EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 14, 5911-5917 (2020)
Anatomical, palynological and epidermis studies of genus Euphorbia species
Chnar Najmaddin 1* 1 Biology department- collage of Sciences, Salahaddin University, Erbil, IRAQ *Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate anatomical comparison between six species of Euphorbia were investigated. Anatomically it has been shown that the shape of stem, midrib, lamina and margin were different. There were druses and tannins in lamina of Euphorbia microsphaera and absent in another species. The trichomes in stems were unicellular non-glandular and glandular in Euphorbia petiolate, Euphorbia phymutospering and Euphorbia peplus, while unicellular glandular in Euphorbia microsphaera and Euphorbia helioscopia, and unicellular non-glandular as in Euphorbia macroclada. In the leaf the trichomes were non-glandular and glandular unicellular in Euphorbia petiolate, while glandular unicellular in Euphorbia phymutosperin, Euphorbia microsphaeraand Euphorbia helioscopia. Secretory canal was presence in all species. The anticlinal surfaces of epidermis straight or wavy, the stomata were anisocytic, anomocytic, paracytic and hemi-paracytic with presence contiguous stomata. The pollen grains were different in size and shape such as spherical, oblate- prolate, sub-oblate and prolate spheroidal; the sculpture was foveolate or reticulate.
Keywords: Euphorbiaceae, Anatomy of Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia species, Anatomy of Euphorbia species, Distribution of Euphorbiaceae, laticifers canal
Najmaddin CH (2020) Anatomical, palynological and epidermis studies of genus Euphorbia species. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 5911-5917.
© 2020 Najmaddin This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
INTRODUCTION Euphorbiaceae is economically important plant which supply the basic net materials for medicines, perfumes, The Euphorbiaceae is commonly known as the flavours and cosmetics. The medicinal plants are the (spurge) is derived from Middle Ages French, the epurga plants that rich with secondary metabolites and are referring to the purgative properties of the seeds of potential source of drugs, they are renewable natural Euphorbia (Elumala, et al. 2014). The family composed resources and therefore, their conservation and of mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs, trees and sustainable utilization must necessarily include a long sometimes succulent with about 322 genera and 8910 term, integrated, scientifically-oriented holistic action species that are further characterized by the present the program (Rahman and Akter, 2013; Webster, 1994). milky juice (Elumala, et al. 2014; Acharya and Vaidya, The milky latex materials are character of the sub- 2017). families Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae. This latex is The members of Euphorbiaceae are widely dole out sublime material in the Euphorbioideae, but unhurt in the around the world constituting both old world and new crotonoideae (Rahman and Akter, 2013). The world plants some of which are yet to be identified. Many angiospermic family Euphorbiaceae is one of the most members of this family are residents of tropical region as interesting and economically important families. This Indo-Malayan, America and Africa surviving hot dry family is importance from the point of producing a desert conditions while others are rainforest trees and number of useful products as natural rubber from Hevea, herbs, and has many species in non-tropical regions biodiesel from Jatropha, starch from Manihot and castor such as southern of America, South Africa, the oil from Ricinus (Elumala, et al. 2014). Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East that is making The study of plant anatomy has more significance in it ecumenical (Mwine and Damme, 2011; Zahra, et al. different turfs investigation and depict the physical form 2014; Webster, 1994). The new classification left family and external structure of plants (Metcalfe and Chalk, Euphorbiaceae with five sub families, 52 tribes 317 1950). The pollen grains are abounded used as tool for genera and around 8,000 species (Aldhebiani and Jury, 2013). The family contains a large variety of Phytotoxins; Received: May 2019 Accepted: March 2020 they are toxic substances produce by plants as Printed: November 2020 diterrpene, esters, alkaloids, glycosides, and ricin.
5911
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin taxonomical analysis of angiosperm plants. Taxonomists and botanists have famed the necessity of pollen morphology in the classification of angiosperms groups for species level or even variety level (Sarkar, et al. 2017). The aim of this study is found the difference between Euphorbia species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant collection Plant materials of Lantana camara cultivars such as (Euphorbia petiolate, Euphorbia phymutospering, Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia microsphaera, Euphorbia peplus, Euphorbia macroclada.) was took from the herbarium of Sciences collage, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq in 2017 and fixed in a mixture formalin, alcohol, acetic acid (FAA). Paraffin Method The specimens have been mixed in FAA solution for 24hr. Then the samples dehydrated by using ascending series concentrations of ethanol alcohol for 3-4 hours, after that the specimens were placed in xylen for 3-4 hrs. (Twice times). After that the specimens were embedded in a mixture of xylene and paraffin (1:1 at 60 °C) for 1/2hr. twice times, then were transferred to pure paraffin Fig. 1. TS of stem. A. Euphorbia petiolate, B. Euphorbia phymutospering, C. Euphorbia helioscopia, D. Euphorbia and left overnight at 60°C. After that improved the microsphaera, E. Euphorbia peplus, F. Euphorbia paraffin blocks were made and sections (8 micron) using macroclada. V: vascular bundles, S: secretory cells, the rotary microtome. The sections were then stained by trichomes: small black arrow. A, B, C, D, E, F=4X using (1%) safranin and fast green. Finally the sections were mounted by DPX (Morcelle et. al, 2012; Najmaddin Leaf and Mahmood, 2016). A-TS Midrib Pollen grains The adaxial surface is straight and abaxial surface is Pollen grains were obtained from the flowers. The round as in Euphorbia petiolate, in Euphorbia pollen grains were prepared for light microscope based phymutospering the adaxial surface is slightly straight on Erdtman (1952) methods. and abaxial surface is U-shaped, in Euphorbia Stomata helioscopia the adaxial surface is slightly concave and The leaf samples were obtained from the herbarium. abaxial surface is V-shaped, while in Euphorbia Leaf epidermal cells were prepared by scraping method. microsphaera and Euphorbia peplus the adaxial surface The samples were observed under a light microscope is slightly stright and abaxial surface is sligtly V-shaped. with camera attached using Analysis Image with The adaxial surface is concave and abaxial surface is Analysis Software. broad round as in Euphorbia macroclada. The trichomes are unicellular glandular and non-glandular as in RESULT Euphorbia petiolate, while unicellular glandular as in TS Stem Euphorbia phymutospering, Euphorbia helioscopia and The outline is sequer as in Euphorbia petiolate, or Euphorbia microsphaera. In Euphorbia microsphaera irregular in Euphorbia phymutospering, or semi-circular presence the papilla. The trichomes are unicellular non- as in Euphorbia helioscopia and peplus, it is oblong in glandular as in Euphorbia macroclada; While absent in Euphorbia microsphaera and macroclada. The vascular Euphorbia peplus. The accessory vascular bundles bundles are closed in arrangement. The trichomes are found in Euphorbia phymutospering and Euphorbia unicellular glandular and non-glandular as in Euphorbia macroclada, while absent in another species. The petiolate, Euphorbia phymutospering and Euphorbia secretary tissues and collenchyma cells (lacunar) are peplus, the trichomes unicellular non-glandular as in present in all species Euphorbia (Fig. 2). Euphorbia macroclada, while unicellular glandular as in B-TS Lamina Euphorbia helioscopia and Euphorbia microsphaera. The mesophyll layer consists of the palisaid layer The secretary tissues are present. Collenchyma and spongy layer. The trichomes are unicellular (lacunar) cells are present (Fig. 1). glandular and non-glandular as in Euphorbia petiolate,
5912
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin
Fig. 4. TS of margin. A. Euphorbia petiolate, B. Euphorbia phymutospering, C. Euphorbia helioscopia, D. Euphorbia microsphaera, Euphorbia peplus, F. Euphorbia macroclada. trichomes: small black arrow, cell papillae :(large black arrow). A,B,C,D=4X
while unicellular glandular as in Euphorbia phymutospering, Euphorbia helioscopia and Euphorbia
microsphaera. The tannins and druses are present in Fig. 2. TS of midrib. A. Euphorbia petiolate, B. Euphorbia Euphorbia microsphaera, and Euphorbia macroclada phymutospering, C. Euphorbia helioscopia, D. Euphorbia has tannins, laticefers canals (non-articulated laticefiers microsphaera. E. Euphorbia peplus, F. Euphorbia canals) are presence (Fig. 3). macroclada. V: vascular bundles, S: secretory cells, Ep: epidermis, AV: accessory vascular bundle, P: papilla, C-TS Margin trichomes: (small black arrow), A, B, C, D, E, F=4X The shape of the margin is straight and rounded, and have been papilli as in Euphorbia petiolate, or downward and rounded with present papilli as in Euphorbia phymutospering, while it is straight and rounded as in and Euphorbia helioscopia, and the margin is rounded downward as in Euphorbia peplus; but it is straight with pointed end as in Euphorbia microsphaera and Euphorbia macroclada. The trichomes are unicellular non-glandular as in Euphorbia petiolate, while unicellular glandular as in Euphorbia phymutospering, Euphorbia helioscopia and Euphorbia microsphaera. The trichomes unicellular non-glandular and glandular as in Euphorbia macroclada, while there are absent in Euphorbia peplus (Fig. 4). The anticlinal cells of adaxial surface of Euphorbia sp. are straight with anisocytic and hemiparacytic stomata, and in the abaxial surface are straight with paracytic stomata; in both surfaces presence the
Fig. 3. TS of lamina. A. Euphorbia petiolate, B. Euphorbia contiguous stomata as in Euphorbia petiolate. In phymutospering, C. Euphorbia helioscopia, D. Euphorbia Euphorbia phymutospering the anticlinal cells of adaxial microsphaera, E. Euphorbia peplus, F. Euphorbia surface are wavy with anomocytic and pentacytic macroclada. V: vascular bundles, S: secretory cells, stomata, the abaxial surface possess anomocytic, trichomes: (small black arrow), SP: spongy layer, UE: upper anisocytic and tetracytic stomata. In Euphorbia epidermis, LE: lower epidermis, D: drusses, T: tannins, La: helioscopia the with tetracytic and hemiparacytic latex canal. A,B,C,D=4X stomata with presence the contiguous stomata, the abaxial surface possess anomocytic stomata, while in Euphorbia microsphaera are anomocytic stomata in
5913
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin
Fig. 5. Epidermis of Euphorbia sp.: A. adaxial surface of Euphorbia petiolate, B. abaxial surface of Euphorbia petiolate, C. adaxial surface of Euphorbia phymutospering, D. abaxial surface of Euphorbia phymutospering. E. adaxial surface of Euphorbia helioscopia, F. abaxial surface of Euphorbia helioscopia. A, B, C, D, E, F= 40X
Fig. 7. Euphorbia sp. pollen grains: A. polar view of Euphorbia petiolate, B. equatorial view of Euphorbia petiolate, C. polar view of Euphorbia phymutospering, D. equatorial view of Euphorbia phymutospering, E. polar view of Euphorbia Euphorbia helioscopia F. equatorial view of Euphorbia helioscopia. colpi (cross arrow), pore (small curved arrow). A, B, C, D= 100X
both surface with anticlinal cells of adaxial surface straight to wavy and the abaxial surface are straig. In Euphorbia peplus the anticlinal cells of adaxial surface are wavy, and Euphorbia macroclada is possess the straight anticlinal cells of adaxial and abaxial surface with hemi-paracytic and paracytic stomata (Figs. 5 and 6). Pollen grains The pollen grains are 3 or 4 or 5 and oblate spheroidal, circular to elongate in shaped. In polar and equatorial views of Euphorbia petiolate and Euphorbia microsphaera are circular. In Euphorbia phymutospering the polar view is sub- circular, while elongated in equatorial view. In.Euphorbia helioscopia the polar and equatorial views are semi-spherical sub-elongated. In Euphorbia peplus the polar view is sub- circular, while Fig. 6. Epidermis of Euphorbia sp.: A. adaxial surface of sub-elongated in equatorial view. The polar and Euphorbia microsphaera, B. abaxial surface of Euphorbia microsphaera, C. adaxial surface of Euphorbia peplus, D. equatorial views in Euphorbia macroclada are abaxial surface of Euphorbia peplus. E. adaxial surface of elongated. The ornamentation of pollen grain is Euphorbia macroclada, F. abaxial surface of Euphorbia foveolate or reticulate types (Table1, Figs. 7 and 8). macroclada. Stomata: (large black curve arrow). A, B, C, D, E, F= 40X
5914
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin
This investigation shows presence druses and tannins in the leaf. Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950; Devi, et al. 2013 pointed the crystals secreted in solitary and clustered forms, sometimes the both forms occurring together in a same plant special forms of crystals include sphaerites in the mesophyll layer of leaf such as Croton, Crotonopsis and Eremocarpus; similar bodies hemispherical, projecting, epidermal cells in both leaf and axis of leaves as in Acalypha and Claoxylon as well as in the pith of the stem as in Gelonium. In some research the leaf stomatal types were anisocytic, paracytic, staurocytic, anomocytic, cyclocytic and rarely contiguous; the shapes of anticlinal epidermal cells varied among the species were polyhedral, rectangular and polygonal while more irregular in shape. The anticlinal wall was mostly straight to slightly curve or undulate on the adaxial surfaces, while wavy on the abaxial surfaces of the leaves. The characters of leaf epidermal surfaces in resolving the taxonomy of taxa has obtained numerous confession for a long time (Talebi, et al. 2017; Okanume, et al. 2017; Bercu and
Popoviciu, 2015; Santiago, et al. 2004; Thakur and Patil, Fig. 8. Euphorbia sp. pollen grains: A. polar view of 2014; Essiett, et al. 2012; Inamdar and Gangahara Euphorbia microsphaera, B. equatorial view of Euphorbia 1978). microsphaera, C. polar view of Euphorbia peplus, D. This work shows the pollen grains have deferent equatorial view of Euphorbia peplus, E. polar view of shape and size. (Sultan, et al. 2018; Perveen and Euphorbia macroclada, F. equatorial view of Euphorbia macroclada. colpi (cross arrow), pore (small curved arrow). Qaiser, 2005; El- Ghobary, 1985; Tiwari, et al. 2014; A, B, C, D= 100X Saad and El-Ghazaly, 1988) were reported the pollen grains are isopolar, radially symmetrical, 3-colporate or rarely 6-8 colporate, colpal membrane finely-coarsely granulated or sub-psilate, prolate-spheroidal to sub- DISCUSSION prolate or prolate rarely oblate-spheroid, and the tectum This study shows in the stem the trichomes are is either perforate, microreticulate, rugulate- reticulate or unicellular glandular, unicellular non-glandular and non- reticulate various grades of rugulate-reticulate, also glandular. The hairs are very diverse in Euphorbiaceae found reticulate-rugulate often verrucate or striate species such as unicellular glandular or non-glandular tectum. The great pollen diversity in Euphorbiaceae and stinging types (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950; Zahra, et makes it difficult to identify consistent trends. Within all al. 2014). The long multicellular uniseriate trichomes of the subfamilies except the Euphorbioideae, there is a with pointed apices were found on both surfaces of tendency for multiplication and shortening of aperture Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia thymifolia. The longest that leads to polyporate grains. trichome was found on the abaxial surface of Euphorbia thymifolia and the shortest trichome was found on the CONCLUSIONS adaxial surface of E. hirta (Okanume, et al. 2017). The anatomical study shows the laticefers canal or latex The anatomically study of the structure of petiole, canal presence in all species of genus Euophorbia. The midrib, margin, epidermis, trichomes and pollen grains latex laticifers canals, latex vessel, resinous canals and shaped and size, are were taxonomically and tannifers cells are commonly in Euphorbiaceae family diagnostically significant at the species level. (Elumala, et al. 2014).
Table 1. Characters of pollen grains Samples Sculpture Polar view Equatorial view Size P/E shapes Colpus Porus ornamentation Characters Euphorbia petiolate circular circular 0.734 foveolate Spherical 3 present Euphorbia phymutospering Sub-circular elongate 1.050 foveolate Oblate-spheroidal 5 present Euphorbia helioscopia Sub-elongate Sub-elongate 0.630 reticulate Sub-oblate 3 present Euphorbia microsphaera circular circular 0.419 foveolate Spherical 4 present Prolate Euphorbia peplus Sub- circular Sub-circular 0.692 foveolate 5 present spheroidal Euphorbia macroclada elongate elongate 1.586 reticulate oblate 4 present
5915
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thanks all my friends their help and indispensable support, especially Biology department, Collage if Sciences, Salahaddin University.
REFERENCES Acharya, D. and Vaidya, M. (2017). Anatomical study of Euphorbia hirta L. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 6, (7): 1407-1416. Aldhebiani, A. and Jury, L. S. (2013). Anatomical studies on the genus Euphorbia. Saudi Arabia (sub genera: Triucalli, Ermophyton, Esula and Chamaesyce). International Research Journal of Plant Science, 4, (6): 168- 191. Bercu, R. and Popoviciu, D. R. (2015). Comparative anatomical study on leaves of three Euphorbia L. species. Wulfenia, 22: 271–276. Chaudhary, R. and El-Ghazaly, G. (1994). Pollen morphology of Euphorbia caputmedusae. Grana, 33, (3): 124-127. Devi, S. N., Padma, Y., Narasimhudu, C. L. and Raju, V. R. R. (2013). Diversity of stomata and trichomes in Euphorbia L. – I. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 20, (1): 27-38. El- Ghobary, M. O. W. (1985). Pollen morphology of four succulent species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). Anales de la Asociacion de Palinologos de Lengua Espanola, 2: 75-86. Elumala, R. Selvaraj, R. Arunadevi, R. and Chidambaram, A. L. A. (2014). Foliar anatomical studies of some taxa of Euphorbiaceae. African Journal of Plant Science, 8, (6): 271-277. Essiett U. A., Illoh, H. C. and Udoh, U. E. (2012). Leaf epidermal studies of three species of Euphorbia in Akwa Ibom State. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3, (4): 2481-2491. Inamdar, J. A. and Gangahara M. (1978). Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in Some Euphorbiaceae. Phyton (Austria), 19, (1-2): 37-60. Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the dicotyledons. Vol II, Clarendon press, Oxford, pp: 413-419. Mwine, J. T. and Damme, P. V. (2011). Why do Euphorbiaceae tick as medicinal plants? A review of Euphorbiaceae family and it is medicinal features. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5, (5): 652-662. Najmaddin,C. and Mahmood, B.J (2016). Anatomically and palynogically studies of some Carthamus Tinctorius Genotypes. International Journal of Biological Science. 1, (3): 1-13. Okanume, O. E. DalangA, B. Agaba, O. A. and Ezeabara, C. A. (2017). Taxonomic significance of foliar epidermis in four Euphorbia species in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie. 24, (1): 19-24. Perveen, A. and Qaiser, M. (2005). Pollen flora of Pakistan-XLVII. Euphorbiaceae. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 37, (4): 785-796. Rahman, A. H. M. M and Akter, M. (2013). Taxonomy and medicinal uses of Euphorbiaceae (Spurge) family of Rajishahi, Bangladesh. Research in Plant Sciences, 1, (3): 74-80. Saad, S. I. and El-Ghazaly, G. (1988). Pollen Morphology of Some Species of Euphorbiaceae. Grana, 27, (3): 165- 175. Santiago, L. J. M. Louro, R. P. Emmerich, M. and Barth, M. O. (2004). The pollen morphology of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) section Choretropsis. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 1-9. Sarkar, A. K., Dey, M. and Mazumder, M. (2017). Study of pollen morphology of some common economically important plants of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Botany Studies, 2, (4): 34-37. Sultan, R., Hassan, A. and Rather, A. M. (2018). Pollen morphology of some Euphorbia species: A review. International Journal of Entomology Research, 3, (5): 04-06. Talebi, S. M., Noori, M. and Naniz, H. A. (2017). A study of epidermal leaf anatomy of 18 Euphorbia taxa from Kerman Province, Iran. Biologija, 63, (2): 126–133. Thakur, H. A. and Patil, D. A. (2014). Foliar Epidermal Studies of Plants in Euphorbiaceae. Taiwania, 59, (1): 59– 70. Tiwari, A., Kamble, R. B. and Chaturvedi, A. (2014). Pollen biology of some members of Euphorbiaceae family. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 4, (6): 8-14.
5916
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 5911-5917 (2020) Najmaddin
Webster, G. L. (1994). Classification of the Euphorbiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 81: 3-32. Zahra, N. B., Ahmad, M., Shinwari, Z. K., Zafar, M. and Sultana, S. (2014). Systematic significance of anatomical characterization in some Euphorbiaceous species. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 46, (5): 1653-1661.
www.ejobios.org
5917