Mobilizing Floristic Data in Multi-Access Keys

Mobilizing Floristic Data in Multi-access Keys.

Harry C. Stradley

August 19th, 2016

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the MSc in the Biodiversity and Taxonomy of Plants.

Acknowledgements

“Begin Anywhere” - John Cage - Brian K. Bourque

Special Thanks to the Following

Colin Pendry Lorna Mitchell Martin Pullan Graham Hardy Louis Ronse De Craene Debbie Vaile Jenny Farrar Elspeth Haston

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Introduction ...... 1 Identification Keys – Historic and Modern Perspectives ...... 1 Origin of the Dichotomous Key as a Standard for Modern Botany ...... 1 Single-access Identification Keys ...... 2 Multi-access Identification Keys ...... 4 Circumscription of the Vascular Plant Families of the Floras of Nepal and Bhutan ...... 6 Pre-molecular Classification ...... 7 Bentham and Hooker – Genra Plantarum, and The Flora of British India ...... 7 The Systematics of Engler and Prantl – The Flora of Bhutan, and Nepal ...... 8 The Flora of Bhutan...... 9 The Flora of Nepal...... 10 Post-molecular Classification ...... 11 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group - An Ordinal Classification for the Families of Flowering Plants ...... 12 Transitioning from a Modified Englerian System to the APG III System ...... 12 Converting the Flora of Bhutan, and the Flora of Nepal to APG II/III...... 13 Circumscriptions of Selected Families ...... 13 Development of a Character Matrix Based on the APG Families...... 15 Family Descriptions ...... 15 Consideration of Characters ...... 16 Consistency of Taxonomic Data in Multiple Sources ...... 17 Digital Extraction of Floristic Data ...... 19 Legacy Data at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Library ...... 20 Discussion...... 20 Mobilizing Legacy Data from the Flora of Bhutan/Nepal ...... 20 Conclusion ...... 22 Appendix I ...... 26 Appendix II ...... 35

List of Figures

Figure 1 - Example of a single-access (dichotomous) key for the genera of Annonaceae Juss. presented in parallel formatting for the Flora of Nepal. (Watson et al., 2011) ...... 2

Figure 2 - Excerpt from the Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas illustrating a yoked key. (Radford et al., 1968) ...... 3 Stradley 1

Introduction

Understanding and classifying the natural world, especially flora is more important now than ever before. Aside from the pure inherent curiosity of identifying flora, it is often a necessity for larger goals to have a list of extant flora, particularly flora native to particular geographical, or political regions. Conservation work in particular has need for identifying specimens, as it is impossible to conserve what is not known. Dichotomous identification keys are widely available, and are common place in many works. Typically, these are keys to genra and species, while less commonly a work might include a key to families. These keys were often produced purely in print form, limiting them to users with physical access to the flora/field guide. Modern digital resources make it available to have a wider range of identification resources, both with traditional dichotomous keys, but also more recent multi-access keys. Digital interactive keys require the creation and maintenance of a database to support them. Databases can be tedious to create, but can be aided by smart software that can extract data from electronic sources. In order to use historic print based information, the data either needs to be hand entered by a live user, or converted into electronic format to be read by software. This project discusses the feasibility of creating an online multi-access identification key for the woody plant families of Nepal and Bhutan based off the respective floras for those regions.

Identification Keys – Historic and Modern Perspectives

Origin of the Dichotomous Key as a Standard for Modern Botany

Dichotomous keys are probably one of the most well-known tools for identification used universally across almost all branches of biological science. In botanical sciences they are almost a mandatory element, particularly in any sort of taxonomic work e.g. floras, monographs, or any sort of revision. Several authors can be credited with developing tools that would fall under the scheme of modern dichotomous keys, but Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is generally credited as the who brought it into mainstream use in its modern format. He published a version of a dichotomous key in his 1778 Flore Française, and while it is far from the modern form its purpose is evident as a dichotomous identification key. The predecessors to the Lamarck key go Stradley 2 back an estimated one to two hundred years, beginning with the dialectic works of Ramus who presented dichotomously organized information designed as a teaching tool for his students. Also preceding Lamarck were dichotomous arrangements used as tools for presenting classification systems, e.g. John Ray’s scheme for his 1868 Historia Plantarum. (Griffing, 2011) Since then modern identification keys have diversified into several forms aside from the classic dichotomous key.

Modern identification keys can fall into one of two categories, either being single-access or multi-access in style. Dichotomous keys remain relatively unchanged in their presentation since their introduction in 1778, and fall under the heading of single-access keys as they proceed from a single starting point. Within the last century though many modern forms of biological identification have presented themselves with varying degrees of success. Theses fall under what are commonly referred to as multi-access keys. They allow the user to enter the key from a variety of starting points based on available data. While dichotomous keys are probably the more well-known of the two types, multi-access keys are not without merit.

Single-access Identification Keys

Typically, when discussing identification keys, it is implied that the key in question is a dichotomous key as presented in Figure 2. These keys progress logically from an initial starting point using discriminating couplets to guide the user through until an identification is made. The

Figure 1 - Example of a single-access (dichotomous) key for the genera of Annonaceae Juss. presented in parallel formatting for the Flora of Nepal. (Watson et al., 2011)

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majority dichotomous keys will be found in any number of taxonomic works, typically floras, monographs, and field guides and are used to identify genra and species. Higher level keys to family level identification are also found, but with a lower frequency than keys to genra and species. The basic principles behind keys are relatively simple and has probably been the main reason for their success. The main selling point being that well-constructed keys are compact, effective methods for identification, and can be incorporated into any number of botanical writings or resources. Once educated on how to use a key, any dichotomous key can be read and understood in short order. The only variation between keys is usually in how the couplets are ordered, either being parallel as in figure 2, or yoked as seen in figure 3. With parallel keys the choices in a couplet are presented jointly as a whole unit. In the key presented in figure 2 the first couplet presents us with two options. If option A describes your specimen, then you have reached a determination for your taxa, but if option A does not describe your specimen, then you proceed to the next couplet. Repeating these steps at each pairing until you have determined your taxa. Yoked keys are of a similar principle, except instead of strictly pairing couplets they

Figure 2 - Excerpt from the Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas illustrating a yoked key. (Radford et al., 1968) cluster relevant couplets under one half of the parent couplets. In the Key to Keys presented in figure 3 you have the choice of growth form. If your specimen meets the criteria for “Tree, shrubs, or woody vines” you can proceed to characters more directly relevant to your specimen as dictated by the parent couplet. The preference of either keying system subjective to personal preference and how one was taught.

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Both systems have admirable qualities, but limit users from more dynamic uses. The primary problem with dichotomous keys is that they are single-access. Users are limited to a single point of entry at each level of the key, which can be a compounded issues depending on the characters selected for use in the key. Characters utilized in the creation of keys are often ones that efficiently split taxa into clear groups, e.g. corolla fused versus corolla of 5 free petals. Using highlight characters limits other data that could be useful in identification, and may present characters that are not present in the specimen available. One also has to consider the context for creating a key. In the creation of floras one typically includes a key for identifying the genra and species that the author has provided in that volume. Species concepts for the included taxa are evaluated prior to inclusion in the flora, and may be somewhat changed from previous usages. Keys are included to be able to identify the genra and species contained in the volume, but also as a way to help validate one’s classification. Dichotomous keys provide a method for shuffling taxa into their respective slots based on observed characters that define those taxa. Neither of these are inherent disadvantages, but must be considered when constructing keys. Effective key design is equally important, and quite often just as difficult as any other form of taxonomic work.

Multi-access Identification Keys

Just shy of its 250th birthday, the dichotomous key has remained relatively unchanged and is one of the primary methods for identification of plant specimens, but are not without their drawbacks. Since then many have come along with novel identification methods that take the fundamental idea of an identification key, and transform it from a traditional dichotomous key into a more dynamic multi-access key. As their name implies the main benefit of these keys are that they allow the user to start from many different places in the identification process. This feature alone, were it applied to dichotomous keys, would have been a significant advancement in identification. However, the two methods tend to remain fairly exclusive to one another. When multi-access keys are presented it is usually to accompany a traditional dichotomous key. This has not stopped multi-access keys from gaining popularity and they are uniquely suited for Stradley 5 more dynamic usages including creation of digital interactive keys. Multi-access keys are a diverse conglomerate of many different styles for presenting identification information and range from practical to ones that are more useful for their visualizations, than for practical identification. There are only a few multi-access keys that are of interest here and include two examples of print based multi-access keys, as well as digital online multi-access keys.

Print based multi-access keys are somewhat underrated, but represent a very useful way for presenting data. The most common type of print based multi-access key is a letter code key in which a set of characters are prepared for the target group with corresponding letters assigned to them. The user proceeds through the list of characters recording the letter whenever a character present in the specimen matches that of a character in the list provided. Once all characters have been scored then the user will consult a list of taxa with a sequence of letters assigned to it. The goal is that the user’s sequence of identified characters from the specimen will match that of one of the prepared sequences assigned to a taxon. This type of print based key has been employed fairly often for use in specialized interest groups. Selected examples include Stace’s (2010) key to British species of Epilobium L., Dudman and Richard’s (1997) key to British and Irish Taraxacum F.H. Wigg., Davis and Davis (1975) key to genera for Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl, and two keys for Apiaceae Lindl. one in the Flora of China Vol 14 (Wu et al., 2005), and the other published by the Botanical Society of the British Isles (Ellis, 1989.) The Flora of China Vol 14 key to Apiaceae is recommended as an example of a letter code key. Letter code keys are the primary form of multi-access key seen in print, but typically for genra or species. Alwyn Gentry (1993) attempts a form of multi-access key for families in his Field Guide to the Families and Genera of Woody Plants of Northwest South America. Gentry utilizes several levels of easily defined characters to guide users to a list of families from which to compare their specimen. His major divisions are on leaf arrangement and leaf type (Simple/compound,) followed by easily identifiable spot characters. Under each spot character is a list of families. The user then matches a family description to the specimen. Gentry’s key is a useful way to look at information in the field, and as an educational tool. It does lack a certain level of cohesive organization, and users are limited to using one character at a time and cannot cross-reference across characters. Gentry’s key would have benefited from a more structured letter code presentation, and pairing with dichotomous key as is done with most letter code keys. Stradley 6

Both letter code keys, and Gentry’s key present practical print based methods for multi-access processes. And letter code keys in particular are the framework for producing online multi- access keys.

The principles underlying letter code multi-access keys can be directly taken and modified for use in a digital environment. The processes for creating online multi-access keys is relatively the same, but allows the creator to manipulate and add to the key in many ways not available in print. Farr (2006) advocates the advantages of online citing that their primary benefits include image display, their ease of development/updating, distribution, and ease of access. Underlying all of those are the digital databases that support the functionality of an online key. Having a virtual database as allows for real-time updates that enhance the accuracy of the key. Print based keys often become outdated as new data becomes available, and taxa concepts change. Digitally linked keys can be revised to show the most current taxa concepts. Keys published online immediately increase their usability far beyond that of print based keys, the only catch being internet accessibility. This can easily be remedied by making the key available in an offline format, or having print functionality designed into the database whereby a print based key could be generated. Online databased keys bring the data to the user versus the user coming to the data. Online digital keys will never fully replace print based identification systems, nor should they. The two systems have the benefit to work cohesively together to improve each other. Print based as portable well known systems, digital systems maintaining a wealth of additional information to confirm identifications.

Circumscription of the Vascular Plant Families of the Floras of Nepal and Bhutan

It is the habit of humans to want to classify the natural world around them, and botanists are no exception. 370 BCE sees the advent of classification with the writings of Theophrastus, who is now considered the Father of Botany. His works inspired many who came after him through to Linnaeus. The works of Linnaeus, though more widely recognized, are among many of the time. His works are vital though as they refine some of the existing concepts of the time, and provide some rules to guide future work. (Bhattacharyya, 2005) Theophrastus and Linnaeus are but a few of the many authors throughout the 2400 years of recorded botany. There have Stradley 7

been many systems of classification, the most relevant three are outlined below. The systems of note here are Bentham and Hooker, the Englerian system, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG.) The former two had fluctuating degrees of popularity, though were both still commonly used until the advent of the APG system. The APG system, now in its fourth edition, has become increasingly popular as the use of molecular sequencing has become more commonly used. Following is a brief discussion on each of the pertinent systems.

Pre-molecular Classification

Bentham and Hooker – Genra Plantarum, and The Flora of British India

The mid-1800’s in Britain was the stage for several notable scientific works. At the same time Darwin was preparing to release his Origin of Species, British botanists George Bentham, and Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker were in the process of creating their Genra Plantarum (ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.) Considering that Bentham and Hooker’s system was under development at the same time as Darwin was preparing to release the first publication of his Origin of Species it is surprising that they did not take a more progressive approach towards one of their seminal works. Hooker was in fact very favorable towards the ideas of Darwin, but Bentham was somewhat reluctant on the issue. It was decided that they would proceed with his original plan of publishing their Genra Plantarum in accordance with a natural order of Bentham’s devising. The inspiration for Genra Plantarum was primarily derived from the works of de Jussieu, and de Candolle, both of whom were among the top botanists of their time. Despite its lack of a more modern systematic approach, the Bentham and Hooker system did gain popularity among many British institutions, and throughout the Commonwealth. One of its primary benefits was the level of detail given to each of the families and genra. Each family and genus received its own detailed account based on living material and herbarium specimens. This thorough methodology helped eliminate mistakes copied along in previous botanical work, as well it set the standard for botanical descriptions to date. (Davis and Heywood, 1963)

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Prior to the publication of the Genra Plantarum Sir JD Hooker was also in collaboration with Dr. Thomas Thompson on the creation of a Flora Indica. Their Flora Indica was to serve as one of the first comprehensive systematic accounts of the region of British India, as no comparable work had been previously prepared. Many lesser volumes had been previously published by various authors, but not as a single volume. Unfortunately for Hooker and Thompson the East India Company ceased funding for this project, and they were only able to produce the introductory volume in 1855. Although Flora Indica failed to gain footing, the idea of the project was not entirely forgotten. In 1870 the Indian government in conjunction with Hooker and Kew undertook to produce the Flora of British India. The beginnings of Flora Indica were utilized as the foundation for the Flora of British India, primarily the division of the country into districts so as to more easily discuss range. Being published concurrently with Genra Plantarum Hooker utilized the system the he and Bentham had previously devised as the system on which Flora of British India would be based. Publication on the series concluded in 1887. (Burkill,1965) The seven volume series would go on to serve as one of the primary references for the area, and was one of the main resources utilized for the creation of the Flora of Bhutan. (Grierson and Long, 1983)

The Systematics of Engler and Prantl – The Flora of Bhutan, and Nepal

Bentham and Hooker’s Genra Plantarum marked the end of the age of natural systems, and stood witness to the rise in popularity of phylogenetic systems. The majority of systems post Darwin followed the new phylogenetic trend. In the tradition of the natural systems it was fully acceptable to observe, describe, and order. Phylogenetics however ushered in a refinement on how plants were ordered. It was emphasized that one conducted an evolutionary interpretation, rather than simply ordering plants arbitrarily. (Stuessy, 2009) In a sense it was using plants to inform their own order, rather than imposing an order on plants. Which tied the detailed observational methodology of Bentham and Hooker into the newer phylogenetic systems.

Engler’s system was not necessarily of novel design, but rather a refinement in a line of systems originating with Adolph Brongniart. One of Brongniart’s innovations was to eliminate the grouping of apetalous flowering plants, and to place them more appropriately in petaliferous Stradley 9

groups with whom their morphology more accurately matched. This brought it more in line with the methods of the phylogenetic systems. Prior to Engler Brongniart’s system was adapted by Alexander Braun, and Eichler. Engler picked up the system from Eichler in 1886 and began his own refinements. Along with his assistant Karl Prantl he published Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien; as well as publishing Das Pflanzenreich. These two volumes would become the foundation for his well-known system. As with Bentham and Hooker’s system, it was not necessarily the classification that lead to the popularity of this system. Engler’s system was not phylogenetic in a strict sense, but he did systematically approach the whole of the plant kingdom. It is for this reason that his system gained popularity, as it gave a picture of the whole versus a partial snapshot. The Englerian system went on to become the standard for many American and European herbaria. (Davis and Heywood, 1963)

The Flora of Bhutan

While Bhutan was treated in Sir Hooker’s Flora of British India it did not have an exhaustive work solely dedicated to the flora within its borders. By the 1950’s there was quite a substantial amount of material which had been collected by those who had been able to enter and explore the country, namely William Griffith, Frank Ludlow, and George Sherriff. Their combined collections represented roughly 7,200 herbarium specimens. As the amount of botanical information grew it became more and more apparent to the Bhutanese government that a comprehensive work for their country still did not exist. To this end, in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, a series of volumes was published beginning in 1983 concluding publication in 2002. (Grierson and Long, 1983)

The format for these publications was a slightly divergent from historic floras, in that it was adapted to the particular needs of the end user in Bhutan, versus being a strict reference volume. The primary user of these volumes were Bhutanese foresters who would be using the flora for identification purposes. To this end the authors made several changes to make the volumes as easy to use for the Bhutanese, some of whom had no formal botanical education, or for whom English is a second language. The adaptations for the Flora of Bhutan included simplifying the terms used, in conjunction with limiting abbreviations where possible. The Stradley 10 number of micro-characters used was limited where possible as well in favor of more readily observable characters, primarily vegetative which are the easiest to observe in the field. Keys included in these volumes were also modified to give results only so far as a species group, so that final identification would be made based on a description, rather than single characters in the key. This was done with the aim of helping to eliminate misidentification. The end result creating sort of a hybrid flora/forestry field guide. (Grierson and Long, 1983)

Systematics for these volumes was also a hybrid to a certain extent. The primary classification used was that of Engler, but only for familial circumscription. Classification at the generic level follows the arrangement used in the Flora of British India. The uses of these systems was not a direct one-to-one transfer, and required modification were new data was available regarding family delimitations, as well as the correct use of names for taxa. (Grierson and Long, 1983) The Flora of Bhutan served to unify two of the leading botanical systems, and give them a much needed boost after nearly a century of use.

The Flora of Nepal

Nepal, as with neighboring Bhutan did not have a comprehensive set of floristic volumes, and this hole in the knowledge of Himalayan botany was one of the driving factors in beginning the Flora of Nepal project. Filling this gap in our knowledge of the region is actually one of the lesser notes of importance regarding these volumes. The Flora of Nepal series serves to act as a foundation for the conservation and sustainable use of Nepal’s flora. The Nepalese government in conjunction with a passionate group of Himalayan botanists came together to help jointly fulfill Nepal’s National Biodiversity Strategy under the Convention for Biological Diversity. Where the Flora of Bhutan was written for foresters, the Flora of Nepal is strategically designed as not only a reference work, but a tool for the conservation of Himalayan flora. The borders of Nepal encompass approximately a third of all Himalayan diversity, and is one of the top Global Biodiversity Hotspots. Accounts written for the Flora of Nepal encompass many baseline data needed that are helpful in several areas ranging from environmental studies to conservation planning. (Watson et al. 2011)

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The end product necessary to make this series a valuable tool for researchers meant taking it beyond the tradition of a purely print based work. The authors realized the need to have the Flora of Nepal be a dynamic work, and have incorporated many digital tools into its creation. In addition to being published in print, all accounts are published online as well. A custom built website houses the accounts as well as all accessory information pertaining to the flora. Often it is accessory data like primary occurrences that have proven more useful to some researchers. Hybrid publication also allows for active revision rather than have to publish a new print edition, which can be costly and time consuming. Publishing individual accounts digitally allows for rapid revision as new data becomes available. It also allows for the implementation of changes in classification. The Flora of Nepal follows a style approximate to that of the Flora of China, and the Flora of Bhutan. (Watson et al. 2011) For some end users this modified Englerian system may seems a step back in light of the all the other advances present in the Flora of Nepal. Especially considering the publication of the third update to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group’s classification two years prior to the publication of the Flora of Nepal. While an updated classification in the print volumes would be desirable it is a minor inconvenience when coupled with the digital resources backing it. As mentioned previously digital resources allow for live revision, and can be sued to account for changes in systematics.

Post-molecular Classification

The unification of the Englerian system with that of Bentham and Hooker was an inadvertent step toward the production of a common standard of systematic classification, and would have served well to receive further recognition than solely the Flora of Bhutan. Many modern systems were still evolving well into the late 1900’s, and the Flora of Bhutan system mainly stayed within the confine of its volumes. During the latter quarter of the 20th Century there was a growing desire for a unified system from which to effectively communicate the relationships of flowering plants. Coupled with advances in molecular techniques a project was initiated that would result in the first unified phylogenetic system of flowering plants.

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Angiosperm Phylogeny Group - An Ordinal Classification for the Families of Flowering Plants

In the roughly 250 years since Linnaeus there have been many systems for classifying the plant kingdom, but no one system has been able to rise above the rest as the universal standard. Many systems have had admirable qualities that have endured the test of time, among them the previously mentioned quality of Bentham and Hooker’s descriptions, and Engler’s classification. The latter being a step in the direction towards a unified system, but a system that would ultimately stand as peer among many systems. It wouldn’t be until 1998 that the first edition of the Ordinal Classification for the Families of Flowering Plants would be published by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG.)

The APG sought to present the first highly supported classification of plants at the level of order, as well as define a certain number of clades. Their goal was to create a standard from which all botanists could accurately discuss their future findings. Their criteria for creating this system were quite simple, with a single criterion being their overarching rule. Monophyly dictated much of the structure of their system, and while it was not the sole rule, it was one of the main driving factors. The system is primarily concerned with organization at the order level, with secondary priority being applied to the families themselves. The design is that the APG provide a framework, and that independent work on the revision and circumscription of families fall within that framework. To that end, many families that existed in previous systems are have been modified in the APG system. The APG system is currently in its fourth revision (APG IV,) but for the purposes of this paper APG III will be used as it has become the current standard of classification.

Transitioning from a Modified Englerian System to the APG III System

As APG III enters its sixth year of publication many institutions are switching to it, or its previous 2003 iteration APG II, to organize things like herbaria. Depending on which classification system each institution used previously dictates the level of rearrangement needed. Because collections like herbaria are a made of discrete physically movable item it is easy to Stradley 13

draw up a map of where things should be. Haston et al. (2007, 2009) presents such a list in their papers A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families, and The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III. While a phylogenetic tree does convey pertinent information regarding relationships and organization, it does not necessarily present a practical method for arrangement in herbaria and books. Having a linear system, while not necessary, is useful when converting from one system to another. Both APG III, and LAPG III were utilized for this project.

Converting the Flora of Bhutan, and the Flora of Nepal to APG II/III

As previously mentioned, both the Flora of Bhutan, and the Flora of Nepal were written in modified versions of the Englerian system. As far as pre-molecular systems go, both versions utilized for these floras are fairly accurate, with the Flora of Nepal having been revised to a more accurate level compared to that of the Flora of Bhutan. Flora of Nepal incorporates more modern understandings of circumscriptions, as well it conducts active revision of genera during the publication process. Both though are still only pre-molecular in their classification, and require to be converted into APG. APG IV is the latest revision to the system, but will not but utilized in this paper. APG III has a much more stable and widely accepted standing, whereas APG IV was newly published at the same time as the start of research for this paper.

Circumscriptions of Selected Families

For the purposes of this paper, not all families treated in the two floras were considered. To do so would be a larger undertaking than feasible for the time constraints of this project. To that end the primary focus was chosen to be only those plant families that exhibit woodiness1 with the exclusion Gymnosperms, and Monocots. While the former does exhibit true woodiness, it fell just outside the ideal target of this project. The Monocots were excluded as they are primarily herbaceous, and their members (Palms, pachycaul trees, or bamboo) that may be

1 Woodiness here defined as anything qualified in its description as being a “tree,” “shrub,” or “woody climber,” or any variation on those terms. Stradley 14

considered woody do not necessarily exhibit true woodiness as defined here. The initial number of woody families isolated was approximately 150 from the two floras.

The process to convert the initial Englerian list of families to a list of APG families was required several rounds of editing, as it was more than simply looking up a whether or not a family’s name had changed. Several things happen in a change from system to system, particularly in one changing from a pre-molecular to a post-molecular system. The initial round of editing was simply to check if any family level name changes had occurred between the Englerian system and APG III. The majority of edits were formerly independent families being sunk into existing families. A notable example being the Englerian families Sterculiaceae Vent., Tilliaceae Juss., Bombacaceae Kunth, and Malvaceae Juss. becoming Malvaceae s.l. Formerly independent families being subsumed into existing families is one of the primary ways in which circumscription changed from Englerian to APG. This direct one into another change is the most ideal change, but not the only one to be encountered, and was the least complex change to unravel. In order to achieve the most accurate circumscriptions, the immediate family name in the Flora of Bhutan/Nepal were ignored in favor of looking at the names of constituent genra. Tracing the genera gives a much more informed picture, and is necessary to accurately use a family name.

The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh revised their herbarium from the Bentham and Hooker system to that of APG II. For this move a list of all genra was drafted from APGWeb listing the genera, their family placement, and LAPG II number. (E.M. Haston, RBGE, pers. comm.) The subordinate genra for the initial list of families were analyzed to see if they still fell within that family placement. This method ensured that genra like Paeonia L. and Helwingia Willd. were recognized in their correct placement. APG III does list these families, but not that they were formerly genra in existing families. Euphorbiaceae Juss., and Flacourtiaceae Rich. Ex DC. have been problematic families, but have recently gained some better resolution. Euphorbiaceae sensu Flora of Bhutan split very neatly into Euphorbiaceae s.s., and Phyllanthaceae Martinov. The former retaining about two-thirds of its original genra, the other third going to Phyllanthaceae, and a single genra going into Putranjivaceae Endl. Similarly, in Flacourtiaceae three-quarters of the genra moved into Salicaceae, with the other quarter moving Stradley 15

to Achariaceae Harms. Appendix I contains the full list of genra, with concordant listings of their familial placement in both APG and the Flora of Bhutan/Nepal. Their placement in the APG II list is almost fully in line with where the APG III family name changes predicted they would be, with the exception of Brandisia Hook.f. and Thom., and Wightia Wall. formerly of Scrophulariaceae Juss., but have had a checkered past of uncertain placement. The most recent work by Zhou et al., 2014 places them in Orobanchaceae Vent. and Paulowniaceae Nakai respectively. Out of the 150 original families selected from the Flora of Bhutan/Nepal only 121 remained to proceed to the creation of the data grid.

Development of a Character Matrix Based on the APG Families

Family Descriptions

Completing an accurate circumscription of families was essential for the accurate creation of the primary data grid. While some families only contained woody genra, others were a mix of woody and herbaceous genra. New synthetic family descriptions were distilled from composite data to create woody only family descriptions. Creating composite descriptions for family accounts worked well in some areas, giving higher character coverage, but in other instances data was lost as a result of new circumscriptions, or when excluding herbaceous genra. In the case of Sapindaceae Juss. two other families were sunk into it (Aceraceae Juss., and Hippocastanaceae A. Rich.) giving it three times the amount of character coverage. While some characters did overlap, having three family descriptions to pull from for the newly circumscribed family meant that there was a greater likelihood that the majority of characters for this family would have a value assigned to them. Families that represented a loss in data included Helwingiaceae Decne., Paeoniaceae Raf., and Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl. The former two being families created from genera previously contained within existing families. Helwingiaceae previously belonging to Cornaceae Bercht. & J. Presl, and Paeoniaceae previously belonging to Ranunculaceae Juss. Because of that only the generic descriptions for Helwingia and Paeonia were available as a family description to fill the character matrix, and as a result had a sparser character coverage. Circumscription for Asteraceae remained stable, but only contained one genus that was woody (Vernonia Schreb.) In this instance it was decided to use the generic Stradley 16 description for Vernonia, in place of the family description, treating it as was done for Helwingia, and Paeonia. As mentioned above Euphorbiaceae split into Euphorbiaceae s.s., Phyllanthaceae, and Putranjivaceae. This was one of the more ideal circumscription changes to occur. While Euphorbiaceae did loose genra, it retained quite a large number of genra. Phyllanthaceae as a spin-off family from Euphorbiaceae, and also now including Bischofiaceae Airy Shaw, gained sufficient genra to create a decent composite description.

Consideration of Characters

The completed list of APG III circumscribed families was entered into excel in order to facilitate the creation of a character matrix. The original, and composite family descriptions from the Flora of Bhutan/Nepal were used to populate the character matrix. Proper character headings were not immediately apparent and evolved as family entries were parsed out into the data matrix. Often having to return to previous entries to re-evaluate how a character was called. This was primarily due to how accounts within the Flora of Bhutan were written. Two main problems are apparent in these volumes. The first being that the target audience for this volume is not taxonomists, but rather Bhutanese forestry. This is not necessarily a flaw in regards to the volumes, but when being utilized for the creation of a digital database one desires a higher level of more exacting terminology, and description of taxa. Secondly taxonomic accounts range from a scant 55 words to briefly describe Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, to an exacting and detailed 130 words to describe Solanaceae Juss. These two accounts represent the wide variation of writing styles used in these volumes.

Variation in writing styles between accounts made it difficult to initially determine the appropriate headings to be used in the data matrix. Characters immediately apparent to include were growth form e.g. tree, shrub, or woody climber. Though even these terms had variation with twining shrub, liana, and woody twiner being used. While these do represent differences in growth form they are minute and were simplified to shrub for the former, and woody climber for the latter two. Similar calls were required quite often for each character, a notable example being stipules. This character was described varyingly as exstipulate, absent, deciduous, caducous, stipulate, and present. The former two being absence characters, and the latter four Stradley 17 being presence characters. To that end they were all simplified as either being absent or present. Characters like these were simplified with the intent of present a binary set of options, or in the case of growth form discrete easily understood options. While these terms were simplified, others were left more closely matching their original state as described in the floras. This was done for characters that could not be easily reduced to a binary, or limited selection of states. Leaf type could have been reduced to simple and compound, but would have lost all further identifying power by eliminating compound leaf type, e.g. pinnate, palmate, biturnate. While these did increase the number of decisions to be processed in the key, it provided valuable data for identifying taxa. Inflorescence type, inflorescence position, and fruit type were also in the same way as leaf type. Each character had to be evaluated in turn, and sometimes re-evaluated when new instances occurred, as to the level of complexity desired to be presented in the data grid. It was desirable to streamline data for ease of presentation in the end product, but without losing so much detail as to make the character meaningless.

Floral characters were fairly straight forward, with the exception of the gynoecium, which imprecisely described. Separate columns were created for each floral organ, with an additional column for perianth when there was no differentiation between calyx and corolla. Originally columns for unisexual male and female flowers were created, but in favor of a smoother presentation all organs were treated individually. Columns were created to capture fusion within organ whorls, and between whorls. With regards to the gynoecial terminology used to describe this structure was somewhat inconsistent across all accounts. The three main terms used were locule, cell, and rarely carpel. Because of the inconsistency with which these terms were used gynoecial numbers were checked against The Flowering Plants Handbook. (Byng, 2014) Inconsistencies like these make utilizing and accessing stored data more difficult. This problem is hardly new, and is quite often a topic of discussion among researchers.

Consistency of Taxonomic Data in Multiple Sources

Watson (1971) rather aggressively attacks this issue as it pertains to the revision of large taxa groups, outlining what he feels are the steps that need to be taken to rectify the issue. While he is primarily addressing monographic revisions of large genera, he posits some worthwhile Stradley 18 points about the quality, and necessity of having meaningful taxonomic databases. He feels that ideally “…material for ‘concise regional comprehensive floras’ would be far better extracted from world monographs in which fundamental classificatory problems had been examined in proper perspective.” (Watson, 1971) His critique is that texts are being built in the wrong order, in that data should be disseminated in a stepwise fashion from a pure database at the top as the basis for global monographs, then having local floras created from those texts. He feels that building monographs from regional floras, and databases from these works is only chipping away at larger issues. Additionally, that the quality of data derived from them is often imprecise, and often not comparable between sources. Lydon et al., addresses this in their 2003 paper comparing accounts of five species of Ranunculus L. across six prominent floras.

By analyzing a genus like Ranunculus they were able to look at a single taxon group with a relatively stable classification, as well as having a widespread distribution, and recognition in several well-known floras. What they discovered in the accounts was not entirely unsurprising, and is reflective of the larger data quality issues that were of such concern to Watson. At species level descriptions it was determined that roughly 55% of data was found only in one source, with only 9% showing total agreement across sources. Disagreement between sources was only about 1%, but while outright disagreement was low, other data incongruence was approximately 36%. The most common reason for data incongruences was when data mostly agreed, but in the form of overlapping ranges. (Lydon et al., 2003) The authors summarized this very nicely in that “when correlated, a sparse data matrix is produced, in which sources very rarely contradict, rarely agree absolutely, yet typically demonstrate a broad area of overlap.” Data rarely contradicting is a good sign, but still leaves us with the issue of the quality of the data. Lydon et al. (2003) and Watson (1971) give two extreme opinions on the solution to this issue, and to a degree both have their merits, but need to be tempered a bit. Both authors are partial to the benefits of monographic works in that a higher level of detail goes into their creation, and as a result produce more meaningful and accurate data. Lydon et al. (2003) however advocates for what is termed “consensus data,” which is pulls data from accounts, and then stitches it together into a composite account or data matrix. This method would produce results with higher character coverage, but is not without potential flaws. The usefulness value of the consensus data is contingent on the quality of the individual data used to create it. The methodology of Stradley 19

consensus data is directly counter to that of Watson (1971) who advocates pure data and descriptions prepared “in the best Bentham and Hooker tradition.” He is rather passionate on this point, and is not far from Bentham and Hooker’s methodology when creating Genra Plantarum, which is one of the main reasons it was such a landmark work. Their detailed observation of new material was a direct statement against the often inaccurate/incomplete works of their predecessors. A combined approach of Lydon et al. (2003,) and Watson (1971) would serve best in making use of what sometimes referred to as Legacy Data2, but supplementing it with new observation when data is missing or incongruent.

Digital Extraction of Floristic Data

Modern botanists have the entire corpus of botanical knowledge and history available to them with the potential to create vast databases from this Legacy Data. Historic Legacy Data is typically stored as print data in books, with newer data also being stored in electronic format for human usage. Converting this data from a limited format into digitally readable format for computers is a straightforward goal with a not so straightforward answer. Following up on work of Lydon et al. (2003) Cui (2008) drew similar conclusions about the variation of data across collections as well as variation in formatting of accounts. Cui wanted to develop a system to extract data from accounts and have the data rendered into an XML3 file. MArkuper for Taxonomic Treatments (MARTT) was designed to meet the requirements for testing data extraction in Cui’s study. For effective usage the system needed to be versatile across account, and was tested on the Flora of North America, Flora of China, and the Flora of North Central Texas. To achieve this Cui developed a system that was self-teaching and would learn from accounts as it processed them. Learning was facilitated by training examples of taxonomic accounts prepared at an expert level, texts that were hand marked with appropriate tags, or from pre-selected rules. As MARTT reads through a taxonomic account it sorts the data into respective nested hierarchies marking a parent character with subordinate characters that pertain to the parent character e.g. Flower  Inflorescence, Flower  Corolla. MARTT will nest

2 Used somewhat differently between Lydon et al. (2003) and Cui (2008) Legacy Data encompasses hard copy data in print as well as digital media (DOC, HTML, PDF) that has not been converted into a database readable format. 3 Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. Stradley 20

characters as needed to adequately cover any character that may be encountered e.g. Flower  Corolla  Length, Flower  Corolla  Fusion. Allowing MARTT to make and reuse its own rules produced better results across accounts and contributed to its overall effectiveness across accounts. (Cui, 2008) MARTT provides the necessary frame work for creating databases from Legacy Data, and can be adapted to work on a wide variety of collections.

Legacy Data at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Library

In terms of Legacy Data in print the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh has quite a substantial amount of data held within its walls. In the main library alone there are approximately 50,600 titles covering a wide variety of topics including taxonomy, floristics, scientific works, practical horticulture (including garden design,) economic botany, ethno- botany, botanical travel, expeditions, and pathology. In addition to the main library catalogue titles there are roughly 4,750 serial journal titles, 700 reprinted volumes (with roughly 8-10 items in each volume,) 30,000 reprinted pamphlet style items, and another 2,000 volumes in special collections. (G. Hardy, RBGE, pers. comm.) The special collections are of note in that many of the works contained there are historic botanical volumes by many prominent botanists. The scientific relevance of these volumes has not diminished over time and they are often just as important today as they were when they were printed. The problem though is that so many volumes are only in print, or photographically digitized. Effective digitization into formats that can be databased opens this vast resource of data to a much wider and creative range of usages.

Discussion

Mobilizing Legacy Data from the Flora of Bhutan/Nepal

The Flora of Bhutan/Nepal are an effective case study for illustrating the benefits of taxonomic databases, both for creating them from extant data, and the benefits of database creation in and of themselves. Preparing a database from the Flora of Bhutan yielded mixed results. The accounts contained in the Flora of Bhutan were written for a specific purpose, and while they meet the requirements for their creation, their usefulness in creating a taxonomic Stradley 21

database are less than desirable. For use in the creation of a multi-access key the resultant database would benefit from supplementary information to refine the character concepts, as well as the values for them. The Flora of Nepal volume was effective for this purpose as it was written to a more exacting taxonomic level, and the data it contained have a higher consistency across accounts. Unfortunately, only a handful of families were able to be refined to a more precise level, as the Flora of Nepal only has one published volume out of ten. The process of creating a database from the two floras put the project of creating a multi-access key into a larger perspective of data management and highlighted some areas of improvement for future consideration.

Although somewhat abrasive in his presentation Watson’s (1971) critique on data dissemination was insightful for looking at this project, and the Flora of Bhutan in retrospect. Had a database been available for the creation of the Flora of Bhutan the quality of all accounts in the flora could have been improved. Not only would this have provided a higher level of precision in accounts it would have ultimately made it easier to create a useful resource for Bhutanese foresters in addition to creating a precision flora. Practices adopted in the creation of the Flora of Nepal work to improve upon this. Even though the premise for the floras come from similar desires, accounts for the Flora of Nepal are more precisely written to a higher taxonomic audience. As accounts are revised in preparation for publication fresh observational data is gathered and managed through a database. Concurrently to the print publications, digital accounts are published that can be easily converted with analysis software like MARTT for use in many larger projects. Creation of an online multi-access key from these resources, or from any set of floras is an achievable goal, and a preliminary key for the Flora of Bhutan/Nepal was achieved from this project.

A higher degree of precision could have been achieved on the current project with a better understanding of computer programming. Particularly in the creation of the datagrid used as the basis for our multi-access key. Characters were manually extracted, and while they were organized in a meaningful structure, a better understanding of characters, character states, and nested hierarchies could have potentially created a better datagrid from which to base the project. The current key should serve as a draft for a more accurate key created using extraction software Stradley 22 that can repeatedly call characters in the same way for each entry. Verification of the data can then be performed by the researcher before processing it for key creation. Incorporation of software could also open the project to include all plant families, not simple the woody ones. To help offset the data quality issues from the Flora of Bhutan, a list of genra and species from the flora should be used to reference to link higher level taxonomic works for families not yet revised in the Flora of Nepal.

Conclusion

Original researchers invested large sums of time and effort into producing their work now held in a myriad of formats, primarily print. This does not give it any inherent correctness, but it is a valuable resource regardless, either for gathering data that is of use, or for knowing where new data is needed to fill in or correct information. Allowing extant data to sit unused is a disservice to furthering botanical knowledge, making use of Legacy Data by mobilizing it into new formats helps stimulate new discourse, as well as bring new life to a work that might otherwise gather dust on a shelf.

Stradley 23

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Appendix I

APG III Family Name Genus Flora of Bhutan/Nepal Family Name Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthus L. Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Aechmanthera Nees Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Hemigraphis Nees Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Isoglossa Oerst. Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Justicia L. Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Mackaya Harv. Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Phlogacanthus Nees Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Strobilanthes Blume Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthaceae Juss. Thunbergia Retz. Acanthaceae Juss. Achariaceae Harms Gynocardia Roxb. Flacourtiaceae Rich. ex DC. Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm. Actinidia Lindley Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm. Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm. Saurauia Willdenow (=Saurauja Willdenow) Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm. Adoxaceae E. Mey. Sambucus L. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Adoxaceae E. Mey. Viburnum L. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Altingiaceae Horan. Altingia Noronha Hamamelidaceae R. Br. Amaranthaceae Juss. Cyathula Blume Amaranthaceae Juss. Amaranthaceae Juss. Deeringia R.Br. Amaranthaceae Juss. Amaranthaceae Juss. Stilbanthus Hook.f. Amaranthaceae Juss. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Choerospondias B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Dobinea Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Drimycarpus Hook.f. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Lannea A.Rich. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Mangifera L. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Pegia Colebr. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Rhus L. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Semecarpus L.f. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Spondias L. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Annonaceae Juss. Annona L. Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Artabotrys R.Br. Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Desmos Lour. Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Fissistigma Griff. Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Miliusa Lesch. ex A.DC. Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Mitrephora (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Polyalthia Blume Annonaceae Juss. Annonaceae Juss. Uvaria L. Annonaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Aganosma (Blume) G.Don Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Allamanda L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Alstonia R.Br. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Alyxia Banks ex R.Br. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Beaumontia Wall. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Calotropis R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Borkh. Apocynaceae Juss. Carissa L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Cerbera L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Chonemorpha G.Don Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Cryptolepis R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Borkh. Apocynaceae Juss. Holarrhena R.Br. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Ichnocarpus R.Br. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Melodinus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Nerium L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Periploca L. Asclepiadaceae Borkh. Apocynaceae Juss. Plumeria L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Rauvolfia L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Strophanthus DC. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Tabernaemontana L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Thevetia L. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Trachelospermum Lem. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Urceola Roxb. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Vallaris Burm.f. Apocynaceae Juss. Apocynaceae Juss. Wrightia R.Br. Apocynaceae Juss. Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Ilex L. Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Stradley 27

Araliaceae Juss. Aralia L. Araliaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. Araliaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Eleutherococcus Maxim. Araliaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Gamblea C.B. Clarke Araliaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Heteropanax Seem. Araliaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Macropanax Miq. Araliaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Pentapanax Seem. Araliaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Schefflera J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Araliaceae Juss. Aristolochiaceae Juss. Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae Juss. Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Vernonia Schreb. Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Berberidaceae Juss. Berberis L. Berberidaceae Juss. Berberidaceae Juss. Mahonia Nutt. Berberidaceae Juss. Betulaceae Gray Alnus Mill. Betulaceae Gray Betulaceae Gray Betula L. Betulaceae Gray Betulaceae Gray Carpinus L. Betulaceae Gray Betulaceae Gray Corylus L. Betulaceae Gray Bignoniaceae Juss. Jacaranda Juss. Bignoniaceae Juss. Bignoniaceae Juss. Oroxylum Vent. Bignoniaceae Juss. Bignoniaceae Juss. Pyrostegia C.Presl Bignoniaceae Juss. Bignoniaceae Juss. Radermachera Zoll. & Moritzi Bignoniaceae Juss. Bignoniaceae Juss. Stereospermum Cham. Bignoniaceae Juss. Bignoniaceae Juss. Tecoma Juss. Bignoniaceae Juss. Bixaceae Kunth Bixa L. Bixaceae Kunth Boraginaceae Juss. Cordia L. Boraginaceae Juss. Boraginaceae Juss. Ehretia P.Browne Boraginaceae Juss. Boraginaceae Juss. Tournefortia L. Boraginaceae Juss. Burseraceae Kunth Canarium L. Burseraceae Kunth Burseraceae Kunth Garuga Roxb. Burseraceae Kunth Burseraceae Kunth Protium Burm.f. Burseraceae Kunth Buxaceae Dumort. Sarcococca Lindl. Buxaceae Dumort. Cannabaceae Martinov Celtis L. Ulmaceae Mirb. Cannabaceae Martinov Gironniera Gaudich. Ulmaceae Mirb. Cannabaceae Martinov Trema Loureiro Ulmaceae Mirb. Capparaceae Juss. Capparis L. Capparaceae Juss. Capparaceae Juss. Crateva L. Capparaceae Juss. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Leycesteria Wall. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Lonicera L. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Triosteum L. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Caricaceae Dumort. Carica L. Caricaceae Dumort. Celastraceae R. Br. Bhesa Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. Celastraceae R. Br. Celastraceae R. Br. Cassine L. Celastraceae R. Br. Celastraceae R. Br. Celastrus L. Celastraceae R. Br. Celastraceae R. Br. Euonymus L. Celastraceae R. Br. Celastraceae R. Br. Lophopetalum Wight ex Arn. Celastraceae R. Br. Celastraceae R. Br. Maytenus Molina Celastraceae R. Br. Celastraceae R. Br. Microtropis Wall. ex Meisn. Celastraceae R. Br. Celastraceae R. Br. Reissantia N.Halle Hippocrateaceae Juss. Celastraceae R. Br. Salacia L. Hippocrateaceae Juss. Celastraceae R. Br. Siphonodon Griff. Celastraceae R. Br. Chloranthaceae R. Br. ex Sims Chloranthus Sw. Chloranthaceae R. Br. ex Sims Clethraceae Klotzsch Clethra L. Clethraceae Klotzsch Clusiaceae Lindl. Calophyllum L. Guttiferae Juss. Clusiaceae Lindl. Garcinia L. Guttiferae Juss. Clusiaceae Lindl. Mesua L. Guttiferae Juss. Combretaceae R. Br. Anogeissus (DC.) Wall. Combretaceae R. Br. Combretaceae R. Br. Combretum Loefl. Combretaceae R. Br. Combretaceae R. Br. Quisqualis L. Combretaceae R. Br. Combretaceae R. Br. Terminalia L. Combretaceae R. Br. Connaraceae R. Br. Connarus L. Connaraceae R. Br. Convolvulaceae Juss. Argyreia Lour. Convolvulaceae Juss. Convolvulaceae Juss. Erycibe Roxb. Convolvulaceae Juss. Convolvulaceae Juss. Merremia Endlic. Convolvulaceae Juss. Convolvulaceae Juss. Porana Burman f. Convolvulaceae Juss. Convolvulaceae Juss. Rivea Choisy Convolvulaceae Juss. Coriariaceae DC. Coriaria L. Coriariaceae DC. Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Alangium Lam. Alangiaceae DC. Stradley 28

Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Benthamidia Spach Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Mastixia Blume Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Nyssa Juss. ex Dumort. Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort. Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Swida Opiz Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Daphniphyllaceae Müll. Arg. Daphniphyllum Blume Daphniphyllaceae Müll. Arg. Dilleniaceae Salisb. Dillenia L. Dilleniaceae Salisb. Dilleniaceae Salisb. Tetracera L. Dilleniaceae Salisb. Dipterocarpaceae Blume Shorea Roxb. ex C.F.Gaertn. Dipterocarpaceae Blume Dipterocarpaceae Blume Vatica L. Dipterocarpaceae Blume Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros L. Ebenaceae Gürke Elaeagnaceae Juss. Elaeagnus L. Elaeagnaceae Juss. Elaeagnaceae Juss. Hippophae L. Elaeagnaceae Juss. Elaeocarpaceae Juss. Elaeocarpus L. Elaeocarpaceae Juss. Elaeocarpaceae Juss. Sloanea L. Elaeocarpaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Agapetes D.Don ex G.Don Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Cassiope D. Don Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Enkianthus Lour. Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Gaultheria L. Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Leucothoe D. Don Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Lyonia Nutt. Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Pieris D. Don Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Rhododendron L. Ericaceae Juss. Ericaceae Juss. Vaccinium L. Ericaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Alchornea Sw. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Baliospermum Blume Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Claoxylon A. Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Cleidion Blume Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Codiaeum Rumph. ex A. Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Croton L. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Endospermum Benth. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Homonoia Lour. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Jatropha Scop. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Lasiococca Hook. f. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Macaranga Thouars Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Mallotus Lour. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Manihot Mill. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Ostodes Blume Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Pterococcus Hassk. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Sapium Jacq. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Suregada Roxb. ex Rottler Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Vernicia Lour. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Eupteleaceae K. Wilh. Euptelea Siebold & Zucc. Eupteleaceae K. Wilh. Fabaceae Lindl. Abrus Adans. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia Mill. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Acrocarpus Wight ex Arn. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Adenanthera L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Aeschynomene L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Albizia Durazz. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Archidendron F.Muell. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Bauhinia L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Cajanus DC. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Calliandra Benth. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Campylotropis Bunge Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Caragana Fabr. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Cassia L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Cladrastis Raf. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Dalbergia L.f. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Delonix Raf. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Derris Lour. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Desmodium Desv. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Eriosema (DC.) Rchb. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Erythrina L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Euchresta Benn. Fabaceae Lindl. Stradley 29

Fabaceae Lindl. Flemingia Roxb. ex W.T.Aiton Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Gliricidia Kunth Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Indigofera L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Leucaena Benth. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Mastersia Benth. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Mimosa L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Mucuna Adans. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Ormosia Jacks. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Piptanthus Sweet Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Pithecellobium Mart. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Pterolobium R.Br. ex Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Pueraria DC. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Sesbania Scop. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Smithia Aiton Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Sophora L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Spartium L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Tamarindus L. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Tephrosia Pers. Fabaceae Lindl. Fabaceae Lindl. Uraria Desv. Fabaceae Lindl. Fagaceae Dumort. Castanea Mill. Fagaceae Dumort. Fagaceae Dumort. Castanopsis (D.Don) Spach Fagaceae Dumort. Fagaceae Dumort. Lithocarpus Blume Fagaceae Dumort. Fagaceae Dumort. Quercus L. Fagaceae Dumort. Garryaceae Lindl. Aucuba Thunb. Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Gentianaceae Juss. Fagraea Thunb. Gentianaceae Juss. Grossulariaceae DC. Ribes L. Grossulariaceae DC. Hamamelidaceae R. Br. Corylopsis Siebold & Zucc. Hamamelidaceae R. Br. Hamamelidaceae R. Br. Exbucklandia R.W. Brown Hamamelidaceae R. Br. Helwingiaceae Decne. Helwingia Willd. Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Deutzia Thunb. Philadelphaceae Martinov Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Dichroa Lour. Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Hydrangea L. Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Philadelphus L. Philadelphaceae Martinov Hypericaceae Juss. Hypericum L. Hypericaceae Juss. Icacinaceae Miers Miquelia Meisn. Icacinaceae Miers Icacinaceae Miers Natsiatum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. Icacinaceae Miers Icacinaceae Miers Nothapodytes Blume Icacinaceae Miers Icacinaceae Miers Platea Blume Icacinaceae Miers Iteaceae J. Agardh Itea L. Iteaceae J. Agardh Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb Engelhardtia Lesch. ex Blume Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb Juglans L. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb Lamiaceae Martinov Caryopteris Bunge Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lamiaceae Martinov Clerodendrum L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lamiaceae Martinov Colebrookea Smith Lamiaceae Martinov Lamiaceae Martinov Colquhounia Wall. Lamiaceae Martinov Lamiaceae Martinov Gmelina L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lamiaceae Martinov Holmskioldia Retzius Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lamiaceae Martinov Leucosceptrum Smith Lamiaceae Martinov Lamiaceae Martinov Premna L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lamiaceae Martinov Vitex L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lardizabalaceae R. Br. Decaisnea Hook.f. & Thomson Lardizabalaceae R. Br. Lardizabalaceae R. Br. Holboellia Wall. Lardizabalaceae R. Br. Lauraceae Juss. Actinodaphne Nees Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Alseodaphne Nees Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Beilschmiedia Nees Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Cinnadenia Kosterm. Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Cinnamomum Schaeff. Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Cryptocarya R.Br. Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Dodecadenia Nees Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Lindera Thunb. Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Litsea Lam. Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Neocinnamomum H.Liu Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Neolitsea (Benth.) Merr. Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Parasassafras D.G.Long Lauraceae Juss. Stradley 30

Lauraceae Juss. Persea Mill. Lauraceae Juss. Lauraceae Juss. Phoebe Nees Lauraceae Juss. Lecythidaceae A. Rich. Careya Roxb. Lecythidaceae A. Rich. Linaceae DC. ex Perleb Reinwardtia Dumort. Linaceae DC. ex Perleb Loganiaceae R. Br. ex Mart. Gardneria Wall. Strychnaceae DC. ex Perleb Loranthaceae Juss. Dendrophthoe Mart. Loranthaceae Juss. Loranthaceae Juss. Helixanthera Lour. Loranthaceae Juss. Loranthaceae Juss. Loranthus Jacq. Loranthaceae Juss. Loranthaceae Juss. Macrosolen (Blume) Rchb. Loranthaceae Juss. Loranthaceae Juss. Scurrula L. Loranthaceae Juss. Loranthaceae Juss. Taxillus Tiegh. Loranthaceae Juss. Loranthaceae Juss. Tolypanthus (Blume) Blume Loranthaceae Juss. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Duabanga Buch.-Ham. Sonneratiaceae Engl. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Lagerstroemia L. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Lawsonia L. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Punica L. Punicaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Woodfordia Salisb. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Magnoliaceae Juss. Magnolia L. Magnoliaceae Juss. Malpighiaceae Juss. Aspidopterys A.Juss. Malpighiaceae Juss. Malpighiaceae Juss. Hiptage Gaertn. Malpighiaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Abelmoschus Medik. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Abroma Jacq. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Abutilon Mill. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Alcea L. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Bombax L. Bombacaceae Kunth Malvaceae Juss. Byttneria Loefl. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Dombeya Cav. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Eriolaena DC. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Firmiana Marsili Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Gossypium L. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Grewia L. Tilliaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Helicteres L. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Hibiscus L. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Kydia Roxb. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaviscus Fabr. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Microcos L. Tilliaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Nayariophyton T.K.Paul Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Pterospermum Schreb. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Pterygota Schott & Endl. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Reevesia Lindl. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Sida L. Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Sterculia L. Sterculiaceae Vent. Malvaceae Juss. Thespesia Sol. ex Correa Malvaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Triumfetta L. Tilliaceae Juss. Malvaceae Juss. Urena L. Malvaceae Juss. Melastomataceae Juss. Medinilla Gaudich. ex DC. Melastomataceae Juss. Melastomataceae Juss. Melastoma Juss. Melastomataceae Juss. Melastomataceae Juss. Oxyspora DC. Melastomataceae Juss. Melastomataceae Juss. Pseudodissochaeta Nayar Melastomataceae Juss. Melastomataceae Juss. Scorpiothyrsus H.L. Li Melastomataceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Aglaia Lour. Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Aphanamixis Blume Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Azadirachta A.Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Chisocheton Blume Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Chukrasia A.Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Cipadessa Blume Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Dysoxylum Blume Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Heynea Roxb. Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Melia L. Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Munronia Wight Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Sphaerosacme Wall. ex M.Roem. Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Toona (Endl.) M.Roem. Meliaceae Juss. Meliaceae Juss. Walsura Roxb. Meliaceae Juss. Melianthaceae Horan. Melianthus L. Melianthaceae Horan. Menispermaceae Juss. Aspidocarya Hook.f. & Thomson Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Cissampelos L. Menispermaceae Juss. Stradley 31

Menispermaceae Juss. Cocculus DC. Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Cyclea Arn. ex Wight Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Haematocarpus Miers Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Parabaena Miers Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Pericampylus Miers Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Pycnarrhena Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Stephania Lour. Menispermaceae Juss. Menispermaceae Juss. Tinospora Miers Menispermaceae Juss. Moraceae Gaudich. Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Moraceae Gaudich. Moraceae Gaudich. Broussonetia L'Her. ex Vent. Moraceae Gaudich. Moraceae Gaudich. Ficus L. Moraceae Gaudich. Moraceae Gaudich. Maclura Nutt. Moraceae Gaudich. Moraceae Gaudich. Morus L. Moraceae Gaudich. Moraceae Gaudich. Streblus Lour. Moraceae Gaudich. Moringaceae Martinov Moringa Adans. Moringaceae Martinov Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth Myrica L. Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth Myristicaceae R. Br. Horsfieldia Willd. Myristicaceae R. Br. Myristicaceae R. Br. Knema Lour. Myristicaceae R. Br. Myrtaceae Juss. Callistemon R.Br. Myrtaceae Juss. Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus L'Her. Myrtaceae Juss. Myrtaceae Juss. Eugenia L. Myrtaceae Juss. Myrtaceae Juss. Psidium L. Myrtaceae Juss. Myrtaceae Juss. Syzygium Gaertn. Myrtaceae Juss. Nyctaginaceae Juss. Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. Nyctaginaceae Juss. Olacaceae R. Br. Erythropalum Blume Olacaceae R. Br. Olacaceae R. Br. Olax L. Olacaceae R. Br. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Chionanthus L. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Forsythia Vahl Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Fraxinus L. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Jasminum L. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Ligustrum L. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Myxopyrum Blume Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Nyctanthes L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Olea L. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Osmanthus Lour. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Opiliaceae Valeton Lepionurus Blume Opiliaceae Valeton Orobanchaceae Vent. Brandisia Hook.f. and Thom. Scrophulariaceae Juss. Paeoniaceae Raf. Paeonia L. Ranunculaceae Juss. Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Adenia Forssk. Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora L. Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Paulowniaceae Nakai Wightia Wall. Scrophulariaceae Juss. Pentaphylacaceae Engl. Eurya Thun. Theaceae Mirb. Pentaphylacaceae Engl. Ternstroemia L. f. Theaceae Mirb. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Antidesma L. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Aporosa Blume Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Baccaurea Lour. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Bischofia Blume Bischofiaceae Airy Shaw Phyllanthaceae Martinov Breynia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Bridelia Willd. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Flueggea Willd. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Glochidion J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Phyllanthus L. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthaceae Martinov Sauropus Blume Euphorbiaceae Juss. Piperaceae Giseke Piper L. Piperaceae Giseke Pittosporaceae R. Br. Pittosporum Banks ex Sol. Pittosporaceae R. Br. Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Polygala L. Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Amblyanthus A.DC. Myrsinaceae R. Br. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Antistrophe A.DC. Myrsinaceae R. Br. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Ardisia Gaertner Myrsinaceae R. Br. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Embelia Burman Myrsinaceae R. Br. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Maesa Forsskal Myrsinaceae R. Br. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Myrsine L. Myrsinaceae R. Br. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Rapanea Aublet Myrsinaceae R. Br. Proteaceae Juss. Helicia Lour. Proteaceae Juss. Proteaceae Juss. Heliciopsis Sleumer Proteaceae Juss. Putranjivaceae Endl. Drypetes Vahl Euphorbiaceae Juss. Stradley 32

Ranunculaceae Juss. Clematis L. Ranunculaceae Juss. Ranunculaceae Juss. Naravelia Adans. Ranunculaceae Juss. Resedaceae Martinov Stixis Lour. Capparaceae Juss. Rhamnaceae Juss. Berchemiella Nakai Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnaceae Juss. Gouania Jacq. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnaceae Juss. Hovenia Thunb. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnus L. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnaceae Juss. Sageretia Brongn. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnaceae Juss. Ventilago Gaertn. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnaceae Juss. Ziziphus Mill. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhizophoraceae Pers. Carallia Roxb. Rhizophoraceae Pers. Rosaceae Juss. Chaenomeles Lindl. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Cotoneaster Medik. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Crataegus L. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Docynia Decne. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Eriobotrya Lindl. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Maddenia Hook.f. & Thomson Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Malus Mill. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Neillia D.Don Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Photinia Lindl. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Potentilla L. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Prinsepia Royle Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Prunus L. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Pyracantha M.Roem. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Pyrus L. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Rosa L. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Rubus L. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Sorbaria (Ser. ex DC.) A.Braun Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Sorbus L. Rosaceae Juss. Rosaceae Juss. Spiraea L. Rosaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Canthium Lam. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Catunaregam Wolf Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Cephalanthus L. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Ceriscoides (Hook.f.) Tirveng. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Cinchona L. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Fagerlindia Tirveng. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Gardenia Ellis Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Haldina Ridsdale Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Hedyotis L. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Himalrandia T.Yamaz. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Hymenodictyon Wall. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Hyptianthera Wight & Arn. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Ixora L. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Khasiaclunea Ridsdale Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Luculia Sweet Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Meyna Roxb. ex Link Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Mitragyna Korth. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Mussaenda L. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Mycetia Reinw. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Myrioneuron R.Br. ex Hook. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Neohymenopogon Bennet Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Neolamarckia Bosser Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Neolamarckia Bosser? Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Neonauclea Merr. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Nostolachma T.Durand Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Pavetta L. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Psydrax Gaertn. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Randia L. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Tamilnadia Tirveng. & Sastre Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Tarennoidea Tirveng. & Sastre Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Uncaria Schreb. Rubiaceae Juss. Rubiaceae Juss. Wendlandia Bartl. ex DC. Rubiaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Acronychia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Aegle Correa Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Citrus L. Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Clausena Burm.f. Rutaceae Juss. Stradley 33

Rutaceae Juss. Glycosmis Correa Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Melicope J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Micromelum Blume Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Murraya L. Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Paramignya Wight Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Skimmia Thunb. Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Tetradium Lour. Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Toddalia Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Rutaceae Juss. Zanthoxylum L. Rutaceae Juss. Sabiaceae Blume Meliosma Blume Sabiaceae Blume Sabiaceae Blume Sabia Colebr. Sabiaceae Blume Salicaceae Mirb. Casearia Jacq. Flacourtiaceae Rich. ex DC. Salicaceae Mirb. Flacourtia Comm. ex L'Hér. Flacourtiaceae Rich. ex DC. Salicaceae Mirb. Homalium Jacq. Flacourtiaceae Rich. ex DC. Salicaceae Mirb. Populus L. Salicaceae Mirb. Salicaceae Mirb. Salix L. Salicaceae Mirb. Santalaceae R. Br. Osyris L. Santalaceae R. Br. Santalaceae R. Br. Pyrularia Michx. Santalaceae R. Br. Santalaceae R. Br. Viscum L. Loranthaceae Juss. Sapindaceae Juss. Acer L. Aceraceae Juss. Sapindaceae Juss. Aesculus L. Hippocastanaceae A. Rich. Sapindaceae Juss. Allophylus L. Sapindaceae Juss. Sapindaceae Juss. Dodonaea Mill. Sapindaceae Juss. Sapindaceae Juss. Lepisanthes Blume Sapindaceae Juss. Sapindaceae Juss. Litchi Sonn. Sapindaceae Juss. Sapindaceae Juss. Nephelium L. Sapindaceae Juss. Sapindaceae Juss. Sapindus L. Sapindaceae Juss. Sapotaceae Juss. Diploknema Pierre Sapotaceae Juss. Sapotaceae Juss. Mimusops L. Sapotaceae Juss. Sapotaceae Juss. Sarcosperma Hook.f. Sarcospermataceae H.J. Lam Sapotaceae Juss. Xantolis Raf. Sapotaceae Juss. Schisandraceae Blume Illicium L. Illiciaceae A.C. Sm. Schisandraceae Blume Kadsura Juss. Schisandraceae Blume Schisandraceae Blume Schisandra Michx. Schisandraceae Blume Schoepfiaceae Blume Schoepfia Schreber Olacaceae R. Br. Scrophulariaceae Juss. Buddleja L. Buddlejaceae K. Wilh. Simaroubaceae DC. Ailanthus Desf. Simaroubaceae DC. Simaroubaceae DC. Brucea J.F. Mill. Simaroubaceae DC. Simaroubaceae DC. Picrasma Blume Simaroubaceae DC. Solanaceae Juss. Brugmansia Pers. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Brunfelsia L. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Capsicum L. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Cestrum L. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Datura L. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Iochroma Benth. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Lycium L. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Solanum L. Solanaceae Juss. Solanaceae Juss. Streptosolen Miers Solanaceae Juss. Stachyuraceae J. Agardh Stachyurus Siebold & Zucc. Stachyuraceae J. Agardh Staphyleaceae Martinov Turpinia Ventenat Staphyleaceae Martinov Styracaceae DC. & Spreng. Styrax L. Styracaceae DC. & Spreng. Symplocaceae Desf. Symplocos Jacq. Symplocaceae Desf. Tamaricaceae Link Myricaria Desv. Tamaricaceae Link Tamaricaceae Link Tamarix L. Tamaricaceae Link Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw Tetrameles R. Br. Datiscaceae Dumort. Theaceae Mirb. Camellia L. Theaceae Mirb. Theaceae Mirb. Gordonia Ellis Theaceae Mirb. Theaceae Mirb. Schima Blume Theaceae Mirb. Thymelaeaceae Juss. Aquilaria Lam. Thymelaeaceae Juss. Torricelliaceae H.H. Hu Torricellia DC. Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Trochodendraceae Eichler Tetracentron Oliv. Tetracentraceae A.C. Sm. Ulmaceae Mirb. Ulmus L. Ulmaceae Mirb. Urticaceae Juss. Boehmeria Jacq. Urticaceae Juss. Urticaceae Juss. Debregeasia Gaudich. Urticaceae Juss. Stradley 34

Urticaceae Juss. Dendrocnide Miq. Urticaceae Juss. Urticaceae Juss. Oreocnide Miq. Urticaceae Juss. Urticaceae Juss. Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq. Urticaceae Juss. Urticaceae Juss. Pouzolzia Gaudich. Urticaceae Juss. Urticaceae Juss. Procris Comm. ex Juss. Urticaceae Juss. Urticaceae Juss. Sarcochlamys Gaudich. Urticaceae Juss. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Duranta L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lantana L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Lippia L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Petrea L. Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Vitaceae Juss. Ampelocissus Planch. Vitaceae Juss. Vitaceae Juss. Cayratia Juss. Vitaceae Juss. Vitaceae Juss. Cissus L. Vitaceae Juss. Vitaceae Juss. Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston Vitaceae Juss. Vitaceae Juss. Leea L. Leeaceae Dumort. Vitaceae Juss. Parthenocissus Planch. Vitaceae Juss. Vitaceae Juss. Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. Vitaceae Juss. Vitaceae Juss. Vitis L. Vitaceae Juss. Zygophyllaceae R. Br. Balanites Delile Balanitaceae M. Roem.

Stradley 35

Appendix II Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Acanthaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Connate or Free. Flowers Bisexual. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Panicle or Raceme Flowers Zygomorphic. or Cyme. Flowers Anthers 4. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. or Woody Climber. Flowers Carpels 2. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous or Scales or Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Simple Hairs. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Connate. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Spike or Solitary. Adoxaceae E. Mey. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Climber or Shrub. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Anthers 5; Carpels 1 - 3. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Achariaceae Harms. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Flowers Dioecious. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Head or Cyme. Flowers Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Evergreen or Deciduous. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Flowers Anthers >= 11. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Anthers Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Compound or Simple. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Flowers Floral Disc Present. Entire. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent or Present Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Altingiaceae Horan. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Monoecious. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Thyrse or Cluster. Flowers Anthers >= 11. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Absent or Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Fruit Type Capsule. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Absent or Present. Inflorescence Corymb. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers >= 11; Carpels >= 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate. Stradley 36

Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 6-9. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Amaranthaceae Juss. Flowers Petals Free. Inflorescence Cyme or Raceme or Spike or Solitary. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Flowers Actinomorphic. Woody Climber or Tree. Flowers Anthers 3 - 5; Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Perianth 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs. Flowers Stamens Opposite Perianth. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Fruit Type Capsule or Berry or Utricle; Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Inflorescence Solitary or Panicle or Cyme. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Climber or Shrub. Apocynaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Dioecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers 4 - 5. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous or Connate. Flowers Carpels 2. Anacardiaceae R. Br. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Semi-Inferior or Inferior or Superior. Flowers Monoecious or Dioecious. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate or Free. Flowers Anthers 5 - 10 Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Carpels 1 - 3. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Fruit Type Drupe or Berry or Follicle. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Absent or Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Inflorescence Head or Cluster or Spike or Panicle. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Latex. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Woody Flowers Petals Free or Absent. Climber or Shrub. Fruit Type Drupe or Achene; Vegetative Characters Leaves Whorled or Opposite Inflorescence Corymb or Fascicle. or Alternate. Vegetative Characters Oxidizing Black. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Opposite. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnate or Trifoliate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J. Presl

Annonaceae Juss. Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Unisexual. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 4 - 8. Flowers Anthers >= 11. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Flowers Anthers Free; Carpels Free. Flowers Carpels 2 - 9. Flowers Carpels >= 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 8. Stradley 37

Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 9. Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Connate at Base. Fruit Type Achene; Inflorescence Solitary or Flowers Placenta Axile. Raceme or Cyme. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Panicle or Solitary Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. or Head. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Berberidaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 6; Carpels 1. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Araliaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth 6 - 12. Flowers Placenta Basal. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Cyme. Flowers Anthers 5 - 10; Carpels 2 - 10. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple or 1-Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5 - 10. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5 - 10. Absent or Present; Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Fruit Type Berry or Drupe; Inflorescence Solitary or Betulaceae Gray Cyme or Panicle. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Whorled. Flowers Anthers 2 - 20; Carpels 2. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnate or Trifoliate Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior or Superior. or Palmate or Simple. Flowers Perianth Present or Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple Hairs or Flowers Perianth 4. Stellate Hairs. Fruit Type Nutlike or Achene. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present or Absent. Absent or Present Inflorescence Cluster or Panicle. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Aristolochiaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Zygomorphic. Flowers Anthers 6 - 12. Flowers Carpels Connate. Bignoniaceae Juss. Flowers Carpels 3 - 6. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth 3. Flowers Zygomorphic. Flowers Perianth Connate. Flowers Anthers 2 - 5; Carpels 2. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Fascicle. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Climber. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Entire. Flowers Petals Connate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Fruit Type Capsule. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present. Stradley 38

Inflorescence Panicle or Pairs or Cyme. Burseraceae Kunth Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Woody Climber or Shrub. Flowers Monoecious or Dioecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Whorled Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. or Opposite. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnate or Trifoliate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Tendrils Present Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate; Petals Bixaceae Kunth Connate or Free. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Panicle. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Resinous. Flowers Anthers >= 11; Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Odd Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Buxaceae Dumort. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Placenta Parietal. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Raceme or Cyme. Flowers Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Anthers 4; Carpels 3. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Peltate Scales. Flowers Perianth 4 - 6. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate. Flowers Placenta Axile. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Stamens Opposite Perianth. Fruit Type Capsule or Berry; Inflorescence Fascicle or Corymb. Boraginaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Polygamous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 3 at Base or Flowers Carpels 4. Pinnate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Cannabaceae Martinov Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Flowers Petals Connate. Flowers Bisexual. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Solitary or Cyme or Flowers Actinomorphic. Raceme. Flowers Anthers 5; Carpels 2. Vegetative Characters Semi-Evergreen or Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Deciduous. Flowers Stamens Opposite Perianth. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Panicle or Catkin. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Evergreen or Deciduous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Entire Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate.

Stradley 39

Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate or Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. 3-5 From Base. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Connate. Capparaceae Juss. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Panicle. Vegetative Characters Latex. Flowers Monoecious. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers >= 10. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers Adnate to Gynophore. Flowers Carpels 1. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Celastraceae R. Br. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Inflorescence Panicle or Solitary or Raceme. Flowers Anthers 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Flowers Anthers Free or Connate at Base. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Carpels 2 - 3. Vegetative Characters Leaves Trifoliate or Simple. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs or Flowers Floral Disc Present. Simple Hairs or Medifixed Hairs or Glabrous. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Absent or Present; Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Flowers Anthers 5; Carpels 2 - 8. Fruit Type Capsule or Indehiscent or Berry. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Fruit Seeds Aril Absent or Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present or Absent. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Inflorescence Solitary or Raceme or Cyme or Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Panicle. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Flowers Petals Connate. Climber or Tree or Shrub. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Raceme or Head or Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Panicle. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Evergreen or Deciduous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Woody Climber. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple or Compound. Chloranthaceae R. Br. Ex Sims Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Entire. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent or Present Flowers Zygomorphic. Flowers Anthers 3. Flowers Anthers Connate. Caricaceae Dumort. Flowers Carpels 1. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Perianth Absent. Flowers Unisexual. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Solitary or Head. Flowers Anthers 10. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous; Carpels Connate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Sub-Shrub. Flowers Carpels 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Stradley 40

Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Combretaceae R. Br. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Anthers 8 - 10. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Cletheraceae Klotzsch Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Flowers Floral Disc Absent or Present. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Anthers 10; Carpels 3. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present or Absent. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Inflorescence Panicle or Cymes. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Whorled Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. or Alternate. Flowers Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Placenta Axile. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Cyme or Raceme. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Connaraceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers 10. Flowers Anthers Connate at Base. Flowers Carpels 1. Clusiaceae Lindl. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Functionally Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Anthers >= 11. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Carpels Connate. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Carpels 1 - 12. Flowers Placenta Basal. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Fruit Type Capsule. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Fruit Seeds Aril Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Inflorescence Raceme or Corymb. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves 1-Pinnate or Flowers Petals Free. Trifoliate. Inflorescence Thyrse or Head or Umbel. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Resinous. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Convolvulaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 5. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Flowers Carpels 1 - 3. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Stradley 41

Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate or Free. Entire. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Petals Connate. Fruit Type Berry or Capsule or Indehiscent; Inflorescence Solitary or Fascicle or Raceme. Daphniphyllaceae Müll. Arg. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub or Woody Climber. Flowers Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnatisect or Simple. Flowers Anthers 5 - 10. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Anthers Free. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Carpels 2. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Absent. Coriariaceae DC. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Raceme or Cyme. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Anthers 10; Carpels 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Stamens Diplostemonous. Dilleniaceae Salisb. Fruit Type Achene; Inflorescence Head or Solitary. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers Free or Connate; Carpels Connate Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. or Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate. Flowers Carpels >= 1. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Monoecious or Dioecious. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Fruit Type Dehiscent Carpel or Berry. Flowers Actinomorphic. Fruit Seeds Aril Absent or Present. Flowers Anthers >= 3. Inflorescence Cyme or Raceme or Solitary. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Flowers Carpels 1 - 4. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 10. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Lateral. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 10. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free. Fruit Type Berry or Drupe; Inflorescence Cluster or Dipterocarpaceae Blume Fascicle or Solitary. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Opposite. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple or Serrate. Flowers Anthers >= 15; Carpels 3. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Stradley 42

Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Corymb or Panicle. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Fruit Type Indehiscent; Inflorescence Cymes. Vegetative Characters Resinous. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Elaeocarpaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Peltate Scales or Flowers Anthers 20. Stellate Hairs. Flowers Anthers Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Carpels 2 - 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free or Connate. Ebenaceae Gürke Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Flowers Petals Connate at Base or Free. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Actinomorphic. Fruit Type Drupe or Capsule. Flowers Anthers 8 - 20. Fruit Seeds Aril Absent or Present. Flowers Anthers Connate in Pairs or Free. Inflorescence Panicle. Flowers Carpels 3 - 8. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Connate at Base. Ericaceae Juss. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Panicle or Cluster. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Actinomorphic or Zygomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers 5 - 18. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Anthers Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Carpels 4 - 20. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior or Superior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5 - 8. Elaeagnaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free or Connate at Base. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5 - 10. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Flowers Anthers >= 4. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Anthers Free. Fruit Type Berry or Capsule; Inflorescence Cyme or Flowers Carpels 1. Solitary or Panicle or Fascicle. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx 2 - 8. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Whorled Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. or Pseudo-Whorled or Opposite. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Stradley 43

Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire or Fabaceae Lindl. Serrate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Polygamous. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Zygomorphic or Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers >= 3. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Flowers Anthers Connate. Flowers Carpels 1. Flowers Monoecious or Dioecious. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Unisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Actinomorphic or Zygomorphic. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Anthers >= 1. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Anthers Free or Connate; Carpels Connate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Carpels >= 1. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Flowers Floral Disc Absent or Present. Fruit Type Leguminate Pod. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present or Absent. Fruit Seeds Aril Present or Absent. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 12. Inflorescence Raceme or Spike or Cyme. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free or Connate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 10. or Woody Climber. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present or Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Digitate or Trifoliate Fruit Type Schizocarp or Capsule or Berry or Drupe; or Simple or Bipinnate or Pinnate. Inflorescence Umbel or Fascicle or Cluster. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Vegetative Characters Clear or Yellow or White or Green or Red. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Fagaceae Dumort. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Palmate or Simple. Flowers Monoecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Flowers Anthers 10 - 12; Carpels 2. Entire. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Lepidote Hairs or Flowers Perianth Absent. Stellate Hairs or Simple Hairs or T-Shaped Hairs. Fruit Type Nutlet; Inflorescence Raceme or Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Reticulate or Corymb. Palmate or Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Present or Absent; Stipules Present Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Euptelaceae K. Wilh.

Flowers Bisexual. Garryaceae Lindl. Flowers Anthers 10 - 15; Carpels 8 - 18. Flowers Perianth Absent. Flowers Dioecious. Fruit Type Samara. Flowers Unisexual. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Inflorescence Raceme. Flowers Anthers 4; Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Fascicle. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Stradley 44

Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Absent or Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate. Inflorescence Raceme or Cyme. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Gentianaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Flowers Anthers 5. Entire. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous or Simple Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Hairs or Stellate Hairs. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate or Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. 5-7 Palmate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Connate. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Spike or Head. Helwingiaceae Decne. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Epiphytic Shrub. Flowers Dioecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Inflorescence Catkin or Solitary. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Grossulariaceae DC. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Flowers Anthers 5; Carpels 1. Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Anthers >= 8. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Carpels 2 - 6. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Semi-Inferior or Inferior. Flowers Petals Episepalous. Flowers Floral Disc Absent. Flowers Placenta Parietal. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Catkin. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Fruit Type Capsule or Berry; Inflorescence Raceme Absent or Present; Stipules Absent or Panicle or Cyme. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub or Woody Climber. Hamamelidaceae R. Br. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs or Flowers Anthers 5 - 14. Glabrous. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present or Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 3-5 at Base Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. or Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 6. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Present or Absent. Fruit Type Capsule. Stradley 45

Hypericaceae Juss. Iteaceae J. Agardh

Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Anthers 5. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Flowers Anthers Connate or Fascicles. Flowers Carpels 2. Flowers Carpels 1 - 5. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Semi-Inferior. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free. Fruit Type Dehiscent Carpel; Inflorescence Fascicle. Flowers Placenta Parietal or Axile. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Panicle or Umbel Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. or Cyme. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Flowers Unisexual. Flowers Anthers 6 - 40. Icacinaceae Miers Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Flowers Perianth 3 - 6. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Adnate to Bract. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Placenta Basal. Flowers Anthers 4 - 5. Fruit Type Nut or Drupe. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous or Free. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present or Absent. Flowers Carpels 1. Inflorescence Panicle or Cluster. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Flowers Floral Disc Absent or Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Lamiaceae Martinov Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Cyme or Raceme or Flowers Bisexual. Solitary. Flowers Zygomorphic. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Flowers Anthers 4. Climber or Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Scales or Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Simple Hairs. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate or Flowers Petals Connate. Pinnate. Fruit Type Nutlet; Inflorescence Pairs or Spike. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent or Present Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple.

Stradley 46

Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire or Flowers Anthers Connate at Base; Carpels Adnate to Serrate. Calyx. Vegetative Characters Leaves Tomentose or Flowers Carpels 4 - 5. Dendroid Hairs. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4. Lardizabalaceae R. Br. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Monoecious. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Unisexual. Inflorescence Cyme or Raceme. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Flowers Anthers 6. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Sub-Shrub or Flowers Carpels Free. Tree. Flowers Carpels 3. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 6. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 6. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Fruit Type Dehiscent Carpel; Inflorescence Solitary Linaceae DC. ex Perleb or Cluster. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Flowers Anthers 5. Woody Climber. Flowers Anthers Connate at Base. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Carpels 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Digitate or Trifoliate Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. or Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Lauraceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Actinomorphic. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Whorl or Head or Flowers Anthers 9 - 12. Cyme. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Perianth 6. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Placenta Apical. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Panicle or Cyme or Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Fascicle. Entire. Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 3-5 From Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Base or Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Whorled Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 3 Veined or Loganiaceae R. Br. ex Mart. Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Carpels 2. Lecythidaceae A. Rich. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4. Flowers Anthers >= 11. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Stradley 47

Flowers Petals Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Head. Present or Absent; Stipules Absent or Present Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Magnoliaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Monoecious. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Anthers >= 11; Carpels >= 6. Flowers Perianth 9 - 15. Loranthaceae Juss. Flowers Stamens Spiral. Inflorescence Cluster or Pseudoumble. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Anthers 3 - 6. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 6. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Inflorescence Panicle or Cyme. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Opposite. Malpighiaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple or Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs or Flowers Actinomorphic or Zygomorphic. Glabrous. Flowers Anthers 10. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate or Flowers Anthers Connate. Pinnate. Flowers Carpels 3. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Bisexual. Fruit Type Samara; Inflorescence Panicle or Whorl. Flowers Actinomorphic or Zygomorphic. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Anthers >= 4. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Anthers Free; Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Carpels 4 - 8. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior or Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 8. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Malvaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 8. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present or Absent. Flowers Monoecious. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Placenta Parietal or Axile. Flowers Actinomorphic. Fruit Type Berry or Capsule; Inflorescence Head or Flowers Anthers >= 5. Panicle. Flowers Anthers Free or Epipetalous; Carpels Free Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. or Connate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Flowers Carpels 2 - 10. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Sub- Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Opposite or Whorled. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free or Connate. Stradley 48

Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Fruit Seeds Aril Present. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present or Absent. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present or Absent. Flowers Petals Free. Inflorescence Panicle or Corymb. Flowers Placenta Axile. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Fruit Type Follicle or Drupe or Capsule or Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Schizocarp. Vegetative Characters Leaves 2-3 Pinnate or Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present or Absent. Trifoliate or Pinnate Inflorescence Raceme or Cluster or Solitary. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Melianthaceae Horan. Climber or Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple or Compound. Flowers Zygomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Peltate Scales or Flowers Anthers 4; Carpels 1. Stellate Hairs. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate Flowers Floral Disc Present. from Base or 3-7 from Base or Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Melastomataceae Juss. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Flowers Actinomorphic. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Cyme or Spike. Flowers Anthers 3 - 10; Carpels 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves 1-Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free. Menispermaceae Juss. Flowers Placenta Axile. Fruit Type Capsule or Berry; Inflorescence Panicle. Flowers Dioecious. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Zygomorphic or Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire or Flowers Anthers 3 - 6. Serrate. Flowers Anthers Connate or Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Scales or Flowers Carpels 1 - 6. Simple Hairs. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 3-7 Palmate- Flowers Perianth Calyx 6 - 20. Parallel. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 6. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent or Present. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Cluster or Raceme. Meliaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Anthers 5 - 10. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers Connate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 5. Moraceae Gaudich. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 6. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Fruit Type Drupe or Capsule or Berry. Flowers Unisexual. Stradley 49

Flowers Actinomorphic. Myristicaceae R. Br. Flowers Anthers 1 - 4. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Perianth 2 - 6. Flowers Unisexual. Fruit Type Achene; Inflorescence Corymb or Flowers Actinomorphic. Solitary or Fascicle. Flowers Anthers 9-20. Vegetative Characters Latex. Flowers Anthers Connate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree Flowers Carpels 1. or Woody Climber. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Flowers Perianth 3. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate 3- Flowers Placenta Basal. 15 From Base or Pinnate. Fruit Type Drupe. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Fruit Seeds Aril Present. Inflorescence Panicle or Catkin. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Moringaceae Martinov Vegetative Characters Red. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Zygomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs. Flowers Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Myrtaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Placenta Parietal. Flowers Anthers >= 11. Fruit Type Capsule. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present. Flowers Carpels 2 - 5. Inflorescence Cyme. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Resinous. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves 2-4 Pinnate. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Fruit Type Capsule or Berry or Nut; Inflorescence Cyme or Panicle. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Myricaceae Rich. Ex Kunth Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Whorled or Opposite Flowers Dioecious. or Alternate. Flowers Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Anthers 2 - 4. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Flowers Perianth Absent. Flowers Placenta Basal. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Spike or Cyme. Nyctaginaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers 1 - 10; Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth 5. Stradley 50

Fruit Type Achene; Inflorescence Panicle or Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Fascicle. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnate or Simple or Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Trifoliate. Climber. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Opiliaceae Valeton Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 4 - 5. Olacaceae R. Br. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Calyx Absent. Flowers Anthers 3 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Carpels 3. Flowers Petals Connate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 5. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Raceme or Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 5. Fascicle. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Petals Free or Connate at Base. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Fascicle or Solitary Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. or Raceme. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Woody Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Climber or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Orobanchaceae Vent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Zygomorphic. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers 4. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate; Petals Connate. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Fruit Type Capsule. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Inflorescence Panicle. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Anthers 2. Vegetative Characters Leaves Sub-Opposite or Flowers Anthers Epipetalous; Carpels Connate. Opposite. Flowers Carpels 2. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present or Absent. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Paeoniaceae Raf. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 12. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent or Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Petals Connate. Flowers Anthers >= 11; Carpels 5. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Fruit Type Berry or Drupe or Samara or Capsule; Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Inflorescence Panicle or Solitary or Cyme or Spike. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals >= 5. Climber or Tree or Shrub. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Stradley 51

Fruit Type Follicle; Inflorescence Cyme. Flowers Carpels 2 - 3. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Bipinnate or Biturnate Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Passifloraceae Juss. Ex Roussel Flowers Petals Connate. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Spike or Raceme. Flowers Dioecious. Vegetative Characters Evergreen or Deciduous. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Anthers 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers Connate at Base. Flowers Carpels 1. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Piperaceae Giseke Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Anthers 2 - 4; Carpels 1. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Fruit Type Berry or Capsule; Inflorescence Cluster. Flowers Perianth Absent. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Cyme. Climber. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present; Tendrils Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate or Present Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent or Present Paulowniaceae Nakai

Flowers Zygomorphic. Pittosporaceae R. Br. Flowers Anthers 4. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 5. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Anthers 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Petals Connate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Fruit Type Capsule. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base or Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present. Free. Inflorescence Few or Raceme. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Hemi- Flowers Petals Connate at Base or Free. Epiphytic Tree or Woody Climber. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Raceme or Cyme. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Climber or Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Pentaphylaceae Engl. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 5 - 15. Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Stradley 52

Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Flowers Zygomorphic. Flowers Carpels 1. Flowers Anthers 2 - 10; Carpels 2. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Perianth 4. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Placenta Basal or Apical. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Fruit Type Drupe or Nut; Inflorescence Cluster. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free or Connate. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Fruit Type Berry or Capsule. Entire. Fruit Seeds Aril Absent or Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate Inflorescence Cyme or Head. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Puntranjivaceae Endl. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Anthers 3 - 12; Carpels 2 - 3. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Cyme. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Flowers Dioecious. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Anthers 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire or Flowers Anthers Epipetalous or Free or Connate. Serrate. Flowers Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Semi-Inferior or Superior. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Ranunculaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Unisexual. Flowers Petals Free or Connate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Placenta Free Central or Axile. Flowers Carpels >= 6. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Fruit Type Berry or Drupe; Inflorescence Solitary or Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 8. Raceme or Rows of 2-10 or Spike. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 6 - 12. Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent or Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Fruit Type Achene; Inflorescence Raceme or Woody Climber or Tree. Panicle. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Woody Climber. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple or Pinnate or Ternate or Biternate. Proteaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent; Tendrils Absent or Present Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 4. Stradley 53

Resedaceae Martinov Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent or Present

Flowers Anthers >= 11; Carpels 1. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Rosaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Calyx 6. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Inflorescence Solitary or Raceme. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Flowers Anthers >= 4; Carpels >= 1. Climber. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior or Superior or Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple Semi-Inferior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 6. Rhamnaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 6. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Flowers Petals Free. Flowers Actinomorphic. Fruit Type Drupe or Pome or Follicle or Achene; Flowers Anthers 4 - 5; Carpels 2 - 4. Inflorescence Fascicle or Raceme. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnate or Triturnate Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. or Palmate or Simple or Pedate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present or Absent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs. Flowers Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Fruit Type Drupe or Capsule. Absent or Present; Stipules Present Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present or Absent. Inflorescence Raceme or Fascicle or Panicle. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub Rubiaceae Juss. or Woody Climber. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Zygomorphic or Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 3-5 From Flowers Anthers 4 - 6. Base or Pinnate. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Flowers Carpels 1 - 5. Present; Stipules Present; Tendrils Present or Absent Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 6. Rhizophoraceae Pers. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 6. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Petals Connate. Flowers Anthers 10 - 16. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Flowers Carpels Adnate to Calyx. Fruit Type Drupe or Schizocarp or Berry or Capsule; Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Inflorescence Spike or Solitary or Panicle. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Flowers Perianth Calyx 5 - 8. Climber or Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5 - 8. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Whorled. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Inflorescence Panicle or Raceme. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire or Serrate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Stradley 54

Rutaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Monoecious or Dioecious. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present or Absent. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Placenta Parietal. Flowers Actinomorphic. Fruit Type Berry or Capsule; Inflorescence Panicle Flowers Anthers 4 - 10. or Cluster. Flowers Anthers Free or Connate; Carpels Free or Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Sub-Opposite or Flowers Carpels 4 - 5. Alternate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Entire. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 3-5 From Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Base or Pinnate. Flowers Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Fruit Type Follicle or Drupe or Capsule or Berry; Present; Stipules Present Inflorescence Fascicle or Corymb. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite or Alternate. Santalaceae R. Br. Vegetative Characters Leaves Compound or Simple. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Actinomorphic. Sabiaceae Blume Flowers Anthers 3 - 6. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Semi-Inferior or Inferior. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth 3 - 6. Flowers Anthers 4 - 5; Carpels 2. Flowers Stamens Opposite Perianth. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Fruit Type Nut or Drupe; Inflorescence Cluster or Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Raceme. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free or Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Flowers Petals Episepalous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Palmate or Flowers Placenta Axile. Pinnate. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Fruit Type Drupe or Paired Drupe; Inflorescence Cyme or Raceme. Vegetative Characters Evergreen or Deciduous. Sapindaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple or Pinnate Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Actinomorphic or Zygomorphic. Salicaceae Mirb. Flowers Anthers 4 - 10. Flowers Anthers Free. Flowers Monoecious or Dioecious. Flowers Carpels 3. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Flowers Anthers >= 2. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Anthers Free or Connate. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Carpels 1. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free or Connate. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior or Semi-Inferior. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 6. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Petals Free. Stradley 55

Flowers Placenta Axile. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Woody Fruit Type Capsule or Double Samara or Climber or Shrub or Tree. Indehiscent. Vegetative Characters Leaves Whorled or Alternate. Fruit Seeds Aril Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Absent or Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Inflorescence Raceme or Fascicle. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Trifoliate or Biturnate Scrophulariaceae Juss. or 1-Pinnate or Simple or Palmate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 4; Carpels 2. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Sapotaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Anthers 4 - 16. Flowers Placenta Axile. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Panicle or Flowers Carpels 2 - 12. Raceme. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 8. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base or Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs or Free. Simple Hairs. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 16. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Flowers Petals Connate at Base. Flowers Placenta Basal or Axile. Flowers Stamens Obhaplostamenous. Simaroubaceae DC. Fruit Type Berry or Drupe; Inflorescence Cyme or Solitary or Panicle. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Latex. Flowers Carpels Free; Perianth Calyx Sepals Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Connate; Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate or Sub- Fruit Type Samara or Drupe; Inflorescence Cyme or Opposite. Raceme. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnate or Trifoliate. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent Vegetative Characters Stipules Present or Absent

Schisandraceae Blume Solanaceae Juss.

Flowers Dioecious or Monoecious. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Zygomorphic or Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers >=8 Flowers Anthers 4 - 6. Flowers Anthers Connate. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Flowers Carpels 5 - 14. Flowers Carpels 2 - 5. Flowers Perianth 5 - 15. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Fruit Type Follicle or Drupe; Inflorescence Catkin Flowers Perianth Calyx 3 - 10. or Raceme or Panicle. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Stradley 56

Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5 - 10. Vegetative Characters Leaves Opposite. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Pinnately Trifoliate or Flowers Petals Connate. Unevenly 1-Pinnate. Flowers Placenta Axile. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Fruit Type Berry or Capsule; Inflorescence Cyme or Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate Solitary or Raceme. Vegetative Characters Evergreen or Deciduous. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Woody Styracaceae DC. Ex Spreng. Climber or Shrub. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers 4 - 7; Carpels 3 - 5. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior or Superior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Stachyuraceae J. Agardh Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 7. Flowers Unisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Petals Connate. Flowers Anthers 8; Carpels 4. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Cyme or Solitary. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Stellate Hairs. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Placenta Axile. Inflorescence Catkin. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub. Symplocaceae Desf. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Anthers >= 11. Flowers Anthers Connate or Free. Flowers Carpels 2 - 5. Staphyleaceae Martinov Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior or Semi-Inferior. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate at Base. Flowers Anthers 5; Carpels 3. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 3 - 11. Flowers Floral Disc Present. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Petals Connate at Base. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Fruit Type Drupe or Berry; Inflorescence Raceme or Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. Solitary or Pseudocyme or Spike. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Deciduous or Evergreen. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Petals Free. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Placenta Axile. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Fruit Type Berry; Inflorescence Raceme or Head or Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Solitary. Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Stradley 57

Tamaricaceae Link Vegetative Characters Evergreen. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Flowers Monoecious or Dioecious. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Unisexual or Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Flowers Anthers 5 - 10. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers Free or Connate at Base. Flowers Carpels 1. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Thymelaeaceae Juss. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Anthers 8 - 10. Flowers Placenta Parietal or Basal. Flowers Anthers Epipetalous. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Cluster or Flowers Carpels 1 - 2. Panicle. Flowers Perianth 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Fruit Type Capsule or Nut or Drupe; Inflorescence Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Cymes or Raceme. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate. Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent

Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Unisexual. Trochodendraceae Eichler Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers 4; Carpels 1. Flowers Bisexual. Flowers Carpels Ovaries Inferior. Flowers Anthers 4. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Carpels Connate at Base. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4. Flowers Carpels 4. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Fruit Type Capsule; Inflorescence Solitary or Spike. Flowers Perianth Calyx 4. Vegetative Characters Deciduous. Flowers Perianth Corolla Absent. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Fruit Type Follicle. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Inflorescence Raceme. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate. Theaceae Mirb. Vegetative Characters Leaves Glabrous. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation 5-7 Palmate. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Anthers >= 5. Flowers Anthers Free or Connate or Epipetalous. Ulmaceae Mirb. Flowers Carpels 3 - 5. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Flowers Dioecious. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5 - 6. Flowers Bisexual or Unisexual. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5 - 8. Flowers Actinomorphic. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Anthers 4 - 8. Flowers Petals Free or Connate at Base. Flowers Carpels Connate. Fruit Type Capsule. Flowers Carpels 2. Fruit Seeds Wings Presence Present or Absent. Flowers Perianth 4 - 8. Inflorescence Raceme or Spike or Cyme. Flowers Perianth Connate or Free. Stradley 58

Flowers Stamens Opposite Perianth. Flowers Carpels 2 - 4. Fruit Type Samara or Drupe; Inflorescence Catkin Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. or Raceme. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Evergreen or Deciduous. Flowers Perianth Calyx 2 - 5. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Connate. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 4 - 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Entire or Flowers Petals Connate. Serrate. Flowers Placenta Axile or Basal. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate or Flowers Stamens Haplostamenous. 3-5 From Base. Fruit Type Schizocarp or Drupe; Inflorescence Vegetative Characters Stipules Present Panicle or Solitary. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Woody Climber or Shrub. Urticaceae Juss. Vegetative Characters Leaves Whorled or Opposite. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Unisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Margin Serrate or Flowers Actinomorphic. Entire. Flowers Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Spines, Thorns, or Prickles Flowers Carpels Ovaries Superior. Present or Absent; Stipules Absent Flowers Perianth 3 - 5. Flowers Perianth Connate or Adnate to Ovary. Flowers Placenta Basal. Zygophyllaceae R. Br. Fruit Type Drupe or Achene; Inflorescence Panicle or Fascicle. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Shrub or Tree. Flowers Anthers 10; Carpels 1. Vegetative Characters Leaves Whorled or Opposite Flowers Floral Disc Present. or Alternate. Flowers Perianth Calyx Present. Vegetative Characters Leaves Simple. Flowers Perianth Calyx 5. Vegetative Characters Leaves Venation Pinnate or Flowers Perianth Calyx Sepals Free. 3-5 From Base. Flowers Perianth Corolla Petals 5. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent or Present Flowers Perianth Corolla Present. Flowers Petals Free. Fruit Type Drupe; Inflorescence Raceme or Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Fascicle. Vegetative Characters Growth Form Tree or Shrub. Flowers Bisexual. Vegetative Characters Leaves Alternate. Flowers Zygomorphic or Actinomorphic. Vegetative Characters Leaves Bifoliate. Flowers Anthers 4. Vegetative Characters Stipules Absent Flowers Anthers Epipetalous.