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Anatomical, Palynological and Epidermis Studies of Genus Euphorbia Species

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Anatomical, Palynological and Epidermis Studies of Genus Euphorbia Species EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 14, 5911-5917 (2020) Anatomical, palynological and epidermis studies of genus Euphorbia species Chnar Najmaddin 1* 1 Biology department- collage of Sciences, Salahaddin University, Erbil, IRAQ *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate anatomical comparison between six species of Euphorbia were investigated. Anatomically it has been shown that the shape of stem, midrib, lamina and margin were different. There were druses and tannins in lamina of Euphorbia microsphaera and absent in another species. The trichomes in stems were unicellular non-glandular and glandular in Euphorbia petiolate, Euphorbia phymutospering and Euphorbia peplus, while unicellular glandular in Euphorbia microsphaera and Euphorbia helioscopia, and unicellular non-glandular as in Euphorbia macroclada. In the leaf the trichomes were non-glandular and glandular unicellular in Euphorbia petiolate, while glandular unicellular in Euphorbia phymutosperin, Euphorbia microsphaeraand Euphorbia helioscopia. Secretory canal was presence in all species. The anticlinal surfaces of epidermis straight or wavy, the stomata were anisocytic, anomocytic, paracytic and hemi-paracytic with presence contiguous stomata. The pollen grains were different in size and shape such as spherical, oblate- prolate, sub-oblate and prolate spheroidal; the sculpture was foveolate or reticulate. Keywords: Euphorbiaceae, Anatomy of Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia species, Anatomy of Euphorbia species, Distribution of Euphorbiaceae, laticifers canal Najmaddin CH (2020) Anatomical, palynological and epidermis studies of genus Euphorbia species. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 5911-5917. © 2020 Najmaddin This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. INTRODUCTION Euphorbiaceae is economically important plant which supply the basic net materials for medicines, perfumes, The Euphorbiaceae is commonly known as the flavours and cosmetics. The medicinal plants are the (spurge) is derived from Middle Ages French, the epurga plants that rich with secondary metabolites and are referring to the purgative properties of the seeds of potential source of drugs, they are renewable natural Euphorbia (Elumala, et al. 2014). The family composed resources and therefore, their conservation and of mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs, trees and sustainable utilization must necessarily include a long sometimes succulent with about 322 genera and 8910 term, integrated, scientifically-oriented holistic action species that are further characterized by the present the program (Rahman and Akter, 2013; Webster, 1994). milky juice (Elumala, et al. 2014; Acharya and Vaidya, The milky latex materials are character of the sub- 2017). families Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae. This latex is The members of Euphorbiaceae are widely dole out sublime material in the Euphorbioideae, but unhurt in the around the world constituting both old world and new crotonoideae (Rahman and Akter, 2013). The world plants some of which are yet to be identified. Many angiospermic family Euphorbiaceae is one of the most members of this family are residents of tropical region as interesting and economically important families. This Indo-Malayan, America and Africa surviving hot dry family is importance from the point of producing a desert conditions while others are rainforest trees and number of useful products as natural rubber from Hevea, herbs, and has many species in non-tropical regions biodiesel from Jatropha, starch from Manihot and castor such as southern of America, South Africa, the oil from Ricinus (Elumala, et al. 2014). Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East that is making The study of plant anatomy has more significance in it ecumenical (Mwine and Damme, 2011; Zahra, et al. different turfs investigation and depict the physical form 2014; Webster, 1994). The new classification left family and external structure of plants (Metcalfe and Chalk, Euphorbiaceae with five sub families, 52 tribes 317 1950). The pollen grains are abounded used as tool for genera and around 8,000 species (Aldhebiani and Jury, 2013). The family contains a large variety of Phytotoxins; Received: May 2019 Accepted: March 2020 they are toxic substances produce by plants as Printed: November 2020 diterrpene, esters, alkaloids, glycosides, and ricin. 5911 EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin taxonomical analysis of angiosperm plants. Taxonomists and botanists have famed the necessity of pollen morphology in the classification of angiosperms groups for species level or even variety level (Sarkar, et al. 2017). The aim of this study is found the difference between Euphorbia species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant collection Plant materials of Lantana camara cultivars such as (Euphorbia petiolate, Euphorbia phymutospering, Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia microsphaera, Euphorbia peplus, Euphorbia macroclada.) was took from the herbarium of Sciences collage, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq in 2017 and fixed in a mixture formalin, alcohol, acetic acid (FAA). Paraffin Method The specimens have been mixed in FAA solution for 24hr. Then the samples dehydrated by using ascending series concentrations of ethanol alcohol for 3-4 hours, after that the specimens were placed in xylen for 3-4 hrs. (Twice times). After that the specimens were embedded in a mixture of xylene and paraffin (1:1 at 60 °C) for 1/2hr. twice times, then were transferred to pure paraffin Fig. 1. TS of stem. A. Euphorbia petiolate, B. Euphorbia phymutospering, C. Euphorbia helioscopia, D. Euphorbia and left overnight at 60°C. After that improved the microsphaera, E. Euphorbia peplus, F. Euphorbia paraffin blocks were made and sections (8 micron) using macroclada. V: vascular bundles, S: secretory cells, the rotary microtome. The sections were then stained by trichomes: small black arrow. A, B, C, D, E, F=4X using (1%) safranin and fast green. Finally the sections were mounted by DPX (Morcelle et. al, 2012; Najmaddin Leaf and Mahmood, 2016). A-TS Midrib Pollen grains The adaxial surface is straight and abaxial surface is Pollen grains were obtained from the flowers. The round as in Euphorbia petiolate, in Euphorbia pollen grains were prepared for light microscope based phymutospering the adaxial surface is slightly straight on Erdtman (1952) methods. and abaxial surface is U-shaped, in Euphorbia Stomata helioscopia the adaxial surface is slightly concave and The leaf samples were obtained from the herbarium. abaxial surface is V-shaped, while in Euphorbia Leaf epidermal cells were prepared by scraping method. microsphaera and Euphorbia peplus the adaxial surface The samples were observed under a light microscope is slightly stright and abaxial surface is sligtly V-shaped. with camera attached using Analysis Image with The adaxial surface is concave and abaxial surface is Analysis Software. broad round as in Euphorbia macroclada. The trichomes are unicellular glandular and non-glandular as in RESULT Euphorbia petiolate, while unicellular glandular as in TS Stem Euphorbia phymutospering, Euphorbia helioscopia and The outline is sequer as in Euphorbia petiolate, or Euphorbia microsphaera. In Euphorbia microsphaera irregular in Euphorbia phymutospering, or semi-circular presence the papilla. The trichomes are unicellular non- as in Euphorbia helioscopia and peplus, it is oblong in glandular as in Euphorbia macroclada; While absent in Euphorbia microsphaera and macroclada. The vascular Euphorbia peplus. The accessory vascular bundles bundles are closed in arrangement. The trichomes are found in Euphorbia phymutospering and Euphorbia unicellular glandular and non-glandular as in Euphorbia macroclada, while absent in another species. The petiolate, Euphorbia phymutospering and Euphorbia secretary tissues and collenchyma cells (lacunar) are peplus, the trichomes unicellular non-glandular as in present in all species Euphorbia (Fig. 2). Euphorbia macroclada, while unicellular glandular as in B-TS Lamina Euphorbia helioscopia and Euphorbia microsphaera. The mesophyll layer consists of the palisaid layer The secretary tissues are present. Collenchyma and spongy layer. The trichomes are unicellular (lacunar) cells are present (Fig. 1). glandular and non-glandular as in Euphorbia petiolate, 5912 EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin Fig. 4. TS of margin. A. Euphorbia petiolate, B. Euphorbia phymutospering, C. Euphorbia helioscopia, D. Euphorbia microsphaera, Euphorbia peplus, F. Euphorbia macroclada. trichomes: small black arrow, cell papillae :(large black arrow). A,B,C,D=4X while unicellular glandular as in Euphorbia phymutospering, Euphorbia helioscopia and Euphorbia microsphaera. The tannins and druses are present in Fig. 2. TS of midrib. A. Euphorbia petiolate, B. Euphorbia Euphorbia microsphaera, and Euphorbia macroclada phymutospering, C. Euphorbia helioscopia, D. Euphorbia has tannins, laticefers canals (non-articulated laticefiers microsphaera. E. Euphorbia peplus, F. Euphorbia canals) are presence (Fig. 3). macroclada. V: vascular bundles, S: secretory cells, Ep: epidermis, AV: accessory vascular bundle, P: papilla, C-TS Margin trichomes: (small black arrow), A, B, C, D, E, F=4X The shape of the margin is straight and rounded, and have been papilli as in Euphorbia petiolate, or downward and rounded with present papilli as in Euphorbia phymutospering, while it is straight and rounded as in and Euphorbia helioscopia, and the
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