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Andrea-Bianka Znorovszky 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 Doctoral Dissertation Between Mary and Christ: Depicting Cross-Dressed Saints in the Middle Ages (c. 1200-1600) By: Andrea-Bianka Znorovszky Supervisor(s): Gerhard Jaritz Marianne Sághy Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, and the Doctoral School of History (HUNG doctoral degree) Central European University, Budapest of in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, and for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History(HUNG doctoral degree) CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2016 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 I, the undersigned, Andrea-Bianka Znorovszky, candidate for the PhD degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present dissertation is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 07 June 2016. __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection i 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the dawn, after a long, perilous journey, when, finally, the pilgrim got out from the maze and reached the Holy Land, s(he) is still wondering on the miraculous surviving from beasts, dragons, and other creatures of the desert who tried to stop its travel. Looking back, I realize that during this entire journey I was not alone, but others decided to join me and, thus, their wisdom enriched my foolishness. I am thankful for the advice and help of my supervisor, Professor Gerhard Jaritz, who convinced me to get up, follow the road, and fight, when I, worthless pilgrim, felt down on the dry land. This dissertation is the result of his permanent surveillance on the countless drafts that I have submitted him. While under Professor Marianne Sághy’s care, I learned how to teach and realized the amount of responsibility that goes with this process. A journey in the maze is not as simple as it seems, it has its ups and downs and dead ends. My gratitude goes to the individuals who contributed with their suggestions during my research trips: to Father Rocco Ronzani who accepted to supervise me in Rome, to Professor Ingrid Matschinegg who coordinated me in Vienna, and to Lajos Sághy who welcomed me in Paris. Information is crucial during a journey and when on crossroads everything matters. I greet Professor Zaza Shirkladze, Professor Kirk Ambrose, Professor Barbara Ferrari, Diarmuid O’Riain, and Jean-Michel Roudier, Director of Auguste Grasset Museum, France, for sending articles and materials that were essential for the successful completion of this work. I am also obliged to Professor Katie Keene’s support that enabled me to consult registers from the French National Archives and to Vincent Haegele, Director of the Library of Compiègne, who facilitated my access both to the library funds and to Saint-Jean-aux-Bois. Many thanks go to Antonio, Ardea, Italy, who brought light in a cave’s darkness so that I could see Saint Marina’s face radiating with holiness. I appreciate Csilla Dobos who assisted me in all the scheduling, paper work, and, most important, lift me up when I was down. CEU eTD Collection And I am deeply thankful for the attention of my family and of my friends who accompanied me on this long journey. But what is a journey without the crawling creatures of the night? I salute all the superficial gossipers and all those people who withdrew in silence choosing not to help, when I was in need, for I grew much stronger understanding that the show must go on. ii 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT .................................................................. ix ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... xix VITAE ............................................................................................................................... xx PROLOGUE ................................................................................................................... xxi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 22 1.1. Historical-religious contexts .................................................................................. 24 1.2. The rise of vernacular and lay piety ....................................................................... 25 CEU eTD Collection 1.3 The Cult of the Virgin Mary ................................................................................... 26 1.4. Ambivalent Women in Ambivalent Contexts ........................................................ 28 iii 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 1.5. Brief view on methodology, sources, and terminology ......................................... 30 1.5.1. Scholarship on holy women in disguise.......................................................... 30 1.5.2. Research questions, sources, and, methodology ............................................. 32 1.5.3. Admiranda/Imitanda vs. canon law ................................................................ 36 1.5.4. Terminology and research areas ..................................................................... 36 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................... 38 In Disguise for Christ’s Sake ........................................................................................ 38 1.1. Previous interpretations ......................................................................................... 38 1.2. Clothes ................................................................................................................... 40 1.3. Tonsure .................................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 67 Brides for Christ’s Sake ................................................................................................. 67 2.1 Iconography ............................................................................................................ 67 CEU eTD Collection 2.1.1 Saint Euphrosyne of Alexandria ...................................................................... 68 2.1.2. Saint Margareta dicta Pelagius ........................................................................ 73 iv 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 2.1.3. Saint Eugenia of Rome ................................................................................... 76 2.1.4. Saint Marina the Monk ................................................................................... 79 2.2.1 Reflecting the image of the Virgin................................................................... 83 2.2.2 Reconfiguring the image of female mystics .................................................... 92 Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 103 Dying for Christ’s Sake ................................................................................................ 103 3.1. Iconography ......................................................................................................... 103 3.1.1. Saint Marina the Monk ................................................................................. 103 3.1.2. Saint Margareta dicta Pelagius ...................................................................... 105 3.1.3. Saint Euphrosyne .......................................................................................... 105 3.1.4. Saint Eugenia of Rome ................................................................................. 109 3.2. Analysis................................................................................................................ 112 3.2.1. Beyond a gendered-virgocentric perspective ................................................ 112 CEU eTD Collection 3.2.2. Meeting the Groom in articulo mortis .......................................................... 113 3.2.3 Fasting, illness, and pain as imitatio Christi .................................................. 118 v 10.14754/CEU.2016.06 3.2.3.1. Saint Eugenia of Rome: Torture for the Kingdom of Heaven ................... 120 3.2.3.2 Illness and fasting: Saint Euphrosyne’s penitence for sanctity ................... 125 3.2.3.3 Saint Marina: imitating the Madonna with child? ...................................... 133 3.2.3.4. Penitents in their cells: Margareta Pelagius and Euphrosyne of Alexandria ................................................................................................................................. 141 With Christ ‘till My Remaining Days .......................................................................... 150 Conclusions 1 ............................................................................................................... 150 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................
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