Òptica 2019-2021 Demarcació De Tarragona
    Desplegament 2020-2022 demarcació de Tarragona Cristina Campillo i Cruellas – Gencat.cat Jaume Vidal González – Diputació de Tarragona Versió 1 – Gener de 2021 Desplegament 2020 2 Desplegament 2020 (I). Capitals de comarca. El 2020, s’ha fet el desplegament de capitals de comarca, obres promogudes per la Secretaria de Polítiques Digitals (SPD). Llegenda: Xarxa ja existent (cable propi) Xarxa ja existent (disponibilitat de fibres a cable de tercers) Xarxa desplegada per la SPD el 2020 Xarxa desplegada per la XOC el 2020 Calendari de recepció d’obres: • El Vendrell – Valls: 31/12/2020. • Valls - Montblanc: 31/12/2020. • Tortosa – Gandesa: 31/12/2020. • Mora la Nova – Falset: 31/01/2021. A disposició del mercat majorista gener/2021 (22/gener) 3 Desplegament 2020 (II). Instruments de comercialització. Llegenda: Xarxa ja existent (cable propi) Xarxa ja existent (disponibilitat de fibres a cable de tercers) Xarxa desplegada per la SPD el 2020 Xarxa desplegada per la XOC el 2020 Instruments de comercialització: Xarxa desplegada per la SPD el 2020 • Preu públic CTTI de lloguer de conductes: 0,53 €/m/any amb bonificacions de fins el 50% en funció de la densitat i número d’habitants del terme municipal. • Nou preu públic CTTI de lloguer de fibres fosques (finals gener) Sol·licituds via el Punt d’Informació Únic (PIU) • https://politiquesdigitals.gencat.cat/ca/tic/piu/ Xarxa desplegada per la XOC el 2020 • Oferta majorista de lloguer de fibres fosques • Oferta majorista de serveis actius • https://www.xarxaoberta.cat/ 4 Desplegament 2020 (II) Els
    [Show full text]
  • SEPTEMBER 2019 Priories
    The BULLETIN The Order of St John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller THE GRAND PRIORY OF AUSTRALASIA Under the Royal Charter of HM King Peter II of Yugoslavia THE PRIORY OF QUEENSLAND AND COMMANDERIES: BRISBANE, GOLD COAST, SUNSHINE COAST AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA A centuries- old ceremony THE PRIORY OF THE DARLING DOWNS performed with grace and dignity, THE PRIORY OF VICTORIA welcoming 10 investees from three Queensland SEPTEMBER 2019 priories. Overseas Visitors 3 Pages 4-11 A Three-Priory Investiture 4 -11 Vancouver Meeting 2020 7 Elevations 2019 11 Victoria Investiture 12-14 Simulator for Life Flight 15 Brisbane Priory News 16 Footsteps of the Knights Tour 17 News and Events from WA 20 A Year of Celebration 22 Sunshine Coast News 24 THE BULLETIN EDITORIAL CHEVALIER CHARLES CLARK GCSJ MMSJ weekend a cocktail party celebrated 50 years of the Order of Saint John in Australia and a commemorative From the Editor’s desk medal was issued. A week later the Priory of Victoria held their Investiture Ceremony attended The three months be together. also by the Sovereign Order May to July this year have been In May the Commandery of representatives. All these unite an extra-ordinary time for the Western Australia was elevated to further our work for Christian Grand Priory of Australasia. It to Priory status, and so was the Charity. If it were not so, the writing has seen changes; changes in the Commandery of the Sunshine Coast. about them would be futile. way things are done, changes in New Members’ Night, an event Planning continues for fund- attitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • Herefordshire News Sheet
    CONTENTS EDITORIAL ........................................................................................................................... 2 PROGRAMME – WINTER – JULY TO DECEMBER 1978 .................................................... 3 FIELD MEETING AT LONGTOWN AND CRASSWALL, 19TH MARCH, 1978 ....................... 4 THE GRANDMONTINE PRIORY OF ST MARY AT CRASWALL.......................................... 5 LONGTOWN CASTLE ........................................................................................................ 10 IN SEARCH OF ST ETHELBERT’S WELL, HEREFORD .................................................... 14 NOTES ON MILLS FROM ESTATE LEDGERS .................................................................. 16 EXCAVATIONS AT THE COUNTY HOSPITAL, BURIAL GROUND OF ST GUTHLAC’S MONASTERY – MAY 1978 ................................................................................................. 16 EWYAS HAROLD ............................................................................................................... 17 FORGE GARAGE, WORMBRIDGE .................................................................................... 20 MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE ELECTED FOR 1978 ................................................... 23 ACTIVITIES OF OTHER SOCIETIES ................................................................................. 23 HAN 35 Page 1 HEREFORDSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS WOOLHOPE CLUB ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SECTION No. 35 June 1978 EDITORIAL Many members will probably have seen photographs of
    [Show full text]
  • Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony
    he collection of essays presented in “Devotional Cross-Roads: Practicing Love of God in Medieval Gaul, Jerusalem, and Saxony” investigates test case witnesses of TChristian devotion and patronage from Late Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages, set in and between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, as well as Gaul and the regions north of the Alps. Devotional practice and love of God refer to people – mostly from the lay and religious elite –, ideas, copies of texts, images, and material objects, such as relics and reliquaries. The wide geographic borders and time span are used here to illustrate a broad picture composed around questions of worship, identity, reli- gious affiliation and gender. Among the diversity of cases, the studies presented in this volume exemplify recurring themes, which occupied the Christian believer, such as the veneration of the Cross, translation of architecture, pilgrimage and patronage, emergence of iconography and devotional patterns. These essays are representing the research results of the project “Practicing Love of God: Comparing Women’s and Men’s Practice in Medieval Saxony” guided by the art historian Galit Noga-Banai, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the histori- an Hedwig Röckelein, Georg-August-University Göttingen. This project was running from 2013 to 2018 within the Niedersachsen-Israeli Program and financed by the State of Lower Saxony. Devotional Cross-Roads Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony Edited by Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover Röckelein/Noga-Banai/Pinchover Devotional Cross-Roads ISBN 978-3-86395-372-0 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover (Eds.) Devotional Cross-Roads This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
    [Show full text]
  • RUSSIAN TRADITION of the KNIGHTS of MALTA OSJ The
    RUSSIAN TRADITION OF THE KNIGHTS OF MALTA OSJ The Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller is a collection of charitable organisations claiming continuity with the Russian Orthodox grand priory of the Order of Saint John. Their distinction emerged when the Mediterranean stronghold of Malta was captured by Napoleon in 1798 when he made his expedition to Egypt. As a ruse, Napoleon asked for safe harbor to resupply his ships, and then turned against his hosts once safely inside Valletta. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch failed to anticipate or prepare for this threat, provided no effective leadership, and readily capitulated to Napoleon. This was a terrible affront to most of the Knights desiring to defend their stronghold and sovereignty. The Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power. The Emperor of Russia gave the largest number of Knights shelter in St Petersburg and this gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and recognition within the Russian Imperial Orders. In gratitude the Knights declared Ferdinand von Hompesch deposed and Emperor Paul I was elected as the new Grand Master. Origin Blessed Gerard created the Order of St John of Jerusalem as a distinctive Order from the previous Benedictine establishment of Hospitallers (Госпитальеры). It provided medical care and protection for pilgrims visiting Jerusalem. After the success of the First Crusade, it became an independent monastic order, and then as circumstances demanded grafted on a military identity, to become an Order of knighthood. The Grand Priory of the Order moved to Rhodes in 1312, where it ruled as a sovereign power, then to Malta in 1530 as a sovereign/vassal power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Clergy in the Medieval World: Secular Clerics, Their Families and Careers in North-Western Europe C.800–C.1200 Julia Barrow Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08638-8 - The Clergy in the Medieval World: Secular Clerics, Their Families and Careers in North-Western Europe c.800–c.1200 Julia Barrow Index More information Index Aachen Adela, countess of Blois, 247, 258 collegiate church of Saint Mary (imperial Adelard, monk of Saint Peter’s, Ghent, 141 chapel), 121, 238, 274, 302 Adelard, scholasticus of Holy Cross, councils of, 38 Waltham, 89, 277 Councils of (816–17), 165 Admonitio Generalis,79 Rule of. See Institutio canonicorum adolescence, 28, 58, 61, 63–4 abacus, 221 adolescentia, 41, 53, 63 Abbo, bishop of Soissons, 58 adolescents, 44, 54, 121, 144, 161, 166, Abelard, Peter, 1, 14, 65, 116, 122, 126, 184, 236 147, 154, 171, 194, 201, 215–16, Adolf, bishop of Osnabrück, 154 222, 281 Adrian IV, pope, 137, 204, 339 Historia Calamitatum of, 14, 171 adulthood, 5, 27–8, 40, 66, 118–19, 200, Abergavenny, Master Peter of, canon of 347 Hereford, 199 adults, 9, 39–40, 70, 118–19, 198, 236, absenteeism, 12, 111, 271, 292, 309, 348 344 abstinence, sexual, 29–30 advocates, 152 acolytes, 35–9, 41–2, 44–5, 47–8, 67, advowson, 18, 22, 298, 327 69, 346 Ælberht, archbishop of York, 54, 166 Acts of the Apostles, 37, 78–9, 98, 100 Ælfheah, bishop of Winchester, 58, 60, 141 Adalbero, archbishop of Rheims, 91, 124, Ælfheah, brother of Ælfhere, 140 128 Ælfheah, priest of Plympton, 143 Adalbero I, bishop of Metz, 91, 124 Ælfhere, ealdorman of Mercia, 140 Adalbero II, bishop of Metz, 124 Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, 87, 224–5, 342 Adalbero, bishop of Verdun, 124 Ælfric Bata, 218
    [Show full text]
  • Contemplating Money and Wealth in Monastic Writing C. 1060–C. 1160 Giles E
    © Copyrighted Material Chapter 3 Contemplating Money and Wealth in Monastic Writing c. 1060–c. 1160 Giles E. M. Gasper ashgate.com It is possible to spend money in such a way that it increases; it is an investment which grows, and pouring it out only brings in more. The very sight ofashgate.com sumptuous and exquisite baubles is sufficient to inspire men to make offerings, though not to say their prayers. In this way, riches attract riches, and money produces more money. For some unknown reasons, the richer a place appears, the more freely do offerings pour in. Gold-cased relics catch the gaze and open the purses. If you ashgate.com show someone a beautiful picture of a saint, he comes to the conclusion that the saint is as holy as the picture is brightly coloured. When people rush up to kiss them, they are asked to donate. Beauty they admire, but they do no reverence to holiness. … Oh, vanity of vanities, whose vanity is rivalled only by its insanity! The walls of the church are aglow, but the ashgate.compoor of the church go hungry. The 1 stones of the church are covered with gold, while its children are left naked. The famousApologia of Bernard of Clairvaux to Abbot William of St Thierry on the alleged decadence of the Cluniac monastic observance is well known. While Bernard does not makes an unequivocalashgate.com condemnation of wealth, adornment and money, but rather a series of qualified, if biting, remarks on the subject directed particularly to monastic communities, material prosperity and its 1 Bernard of Clairvaux,ashgate.com An Apologia to Abbot William, M.
    [Show full text]